A silicon in, 21 ABS, see Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene polymers; American stainless steels, 31–35 Bureau of Ships austenitic, 19, 32–33 Acetals, 359–360 duplex, 34 ACIS (American Committee for Introperable Systems), 713 ferritic, 3, 32–33 Acoustic enclosures, 1244–1245 martensitic, 34 Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) polymers (ABS), 344, 345 precipitation hardening, 35 Acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylate (ASA) polymers, 345, 346 sulfur in, 22 Adhesives, 805–806, 810 tantalum in, 23 Adversaries, project, 586 titanium in, 23 Advocates, project, 586 tool steels, 35 Aerospace Materials Specifications (AMS), 27 trip steels, 31 Affinity diagram, 991 tungsten in, 23 Algorithm for problem solving, see ARIZ ultrahigh-strength steels, 36–37 Alkyd resins, 374 vanadium in, 22–23 Allowable unit stress, 498 wear-resistant steels, 36 Alloys zirconium in, 24 aluminum, see Aluminum alloys Alpha alloys (titanium), 237, 238 copper, see Copper alloys Alpha-beta alloys (titanium), 238–239 magnesium, see Magnesium alloys Alpha iron, 6 nickel, see Nickel alloys Altschuller's Levels of Inventiveness, 614 –615 shape memory, 428–429 Alumina-based fibers (as composite reinforcement), 389 super-, see Superalloys Aluminum, in steel, 23 titanium, see Titanium alloys Aluminum alloys, 59–114 Alloy Center, 460–461 advantages of, 60–62 Alloy elements, microstructure/properties of, 233, 234 cast aluminum alloys, 62 Alloy steel(s), 29–37 wrought aluminum alloys, 60–61 aluminum in, 23 by alloy class, 92–111 boron in, 23–24 cast alloys, 106–111 calcium in, 24 wrought alloys, 92–107 carbon in, 19–21 applications of, 92–113 chromium in, 22 by alloy class, 92–111 copper in, 22 by market area, 111–113 dual-phase steels, 31 cast alloys, 106–111 elements used in, 18–24 advantages, 62 heat-resistant steels, 35–36 limitations, 63 higher alloy steels, 31–37 mechanical properties, 78–85 heat-resistant steels, 35–36 corrosion behavior of, 86–88 stainless steels, 31–35 galvanic corrosion, 87–88 tool steels, 35 general corrosion, 86–87 ultrahigh-strength steel, 36–37 pitting corrosion, 87 wear-resistant steels, 36 designation systems for, 63–70 high-performance steels, 31 cast, 65, 67–70 hydrogen in, 24 tempered, 68, 70 lead in, 24 wrought, 64–67 low-alloy steels, 29–31 finishing of, 90–92 manganese in, 20, 22 applied coatings, 91–92 microalloyed steels, 30 chemical finishes, 90 molybdenum in, 22 clear anodizing, 91 nickel in, 22 color anodizing, 91 niobium in, 23 electrochemical finishes, 90 nitrogen in, 24 electrolytically deposited coloring, 91 phosphorus in, 21–22 electroplating, 91 rare earth elements in, 24 hard anodizing, 91 residual elements in, 24 integral color anodizing, 91 selenium in, 24 mechanical finishes, 90 limitations of wrought/cast, 62–63 Austenitic alloys machining of, 88–90 nickel, 40 multipoint tool operations, 89–90 stainless steels, 19, 32–33 single-point tool operations, 88–89 welding of, 55–56 market-area applications, 111–113 Automated drafting, 654 aircraft and aerospace, 112 Automotive engines, ceramic wear components, 439 –440 automotive, 112 Axial stress, 493 building and construction markets, 111 electrical markets, 111 B marine transportation, 112–113 Bainite, 13, 15, 25 in packaging, 113 Ball bearings, 1103, 1106, 1108, 1109, 1112 –1117 petroleum and chemical industry components, 113 contact angle of, 1113–1115 rail transportation, 113 curvature sum and difference of, 1116 –1117 specialty products, 113 geometry of, 1112–1117 mechanical properties of, 71–85 race conformity of, 1112, 1113 castings, 78–85 selection of, 1032–1035 wrought, 71–77 shoulder height of, 1115 nature of, 59–60 Baron fibers (as composite reinforcement), 389 wrought alloys, 92–107 Bars, steel, 5 advantages of, 60–61 BASIC, 699 limitations, 63 Basic oxygen furnace (BOF), 4, 824 –827 mechanical properties, 71–77 Beams, stresses on, 510–530 Aluminum bronzes, 144 continuous beams, 522–525 American Bureau of Ships (ABS), 27 curved beams, 524–527 American Committee for Introperable Systems (ACIS), 713 and design, 520–523 American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way flexure, 510–520 Association (AREMA), 27 bending moment, 515 Amino resins, 375 equilibrium conditions, 511–512 AMS (Aerospace Materials Specifications), 27 impact stresses, 527–530 Annealing, 25 axial impacts, 528–529 Anode, 47 live loads, 528 Anodic coatings, 285 rupture from impact, 529–530 Anthropometry, 765–767 sudden loads, 527–528 data and use, 766 vibratory stresses, steady/impulsive, 530 in design, 766–767 Bearings Antimony, 24 ball, 1103, 1106, 1108, 1109, 1112–1117 AOD, see Argon-oxygen decarburization in ceramic wear applications, 438, 439 Application software, 691 gas-lubricated, 1068–1091 Aramid fibers (as composite reinforcement), 389 journal bearings, 1069–1084 AREMA (American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of thrust bearings, 1075–1091 Way Association), 27 hydrostatic, 1060–1069 Argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD), 4, 47 –49, 317–319 compensating elements of, 1066–1069 ARIZ (algorithm for problem solving), 635 –639 pad coefficients, 1062–1066 caution, 639 liquid-lubricated journal, 1044–1051 flowchart, 636 liquid-lubricated thrust, 1050–1061 model of ideal solution step, 638–639 and lubrication, 1032–1035 problem analysis step, 637 Benchmarking, 988 resource analysis step, 637–638 Bending, 535–536 Aromatic polyamides, 358, 359 Bending moment, 515 Aromatic polyketones, 369, 370 Bend tests, 973–974 Arsenic, 24 Beta alloys (titanium), 239 ASA (acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylate) polymers, 345, 346 Binary phase diagrams, 6 Ashby's method (materials selection), 471–472 Biological corrosion, 919 ASM International, 460–461 Biomechanics (ergonomics), 769–773 ASTM E140, 16 joint movements, 769–771 Austenite, 18 muscle forces, 771–772 tissue tolerances, 771–772 statistical strength distribution, 964–965 BOF, see Basic oxygen furnace Weibull tests of, 970–972 Bond-testers, 1276 Brittleness, 496 Boring (copper alloys), 194, 200 Bronzes, 119 Boron, 23–24 alumnium, 144 Boundary film high-leaded tin bronzes, 143 formation of, 1149–1152 leaded phosphor bronzes, 133 physical properties of, 1151–1153 leaded tin bronzes, 142 thickness of, 1153–1155 nickel-tin bronzes, 143 Boundary lubrication, 1148–1157 phosphor bronzes, 133 effect of operating variables, 1154 –1156 silicon bronzes, 134, 140 extreme-pressure lubricants, 1156–1157 tin bronzes, 142 film thickness, 1153–1155 Brush seals, 1192–1198 formation of films, 1149–1152 brush seal flow modeling, 1197 physical properties of films, 1151–1153 brush seal materials, 1197–1198 regime, 1040–1041 design considerations for, 1193–1195 Brake systems, 1018 leakage performance comparisons, 1195 –1197 Brass(es), 44, 119, 130 Buckling, 716 envirobrasses, 141 free-cutting, 197, 198, 203 C high strength yellow brasses, 140 CAB (cellulose acetate butyrate), 351 leaded brasses, 131 CA (cellulose acetate), 351 leaded red brasses, 138 Cache memory, 670–671 leaded semired brasses, 139 CAD, see Computer-aided design red brasses, 138 Cantilever beam, 510 semired brasses, 139 Carbon and carbon composites (CCCs) silicon brasses, 134, 140 mechanical properties of, 404–405 tin brasses, 132 physical properties of, 414 yellow brasses, 139 Carbon fibers (as composite reinforcement), 388 Brazing, 134, 202 Carbon matrix materials, 393 Breaking strength, 495 Carbon steels, 27–29, 53–55 Bridge network, 1009–1010 Cast alloys Brinnelling failure, 863 aluminum, 62, 63, 65, 67–70, 78–85, 106–111 Brittle-coating method, 936 copper, 138–146 Brittle fracture, 863 manganese bronze, 140 Brittle materials, 962–976 titanium, 240, 245–247 confidence limits for, 968, 976 Casting(s) environmentally enhanced fracture in, 966 –968 continuous, 4–5 constant-loading-rate experiments, 967–968 copper alloys, 199–201 inert strength for indented specimens, 968 mechanical properties of, 281, 282 general considerations for, 963–964 with superalloys, 316–321 lifetime prediction for, 963, 968–970 AOD, 317–319 calculation, 968 component production, 321–322 confidence limits, 968 considerations, 320–321 process, 969–970 remelted ingot processing, 320 reliability of, 962–963 VIM, 318–320 strength/dynamic fatigue tests of, 972–975 titanium alloys, 250–251 bend tests, 973–974 Cast leaded manganese bronze alloys, 140 best practices, 975 Cast special alloys, 146 dangers, 975 Cast superalloys dynamic fatigue measurements, 974, 975 compositions of, 296–297 indented inert strength, 975 dynamic moduli of elasticity for, 310 standard flaws, 974 effect of temperature on, 300–301 strength of, 964–966 physical properties of, 308 minimum strength overload proof test, 965 Catalysts, smart, 428 nondestructive flaw detection, 965–966 Cathode, 47 CAVEvis, 744 CISC/RISC (complex instruction set computer/reduced Cavitation, 919 instruction set computer), 663–664 CCCs, see Carbon and carbon composites Civil engineering, virtual reality applications in, 752 –755 CCCT (critical crevice corrosion temperature), 46 CMCs, see Ceramic matrix composites C (computer language), 699–700 CNC machining, 728–730 C++ (computer language), 700 Coke, 4 Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), 351 Cold cracking, 54–55 Cellulose acetate (CA), 351 Columns Cellulose proprionate (CP), 351 defined, 536 Cellulosic polymers, 351 eccentric loads on, 539 Cementite, 9, 14, 20, 25 stresses on, 536–543 Central Processing Unit (CPU), 648, 662 –663 steel columns, 542–543 Ceramic failure, 942–961 theory, 537–539 delayed, 947–948 wooden columns, 539–542 and design applying multiaxial Weibull statistics, 953 –956 Combined stresses, 502–506 global multiaxial fracture criterion, 953 Comparing/ranking (as method of materials selection), 452, local multiaxial criterion, 954–956 473–476 strength under compression loading, 953 digital logic, 474–476 flaws, 944 performance index, 475–476 fracture mechanics, 944–946 weighted-properties, 474–476 at high temperatures, 958–961 Complex instruction set computer (CISC), 663 –664 creep rupture, 960 Component mounting, 806–808 creep strain, 959–960 discrete components, 806, 807 scatter, 948–952 printed circuit board components, 807 –808 of lifetime, 951–952 Composite materials (composites), 380 –414 of strength, 948–952 classes/characteristics of, 381–382 