NO. 32 z MAY 2008 z ISSN 0859-9742

Featuring Dear readers Welcome to the 32nd issue of the National Research Centre for In addition, we have also included APANews! It is exciting to start the Agroforestry on how this fast-growing, announcements on relevant year by featuring various multipurpose, and nitrogen-fixing international agroforestry conferences developments in agroforestry as a can increase the quantity and quality and training programs. Among them sustainable land use management of fodder production. is the upcoming 2nd World Congress option that can provide livelihood, on Agroforestry, which will be held 24- address poverty, and maintain We are also featuring the results of a 29 August 2009 in Nairobi, Kenya. ecological stability. SEANAFE-supported research on The theme will be “Agroforestry – the forecasting carbon dioxide future of global land use.” Read more In this issue, we offer interesting sequestration on natural broad-leaved on the key areas to be highlighted articles from India and the Philippines evergreen forests in Vietnam. Expect during the Congress, the deadlines for in the areas of agroforestry research, more of SEANAFE-supported the submission of abstracts for and promotion and development. research in upcoming issues of presentations, and other information SEANAFE News and APANews. in an article contributed by There are two articles from India that Dr. P. K. Nair. explore the potentials of Meanwhile, the Misamis Oriental decidua and Leucaena leucocephala State College of Agriculture and There are also featured websites and in agroforestry farms. Commonly Technology in Mindanao, Philippines new information resources that might known as kair, is a established a Bambusetum in their be useful in your various agroforestry known medicinal that grows in Agroforestry Field Laboratory to help undertakings. the dry, arid, and semi-arid regions of conserve and propagate rare, India. The article presents kair’s endemic, and economically important To quote Dr. Nair, “agroforestry has physiological properties, and species of . Learn more on [indeed] come of age.” The increasing production processes. It describes the impacts of this undertaking. number of initiatives worldwide has how kair’s flowers, fruits, leaves, and demonstrated agroforestry’s bark provide economic and medicinal We continue to feature updates in the capabilities to help cope with climate uses that enable farmers to earn area of agroforestry education and change, contribute to biodiversity income and at the same time combat training through the Southeast Asian conservation, and combat soil erosion. Network for Agroforestry Education desertification. We hope to feature News (SEANAFE News). This issue developments in these areas in future The other article discusses the highlights the accomplishments of issues of APANews. increasing use of Leucaena SEANAFE in 2007, particularly the leucocephala for crop intensification implementation of its Markets for Thank you to all the contributors and in India. Read more on the results of Agroforestry Tree Products and the we look forward to more of your a study done by the Indian Grassland Agroforestry Landscape Analysis contributions! – The Editors and Fodder Research Institute, and projects, among others.

DISCLAIMER. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO and SEANAFE concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication are those of the contributing authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the editor(s) of FAO and SEANAFE.

OUR ADDRESS. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200, Thailand; Website: http://www.fao.org and http://www.fao.or.th; E-mail [email protected]; SEANAFE c/o World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)-Southeast Asia Regional office, PO Box 61, Bogor 16001, Indonesia; Website: http:// www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/networks/Seanafe/Index.asp; E-mail [email protected]

PRODUCTION. Patrick Durst, Kenichi Shono, Akiko Inoguchi, Lutgarda Tolentino and Rowena Cabahug (Editorial Consultants); Leah P. Arboleda (Editor); Perseveranda G. Tubig and Reinelen M. Reyes (Production Assistants)

COVER PHOTO. Coconut-based agroforestry farms are common sights in the Philippines. Coffee, banana, corn, papaya, crops, and fruit are planted underneath coconut trees, thereby ensuring maximum use of land, diversified crops, and assured food and income for the farmer and his family (Photo taken by Catherine C. de Luna, PAFERN Agroforestry Landscape Analysis Project).

