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Molecular and Performance Properties of Poly(Amides & Imides)

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Molecular and Performance Properties of Poly(Amides & Imides) W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects Spring 2016 Molecular and Performance Properties of Poly(Amides & Imides) and the Use of Graphene Oxide Nano-Particles for Improvement John-andrew Samuel Hocker College of William and Mary, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Hocker, John-andrew Samuel, "Molecular and Performance Properties of Poly(Amides & Imides) and the Use of Graphene Oxide Nano-Particles for Improvement" (2016). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1477068376. http://doi.org/10.21220/S2PK51 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Molecular and Performance Properties of Poly(amides & imides) and The Use of Graphene Oxide Nano-particles for Improvement John-Andrew Samuel Hocker Greenville, VA M.S., Chemistry B.S., Chemistry A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Applied Science The College of William and Mary August 2016 © Copyright by John-Andrew Samuel Hocker 2016 ABSTRACT acrococ roere o olmer are nnael relaed o her molecular rucure and nermolecular roere h deraon demonrae how he molecular rucure chan roere and ner-molecular chan neracon can e ued o elan and redc macro leel erormance roere and how he addon o rahene ode nanohee enhance he erormance roere o olamde- A and olmde hrouh hoe ame nermolecular neracon olamde are reuenl ued n eerda le and are he reerred olmer n crcal alcaon noln hdrocaron haer decre he uneeced reul ha weak mall oranc acd a low concenraon hdrole a olamde a rae aromael wce ha o a waer hdrochlorc acd oluon o he ame H a and under anaeroc condon haer dcue how arn he rae o molecular weh m deradaon wh mall oranc acd he correlaed eec o m and cralln uon he ulmae ran o A were decouled he reul demonrae he need or oh cralln and molecular weh knowlede o monor and redc he ducle o rle ranon and when emrlemen occur haer elore he eleaed reance o hdrolc deradaon and molecular roere ha a rahene ode loaded A ha comared wh nea A a and he decreaed rae o deradaon and reuln ncreaed eulrum molecular weh o A wa arued o he hhl ammerc lanar nano-hee ha nhed he molecular mol o waer and he olmer chan he cralln o he olmer mar wa mlarl aeced a reducon n chan mol durn annealn due o he nanoarcle chemr and hhl ammerc nano-lanar hee rucure haer 6 eend he eermenal work o eec on olmde and A unconaled wh - odanlne are ncororaed a o w no a olmde made rom -enohenoneeracarolc danhdrde A and - odanlne A he erormance roere o hee wo em - and A- a eremel low concenraon o ar er are comarale o reou reul cn concenraon me hher and dlaed ncanl reaer mroemen han ununconaled - lm he reul ue ha he mroed arrer roere are due a oruo eec o he hee and o a aln eec o he lake on he olmer mar where reduced mol o he chan reduce duon hrouh he olmer mar aenuaed oal relecance ourer ranorm nrared ecroco wde anle -ra ecroco raman and la ranon reul uor h ew TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii edcaon iii List of Tables iv List of Figures vi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 haer odeln and nrumenaon 13 Chapter 3 Polyamide hydrolysis accelerated by small weak organic acids 34 haer he ucle-rle ranon o olamde- a eermned olecular eh and ralln 63 haer he educon o Hdrolc eradaon n olamde- by the Addition of Graphene Oxide 96 haer 6 nhancn olmde aer arrer roere hrouh Addition of Functionalized Graphene Oxide 158 haer oncluon and uure recon 202 VITA 208 AS The author wishes to express acknowledgement and appreciation to roeor ad ranuehl under whoe udance h neaon was conducted; for his patience, support, and constructive criticism throughout the investigation. The author is also grateful to Professor Hannes C. Schniepp, Professor Mark K. Hinders, Professor John C. ouma r aharne a and r heol ark or her careul readn and critique of the manuscript. da haker anne Ahorne and oaro o or her admnrae support. or her collaoraon houh dcuon hel and uor r aura cknon r Arhur Jaeon loer Anne ell hud reor Ginsburg, Natalie Hudson-Smith, Patrick Smith, Yvonne Mack, Ryan Shintani, Charles Blevins, Jacob Lisi, HaeSeong Kim, Alyssa Pence, eha an ad Smh ean a unwoo oh Aden de Sena rn Hll hr oad llam m San m hr omau