strength, 945–947 comparative properties of, 382–386 thermal shock, 957–958 manufacturing considerations for, 385 –386 Ceramic materials, 433–449 matrix, 386, 390–393 brittleness of, 435–437 carbon, 393 for corrosion resistance, 442–443 ceramic, 393 for electronic packaging materials, 804 –805 metal, 393 future trends in, 448–449 polymer, 390, 392–393 information sources about, 446–448 properties of, 391 in passive electronics, 442–444 mechanical properties of, 396–405 piezoceramics, 444–445 carbon/carbon composites, 404–405 processing of advanced, 434–435 ceramic matric composites, 402–404 standards and test methods, 446–448 metal matric composites, 400–402 thermostructural applications, 440–442 polymer matric composites, 396–400 transparent, 445, 446 physical properties of, 393–396, 405–414 in wear applications, 437–440 carbon/carbon composites, 414 Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) ceramic matrix composites, 414 mechanical properties of, 402–404 metal matrix composites, 413–414 physical properties of, 414 polymer matrix composites, 408, 409, 411, 412 Ceramic matrix materials, 393 reinforcement, 386–390 Cerium, 24 alumina-based fibers, 389 CFD, see Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) aramid fibers, 389 Chemical engineering, virtual reality applied to, 754 –757 baron fibers, 389 Chemical failure, 931, 932 carbon fibers, 388 Chemical finishes (aluminum alloys), 90 fiber, 387, 388 Chemical method, 936–937 glass fibers, 388 Chemical resistance high-density polyethylene fibers, 389–390 in electronic packaging materials, 785 silicon-carbide based fibers, 389 of plastics, 337 Composite panel, 1243–1244 Chromium, 22, 40, 268 Compressive strain, 493 CISC (complex instruction set computer), 663 –664 Compressive stress (compression), 492 Compressor systems, 1019 and computer-aided manufacturing, 722 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), 743 –746 design applications for, 647–655 CAVEvis, 744 automated drafting, 654 NASA Virtual Wind Tunnel, 743–744 documentation, 654 ViSTA FlowLib, 744–746 dynamic analysis, 653, 654 VR-CFD, 744–745 experimental analysis, 654 Computed tomography (CT), 1266–1267 finite-element analysis (FEA), 652–653 Computers, 656–701 hybrid solid modeling, 651 and CISC/RISC, 663–664 kinematic analysis and synthesis, 653 classes of, 658–659 solid modeling, 651 CPU, 656–657, 662–663 static analysis, 653 evolution of, 659–661 surface modeling, 650 input devices, 678–686 wireframe modeling, 649 digitizer, 683–685 and design process, 645–647 keyboard, 678–679 geometric definition, 702–703 light pen, 682–683 hardware used in, 655 mouse, 681–682 historical perspective on, 643–644 scanner, 685–686 software for, 701–712 touch pad, 679–680 graphics software, 701–703 touch screen, 680–681 solid modeling, 703–712 trackball, 682 standards for and translators of, 712–717 TrackPoint, 682 ACIS (American Committee for Introperable Systems), input/output (I/O), 656, 657 713 mainframe, 661–662 analysis software, 713–714 memory systems, 667–678 buckling, 716 external memory, 671–678 DFX (Drawing Exchange Format), 713 internal memory, 670–671 dynamic response, 717 nonvolatile, 668 IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification), 712 –713 organizational methods, 669–670 linear statics, 716 PROM, 669 nonlinear statics, 716–717 RAM, 668–669 normal modes, 716 ROM, 669 STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Products), 713 volatile, 668 transformations, 708–711 micro-computers, 662 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), 651, 722 mini-computers, 662 Computerized materials databases, 485 –486 networked, 662 Computer languages, 697–701 output devices, 686–691 Concatenation, 710 electronic displays, 686–688 Conceptual design hard-copy devices, 689–691 and virtual reality (VR), 739–742 parallel-processing, 666–667 3DM, 740 PCs, 664–665 3-Draw, 739 software for, 691–701 COVIRDS (Conceptual VIRtual Design System), 740, 741 computer languages, 697–701 HoloSketch, 740 GUI, 694–695 JDCAD, 740 operating systems, 692–694 virtual sculpting, 741–742 X Window System, 695–697 Conceptual VIRtual Design System (COVIRDS), 740, 741 super-computers, 661 Condensation polymers, see Engineering thermoplastics and word length, 662 Conduction, 815–816 workstations, 665–666 Confidence limits (brittle materials), 968, 976 Computer-aided design (CAD), 642–655, 701–722. See also Conformal surfaces, 1030–1032 Standard for the Exchange of Products Constant-loading-rate experiments, 967–968 applications of, 717 Constrained beam, 510 optimization, 718–719 Constrained optimization methods, 839 –843 rapid prototyping, 720–722 direct search, 839–841 stereolithography, 721–722 linearization, 841–842 virtual prototyping, 719–720 SQP (Successive Quadratic Programming), 843 transformation, 841 milling, 154, 157, 199 Construction, virtual reality applications in, 752 –755 reaming, 194, 201 Constructive solid geometry (CSG), 705 –706 recommended practices, 148, 154, 157, 194, 196 –203 Contact stress(es), 551, 552, 1086, 1087, 1089 –1096 sawing, 196, 197, 203 Contact stress theory, 551 single-point turning tools, 148, 154, 197–199 Continuous beams, 510, 522–525 threading/tapping, 196, 202 Continuous casting, 4–5 mechanical properties of, 127, 131, 154 –194 Continuous-cooling transformation (CT) diagram, 14, 16 C10100-C19200, 158–163 Continuous fields, noncontinuous vs., 1278 –1279 C23000-C28000, 163–165 Continuous vibratory systems C36000-C52700, 166–168 of a bar, 1219 C61300-C69400, 169–171 of a beam, 1219–1220 C70600-C77000, 171–175 free-vibration solution, 1220–1222 C81100-C89550, 176–182 normal-mode solution, 1220–1222 C90300-C93800, 183–188 wave solution, 1220, 1221 C95200-C96400, 189–193 of a shaft, 1219 temper designations, 155–157 of a string, 1217–1218 physical properties of, 123, 144–146, 149–153 Contradiction matrix, 622–624 sleeve bearings, 214, 216, 217, 219 Contradictions, 616–618 standards and specifications, 219 Control charts, 993–994 strengthening mechanisms for, 127, 128, 154 Convection and temperature, 130, 131, 194 forced, 816 temper of, 128, 129, 155–157 free, 816 tube/pipe products, 207–219 Copper, 117 fuel gas distribution systems, 214 biostatic/antimicrobial properties of, 144 –146 nonflammable medical gas piping systems, 212, 214 physical properties of, 118, 119, 121, 123, 147 –148 plumbing tube, 207–212 pure, 118, 119, 121, 123, 147–148, 154 welding of, 202, 204–207 in stainless steel, 41 coppers and high-copper alloys, 202, 204 in steel, 22, 24 crack preventions, 206–107 Copper alloys, 117–219 dissimilar-metal combinations, 204, 205 biostatic/antimicrobial properties of, 144 –146 distortion control, 206 casting, 199–201 filler metals, 206 compositions of, 118, 120–146 safety and health, 207 copper-nickel-zinc, 119 shielding gas requirements, 205 copper-silicon, 134 welding processes, 205 corrosion behavior of, 131, 137–140, 144, 195–196 weld properties, 207 dealloying/parting, 137, 138 Corrosion erosion-corrosion/cavitation, 138, 196 of aluminum alloys, 86–88 forms of, 137–139, 196 galvanic corrosion, 87–88 galvanic/dissimilar-metal, 138, 139 general corrosion, 86–87 health/environment, 139, 140, 144 pitting corrosion, 87 stress--corrosion/cracking, 139 ceramic materials, 442–443 designations of, 118, 119 of copper and copper alloys, 131, 137 –140, 144, 195–196 early history, 117–118 dealloying/parting, 137, 138 fabrication of, 146, 148, 154, 157, 194, 196 –207 erosion-corrosion/cavitation, 138, 196 casting, 199–201 forms of, 137–139, 196 forging, 201, 202 galvanic/dissimilar-metal, 138, 139 machining, 146, 148, 154, 157, 196–203 health/environment, 139, 140, 144 welding/brazing/soldering, 202, 204 –207 stress--corrosion/cracking, 139 families of, 119 dry, 268–269 forging, 201, 202 as failure, 863, 913–920 machining, 146, 148, 154, 157, 196–203 biological corrosion, 919 boring, 194, 200 cavitation, 919 chip appearance and machinability, 146, 148, 196 crevice corrosion, 917 drilling, 194, 200 direct chemical attack, 914, 915 free-cutting brass, 197, 198, 203 erosion corrosion, 918–919 galvanic corrosion, 914–917 Curved beams, 524–527 hydrogen damage, 919 Customer needs mapping, 993 intergranular corrosion, 918 CyberGlove, 735–736 pitting corrosion, 917–918 CyberGrasp, 735–736 selective leaching, 918 CyberTouch, 735–736 stress corrosion cracking, 920 Cylinders, stresses on, 543–545 galvanic, 87–88 hot-corrosion resistance, 329 D and magnesium and magnesium alloys, 284 –285 Damping capacity (hysteresis), 500 of nickel and nickel alloys, 267–273 Dargies's method (materials selection), 472 –473 dry corrosion, 268–269 Data, 450–464 nickel-copper alloys, 268 for analytical comparisons, 452 oxidation, 269 for failure analysis, 455 pitting attack, 269 for final design, 453 wet corrosion, 268 for maintenance, 455 pitting corrosion, 87 for manufacturing, 454 of stainless steels, 39–40, 43–47 for material specification, 453–454 crevice corrosion, 45–46 for materials selection, 451–452 galvanic corrosion, 47 metadata, 456–457 general corrosion, 43 for modeling material/product performance, 451 intergranular corrosion, 46 numeric databases as type of, 456 pitting corrosion, 45 for preliminary design, 452–453 stress--corrosion cracking, 44–45 for quality assurance, 454–455 superalloys: sources of, see data sources hot-corrosion resistance, 329 textual, 456 postservice refurbishment/repair, 330–331 Databases, computerized materials, 485 –486 thermal barrier coatings, 329–330 Data sources, 457–464 of titanium alloys, 222–223, 252–253 Alloy Center, 460–461 wet, 268 ASM International, 460–461 Cost-benefit analysis (materials selection), 482, 483 catagories of, 457–458 Cost-per-unit-property method (materials selection), 470 –471 Internet, 462–464 COVIRDS (Conceptual VIRtual Design System), 740, 741 knovel.com, 462 CP (cellulose proprionate), 351 platforms for, 459–460 CPU, see Central Processing Unit quality/reliability of, 458–459 CPU and I/O (Central Processing Unit and input/output) devices, STN International, 461–462 656–657 Dealloying ("parting"), 137, 138 Cracking Decibels, 1231, 1234–1235 in copper alloys, 139 Deformation welding of copper alloys, 206–207 nickel alloys, 269, 271 Creep, 36, 48, 506–508, 893–898 of a solid, 558–560 defined, 496 Degassing, 4, 24 in electronic packaging materials, 789 –790 Delta iron, 6 equations for calculating, 506–507 