PRINTER. Thammada Press Co. Ltd., 86 Soi 501/1 Charansanitwong Road, Bangplad, Bangkok 10700 Thailand

2 May 2008 z Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 AGROFORESTRY RESEARCH

Calotropis procera, Maytemus Exploring Capparis decidua emarginatus, Zizyphus nummularia, , , etc. It is a common for livelihood and wasteland species in stabilized sand dunes (Shankarnarayan et al., 1987) where development density varies from 20 to 170 per hectare (Gupta et al., 1989). K. S. Bangarwa ([email protected]) Kumar and Bhandari (1993) reported 0.50 percent and 3.50 percent cover of kair in fenced and open sand dune Capparis Linn. (Capparidaceae) is a 1987). Scrub vegetation consists of habitats, respectively. major genus comprising mostly of low trees and bushes and occurs in climbing , bushes or small areas with very little rain. Research revealed that kair can trees. There are reportedly 26 species improve the fertility of sand dunes. It of this genus occurring in India (Anon, In India, kair can be found in the dry also has the tendency to reduce 1992). regions of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, alkalinity very sharply (Gupta et al., Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and many 1989). Moreover, a kair plantation can Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew. parts of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and reportedly increase organic carbon up Syn. C aphylla Roth, commonly Andhra Pradesh. Although it is well- to 10 times within 20 years. known as kair, is an important suited to areas with low rainfall (150 medicinal plant. It is a densely mm), kair can survive in areas with Flowering and fruiting branched that reaches a height rainfall as high as 600 mm (Gupta et of 6-10 m, with a clear bole of 2.4 m. al., 1989). It can also survive in The flowers of kair are red or pink, Its branches are tender and waxy. tropical and sub-tropical regions or in and sometimes yellow in lateral The bark is rough, corky, and gray. areas with an annual rainfall of 100- corymbs. The dull red berries or fruits 400 mm and temperatures of 16-50°C. are globose or ovoid and 1-2 cm in Kair has the ability to survive in diameter. The seeds are 2-5 mm various habitats. It also has good soil- Kair usually grows in dry, exposed diameter, and are embedded in the binding capacity. These features habitats such as foothills and pulp (Anon., 1992; Gupta et al., make the species suitable for wastelands. It grows in very shallow 1989). The plant coppices well and cultivation on a large scale to combat soils, soils affected by saline irrigation readily produces root suckers. soil and wind erosion on sandy water, or in stabilized sand dunes. wastelands (Gupta et al., 1989). It Flowering and fruiting takes place has fair tolerance to salinity and Kair grows in association with every February-March and July- alkalinity, can help improve fertility of Anogeissus pendula Edgew., sand dunes, and reduce alkalinity. Continued on page 4

Kair can grow unattended and unprotected on barren lands. The plants’ mature fruits serve as valuable sources of nutrition for villagers. People also sell the immature fruits in local markets for additional income.

Such overexploitation of kair resulted in the lack of seed supply for further propagation. Moreover, there has been no attempt to domesticate or study kair, particularly its economic value and other potential uses.

Distribution

Kair is indigenous to the tropical and subtropical regions of India, Africa, Arabia, Pakistan and Egypt. It is a member of the mixed xeromorhic woodland and psammophytic scrub Capparis decidua plant (right) vegetation (Shankarnarayan et al., with flowers (above).

Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 z May 2008 3 AGROFORESTRY RESEARCH

