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Démocratie Contre Capitalisme En Grèce Contemporaine: La Bataille Perdue De Syriza Contre L'austérité

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Démocratie Contre Capitalisme En Grèce Contemporaine: La Bataille Perdue De Syriza Contre L'austérité UNIVERSITÉ·DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL DÉMOCRATIE CONTRE CAPITALISME EN GRÈCE CONTEMPORAINE: LA BATAILLE PERDUE DE SYRIZA CONTRE L'AUSTÉRITÉ MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN SCIENCE POLITIQUE PAR ALEXANDRE LEMAY -ROCHE DÉCEMBRE 2018 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.1 0-2015). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS Rédiger mon mémoire n'a pas été une mince affaire. Heureusement, j'ai pu compter sur mon entourage pour rn' aider à mettre un pied devant 1' autre. Merci à mon directeur Xavier Lafrance, qui a marqué mon cheminement intellectuel et a réussi à me garder stimulé en m'incluant dans ses propres travaux de recherche dès la fin de mon bac. Ses conseils généreux à chaque étape de la rédaction ont été essentiels pour mener ce projet à terme. Merci à mes parents pour leur soutien indéfectible dans tout ce que j'entreprends. Merci à mes amis pour leur écoute et pour leur capacité à réduire mon anxiété à zéro le temps d'une soirée. Merci en particulier à Thomas Laberge et à Xavier St-Gelais, camarades à la maîtrise, avec qui j'ai partagé les mêmes doutes et appréhensions, le plus souvent autour d'un bon eurogame ou d'un 2v2 sur Black Forest. Merci aussi au monde du CÉDIM pour m'avoir accueilli dans ce grand bureau (avec fenêtres!) et pour avoir rendu ce travail bien plus agréable par leur compagnie. Salut à Laura, Marion, Michael, Noémie, Nour et Olivier. Merci surtout à ma compagne Geneviève Lavoie, pour sa patience et sa douceur. Ta présence à mes côtés pendant les épisodes difficiles était inestimable, mais je retiens surtout les moments de légèreté et d'évasion (quelque part dans le Barranco de Poqueira!). Je tiens également à souligner l'appui financier du CRSH et du FRQSC, qui a facilité énormément ce travail. Elections cannat be allowed to change economie policy. Wolfgang Schauble, réunion de 1'Eurogroupe du 11 février 2015 à Bruxelles. TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS .................................................................................................... iii RÉSUMÉ ................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 a. Revue de la documentation ............................................................................. 2 SYRIZA comme parti de gauche radicale .................................................. 2 S YRIZA au pouvoir ................................................................................... 5 b. Problématique ................................................................................................. 9 c. Méthodologie ......................................................................................................... 18 CHAPITRE! CADRE D'ANALYSE : CAPITALISME CONTRE DÉMOCRATIE ..................... 21 1.1 « Crise de la démocratie » - quelle crise ? Perspective marxiste sur la démocratie capitaliste ................................................................................. 21 1.1.1 Une crise accidentelle, ou structurelle ?.......................................... 22 1.1.2 Le capitalisme ................................................................................. 26 1.1.3 La séparation de l'« économique » et du « politique » dans le capitalisme ......................................... ·............................................. 31 1.1.4 L'État dans la société capitaliste ..................................................... 36 1.2 Austérité contre démocratie en Europe ........................................................ 47 1.2.1 La résurgence du pouvoir patronal. ................................................. 4 7 1.2.2 Verrouiller les politiques néolibérales -l'avènement d'un « néo-constitutionnalisme »............................................................ 51 1.2.3 De « néo-constitutionnalisme » à « constitutionnalisme autoritaire » ..................................................................................... 53 1.3 Synthèse ....................................................................................................... 58 vi CHAPITRE II SYRIZA EN CONTEXTE: AUSTÉRITÉ ET RÉSISTANCE DANS LA GRÈCE RONGÉE PAR LA CRISE ......................................................................................... 61 2.1 Grèce 2009-2015 : crises économique, sociale et démocratique ................. 62 2.1.1 La catastrophe grecque .................................................................... 62 2.1.2 D'une crise de légitimité à une crise de la démocratie .................... 68 2.2 Résistances: de l'occupation des places à la montée de SYRIZA .............. 72 2.2.1 Mobilisations anti-austérité ............................................................. 73 2.2.2 Élections 2012 à 2015 :séismes politiques ..................................... 79 2.3 Synaspism6s Rizospastikis Aristeras: «Coalition de la gauche radicale» 82 2.3.1 Origine ............................................................................................. 82 2.3.2 La gauche radicale ........................................................................... 83 2.3.3 Un parti mouvementiste .................................................................. 87 2.3.4 Prendre le pouvoir: de coalition électorale à parti ........................... 90 CHAPITRE III LA GAUCHE RADICALE AU POUVOIR : PREMIER MANDAT DE SYRIZA (JANVIER-AOÛT 2015) ............................................................................................ 96 3.1 Janvier-février : victoire électorale et début des négociations .................... 99 3.1.1 Mise en place ................................................................................... 99 3.1.2 La ligne de Tsipras-Varoufakis ..................................................... 103 3.1.3 Négociations pour l'extension du plan: vers l'accord du 20 février ....................................................................................... 105 3.1.4 Bilan des première semaines ......................................................... 112 3.2 Mars-juin : les négociations en vue d'un nouvel accord ........................... 113 3.2.1 Contexte ........... :............................................................................ 113 3.2.2 Déroulement des négociations ...................................................... 115 3.2.3 Bilan (mars-juin) ........................................................................... 126 3.3 Juillet-août : combativité et défaite ............................................................ 130 3.3.1 Le référendum ............................................................................... 130 3.3.2 La capitulation ............................................................................... 134 VIl 3.4 Analyse d'un échec .................................................................................... 137 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 144 a. Critiquer la stratégie du gouvernement SYRIZA ...................................... 149 ANNEXE A EXTRAITS DU PROGRAMME DE THESSALONIQUE ...................................... 159 ANNEXEB L'ACCORD DU 13 JUILLET 2015 ......................................................................... 167 BIBLIOGRAPHIE .................................................................................................... 172 RÉSUMÉ À l'été 2015, au terme d'une bataille de cinq mois contre les créanciers de la Grèce, le gouvernement formé par le parti de gauche radicale S YRIZA a abandonné son programme politique sous le poids de la contrainte, adoptant un nouveau plan d'austérité pourtant rejeté par la population. Dans ce mémoire, nous avons cherché à penser cet échec à partir d'un questionnement sur les rapports entre capitalisme et démocratie. Afin de mieux comprendre les pressions qui ont ultimement fait plier le gouvernement SYRIZA, malgré son mandat démocratique fort, nous avons réalisé une étude de cas portant sur le premier mandat d'Alexis Tsipras Ganvier à août 2015). Nous présentons d'abord les théories sur la « crise » de la démocratie ainsi que les théories marxistes de l'État et de la démocratie pour développer un cadre théorique qui oriente 1' analyse. Les événements de 2015 en Grèce sont ensuite remis dans leur contexte avant d'être examinés étroitement,
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