Deming wheel, 991–992 mechanism of, 506 Design prediction of long-term, 894–896 computer-aided, see Computer-aided design (CAD) under uniaxial state of stress, 895–898 final, 453 Creep limit, 497 for optimization, see Optimization Creep rupture, 960 preliminary, 452–453 Creep strain, 959–960 and TQM, 986–991 Creep stress, 499 benchmarking, 988 Crevice corrosion, 45–46, 917 guidelines, 990–991 Critical crevice corrosion temperature (CCCT), 46 Kume's approach, 989–990 Crystal lattice, 6, 7 plans for acquisition/process control, 989 CSG (constructive solid geometry), 705 –706 process design review, 988–989 CT (computed tomography), 1266 –1267 product design review, 986–987 CT diagram, see Continuous-cooling transformation diagram quality design characteristics, 986 quality function deployment (QFD), 987 emission concerns, 1180–1184 quality loss function, 987–988 sealing approaches, 1181–1184 Six Sigma, 990 honeycomb seals, 1191–1192 steps for controlling design, 986 initial seal selection, 1174–1177 Taguchi's approach, 989 labyrinth seals, 1188–1191 Design for Six Sigma (DFSS), 581–610 applications of, 1190 background of, 581 and computer analysis tools, 1191 IDDOV process, 587–608 configuarations of, 1188–1190 defining requirements, 589–591 leakage flow modeling, 1188–1191 developing the concept, 591–598 and rotordynamic stability, 1190, 1191 identifying the project, 588–589 mechanical face seals, 1176, 1178 –1180 optimizing the design, 597–608 balance, 1176, 1178 verifying and launching, 607–608 leakage, 1178–1179 management of, 584–587 materials, 1179–1180 myths about, 582 seal face flatness, 1179 DFX (Drawing Exchange Format), 713 noncontacting seals, 1183–1188 Diallyl phthalate, 375 Dynamic stress, 499 Die castings, mechanical properties of, 281, 282 Diffusion, 6, 7 E Digital logic method (materials selection), 474 –476 EC inspection, see Eddy current inspection Digitizers, 683–685 ECTFE (poly(ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene)), 372 Dilatometer, 14, 16 Eddy current (EC) inspection, 1280–1285 Dimension-driven design, 651 impedance plane, 1281–1284 Dimensionless grouping, 1096–1097 skin effect, 1281 Direct chemical attack, 863, 914, 915 Elastic deformation, 863, 867–869 Direct-search optimization methods, 838, 839 –841 Elasticity, 493 Direct-view storage tube (DVST), 688 Elastic limit, 494 Discontinuities, and stress, 500–501 Elastohydrodynamic lubrication, 1084 –1087, 1089–1147 Discontinuous fiber-reinforced MMCs, 401 contact stress/deformations, 1086, 1087, 1089 –1096 Discrete components, 806, 807 elliptical contacts, 1086, 1087, 1089–1096 Discrete wiring, 810 rectangular contacts, 1094, 1096 Dissimilar-metal combinations, 204, 205 dimensionless grouping, 1096–1097 Distortion-Energy Theory (Hencky--Von Mises Theory), 504 fluid film lubrication thickness, 1099–1104 Distributed Virtual Workspace for Enhancing Communication hard-EHL results, 1097–1099 (DIVERCITY), 753–754 regimes, 1040 Double seals, 1182, 1183 rolling-element bearings, 1102–1147 Double walls, 1245–1246 soft-EHL results, 1099 Drawing Exchange Format (DFX), 713 Elastomers, 375–377, 801–802 Drilling (copper alloys), 194, 200 Elastorestrictive materials, 424 Driving simulation, 746–748 Electrical contacts, 796 Dry corrosion, 268–269 Electrical steels, 29 Dual-phase steels, 31 Electromagnetic shielding, 787 Ductile rupture, 863 Electronic displays, 686–688 Ductility, 496, 788–789 Electronic packaging, 782–818 Duplex stainless steels, 34, 51, 57 component mounting, 806–808 DVDs, 677–678 discrete components, 806, 807 DVST (direct-view storage tube), 688 printed circuit board components, 807 –808 Dynamic analysis, 653, 654 concerns with, 782–783 Dynamic fatigue measurements, 974, 975 design techniques for, 783–784 Dynamic response, 717 fastening/joining, 808–810 Dynamic seals, 1174–1199 adhesives, 810 brush seals, 1192–1198 mechanical fastening, 808–809 brush seal flow modeling, 1197 welding/soldering, 809–810 brush seal materials, 1197–1198 interconnection, 810–811 design considerations for, 1193–1195 board level, 810 leakage performance comparisons, 1195 –1197 discrete wiring, 810 fiber-optic connections, 811 sublimation, 789 interequipment, 811 temperature range, 786 intermodule, 811 thermal conductivity, 784 intramodule, 810 thermal emissivity, 784–785 materials for, see electronic packaging materials thermal expansion, 785 protective, 817–818 wear resistance, 789 shipping environment, 817–818 strength of, 787 storage equipment protection, 817 thermal expansion of, 785 shock/vibration, 811–813 Electroplating fragility, 811 of aluminum alloys, 91 shock, 811–812 of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 285 testing, 812–813 Electrorheological materials, 424 vibration, 812 Electrostatic shielding, 787 structural design, 813–815 Electrostrictive materials, 422 complexity/mechanical impedance, 813 –814 Embrittlement, 22 degree of enclosure, 814 Enameling steel, 29 stresses, 814–815 Encapsulation, 796–797 thermal expansion, 814–815 Engineering thermoplastics, 351–365 thermal design, 815–817 polyamides (nylon), 355–360 conduction, 815–816 polyarylates (PARs), 361, 362 evaporation, 817 polycarbonate/ABS alloys (PC/ABS), 360, 361 forced convection, 816 polycarbonates (PCs), 360 free convection, 816 polyestercarbonates (PECs), 361, 362 objectives, 815 polyphenylene ether (PPE), 362–364 radiation, 817 thermoplastic polyesters, 352–355 Electronic packaging materials, 784 –806 Engineering workstations, 665–666 applications, 791–798 Envirobrasses, 141 electrical contacts, 796 Environmental failure, 931, 932 encapsulation, 796–797 Environmentally enhanced fracture (brittle materials), 966 –968 equipment attachment, 791–792 constant-loading-rate experiments, 967–968 equipment/module enclosures, 792 inert strength for indented specimens, 968 equipment racks/frames/mounting structures, 792 Environmental stress, 774–775 finishes, 794–795 heat stress, 774–775 harsh-environment endurance, 797–798 vibration, 774–775 mechanical joints, 793–794 Epoxy resins, 373 position-sensitive assemblies, 795–796 Ergonomics, physical, see physical ergonomics temperature control, 792–793 Erosion corrosion, 138, 196, 918–919 candidate materials, 798–806 Esawi's and Ashby's method (materials selection), 473 adhesives, 805–806 Euler's formula, 537–538 ceramics/glasses, 804–805 Evaporation, 817 metals, 798–801 Experimental analysis, 654 plastics/elastomers, 801–804 Expert systems, 486–487 selection process, 784–791 Exponential distribution (hazard rate model), 1002 –1003 chemical inertness, 785 External memory, 671–678 combustability, 789 External work, 499 corrosion, 785–786 Extreme-pressure lubricants, 1156–1157 creep, 789–790 density, 787 F ductility, 788–789 Fabrication, see Manufacturing electrical conductivity, 784 Factor of safety, 498 electromagnetic and electrostatic shielding, 787 Failure, 860–921, 925–932 fatigue resistence, 788 analysis/restrospective design, 920 –921 hardness, 788 brinnelling, 863 magnetic shielding properties, 787–788 brittle fracture, 863 moisture absorption, 790–791 ceramic, see Ceramic failure strength, 787 chemical, 931, 932 corrosion, 863, 913–920 Failure rate allocation method, 1013 biological corrosion, 919 Failure rate estimation models, 1018–1019 cavitation, 919 for brake systems, 1018 crevice corrosion, 917 for compressor systems, 1019 direct chemical attack, 914, 915 for filters, 1019 erosion corrosion, 918–919 for pumps, 1019 galvanic corrosion, 914–917 Fatigue, 507–510, 863, 875–893 hydrogen damage, 919 fatigue crack propogation, 888–893 intergranular corrosion, 918 loading/laboratory testing of, 876–880 pitting corrosion, 917–918 localized, 774 selective leaching, 918 nonzero mean stress, 883, 886–888 stress corrosion cracking, 920 resistence in electronic packaging materials, 788 creep/stress rupture, 893–898 S--N--P curves, 879–886 prediction of long-term creep, 894–896 whole-body, 773–774 under a uniaxial state of stress, 895–898 Fatigue crack propogation, 888–893 criteria of, 860–861 Fatigue stress, 499 and design, 927–930 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), 1017 direct chemical attack, 863 FEA, see Finite-element analysis ductile rupture, 863 Feature-based modeling, 652–654 elastic deformation/yielding, 863, 867 –869 FEM, see Finite-element method environmental, 931, 932 FEP (fluorinated ethylene--propylene), 371–372 fatigue, 875–893 Ferrite, 9, 25 fatigue crack propogation, 888–893 Ferritic stainless steels, 3, 33–34, 49–50 loading/laboratory testing of, 876–880 Fibers, as composite reinforcement, 387, 388 nonzero mean stress, 883, 886–888 Fiber-optic connections, 811 S--N--P curves, 879–886 Film-based radiography, 1263–1264 fracture mechanics/unstable crack growth, 869 –875 Filters, failure rates for, 1019 fretting, 898–907 Final design, materials data for, 453 and material selection, 926–927 Finishing mechanical, 928 aluminum alloys, 90–92 modes of, 508–510 magnesium alloys, 284–285 and process, 927, 928, 930 Finite-element analysis (FEA), 652–653, 742–743 and reliability, 1010–1011 Finite-element method (FEM), 557–580 and service conditions, 928, 931 and deformation of solid, 558–560 thermal, 931 differential properties of shape functions, 570–572 types of, 861–867 differentiation in referential coordinates, 572 –575 wear, 898, 907–913 and equilibrium, 560–562 yielding, 863 FEM approximation, 567–568 Failure analysis, 931, 933–941 foundations of, 565–566 brittle-coating method, 936 global/local transformations, 569–570 chemical method, 936–937 Hilbertian Sobolev spaces in, 566–567 fractography, 939–940 and infinitesimal linearly elastic constitutive laws, 562–565 heat reversion, 937–938 one-dimesional example of, 576–579 identification analysis, 933–934 processing, 575–576 materials data for, 455 in three dimensions, 567 mechanical testing, 938, 939 Fishbone diagram, 992 microtoming, 938, 939 Fixed beam, 510 nondestructive testing techniques (NDT), 939 Flexure, theory of, 511–520 simulation testing, 941 Floppy disks, 673 strain gauge method, 936 Fluorinated ethylene--propylene (FEP), 371–372 stress analysis, 934–937 Fluorinated thermoplastics, 370–372 thermal analysis, 939 fluorinated ethylene--propylene (FEP), 371–372 visual examination, 933 poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PCTFE), 371 Failure data and failure data collection sources, 1019 –1020 