Exploring Capparis decidua... 100 g of pulp by weight). As the fruits urinary purulent discharges. The mature, the amount of sugar fruits’ sharp and spicy taste serves as Continued from page 3 increases from 1.7 percent to 3.0 an astringent to bowels, remedies foul percent (Gupta et al., 1989). breath, and cures cardiac troubles. August. The February-March flowering The oil from the seeds contains is profuse, producing fruits of up to 20 The seeds, meanwhile, contain 20.3 nitrogen and sulphur. This is used to kg per plant (Anon, 2001). percent oil. The oil consists of 68.6 cure skin diseases. percent unsaturated fatty acids and Fruit yield varies between 2-20 kg per 31.4 percent saturated fatty acids. The alcoholic extract of flowers, fruit plant depending on age, genetic When processed, the oil is edible. husks and seeds show anti-bacterial potential, and flowering season. Each potentials. fruit has at least five seeds. It has Aside from the fruits and the seeds, been observed that freshly mature kair’s wood also provides varied Kair’s wood, meanwhile, works better seeds have more than 80 percent uses. The wood is light yellow to when applied for muscular injuries if germination. pale brown, smooth, moderately the wood has been burnt first. hard and heavy. Each plant yields Economic uses 625-775 kg/m3 of wood. The wood’s Cultivation and production strength and durability is suitable for The flower buds and immature green making small beams, rafts, knees of Because of kair’s various uses and fruits of kair are pickled, cooked and boats, tool handles, cartwheels, potentials, large-scale production is consumed as vegetables (Anon, axles, and even combs. It also being explored. Propagation is not a 1992; Harsh and Tiwari, 1998; Pareek serves as material for making huts problem as kair can be grown from et al., 1998). The immature fruits are and fences, and is used as seeds and root suckers. in great demand in the different fuelwood. regions of India. They are sold in local If grown from seeds, mature fruits markets at Rs.10-20 per kg Medicinal uses must be collected during May-June. (US$0.25-0.50). Each plant yields The seeds are then separated by approximately 2 kg. One kilogram of Aside from economic uses, kair is washing out the pulp. They are then fresh fruit yields about 200 g of also tapped for its medicinal qualities. soaked in fresh water for 24 hours. processed and dried fruit. When pickled or cooked as Afterwards, the seeds are germinated The mature fruits, meanwhile, are vegetables, the immature fruits are in nurseries by sowing them in consumed fresh. The fruits are rich in used to cure stomach problems, polythene bags filled with clay, sand, protein (8.6%) and Vitamin C (7.8 mg/ especially constipation. and farmyard manure at 1:1:1 ratio. Sowing is best done during August. The bark is used to cure coughs, Light irrigation must be applied asthma, ulcers, boils, vomiting, piles everyday during the evenings. and all types of inflammations (Anon, 1992). Stem bark, meanwhile, is used After six to seven months, the for rheumatism and toothaches, seedlings are ready for transplanting. including pyorrhea. This is usually done during early March or July-August at the onset of When crushed, the leaves are applied the monsoon season. as a poultice on burns and inflammations. They are chewed to A thousand plants of Capparis relieve toothaches, or consumed as decidua can be planted in an acre of healthy appetizers for those with land with a spacing of 2 x 2 m. This is cardiac problems. expected to yield an annual fruit production of 20 tons per acre, at the The young leaves and shoots, production rate of 2 kg per plant. meanwhile, are dried and powdered and used as antidote against poison Intensive cultivation can yield an and as a cure for joint problems. The annual income of Rs20 000 (US$500) young shoots of Peganum hurmala at the selling price of Rs10 (US$0.25) and kair can be combined as an anti- per kg from an acre of kair plantation. fertility drug. Such cultivation entails the planting of 1 000 plants in an acre to produce The fruits and the seeds of kair are 2 000 kg of fruits annually. Fruit Unripe (1st) and ripe (2nd) fruits of used to cure cholera, dysentery, and production increases as the plant Capparis decidua.

