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Short Communication *Corresponding author Samah Kotb Nasr Eldeen, contact address, Riyadh, Relationship between Body Saudi Arabia, Tel: 966562302414; Email: Submitted: 23 February 2017 Mass Index (BMI) and Body Accepted: 22 March 2017 Published: 24 March 2017 Copyright Fat Percentage in a Group of © 2017 Nasr Eldeen et al. Saudi Arabian Adults OPEN ACCESS Keywords Samah Kotb Nasr Eldeen*, Raghdaa Al-Buni, Afnan Al Yami, and • Huda Alali • Body fat percentage • Clinical laboratories science department, INAYA medical college,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (% BF) among 100 healthy adults (ages, 19–30 y) from a group of Saudi Arabian adults, during 2016. In this study examined adults were divided into four groups after calculating BMI, and after the correlation between BMI and %BF. The obtained results show that there are significantly more (p < 0.05) males (ages, 19-30) with a healthy weight than females. The correlation between BMI and %BF was very strong, positive, among examined females (r = 0.9) and males (r = 1). In a group with normal % BF and increased BMI there were significantly more (p < 0.01) males than females, and the opposite situation were in a group with normal BMI and % BF, where it was significantly more (p < 0.05) females than males. Obtained results show that the majority of adults in the Saudi Arabia have normal body weight, with a tendency of increase, especially among females who are more prone to unbalanced nutrition.

INTRODUCTION of the body and present a measure of fitness level, regardless of height and weight, is body fat percentage (% BF). Widespread and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive application of body mass index (BMI) affords a measure which fat accumulation in the body that may impair health which is an enables comparison with the overweight of individuals of agency of the United Nations, established in 1948, concerned with different heights and weights. improving the health of the world’s people and preventing or controlling communicable diseases on a worldwide basis through So we studied sub-population of Saudi Arabian adults from various technical projects and programs. Excessive body fat is INAYA medical college, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia to determine the associated with increased metabolic risk, and its’ measurement relationship between BMI and BF %, age-BMI and age-BF %. is important in implementing curative and preventive health We wish to present our results which would add more evidence measures. The most commonly used surrogate measure for to the ongoing discussion; as they were derived from an ethnic prediction of body fat percentage (BF %) is body mass index groupMATERIALS which was AND not studied METHODS before. (BMI) [1]. World Health Organization [2] also recommends BMI as the most useful population level measure of overweight and Study population obesity, and is used as the same for both sexes and in all ages of adults. During 2016, 100 healthy adults (ages, 19-30 years) were Calculating Body Mass Index (BMI), it can be determined examined. The participants were randomly recruited (who which person is overweight or obese. BMI range varies with volunteered) from those attending clinical laboratories science the age and sex of the adults (Table 1). WHO 2 (2016) defined open day conducted by clinical laboratories science department, overweight adults as a BMI at 2or above 25 kg/m , obesity adults INAYA medical college, Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire as a BMI at or above2 30 kg/m and adults as a BMI Anthropometry less than18.50 kg/m was used to determine demographic data (gender, age). BMI range varies with the age of the adults. The only body measurement that directly calculates the relative composition Measurement of the body mass was performed using a decimal Cite this article: Nasr Eldeen SK, Al-Buni R, Al Yami A, Alali H (2017) Relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Fat Percentage in a Group of Saudi Arabian Adults. Ann Public Health Res 4(2): 1059. Nasr Eldeen et al. (2017) Email: Central

Table 1:

The International Classification of adult underweight, com). All parameters were represented by descriptive statistical Classification BMI(kg/m2) overweight and obesity according to BMI. parameters (mean, standard deviation).One-factor analysis Principal cut-off Additional cut-off of variance-ANOVA and post Tukey test were used for testing points points differences among BMI of examined females and males of the Underweight <18.50 <18.50 same age with healthy weight. For examination the ratio of Severe thinness BMI to BF we used Pearson correlation coefficients was used <16.00 <16.00 to compare frequencies among females and males in different Moderate thinness 16.00 - 16.99 16.00 - 16.99 categories of adolescent, divided into four groups (normal BMI 18.50 - 22.99 and BF, increased BMI and normal BF, normal BMI and increased NormalMild thinness range 18.5017.00 -- 18.4924.99 17.00 - 18.49 23.00 - 24.99 BF,RESULTS and increased AND BMI DISCUSSION and BF). Overweight ≥25.00 ≥25.00