poly(ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene) (ECTFE), 372 Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA), 697, 988, 1016 – poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), 370, 371 1017 poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF), 372 polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 372 General distribution (hazard rate model), 1003 FMEA, see Failure Modes and Effect Analysis Geological engineering, virtual reality ap plied to, 754–757 Forced convection, 816 Geometric dimensioning/tolerancing, STEP for, 727 –728 Forced-harmonic vibration, 1211 Gerber's Law, 508 Forced nonharmonic vibration, 1211 –1212 Glass fibers (as composite reinforcement), 388 Forced-vibration response, 1217 Global multiaxial fracture criterion (ceramics), 953 Force field analysis, 993 Goal programming, 831–833 Forging Gold, 800–801 of copper alloys, 201, 202 Goodman's Law, 508, 887–888 of magnesium alloys, 284 Gradient-based methods, 838–839 of steel, 5 Graphical user interface (GUI), 694 –695 of superalloys, 322–323 Graphite fibers (as composite reinforcement), 388 of titanium alloys, 249–250 Grease (as lubricant), 1037–1038 FORTRAN, 698 Guest Theory (Maximum-Shear Theory), 504 Fractography, 939–940 GUI (graphical user interface), 694–695 Fracture, types of, 497 Fracture mechanics, 869–875, 944–946 H Frames, 792 Hadfield manganese steels, 20–21 Free convection, 816 Hard-copy devices, 689–691 Free-cutting brass, 197, 198, 203 Hard disks, 673 Free-machining steels, 22 Hard-EHL, 1097–1099 Free-vibration, 1208–1211 Hardenability (of steel), 16–18 normal-mode solution, 1220–1222 Hardness, 496 response, 1216–1217 Hardware, 655 wave solution, 1220, 1221 for CAD, 655–656 Freeware, 691 for virtual reality (VR), 734–738 Frequency (of sound), 1231 input devices, 735–737 Frequency response, 717 output devices, 736–738 Fretting, 898–907 Harsh-environment endurance, 797–798 Frit, 29 Hazard rate models, 1002–1003 FTA (Fault Tree Analysis), 1017 exponential distribution, 1002–1003 Fuel gas distribution systems, 214 general distribution, 1003 normal distribution, 1003 G Weibull distribution, 1003 Galling failure, 866 HDPE (high-density polyethylene), 339, 340 Galvanic corrosion, 914–917 Head hardening, 13 of aluminum alloys, 87–88 Health issues, see Safety and health issues copper alloys, 138, 139 Heat-resistant steels, 35–36 in electronic packaging materials, 800 Heat reversion, 937–938 of stainless steels, 47 Heat stress, 774–775 Gamma iron, 6 Heat treatment Gamma loop, 34 of nickel and nickel alloys, 272–276 Gap analysis, 995–996 of steel, 25–26 Gaskets, 1161–1168 Hencky--Von Mises Theory (Distortion-Energy Theory), 504 metallic, 1165 Herringbone groove, 1071, 1075, 1078 –1084 nonmetallic, 1165 High-copper alloys, 119 practical considerations for, 1166–1168 cast, 138 required bolt load, 1165 wrought, 124–129 Gas-lubricated bearings, 1068–1091 High-density polyethylene fibers (as composite reinforcement), journal bearings, 1069–1084 389–390 herringbone groove, 1071, 1075, 1078 –1084 High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 339, 340 pivoted pad, 1069–1077 Higher alloy steels, 31–37 thrust bearings, 1075–1091 heat-resistant steels, 35–36 Rayleigh step bearing, 1075–1078, 1085–1087 stainless steels, 31–35 spiral-groove thrust bearings, 1078–1084, 1088–1091 tool steels, 35 Gels, smart, 427–428 ultrahigh-strength steel, 36–37 wear-resistant steels, 36 IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification), 712 –713 High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), 342, 343 Immersadesk, 750 High-leaded tin bronzes, 143 Impact failure, 864–865 High-molybdenum alloys, 57 Impact polystyrene (IPS), 342, 343 High-performance materials, 364–370 Impact stress(es), 499, 527–530 aromatic polyketones (PEK, PEEK), 369, 370 Indented inert strength, 975 liquid crystalline polyesters (LCPs), 365 –367 Inert strength for indented specimens, 968 polyamide imides (PAIs), 369 Infinitesimal linearly elastic constitutive laws, 562 –565 polyarylsulfones (PSU, PES, PPSU), 365, 366 Infrared cameras, 1279–1280 polyetherimides (PEIs), 368–369 Ingots polyimides (PMDA-ODA), 366–368 melting/casting, 320 polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 364–365 steel, 5 High-performance steels, 31 Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES), 712 –713 High strength yellow brasses, 140 Initial screening (materials selection), 469 –473 Hilbertian Sobolev spaces, 566–567 Ashby's method, 471–472 HIPS (high-impact polystyrene), 342, 343 cost-per-unit-property, 470–471 HoloSketch, 740 Dargies's method, 472–473 Honeycomb seals, 1191–1192 Esawi's and Ashby's method, 473 Hooke's law, 493 limits on material properties, 470 Horizontal shear, 512, 521 Input devices, computer, 678–686 Hoshin planning method (TQM), 994 –995 digitizer, 683–685 Hot-corrosion resistance, 329 keyboard, 678–679 Hot cracking, 54–56 light pen, 682–683 Hot shortness, 20, 22 mouse, 681–682 Human error, 1017–1018 scanner, 685–686 Hybrid reliability allocation method, 1013 –1014 touch pad, 679–680 Hybrid solid modeling, 651 touch screen, 680–681 Hydrodynamic lubrication, 1044–1061, 1068–1091 trackball, 682 gas-lubricated bearings, 1068–1091 TrackPoint, 682 liquid-lubricated journal bearings, 1044 –1051 for virtual reality (VR), 735–737 liquid-lubricated thrust bearings, 1050–1061 CyberGlove, 735–736 regime, 1038–1040 CyberGrasp, 735–736 Hydrogels, 427–428 CyberTouch, 735–736 Hydrogen 6DOF mouse, 735 in steel, 24 tracking devices, 735–736 in titanium alloys, 236 Input/output device (I/O), 656–657 Hydrogen damage, 919 Integer programming (IP), 835, 837 Hydrogen flakes, 24 Intergranular corrosion, 46, 918 Hydrostatic bearings, 1060–1069 Interleaved memory, 669–670 compensating elements of, 1066–1069 Internal memory, 670–671 pad coefficients, 1063–1066 Interstitial-free (IF) steels, 3 Hypereutectoid steels, 9, 13 Inventiveness, Altschuller's theory of, see TRIZ (Theory of the Hypoeutectoid steels, 9 Solution of Inventive Problems) Hysteresis (damping capacity), 500 I/O (input/output) device, 656–657 IP, see Integer programming I IPS (impact polystyrene), 342, 343 IDDOV process, 587–608 Iron, 6, 799 defining requirements, 589–591 Iron--carbon equilibrium diagram (steel), 6 –13 developing a concept, 591–598 Ironmaking, 4 identifying the project, 588–589 Iron sulfide, 20 methodology, 582–584 Isothermal transformation diagram (steel), 12 –15 optimizing the design, 597–608 verifying and launching, 607–608 J Ideality, 615–617 JDCAD, 740 Identification analysis, 933–934 Johnson's apparent elastic limit, 494 IF (interstitial-free) steels, 3 Joining electronic packaging, 808–810 penetrant process, 1257, 1258 adhesives, 810 reference standards, 1258 mechanical fastening, 808–809 LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene), 339–341 welding/soldering, 809–810 Localized fatigue, 774 magnesium and magnesium alloys, 283, 284 Local multiaxial fracture criterion (ceramics), 954 –956 plastics, 854, 856 Low-alloy steels, 29–31 superalloys, 324, 325 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 339 –340 titanium alloys, 251–252 Lubrication, 1024–1157 Joint movements (ergonomics), 769 –771 and bearing selection, 1032–1035 Jominy test, 16 boundary, 1148–1157 Journal bearings effect of operating variables, 1154 –1156 herringbone groove, 1071, 1075, 1078 –1084 extreme-pressure lubricants, 1156–1157 liquid-lubricated, 1044–1051 film thickness, 1153–1155 pivoted pad, 1069–1077 formation of films, 1149–1152 physical properties of films, 1151–1153 K on conformal/nonconformal surfaces, 1030 –1032 Kaizen method (TQM), 992–993 elastohydrodynamic, 1084–1087, 1089–1147 Keyboards, 678–679 contact stress/deformations, 1086, 1087, 1089 –1096 Kinematic analysis and synthesis, 653 dimensionless grouping, 1096–1097 Knovel.com, 462 film thickness, 1099–1104 Knowledge-based systems, 486–487 hard-EHL results, 1097–1099 K-out-of-m-Unit network, 1007–1008 rolling-element bearings, 1102–1147 Kume's approach (Process Improvement), 989 –990 soft-EHL results, 1099 equations relevant to, 1041–1044 L history of, 1024–1025 Labyrinth seals, 1188–1191 hydrodynamic and hydrostatic lubrication, 1044 –1061, 1068– applications of, 1190 1091 and computer analysis tools, 1191 gas-lubricated bearings, 1068–1091 configuarations of, 1188–1190 liquid-lubricated journal bearings, 1044 –1051 leakage flow modeling, 1188–1191 liquid-lubricated thrust bearings, 1050–1061 and rotordynamic stability, 1190, 1191 hydrostatic bearings, 1060–1069 Ladle, 4 materials for, 1035–1038 Lamellar, 9 grease, 1037–1038 Lanthanum, 24 oil, 1036–1037 LCPs (liquid crystalline polyesters), 365 –367 viscosity of, 1035–1036 LDPE (low-density polyethylene), 339–340 regimes for, 1038–1041 Lead, 24, 801 boundary, 1040–1041 Leaded brasses, 131 elastohydrodynamic, 1040 Leaded coppers, 119, 145 hydrodynamic, 1038–1040 Leaded phosphor bronzes, 133 symbols used with, 1025–1030 Leaded red brasses, 138 Leaded semired brasses, 139 M Leaded steels, 30 Machining Leaded tin bronzes, 142 of aluminum alloys: Light pens, 682–683 multipoint tool operations, 89–90 Light-sensitive materials, 426 single-point tool operations, 88–89 Limestone, 4 of copper alloys, 146, 148, 154, 157, 196 –203 Linearization optimization methods, 841 –842 boring, 194, 200 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), 339 –341 chip appearance and machinability, 146, 148, 196 Linear programming, 835 drilling, 194, 200 Linear static analysis, 716 free-cutting brass, 197, 198, 203 Liquid crystalline polyesters (LCPs), 365 –367 milling, 154, 157, 199 Liquid-lubricated journal bearings, 1044–1051 reaming, 194, 201 Liquid-lubricated thrust bearings, 1050–1061 recommended practices, 148, 154, 157, 194, 196–203 Liquid penetrants, 1257 sawing, 196, 197, 203 limitations of inspections of, 1259 single-point turning tools, 148, 154, 197–199 threading/tapping, 196, 202 deformation, resistance to, 269, 271 of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 282 strain hardening, 271, 272, 274, 275 of nickel and nickel alloys, 276 and virtual reality (VR), 748–752 Magnesium, 278–280 assembly, 750–752 in electronic packaging materials, 800 factory and process models, 749–751 nonstructural applications of, 279 Maraging steel, 36–37 structural applications of, 279–280 Martensite, 13–15, 25 Magnesium alloys, 278–285 Martensitic stainless steel