4 May 2008 z Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 AGROFORESTRY RESEARCH gets older. It can even increase when Some of these research and support plants with high genetic potential are activities include the following: cultivated. · establishment of a germplasm Scientific efforts towards developing bank for seeds or suckers of kair genetically superior strains and from the different regions of India standardization of optimum cultivation to conserve the plant’s genetic practices may increase the yield, and variability; thereby increase income from the · selection of superior mother plantation. Additional income may be plants for the collection of superior derived from the wood as building reproductive materials; materials and fuelwood. · testing of progenies by conducting replicated trials and identifying These benefits make kair’s cultivation genetically superior progenies; both economically rewarding and · establishing seed orchards to environmentally sustainable. ensure the steady supply of Capparis decidua suppressed by genetically superior reproductive Prosopis juliflora. Status materials; · standardization of medicinal uses At present, the immature fruits to help address common health continue to have high economic value. problems of both people and Hence, they are often harvested and animals; sold at high prices. This practice puts · development and promotion of seed production and propagation of intensive cultivation practices for kair at risk. the sustainable production and utilization of kair; and Shankarnaryan, K.A.; Harsh, L.N. and Poor or lack of seed production · development and implementation Kathju, S. (1987). Agroforestry in the arid zones of India. Agroforestry continues to be the major cause for of monitoring and control Systems. 5: 69-88. „The author is kair’s declining population. In fact, strategies on the harvesting of the affiliated with the Department of Forestry, Pandey and Shetty (1985) listed the immature fruits. CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar plant as one of the endangered 125 004, India. species in India. It is also suppressed References: 1) Anon.(1992). The by Prosopis juliflora, which Wealth of India, Vol.3, Council of regenerates faster and grows Scientific and Industrial Research aggressively. This plant, however, publication, New Delhi, India: 210-212; cannot be used as fodder. Hence, 2) Anon (2001). Ker : a genetic wealth of Haryana. CCS HAU, Research Courier Prosopis juliflora is seriously 6(1):4; 3) Gupta, I.C.; Harsh, L.N.; threatening the survival of Capparis Shankaranaryana, K.A. and Sharma, decidua and other indigenous B.D. (1989). Wealth from wastelands. species. Indian Fmg. 38 (11): 18-19; 4) Harsh, L.N. and Tiwari, J.C. (1998). Biodiversity Future research areas of vegetational complex in arid regions of India. In: Biodiversity of forest Kair has proven to be an species, R. Bawa and P.K. Khosla (eds), economically viable plant. It provides Bishen Singh Mahender Pal Singh, varied medicinal uses, building Dehradun, India: 91-10; 5) Kumar, N.K. materials, fuelwood, and other and Bhandari, M.M. (1993). Impact of human activities on the pattern and income-generating opportunities. It process of sand dune vegetation in the contributes to environmental Rajasthan Desert. Desertification Bull. sustainability due to its soil-binding 22: 45-54; 6) Pandey, R.P. and Shetty, capacity and its ability to improve the B.V. (1985). Rare and threatened plants soil fertility of sand dunes and reduce of Rajasthan. In: Proc. Nat. Symp. on soil alkalinity. Evaluation of Environment Species, S.D. Extensive research and support Mishra; D.N. Sen and J. Ahmed (eds). activities are thus needed to Geobios Univ., Jodhpur, India: 238-241; maximize the production, 7) Pareek, O.P.; Sharma, BD and propagation, and utilization of this Sharma, S. (1998). Wasteland species to help contribute to rural Horticulture. Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi, India, 136 pp; 8) livelihood and wasteland development.

Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 z May 2008 5 AGROFORESTRY RESEARCH

Evaluating Subabul-based intercropping for higher quantity and quality fodder production

Sanjeev K. Chauhan ([email protected]), K.P. Puri, and K.S. Saini Potentials of subabul Punjab has the richest livestock to increase fodder and feed supply. industry in India. However, it is now Aside from this, tree and shrub Subabul is grown widely in many facing the problem of acute shortage legumes are recognized for their tropical and subtropical regions of the of feed and fodder. This poses a major contribution to farming systems, their world as a supplemental protein constraint in livestock productivity. nutritional contributions to the diet of source for ruminant livestock. rural populations, and contribution to Subabul feed excels in palatability Land for fodder production is shrinking soil improvement by facilitating and digestibility. It provides a due to increasing pressure on land for nitrogen fixation, and controlling soil balanced chemical composition of grain and cash crop production. There erosion, among others. They are also protein, minerals (except sodium and is little possibility to increase the land being used as nutritious fodder. iodine) and amino acids, though low area for fodder production. in fiber and moderate in tannin There is increasing interest in the use content. In Punjab, cattle have an important of local and indigenous fast-growing, role in farming systems. However, leguminous and non-leguminous In addition, subabul has been widely inadequate feed supply is the key multipurpose tree species, for crop integrated in agroforestry farms due to constraint in meeting the increasing intensification and fodder production. its vigorous coppicing ability, high demand for meat and milk. Crop These include Bauhinia, Prosopis, yields, and ability to survive in various intensification (either through Grewia, Celtis and Robinia among environments and soil types. It has a (intercropping or sequential cropping others. well-developed deep root system or both), is the feasible option left for which can break impervious layers of the farmers to enhance fodder Leucaena leucocephala, commonly soil in the subhorizon. More production. The use of forage trees, in called subabul in the locality, is being importantly, it can fix atmospheric combination with crop residues, is considered for crop intensification. nitrogen and provide fodder and one of the principal strategies being Subabul is also among the fast-growing, fuelwood. Wood of subabul can be explored by researchers and multipurpose nitrogen-fixing trees. Its used for pulp, furniture, posts, rafters development agencies to address the varied uses and suitability for fodder, and building materials. problem. fuel, and small timber production earned subabul the nickname “miracle tree.” Evaluating subabul’s Use of fast-growing, In recent years, subabul has become fodder quality and quantity multipurpose trees popular among farmers in the southern states also due to its ability to produce Because of its many uses, subabul The introduction of tree and shrub pulpwood within three to five years. has already been recommended for legumes in agroforestry and livestock cultivation in Punjab, especially in the feeding systems offers the potential Kandi region, where the land is not irrigated and tree fodder is one of the major animal feeds. A number of new Leucaena varieties have been introduced from the National Research Centre for Agroforestry (NRCAF), and the Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (U.P.) in Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, as part of a research on fodder quality and quantity. Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) In the study, the height of the subabul alleys with maize trees was maintained at one meter. + cowpea. Harvests took place three to five