Andrew Morris, Min Seo, Kyle Overdeep, Ingrid Mielke-Maday. h h dedcaed o m aml o m eloed we oamudra and all who supported me during this journey. LIST OF TABLES Table 3-1: Rate constants and equilibrium molecular weight for laboratory made PA11 aged in 1.05 ×10- M aqueous weak organic acid conditions; determined using the measured M m oer me and a non-lnear lea uare o he hdrol knec model uaon - ale - eh an and acd concenraon n nea A aed a n acd oluon meaured un a chromatography, weight gain, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Table 3-3: The molarity of the aging acid solution versus the acid molarity of the distillate. The table reports the concentration o he acd whn he A mar aer da a and he mole o acd and waer reecel whn he m injection aliquot of the distillate based on the GC results and the calibration of peak area to moles. ale - ae conan and eulrum molecular weh or commercal eno S A aed n arou aueou acid conditions; determined using the measured M over m me and a non-lnear lea uare o he hdrol knec model uaon - 55 Table 3-5: Hansen solubility parameters. 56 ale - he nu alue and rane lm ha were ued n a non-lnear ea uare o uaon - o he eermenal daa are led he ed e alue for each parameter are listed, with an R o ale - Summar o ke oeraon 6 ale - olecular weh ka cralln J⁄g) and ultimate strain (%) data collected for aging in water, acetic, and uanoc acd a Table 5-1: Rate constants and M for GO-PA11 aged in water; me deermned un uaon - and a non-lnear lea uare ale - neraon alue o S hea ow eak rom o or -A and A aed and unaed amle he error marn J⁄g per measurement and peak integration. 116 ale - S eak emeraure or -A and A aed and unaged samples. The peak temperatures are accurate whn 117 ale - S one meln and ormaon emeraure or GO-PA11 and PA11, aged and unaged samples. The onset melting and formation temperatures are accurae whn LIST OF FIGURES ure - ae caaled amde hdrol elemenar mechanm steps, pathway I and pathway II. ure - Acd caaled amde hdrol elemenar mechanm steps. ure - aer aed amde hdrol elemenar mechanm steps. ure - eaured molecular weh o olamde- durn fractionated elution volumes using size exclusion chromatography multiple angle laser light scattering. ure - he molecular weh druon o a olamde- amle the mass fraction of measured molecular weights of polyamide-11 from a fractionated SEC-MALLS measurement. ure -6 Aenuaed oal reecance ourer ranorm nrared ecra of graphitic oxide and polyamide-11 (PA11). ure - hermoramerc ehaor o a commercal olamde- (PA11). The water content and plasticizer content are uaned he ma reducon a and respectively. 6 ure - S meaured hea ow ehaor o em-crallne A a heat⁄cool⁄heat procedure. The melting of the crystalline reon hea o uon Hfus, is observed in the heating ramps and the crystalline formation, heat of crystallization Hc, is measured in the cooling ramp. vi ure - he la ranon emeraure g, for polyimide was meaured on he S un a rad hean ram o 30 ⁄min. 30 Figure 3-1: A plot of the Light Scattering measured M over time for PA- m aed a n mall oranc acd oluon water data; waer acetic data; acec propanoic data; roanoc butanoic data; uanoc ure - A lo o he h Scaern meaured over time for m A- aed a n mall oranc acd oluon water data; waer acetic data; acec propanoic data; roanoc butanoic data; uanoc 6 ure - A weh an a n a mall oranc acd ) Total mass percent gain measured using gravimetry versus acid concentrations. The percent content of ( ) acid and ( ) water measured in the distillate with gas chromatography. 50 ure - ommercal laced A- aed a n arou aqueous acid conditions. M data was measured using m SEC-MALLS. pH=7 water data; waer H6 uered acec acd a 6 - M data; uered acec acd H data; CO H Hl daa Hl H acec acd a 6 - M data; acec acd a 6 - ure - An oer me or A n waer acec m and butanoic accelerated aging environments; color is the ultimate strain where red is ductile and blue is brittle. Averaged experimental data of X-water; O-acetic acid aged; and •-butanoic acid aged, and error bars are the standard deviation calculated from 3 or more data points. ure - ralln oer me wh ulmae ran color oerla where red is ductile and blue is brittle. Averaged experimental data of X-water; O-acetic acid aged; and •-butanoic acid aged, and error bars are the standard deviation calculated from 3 or more data points.
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