corrosion/finishing of, 284–285 age-hardening, 50 anodic coatings, 285 Martensitic stainless steels, 34, 50 chemical conversion coatings, 284 –285 Materials data, see Data electroplating, 285 Materials databases, 485–486 painting, 285 Materials selection, see Selection of materials fabrication of, 282–284 Matrix materials, 386, 390–393 forming, 284 carbon, 393 joining, 283, 284 ceramic, 393 machining, 282 metal, 393 properties of, 280–282 polymer, 390, 392–393 castings, 281, 282 properties of, 391 physical, 282, 283 Maximum-Shear Theory (Guest), 504 wrought materials, 281, 283 Maximum-Strain Theory (Saint Venant), 504 recycling of, 285 Maximum-Stress Theory (Rankine's Theory), 504 Magnetic media, 671–675 MDPE (medium-density polyethylene), 339 Magnetic-particle inspection method, 1277–1279 Mechanical face seals, 1176, 1178 –1180 continuous vs. noncontinuous fields, 1278 –1279 balance, 1176, 1178 demagnetizing the part, 1279 leakage, 1178–1179 inspection process, 1279 materials, 1179–1180 magnetizing field, 1277–1278 seal face flatness, 1179 Magnetic shielding, 787–788 Mechanical failure, 928 Magnetic tape, 675–676 Mechanical fastening, 808–809 Magnetizing field, 1277–1278 Mechanical testing, 938, 939 Magneto-optical drives, 673–674 Medical gas piping systems, nonflammable, 212, 214 Magnetoresistive heads, 674–675 Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), 339 Magnetorheological materials, 424 –425 Melting Magnetostrictive materials, 423 superalloys, 316–321 Mainframe computers, 659, 661–662 AOD, 317–319 Maintenance, materials data for, 455 considerations, 320–321 Malleability, 496 remelted ingot processing, 320 Maltron ergonomic keyboard, 679 VIM, 318–320 Manganese, 20, 22 titanium alloys, 247–249 Manganese bronze, 140 cutting the cost, 248 Manual material-handling systems, 776–777 defects/control, 248–249 Manufacturing Memory (computers), 667–678 ceramic materials, 446–448 cache, 670–671 of composites, 385–386 external, 671–678 of copper alloys, 146, 148, 154, 157, 194, 196 –207 interleaved, 669–670 casting, 199–201 internal, 670–671 forging, 201, 202 nonvolatile, 668 machining, 146, 148, 154, 157, 196–203 organizational methods, 669–670 welding/brazing/soldering, 202, 204 –207 PROM, 669 of magnesium alloys, 282–284 RAM, 668–669 forming, 284 ROM, 669 joining, 283, 284 virtual, 671 machining, 282 volatile, 668 materials data for, 454 Memory organizational methods, 669–670 of nickel alloys, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275 Metadata, 456–457 Metal matrix, 393 parallel-series network, 1006–1007 Metal matrix composites (MMCs) series network, 1004 mechanical properties of, 400–402 series-parallel network, 1005, 1006 discontinuous fiber-reinforced MMCs, 401 standby system, 1008–1009 particle-reinforced MMCs, 401 Neutron radiography, 1261–1263 physical properties of, 413–414 Nickel, 256–257 Microalloyed steels, 30 pure, 257 Microcomputers, 659, 662 in stainless steel, 41 Microtoming, 938, 939 in steel, 22 Minicomputers, 659, 662 Nickel alloys, 256–277 Minimills, 4 and austenitic stainless steels, 51–53 Minimum strength overload proof test, 965 classification of, 257–259 MINLP (mixed-integer nonlinear programming), 837 corrosion of, 267–273 Mish metal, 24 nickel-copper alloys, 268 Mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINL P), 837 oxidation, 269 MMCs, see Metal matrix composites pitting attack, 269 Module enclosures, 792 fabrication of, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275 Modulus, section, 516, 519 deformation, resistance to, 269, 271 Modulus of elasticity, 497 strain hardening, 271, 272, 274, 275 defined, 495 heat treatment of, 272–276 superalloys: prepared atmosphere, 275 cast superalloys, 310 reducing atmosphere, 274, 275 wrought superalloys, 309–310 machining of, 276 Modulus of rupture, 516 mechanical properties of, 261 Mohr's Circle, 503 nickel alloys, 260 Mohr's hypothesis, 953 nickel-chromium-iron, 263–265 Molybdenum, 40–41, 44 nickel-chromium-iron alloys, 263–265 in stainless steel, 40–41 nickel-chromium-molybdenum, 266–267 in steel, 22 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, 266–267 Moment of inertia, 516, 531 nickel-copper alloys, 260–263, 268 MOS RAM, 670 nickel-iron, 266 Mounting structures, 792 nickel-iron-chromium, 265–266 Mouse, 681–682, 735 nickel-iron-chromium alloys, 265–266 Mufflers, 1249–1250 rupture stress, 262 Multiaxial Weibull statistics, 953–956 trademarks of, 277 global multiaxial fracture criterion, 953 welding of, 276 local multiaxial criterion, 954–956 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys, 263–265 strength under compression loading, 953 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, 266–267 Multi-degree-of-freedom systems, 1215–1217 Nickel-copper alloys, 260–263, 268 equations of motion, 1215–1216 Nickel-iron, 266 forced-vibration response, 1217 Nickel-iron-chromium alloys, 265–266 free-vibration response, 1216–1217 Nickel-tin bronzes, 143 Multivariable unconstrained optimization methods, 838–839 Nitrogen Muscle forces (ergonomics), 771–772 in steel, 24 Music wire, 37 in titanium alloys, 237 Noise control, 601–602, 1239–1252 N absorption, 1240–1242 NASA Virtual Wind Tunnel, 743–744 mufflers, 1249–1250 NDI, see Nondestructive inspection recommendations for, 1250–1252 NDT (nondestructive testing techniques), 939 sound-isolation, 1242–1246 Networks acoustic enclosures, 1244–1245 computer, 662 composite panel, 1243–1244 reliability, 1003–1009 double walls, 1245–1246 bridge network, 1009–1010 transmission loss, 1242, 1243 K-out-of-m-Unit network, 1007–1008 vibration damping, 1247–1249 parallel network, 1005 vibration isolation, 1246–1248 Nonconformal surfaces, 1030–1032 applications of, 823–834 Noncontacting seals, 1183–1188 analysis/data reduction applications, 833–834 Noncontinuous fields, continuous vs., 1278 –1279 design applications, 824–830 Nondestructive flaw detection, 965–966 operations/planning applications, 830 –833 Nondestructive inspection (NDI), 1253–1303 constrained methods, 839–843 electronic references relating to, 1255 direct search, 839–841 future capabilities of, 1255–1256 linearization, 841–842 information sources for, 1254–1255 SQP (Successive Quadratic Programming), 843 instrumentation qualities in, 1254 transformation, 841 liquid penetrants in, 1257 requirements for application of, 820–822 magnetic-particle, 1277–1279 software, 843–844 continuous vs. noncontinuous fields, 1278 –1279 structure of problems, 834–837 demagnetizing the part, 1279 unconstrained methods, 838–839 inspection process, 1279 multivariable, 838–839 magnetizing field, 1277–1278 single-variable, 838 radiography, 1259–1267 O-rings, 1168–1170 attenuation of X-radiation, 1262, 1263 as basic sealing mechanism, 1168–1170 computed tomography, 1266–1267 material selection/chemical compatibilty of, 1170 film-based, 1263–1264 preload/compression of, 1168–1170 generations/absorptions of X-radiation, 1260, 1261 in rotary applications, 1170 neutron radiography, 1261–1263 thermal effects on, 1170 penetrameter, 1264–1265 Output devices, computer, 686–691 real-time, 1265–1266 electronic displays, 686–688 thermal methods, 1279–1285 hard-copy devices, 689–691 eddy current inspection, 1280–1285 for virtual reality (VR), 736–738 infrared cameras, 1279–1280 Oxidation probes/sensors, 1285–1286 of mickel alloys, 269 thermal paints, 1280 Oxygen thermal testing, 1280 in steelmaking, 4 ultrasonic, 1267–1276, 1286–1303 in titanium alloys, 237 bond-testing, 1276 inspection process, 1272–1276 P properties of materials, 1286–1303 PAs, see Polyamides reflection/transmission of sound, 1269 –1270 Packings/braided rope seals, 1170 –1174 refraction of sound, 1270–1272 PAIs (polyamide imides), 369 sound waves, 1268, 1269 PARs (polyarylates), 361, 362 Nondestructive testing techniques (NDT), 939 Parallel network, 1005 Nonflammable medical gas piping systems, 212, 214 Parallel-processing, 666–667 Nonlinear static analysis, 716–717 Parallel-series network, 1006–1007 Nonvolatile memory, 668 Parametric modeling, 651 Nonzero mean stress, 883, 886–888 Parametric solutions, 614 Normal distribution (hazard rate model), 1003 Pareto diagram, 992 Normal-mode analysis, 716 "Parting" (dealloying), 137, 138 Normal stress, 493 Pascal, 698–699 Numerical databases, 456 PASCC, see Polythionic acid stress--corrosion cracking Numeric databases, 456 Passivation, 43 NURBS, 650–651 Passive electronics, 442–444 Nylons, see Polyamides Patenting, 37 PBT/PC alloy, 352–354 O PBT (poly(bytylene terephthalate)), 352, 353 Oil (as lubricant), 1036–1037 PCs, see Personal computers; Polycarbonates Operating systems, 692–694 PC/ABS (polycarbonate/ABS) alloys, 360, 361 Opportunity analysis, 996 PCTFE (poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene)), 371 Optical data storage, 676–678 Pearlite, 9, 13, 20, 25 Optical mouse, 681–682 PECs (polyestercarbonates), 361, 362 Optimization, 819–845 PEEK (polyetheretherketone), 369, 370 PEIs (polyetherimides), 368–369 poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PCTFE), 371 PEK (polyetherketone), 369, 370 poly(ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene) (ECTFE), 372 Penetrameter, 1264–1265 poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), 370, 371 PE (polyethylene), 339–341 poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF), 372 Performance, modeling material/product, 451 polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 372 Performance index (materials selection ), 475–476 functions of, 852–853 Personal computers (PCs), 664–665 high-performance materials, 364–370 PES (polyethersulfone), 365, 366 aromatic polyketones (PEK, PEEK), 369, 370 PET (poly(ethylene terephthalate)), 353, 354 liquid crystalline polyesters (LCPs), 365 –367 Pet projects, 586 polyamide imides (PAIs), 369 Phenolic resins, 373 polyarylsulfones (PSU, PES, PPSU), 365, 366 Phosphor bronzes, 133 polyetherimides (PEIs), 368–369 pH-sensitive materials, 426 polyimides (PMDA-ODA), 366–368 Physical contradictions, 617, 618, 624 –625 polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 364–365 Physical ergonomics, 762–779 joining techniques, 854, 856 analysis in, 765–775 materials selection techniques, 853–856 anthropometry, 765–767 part design, 854 biomechanics, 769–773 part material selection strategy, 856, 857 environmental stress, 774–775 and polymers, 847–852 localized fatigue, 774 polyolefinic