Nutrition has exerted a role in human evolution [4,5]. Tables 25.00 - 27.49 (2) and (3) showed characteristics of the adults, by sex and age. Pre-obeseObese ≥30.0025.00 - 29.99 ≥30.00 27.50 - 29.99 Laurson et al. [6], claimed that the BMI thresholds were more strongly associated with in males than in 30.00 - 32.49 females. In our results females become obese earlier than males Obese class I 30.00 - 34.99 32.50 - 34.99 with 21 years (16.6%), while males get fat with 22 years (20%). 35.00 - 37.49 females are quick to develop, complete with the growth and Obese class II 35.00 - 39.99 37.50 - 39.99 metabolism of them is different from males. At the age of 21, 23 Obese class III ≥40.00 ≥40.00 and 27 all the males have normal weights, while in females have normal weights at age 25 only. Females in ages from 22 to 30 scale in kilograms, after the removal of shoes and excess clothing. years have a problem with overweight [7]. Poor nutrition and Height was measured without shoes, using a mounted metal lack of appropriate physical activity are major cause of obesity. centimeter ruler. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as The obtained results showed that the majority of examined adults ratio between weight in2 kilograms and height in meters squared are in the group of healthy weight. But, also we can concluded (weight in kg/heightm ). BMI were calculated, and world health that there is significantly more (p < 0.01; p < 0.05) males (ages, organization (WHO) standards were2 used to classify adults as 21-29) with a healthy weight than females (Table 3). A significant underweight2 (BMI <18.50 kg/m , healthy weight (BMI= 18.502 positive correlation was observed between BMI-BF%, in males (r - 24.99kg/m ), overweight (BMI ≥ 25), obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m ) =1, p < 0.05; SE = 0.3) and in females (r = 0.9, p < 0.05; SE = 0.5) of (Table 1). all ages (Figure 1 & 2) and this results agreed with Chatmhuranga Deurenberg et al. [3], derived formulae for estimate the body et al. [8]. fat (% BF) from the BMI. For these calculations, age and sex More than a half of respondents had a normal BMI and % BF must be included for determination the relationship between (Figure 3). In a groups with normal % BF and increased BMI and densitometrically determined body fat percentage (%BF) and increased BMI and %BF there were significantly more (p < 0.01) BMI. Internal and external cross-validation of the prediction males than females, and the opposite situation were in a group formulas showed that they gave valid estimates of body fat, with normal BMI and % BF, where it was significantly more (p between sex at all ages. However, the prediction formulas slightly < 0.05) females than males and this results agreed with Jelena overestimated the BF %. The prediction error is comparable to et al. [9].There is no one in a group with normal BMI and high % the prediction error obtained with other methods of estimating BF (Figure 4). Obtained results emphasize the limitations of BMI BF %, such as skin fold thickness measurements and bioelectrical as a marker of adiposity among non-overweight adults. Because impedance. The most commonly used formula for relationship of the variability in the levels of fat mass, weight–height index between BMI and BF% in children is present by Deurenberg et needs to be carefully discussed. The high levels of BMI-for-age al. [3].Child body fat % = are associated with substantial increases in fat mass, so the index ()()()1.51 × BMI − 0.70 × Age − 3.6 × sex + 1.4 isCONCLUSIONS most useful as a measure of obesity [9]. Adult body fat % = ()()()1.20 × BMI + 0.23 × Age − 10.8 × sex − 5.4 Based on obtained data, in this study, it can be concluded that the majority of adults in the Saudi Arabia have normal body weight, with a tendency of increase, especially among females. Statisticalwhere sex analyses is 1 for males, and 0 for females. There is strong relationship between BMI and % BF among examined females and males and because of the variability in body fat, BMI needs to be carefully discussed. Prevention programs Statistical analysis of the results was conducted using might attempt to improve the situation of Saudi Arabian adults software GrapfPad Prism 5.00 (Version 5.00 for Windows, by promoting more regular physical activities with a reduction Graph Pad Software, San Diego California USA, www.graphpad. in sedentary activities and improving healthy dietary behaviours. Ann Public Health Res 4(2): 1059 (2017) 2/5 Nasr Eldeen et al. (2017) Email: Central