thermoplastics, 339–342 range of motion, 767–768 polyethylenes, 339–341 strength, 768–769 polymethylpentane (PMP), 341, 342 whole-body fatigue, 773–774 polypropylene (PP), 340, 341 basis of, 763–764 polyurethane/cellulosic resins, 350 –351 defined, 762 properties of, 337–339 in design process, 764–765 reinforced, 853 disciplines contributing to, 764 side-chain-substituted vinyl thermoplastics, 342 –350 example applications of, 775–779 acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) polymers, 344, 345 manual material-handling systems, 776–777 acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylate (ASA) polymers, 345, 346 refuse collection, 777–779 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 346, 347 history of, 762–763 polystyrenes (PS, IPS, HIPS), 342–343 Piezoceramics, 444–445 polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 348, 349 Piezoelectric materials, 419–422 poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 349 –340 Pitch-catch inspection, 1272–1273 styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer, 343, 344 Pitting corrosion, 917–918 styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer, 347 aluminum alloys, 87 styrene/methyl methacrylate (SMMA) copolymer, 347, nickel alloys, 269 348 stainless steel, 40, 41 syndiotactic polysterene (SPS), 343, 344 stainless steels, 45 thermosets, 372–375 Pivoted pad, 1069–1077 alkyd resins, 374 Plastics, 335–377, 847–858 amino resins, 375 additives in, 337 diallyl phthalate, 375 chemical/solvent resistance of, 337 epoxy resins, 373 classification of, 336–337 phenolic resins, 373 elastomers, 375–377 unsaturated polyesters, 373–374 for electronic packaging materials, 801 –804 vinyl esters, 374 engineering thermoplastics, 351–365 Plasticity, 493–494 polyamides (nylon), 355–360 Plates, stresses on, 545–549 polyarylates (PARs), 361, 362 Plate steels, 5 polycarbonate/ABS alloys (PC/ABS), 360, 361 Plotters, 689–691 polycarbonates (PCs), 360 Plumbing tube, copper-alloy, 207–212 polyestercarbonates (PECs), 361, 362 PMCs, see Polymer matrix composites polyphenylene ether (PPE), 362–364 PMDA-ODA, 366–368 thermoplastic polyesters, 352–355 PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)), 346, 347 fluorinated thermoplastics, 370–372 PMP (polymethylpentane), 341, 342 fluorinated ethylene--propylene (FEP), 371–372 Poisson's ratio, 493 Poka-yoke method (TQM), 994 Polyurethanes (PUs), 350 Polar moment of inertia, 531 Polyurethane resins (PURs), 350 Polumeric materials, see plastics Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 348, 349 Polyacetals, 359–360 Poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF), 372 Polyamides (PAs, nylons), 355–360 Poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 349 –340 acetals, 359–360 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 372 aromatic, 358, 359 Portable ultrasonic systems, 1275–1276 PA 4/6, 357 Position-sensitive assemblies, 795–796 PA 6 and PA 6/6, 355, 356 Powder metallurgy PA/PPE alloys, 356–357 superalloys, 323–324 semiaromatic polyamides, 357, 358 titanium alloys, 245–247 Polyamide imides (PAIs), 369 PPE, see Polyphenylene ether Polyarylates (PARs), 361, 362 PP (polypropylene), 340, 341 Polyarylsulfones, 365, 366 PPS, see Polyphenylene sulfide Poly(bytylene terephthalate) (PBT), 352, 353 PPSU, see Polyphenylsulfone Polycarbonates (PCs), 360 Precipitation hardening stainless steels, 35 Polycarbonate/ABS alloys (PC/ABS), 360, 361 Preliminary design, materials data for, 452 –453 Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PCTFE), 371 Printed circuit board components, 807–808 Polyesters Probes/sensors, 1285–1286 thermoplastic, 352–355 Problem solving, algorithm for, see ARIZ unsaturated, 373–374 Process annealing, 25 Polyestercarbonates (PECs), 361, 362 Proeutectoid phase, 9 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 369, 370 Programmable read-only memory (PROM), 669 Polyetherimides (PEIs), 368–369 PROM (programmable read-only memory), 669 Polyetherketone (PEK), 369, 370 Proportional limit, 494 Polyethersulfone (PES), 365, 366 Protective electronic packaging, 817 –818 Poly(ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene) ( ECTFE), 372 shipping environment, 817–818 Polyethylene (PE), 339–341 storage equipment protection, 817 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 353, 354 Prototyping Polyimides, 366–368 rapid, 720–722 Polyketones, aromatic, 369, 370 virtual, 719–720 Polymers, 847–852. See also Plastics PS (polystyrene), 342–343 defined, 848 PSU, see Polysulfone smart, 426–427 PTFE, see Poly(tetrafluorethylene) thermoplastic, 848 PTT, see Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) Polymerization reactions, 848 PUs (polyurethanes), 350 Polymer matrix, 390, 392–393 Pugh method, 482, 594–597 Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) Pulse-echo inspection, 1272–1273 mechanical properties of, 396–400 Pumps, failure rate estimation models for, 1019 physical properties of, 408, 409, 411, 412 PURs (polyurethane resins), 350 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 346, 347 PVC (polyvinyl chloride), 348, 349 Polymethylpentane (PMP), 341, 342 PVDC (poly(vinylidene chloride)), 349 –340 Polymides, 366–368 PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), 372, 420 –422 Polyolefinic thermoplastics, 339–342 PVF (poly(vinyl fluoride)), 372 polyethylenes, 339–341 polymethylpentane (PMP), 341, 342 Q polypropylene (PP), 340, 341 QFD (quality function deployment), 987 Polyphenylene ether (PPE), 362–364 Quality assurance Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 364–365 materials data for, 454–455 Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), 365, 366 traditional approach to, 982 Polypropylene (PP), 340, 341 Quality function deployment (QFD), 987 Polystyrene (PS), 342–343 Quantitative methods of materials selection, 466 –487 Polysulfone (PSU), 365, 366 case study, 476–481 Poly(tetrafluorethylene) (PTFE), 370, 371 comparing/ranking, 473–476 Polythionic acid stress--corrosion cracking (PASCC), 44–45 digital logic, 474–476 Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), 354, 355 performance index, 475–476 weighted-properties, 474–476 Red brasses, 138 computerization, 485–487 Reduced instruction set computer (RISC), 663 –664 databases, 485–486 Refuse collection, 777–779 expert systems, 486–487 Reinforced plastics, 853 initial screening, 469–473 Reliability, 1000–1020 Ashby's method, 471–472 of brittle materials, 962–963 cost-per-unit-property, 470–471 and design, 1011–1017 Dargies's method, 472–473 failure rate allocation method, 1013 Esawi's and Ashby's method, 473 FMEA (Failure Modes and Effect Analysis), 1016 –1017 limits on material properties, 470 FTA (Fault Tree Analysis), 1017 optimum solution, 476 hybrid reliability allocation method, 1013 –1014 requirements, 467–473 safety factor/safety margin, 1014–1015 cost, 469 stress-strength interference theory method, 1015 –1016 functional, 467 and failure, 1010–1011 processability, 467, 469 and failure data, 1019–1020 reliability, 469 failure rate estimation models of, 1018 –1019 resistance to service conditions, 469 brake system, 1018 substitution, 480, 482–484 compressor system, 1019 case study, 484 filter, 1019 cost-benefit analysis, 482, 483 pump, 1019 Pugh method, 482 hazard rate models of, 1002–1003 and types of material information, 484 –485 exponential distribution, 1002–1003 Quenching, 25, 26 general distribution, 1003 QUEST, 750 normal distribution, 1003 Weibull distribution, 1003 R and human error, 1017–1018 Race conformity networks of, 1003–1009 of ball bearings, 1112, 1113 bridge network, 1009–1010 of roller bearings, 1117 K-out-of-m-Unit network, 1007–1008 Racks, 792 parallel network, 1005 Radiation, 817 parallel-series network, 1006–1007 Radiography (as nondestructive inspection method), 1259 –1267 series network, 1004 attenuation of X-radiation, 1262, 1263 series-parallel network, 1005, 1006 computed tomography, 1266–1267 standby system, 1008–1009 film-based, 1263–1264 statistical distributions of, 1001–1002 generations/absorptions of X-radiation, 1260, 1261 Rephosphorized steels, 22 neutron radiography, 1261–1263 Resilience, 499–501 penetrameter, 1264–1265 Resisting moment, 531 real-time, 1265–1266 Resisting shear, 512 RT (radiography testing), 1259 Resources, maximal use of, 617, 618 testing, 1259 Restrained beam, 510 Radiography testing (RT), 1259 RIM (reaction injection molding), 350 Radius of gyration, 536–537 RISC (reduced instruction set computer), 663 –664 RAM (random access memory), 668 –670 Roller bearings, 1107–1111, 1117–1120 Random access memory, 668–670 crowning of, 1117 Range of motion (ROM), 767–768 curvature sum and difference of, 1118 –1120 Rankine's Theory (Maximum-Stress Theory), 504 free endplay and contact angle of, 1118, 1119 Ranking, see Comparing/ranking geometry of, 1107–1111 Rapid prototyping, 720–722 race conformity of, 1117 Raster plotters, 690–691 Rolling-element, 1102–1147 Raster-scan terminals, 688 ball bearings, 1103, 1106, 1108, 1109, 1112 –1117 Rayleigh step bearing, 1075–1078, 1085–1087 bearing types, 1102–1111 Reaction injection molding (RIM), 350 kinematics, 1120–1123 Read-only memory (ROM), 669 roller bearings, 1107–1111, 1117–1120 Real-time radiography, 1265–1266 Rolling-element bearings, 1102–1147 Reaming (copper alloys), 194, 201 ball bearings, 1103, 1106, 1108, 1109, 1112 –1117 contact angle of, 1113–1115 materials data for, 451–452 curvature sum and difference of, 1116 –1117 plastics, 853–856 geometry of, 1112–1117 quantitative methods, see Quantitative methods of materials race conformity of, 1112, 1113 selection shoulder height of, 1115 Selective leaching, 918 bearing types, 1102–1111 Selenium, 24 kinematics, 1120–1123 Semiaromatic polyamides, 357, 358 roller bearings, 1107–1111, 1117–1120 Semired brasses, 139 crowning of, 1117 Sensitization, 33 curvature sum and difference of, 1118 –1120 Series network, 1004 free endplay and contact angle of, 1118, 1119 Series-parallel network, 1005, 1006 geometry of, 1107–1111 SFMs, see Su-field models race conformity of, 1117 Shafts, torsional stresses in, 531–535 Rolling (steel), 5 angle of twist, 532–533 ROM, see Range of motion; Read-only memory formula for round shafts, 531–532 RT (radiography testing), 1259 noncircular cross sections, 533 Rupture shearing stress, 532 creep and stress, 893–898 ultimate strength, 533, 535 modulus of, 516 Shape functions, differential properties of, 570 –572 work required for, 500 Shape memory alloys, 428–429 Rupture strength, 495 Shareware, 691 Rusting, 47 Shear deflection due to, 519–520 S horizontal, 512, 521 Safety, factor of, 498 resisting, 512 Safety and health issues vertical, 512 copper and copper alloys, 139, 140, 144, 207 Shear diagrams, 512 vibration, exposure to, 774–775 Shear strain, 493 Safety factor, 1014–1015 Shear stress, 492 Safety margin, 1014–1015 Shielding SAN (styrene/acrylonitrile) copolymer, 343, 344 electromagnetic, 787 Sant Venant Theory (Maximum-Strain Theory), 504 electrostatic, 787 Scanners, 685–686 magnetic, 787–788 Scatter (ceramic failure), 948–952 Shipping environment protection, 817 –818 of lifetime, 951–952 Shock of strength, 948–952 and electronic packaging, 811–812 SCC (stress corrosion cracking), 920 isolation of, 1225–1226 Seal(s), 1161–1199 spectrum of, 1212–1214 double seals, 1182, 1183 Side-chain-substituted vinyl thermoplastics, 342 –350 dynamic, 1174–1199 acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) polymers, 344, 345 brush seals, 1192–1198 acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylate (ASA) polymers, 345, 346 emission concerns, 1180–1184 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 346, 347 honeycomb seals, 1191–1192 polystyrenes (PS, IPS, HIPS), 342–343 initial seal selection, 1174–1177 polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 348, 349 labyrinth seals, 1188–1191 poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 349–340 mechanical face seals, 1176, 1178 –1180 styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer, 343, 344 noncontacting seals, 1183–1188 styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer, 347 single seals, 1181–1182 styrene/methyl methacrylate (SMMA) copolymer, 347, 348 static, 1161–1174 syndiotactic polysterene (SPS), 343, 344 gaskets, 1161–1168 Silicon brasses, 134, 140 o-rings, 1168–1170 Silicon bronzes, 134, 140 packings/braided rope seals, 1170 –1174 Silicon-carbide based fibers (as composite reinforcement), 389 tandem seals, 1182, 1183 Silver, 800–801 Secant formula, 538 Simple beam, 510 Section modulus, 516, 519 Simple stress, 493 Selection of materials Simulation testing, 941 Single-degree-of-freedom systems, 1207–1212 scaling, 711 equation of motion, 1208 transformations, 708–711 forced-harmonic vibration, 1211 three-dimensional, 710–711 forced nonharmonic vibration, 1211–1212 two-dimensional, 708–710 free vibration, 1208–1211 translation, 709–710 Single seals, 1181–1182 variational, 651 Single-variable unconstrained optimization methods, 838 Solubility, 7 6DOF mouse, 735 Solvent resistance (of plastics), 337 Six Sigma, 990. See also Design for Six Sigma Sound, 1230–1252. See also Noise control SKETCHPAD, 643–644 analyzers of, 1235 SLAM II, 750 characteristics of, 1230 Slenderness ratio, 537 combined sources of, 1234 Smart catalysts, 428 control of, see noise control Smart materials, 418–431 correction for background, 1236 catalysts, 428 decibels, 1231, 1234–1235 elastorestrictive materials, 424 frequency/wavelength of, 1231 electrorheological materials, 424 measurements of, 1236–1239 electrostrictive materials, 422 meters for, 1234 future considerations for, 430–431 power/pressure of, 1231 hydrogels, 427–428 ultrasonic: light-sensitive materials, 426 reflection/transmission of, 1269–1270 magnetorheological materials, 424–425 refraction, 1270–1272 magnetostrictive materials, 423 ultrasonic waves, 1268, 1269 pH-sensitive materials, 426 velocity of, 1231–1233 piezoelectric materials, 419–422 Sound-level meter, 1235 polymers, 426–427 Sound measurement, 1236–1239 shape memory alloys, 428–429 of machines in semireverberant locations, 1237 thermoresponsive materials, 425 of small machines in free field, 1236 unusual behaviors of, 429 two-surface method of, 1237–1239 versatility of, 430 Spalling failure, 866 Smart polymers, 426–427 Special copper alloys, 119 SMA (styrene/maleic anhydride) copolymer, 347 Spheres, stresses on, 543, 545 SMMA (styrene/methyl methacrylate) copolymer, 347, 348 Spheriodizing, 25, 26 S--N--P curves, 879–886 Spiral-groove thrust bearings, 1078–1084, 1088–1091 Socket action, 550–551 SPS (syndiotactic polystyrene), 343, 344 Soderberg's Law, 508 SQP (Successive Quadratic Programming), 843 Soft-EHL, 1099 Stainless steel(s), 31–35, 39–58 Software, 691–701 and AOD/dual certification/chemistry control, 47 –49 for computer-aided design (CAD), 701–712 austenitic, 19, 32–33 graphics software, 701–703 availability of, 49 solid modeling, 703–712 chromium in, 40 for computer languages, 697–701 copper in, 41 for GUI (graphical user interface), 694 –695 and corrosion, 39–40, 43–47 for operating systems, 692–694 crevice corrosion, 45–46 for optimization, 843–844 galvanic corrosion, 47 for virtual reality (VR), 738, 739 general corrosion, 43 for X Window System, 695–697 intergranular corrosion, 46 Solaris, 693 pitting corrosion, 45 Soldering, 202. See also Brazing stress--corrosion cracking, 44–45 Solid, deformation of a, 558–560 duplex, 34, 51 Solid modeling, 651, 703–712 effect of alloying elements on, 39–43 concatenation, 710 ferritic, 3, 33–34, 49–50 constructive solid geometry (CSG), 705 –706 martensitic, 34, 50 dimension-driven design, 651 molybdenum in, 40–41 feature-based, 652–654 nickel alloy, 51–53 parametric, 651 nickel in, 41 precipitation hardening, 35 steelmaking, 4 Web sites related to, 58 maraging, 36–37 welding of, 53–57 plate, 5 austenitic alloys, 55–56 rephosphorized, 22 carbon vs. stainless steel, 53–55 weathering, 22 duplex stainless steels, 57 Steel columns, stresses on, 542–543 high-molybdenum alloys, 57 Steelmaking, 4 Standard for the Exchange of Products (STEP), 713, 725 –730 STEP, see Standard for the Exchange of Products applications for, 725, 726 Stereolithography, 721–722 applications protocols for, 725–727 Stiffness, 496 for CNC machining, 728–730 STN International, 461–462 future of, 730 Storage environment protection, 817 for geometric dimensioning/tolerancing, 727 –728 Strain, 493, 495 Standby system, 1008–1009 Strain-Energy Theory, 504 Static analysis, 653 Strain gauge method, 936 Static seals, 1161–1174 Strain hardening (nickel alloys), 271, 272, 274, 275 gaskets, 1161–1168 Strand casting, 4–5 metallic, 1165 Stratification method (TQM), 996 nonmetallic, 1165 Strength required bolt load, 1165 breaking, 495 o-rings, 1168–1170 of brittle materials, 964–966 as basic sealing mechanism, 1168–1170 minimum strength overload proof test, 965 material selection/chemical compatibilty of, 1170 nondestructive flaw detection, 965–966 preload/compression of, 1168–1170 statistical strength distribution, 964–965 in rotary applications, 1170 tests, 972–975 thermal effects on, 1170 and ceramic failure, 945–947 packings/braided rope seals, 1170–1174 minimum strength overload proof test, 965 for high-temperature service, 1171–1174 nondestructive flaw detection, 965–966 Statistical strength distribution, 964–965 in physical ergonomics, 768–769 Steel(s), 3–37 rupture, 495 alloy, see Alloy steel(s) statistical strength distribution, 964–965 carbon, 27–29 of titanium alloys, 222–223 classification/specifications, 26–27 ultimate, 494 development of properties of, 5–18 yield, 494 continuous-cooling transformation diagram, 14, 16 Stress(es), 491–555, 934–937 departure from equilibrium, 9, 12 allowable unit, 498 hardenability concept, 16–18 axial, 493 iron--carbon equilibrium diagram, 6–13 on beams, 510–530 electrical, 29 continuous beams, 522–525 enameling, 29 curved beams, 524–527 free-machining, 22 and design, 520–523 heat treatment of, 25–26 flexure theory, 510–520 full annealing, 25 impact stresses, 527–530 normalizing, 25 vibratory stresses, steady/impulsive, 530 quenching, 26 on columns, 536–543 recrystallization annealing, 25 steel columns, 542–543 spheriodizing, 25, 26 theory, 537–539 stress relieving, 25 wooden columns, 539–542 tempering, 26 combined, 502–506 hypereutectoid, 9, 13 compressive, 492 hypoeutectoid, 9 concentration factors, 501 leaded, 30 contact, 551, 552 manufacture of, 4–5 creep, 499, 506–508 continuous casting, 4–5 on cylinders/spheres, 543–545 ironmaking, 4 thick walls, 544–545 rolling/forging, 5 thin walls, 543–544 definitions, 492–499 evolution of, 315–317 determination of principal, 502–503 for high-temperature applications, 332–333 discontinuities, 500–501 intermediate-temperature applications, 331–332 dynamic, 499 manufacture of articles using, 289, 290 in electronic packaging, 814–815 melting/casting, 316–321 fatigue, 499, 507–510 AOD, 317–319 impact, 499 considerations, 320–321 information sources about, 553–555 remelted ingot processing, 320 nonzero mean, 883, 886–888 VIM, 318–320 normal, 493 modulus of elasticity of: on plates, 545–549 cast superalloys, 310 on rotating elements, 551, 553 wrought superalloys, 309–310 shafts/bending/torsion, 530–536 obtaining information on, 290–292 shear, 492 properties of, 307, 310, 311, 313–315 simple, 493 cast superalloys, 308 socket action, 550–551 mechanical, 314–315 static, 492–499 physical/environmental, 307, 310, 31 1, 313–314 tensile, 492 wrought superalloys, 305–307 torsional, 530–536 strengthening of, 288–291 bending, 535–536 Supercomputers, 658–659, 661 in shafts, 531–535 Surface modeling, 650 total, 492 Syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS), 343, 344 true, 495 Systems evolution, laws of, 625–627 on trunnions, 545, 549–550 unit, 492 T and work/resilience, 499–501 Tandem mill, 5 Stress corrosion Tandem seals, 1182, 1183 of copper and copper alloys, 139 TBCs, see Thermal barrier coatings of stainless steels, 44–45 Technical contradictions, 617 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), 920 Temperature capability Stress rupture, 893–898 titanium alloys, 222 Stress--strain relationship, 494–496 Temperature(s) Stress-strength interference theory method, 1015 –1016 ceramic failure at high, 958–961 Styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer, 343, 344 creep rupture, 960 Styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer, 347 creep strain, 959–960 Styrene/methyl methacrylate (SMMA) copolymer, 347, 348 and copper, 130, 131, 194 Sublimation, 789 effect of, on superalloys: Successive Quadratic Programming (SQP), 843 cast, 300–301 Su-field models (SFMs), 626–631 wrought, 298–299, 302–304 Superalloys, 287–334 Tempered