Table 2:

Body Mass Index classification according to age among females (n = 50). BMI Rangekg/m2 underweight<18.50 Healthy (18.50 - 24.99) Overweight ≥25.00 Obese ≥30.00 Age n n n % n %

% % 19 (n = 5) 1 20 4 80 0 0 0 0 20 (n = 6) 2 33.3 3 50 1 16.6 0 0 21 (n = 6) 0 0 3 50 1 16.6 1 16.6 22 (n = 7) 1 14.2 2 33.3 2 33.3 2 33.3 23 (n = 3) 0 0 1 33.3 2 66.6 0 0 24 (n = 3) 0 0 1 33.3 2 66.6 0 0 25 (n = 4) 0 0 3 75 0 0 0 0 26 (n = 3) 0 0 2 66.6 1 33.3 0 0 27 (n = 3) 0 0 2 66.6 1 33.3 0 0 28 (n = 3) 0 0 2 66.6 1 33.3 0 0 29 (n = 3) 0 0 2 66.6 1 33.3 0 0 30 (n = 4) 0 0 3 75 1 25 0 0 Table 3:

Body Mass Index classification according to age among males (n = 50). BMI Rangekg/m2 underweight<18.50 Healthy (18.50 - 24.99) Overweight ≥25.00 Obese ≥30.00 Age n n n % n %

% % 19 (n = 3) 1 33.3 1 33.3 1 33.3 0 0 20 (n = 3) 2 66.6 1 33.3 1 33.3 0 0 21 (n = 3) 0 0 3 100 0 0 0 0 22 (n = 5) 0 0 2 40 0 0 1 20 23 (n = 6) 0 0 4 66.6 0 0 0 0 24 (n = 7) 0 0 5 71.4 2 28.5 0 0 25 (n = 4) 0 0 2 50 2 50 0 0 26 (n = 6) 0 0 3 50 3 50 0 0 27 (n = 3) 0 0 3 100 0 0 0 0 28 (n = 3) 0 0 0 0 3 100 0 0 29 (n = 3) 0 0 3 100 0 0 0 0 30 (n = 4) 0 0 2 50 2 50 0 0

40

35

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20 BF % BF 15

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Figure 1

Correlation between body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (% BF) for 50females19 to 30 years old.

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30

25

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15 BF % BF

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Figure 2

Correlation between body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (% BF) for 50males19 to 30 years old.

30 24.4 24 25 23 21.6 22 21.8 21.622.1 2222.1 20.9 20.4 20.220.9 2020.7 20.9 20.9 18.9 20 18.1 18.6 16.7 16.8 15 BMI

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5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 age

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Figure 3

The BMI of examined females and males with healthy weight. groups (1= 19y, 2= 20 y, 3= 21y, 4= 22y,5= 23 y, 6= 24y, 7= 25 y,8=26y,9= 27 y, 10= 28y, 11= 29 y,12=30y)p < 0.05.

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Figure 4

Participation of adults in different investigated groups (1= normal BMI and BF, 2= increased BMI and normal BF, 3= normal BMI and increased BF, and 4= increased BMI and BF) p < 0.01.

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Cite this article Nasr Eldeen SK, Al-Buni R, Al Yami A, Alali H (2017) Relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Fat Percentage in a Group of Saudi Arabian Adults. Ann Public Health Res 4(2): 1059.

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