aluminum alloys, 68, 70 component production, 321–328 Tempering, 25 casting, 321–323 copper alloys, 128, 129, 155–157 forging/powder metal, 322–324 steel, 26 information resources, 325, 327–328 Tensile strain, 493 joining, 324, 325 Tensile stress (tension), 492 overview, 324–326 Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch, see TRIZ compositions of: Tertiary phase diagrams, 6 cast superalloys, 296–297 Textual data, 456 wrought superalloys, 293–295 Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems, see TRIZ corrosion and coatings, 328–330 Thermal analysis, 939 hot-corrosion resistance, 329 Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), 329 –330 postservice refurbishment/repair, 330 –331 Thermal expansion, 814–815 thermal barrier coatings, 329–330 Thermal failure, 931 effect of temperature on: Thermal nondestructive inspection methods, 1279 –1285 cast superalloys, 300–301 eddy current inspection, 1280–1285 wrought superalloys, 298–299, 302–304 infrared cameras, 1279–1280 probes/sensors, 1285–1286 cast alloys, 240, 245 thermal paints, 1280 effects of alloy elements, 233, 234 thermal testing, 1280 elastic constants/physical properties, 233 –235 Thermal paints, 1280 hydrogen in, 236 Thermal shock, 957–958 intermetallic compounds/transient secondary phases, 233 Thermal testing, 1280 mechanical properties, 237–247 Thermoplastic polyesters, 352–355 oxygen/nitrogen in, 237 PBT/PC alloy, 352–354 powder-formed alloys, 244, 245 poly(bytylene terephthalate) (PBT), 352, 353 processing effects, 234, 236 poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 353, 354 strengthening, 230, 233 poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), 354, 355 wrought/cast/powder metallurgy products, 245 –247 Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), 350 strength/corrosion capability of, 222 –223 Thermoplastics, 802–803 strengthening mechanisms for, 223, 224 Thermoresponsive materials, 425 temperature capability of, 222 Thermosets, 372–375, 803–804 Tool steels, 35 alkyd resins, 374 Torsional stresses, 530–536 amino resins, 375 bending, 535–536 diallyl phthalate, 375 defined, 530–531 epoxy resins, 373 in shafts, 531–535 phenolic resins, 373 angle of twist, 532–533 unsaturated polyesters, 373–374 formula for round shafts, 531–532 vinyl esters, 374 noncircular cross sections, 533 3DM, 740 shearing stress, 532 3-Draw, 739 ultimate strength, 533, 535 Thrust bearings Total quality management (TQM), 980 –996 liquid-lubricated, 1050–1061 approaches to, 984–985 Rayleigh step bearing, 1075–1078, 1085–1087 Crosby's, 985 spiral-groove thrust bearings, 1078–1084, 1088–1091 Deming's, 984–985 Time--temperature transformation (TTT) diagrams, 12 Juran's, 985 Tin barriers to success, 984 in electronic packaging materials, 801 in design phase, 986–991 in steel, 24 benchmarking, 988 Tin brasses, 132 guidelines, 990–991 Tin bronzes, 142 Kume's approach, 989–990 Tissue tolerances (ergonomics), 771 –772 plans for acquisition/process control, 989 Titanium alloys, 221–255 process design review, 988–989 biomedical applications of, 253 product design review, 986–987 corrosion, 252–253 quality design characteristics, 986 cryogenic applications of, 253 quality function deployment (QFD), 987 high temperatures of, 226–229 quality loss function, 987–988 information resources for, 255 Six Sigma, 990 manufacturing processes for, 246–252 steps for controlling design, 986 casting, 250–251 Taguchi's approach, 989 forging, 249–250 elements of, 982, 983 joining, 251–252 methods of, 991–996 residual stresses, 251 affinity diagram, 991 vacuum arc melting, 247–248 control charts, 993–994 melting, 247–249 customer needs mapping, 993 cutting the cost of, 248 Deming wheel, 991–992 defects/control, 248–249 fishbone diagram, 992 metallurgy of, 225–226 force field analysis, 993 microstructure/properties of, 229–247 gap analysis, 995–996 alloy composition/general behavior, 229 –232 Hoshin planning, 994–995 alpha alloys, 237, 238 Kaizen, 992–993 alpha-beta alloys, 238–239 opportunity analysis, 996 beta alloys, 239 Pareto diagram, 992 poka-yoke, 994 True stress, 495 stratification, 996 True stress--strain relationship, 495–496 origins of, 980–981 Trunnions, stresses on, 545, 549–550 principles of, 983 TTT diagrams, see Time--temperature transformation diagrams traditional quality assurance program, 982 Tube/pipe products (copper and copper alloys), 207 –219 Total strain, 493 fuel gas distribution systems, 214 Total stress, 492 nonflammable medical gas piping systems, 212, 214 Touch pad, 679–680 plumbing tube, 207–212 Touch screen, 680–681 Tungsten, 23, 41 Toughness, 496 Tuyeres, 4 TPUs (thermoplastic polyurethanes), 350 Twisting moment, 531 TQM (total quality managment), 980–996 Two-surface method, 1237–1239 Trackball, 682 Tracking devices, 735–736 U TrackPoint, 682 UHMWPE (ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene), 339 Tramp elements, 24 Ultimate strength, 494 Transformations, 708–711 Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), 339 optimization methods, 841 Ultrahigh-strength steels, 36–37 three-dimensional, 710–711 Ultrasonic nondestructive inspection methods, 1267 –1276, two-dimensional, 708–710 1286–1303 Transient response, 717 bond-testing, 1276 Translation, 709–710 inspection process, 1272–1276 Transmission loss, 1242, 1243 portable ultrasonic systems, 1275–1276 Transparent ceramics, 445, 446 pulse-echo/pitch-catch inspection, 1272–1273 Trip steels, 31 transmission vs. pulse echo, 1273–1275 TRIZ (Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems), 595, 596, properties of materials, 1286–1303 612–640 reflection/transmission of sound, 1269 –1270 ARIZ, 635–639 refraction of sound, 1270–1272 caution, 639 sound waves, 1268, 1269 flowchart, 636 Unconstrained methods for optimization, 838 –839 model of ideal solution step, 638–639 multivariable, 838–839 problem analysis step, 637 single-variable, 838 resource analysis step, 637–638 Unified Numbering System (UNS), 26 class 4 standards, 630–635 Unit strain, 493 group 4-1, 630, 631 Unit stress, 492, 498 group 4-2, 631, 632 UNIX, 692–693 group 4-3, 632–633 Unsaturated polyesters, 373–374 group 4-4, 633–634 UNS (Unified Numbering System), 26 group 4-5, 634–635 and contradictions, 628–630 V definition of, 613 Vacuum arc melting, 247–248 foundational principles of, 615–618 Vacuum induction melding (VIM), 318 –320 contradictions, 616–618 VADE (Virtual Assembly Design Environment), 751 ideality, 615–617 Variational modeling, 651 maximal use of resources, 617, 618 Vector plotters, 689–690 origins of, 613–615 Vector refresh terminals, 686–688 scientific approach to, 618–622 Vertical shear, 512 Su-field synthesis, 629–631 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE), 339 tools of, 622–628 Vibration(s), 1204–1212, 1215–1228. See also Shock analytical tools, 626–628 adverse health outcomes from, 774 –775 contradiction matrix, 622–624 of beams, 530 laws of systems evolution, 625–627 of continuous vibratory systems, 1217 –1222 physical contradictions, 624–625 damping, 1247–1249 Su-field, 626–628 and dynamics study, 1204 True discoveries, 614 and electronic packaging, 811–813 True strain, 495 isolation of, 1222–1226, 1246–1248 modeling of, 1205–1207 VR-CFD, 744–745 in multi-degree-of-freedom systems, 1215–1217 VR-Fact!, 749–750 equations of motion, 1215–1216 VRFactory, 750 forced-vibration response, 1217 free-vibration response, 1216–1217 W in single-degree-of-freedom systems, 1207–1212 Wear, 789, 898, 907–913 equation of motion, 1208 Wear-resistant steels, 36 forced-harmonic vibration, 1211 Weathering steels, 22 forced nonharmonic vibration, 1211–1212 Weibull distribution (hazard rate model), 1003 free vibration, 1208–1211 Weibull statistics, 953–956 sources of, 1204 compression loading, 953 standards for, 1226–1227 global multiaxial fracture criterion, 953 study of, 1205 local multiaxial fracture criterion, 954 –956 symbols used with, 1227–1228 Weibull tests, 970–972 VIM, see Vacuum induction melding Weighted-properties method (materials selection), 474 –476 Vinyl esters, 374 Welding. See also Brazing; Soldering Vinyl thermoplastics, side-chain substituted, see Side-chain- beam, design of welded, 827–830 substituted vinyl thermoplastics carbon vs. stainless steel, 53–55 VIRCON, 753 of copper and copper alloys, 202, 204 –207 Virtual Assembly Design Environment (VADE), 751 coppers and high-copper alloys, 202, 204 Virtual memory, 671 crack prevention, 206–207 Virtual prototyping, 719–720 dissimilar-metal combinations, 204, 205 Virtual Reality Laboratory, 756 distortion control, 206 Virtual reality (VR), 732–757. See also Computer-aided design filler metals, 206 (CAD) safety and health, 207 in civil engineering/construction, 752 –755 shielding gas requirements, 205 DIVERCITY, 753–754 welding processes, 205 VIRCON, 753 weld properties, 207 in concept design, 739–742 nickel and nickel alloys, 276 3DM, 740 of stainless steels, 53–57 3-Draw, 739 austenitic alloys, 55–56 COVIRDS, 740, 741 carbon vs. stainless steel, 53–55 HoloSketch, 740 duplex stainless steels, 57 JDCAD, 740 high-molybdenum alloys, 57 virtual sculpting, 741–742 Welding/soldering, 809–810 in data visualization, 742–746 Wet corrosion, 268 CFD, 743–746. See also Computational Fluid Dynamics Whole-body fatigue, 773–774 (CFD) Windows NT, 693–694 FEA (Finite-Element Analysis), 742–743 Wire, music, 37 defined, 732–733 Wireframe modeling, 649 in driving simulation, 746–748 Wireless mouse, 681 in geology/chemical engineering, 754 –757 WITNESS VR, 750 hardware for, 734–738 Wooden columns, stresses on, 539–542 input devices, 735–737 Word length, 662 output devices, 736–738 Work, 499–501 in manufacturing, 748–752 Workstations, 665–666 assembly, 750–752 Wrought alloys factory and process models, 749–751 aluminum, 92–107 software for, 738, 739 copper, 124–129, 131–136 types of, 733–734 titanium, 245–247 Virtual sculpting, 741–742 Wrought superalloys ViSTA FlowLib, 744–746 compositions of, 293–295 Visual examination, 933 dynamic moduli of elasticity for, 309 –310 VLDPE (very low-density polyethylene), 339 effect of temperature on, 298–299, 302–304 Volatile memory, 668 physical properties of, 305–307 VR, see Virtual reality X X-radiation attenuation of, 1262, 1263 generations/absorptions of, 1260, 1261 X Window System, 695–697

Y Yellow brasses, 139 Yielding failure, 863, 867–869 Yield point, 494 Yield strength, 494