6 May 2008 z Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 AGROFORESTRY RESEARCH times a year, depending on the age of cowpea, followed by berseem + Although subabul contains an array the stands. Fruiting was avoided, and ryegrass) for fodder production. of secondary plant metabolites, the the branches were removed at pencil major compounds that affect the diameter. The subabul-based pasture production nutritive value are the non-protein system was found to be highly amino acids, mimosine and tannins. Results showed that K-29 and K-8 productive as it yielded 35.25 g/ha of sources produced fodder in good fuelwood. This is in addition to fodder The mimosine content in the fodder quantities, as compared to the other from intercultivated crops and can be diluted to a greater extent by introduced species/strains, under subabul. The biomass yield of one selecting the appropriate subabul rainfed conditions. The protein hectare of intercultivation is equivalent source, and mixing the intercultivated content was also high in K-29. to approximately 1.45 hectares fodder, at the ratio of 1:2 to 1:3. As a However, the anti-quality parameters planted solely with fodder crops. rule, no more than 30 to 50 percent (mimosine and tannins), which were subabul in the diet should be given very important requirements for good Subabul-based fodder inter-cultivation as feed to achieve optimum quality fodder, were found to be produced approximately 15 percent productivity of cattle, sheep and minimal in K-743A (L. leucocephala x higher protein than the area planted goats. L. diversifolia). solely with fodder crops on a unit area basis. Subabul leaves can also be used to The fodder crop productivity in the increase the protein content and subabul alleys was not affected. The Analyzing nutritive contents nutritive value of silage. „The authors aboveground biomass of the system are affliated with the Punjab Agricultural was higher than in the area solely The anti-nutritive factors assume University, Ludhiana (India) - 141 00. planted with annual and perennial greater significance when tree leaves crops (napier bajra hybrid, maize + are major components of the diet.

Estimating CO sequestration in estimate the CO2 absorbing 2 capacity of individual forest trees natural broad-leaved evergreen and the forest stand; and estimate economic values based

on the CO2 sequestration forests in Vietnam capacity of the natural evergreen forests of different conditions. Bao Huy ([email protected]) and Pham Tuan Anh ([email protected]) The research was carried out with the hypotheses that: Southeast Asian Network for The increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is becoming a Agroforestry Education (SEANAFE), 1) there is considerable difference in through the Vietnam Network for global concern. The amount of CO2 the CO2 absorbing capacity of sequestration depends on forest type, Agroforestry Education (VNAFE). forests according to forest forest status, dominant tree species conditions and stand age; and and forest stand age. Objectives and hypotheses 2) it is possible to calculate the CO2 stock as basis for environmental The research aimed to contribute to Researches on CO2 sequestration of service fees. each specific forest type are needed the development and application of estimating CO sequestration in to quantify the economic value of 2 Scope and limitations forests, and develop payment natural forests. Results will contribute mechanisms for environmental to the development of mechanisms to The research was limited to: services. determine economic values of forests, and payments for environmental natural broad-leaved evergreen This is the focus of the Master of services. forests, which were further Science thesis titled ‘Forecasting classified into “young”, “poor” and CO sequestration on natural broad- The research first defined CO 2 2 “medium” forests; leaved evergreen forests in Tuy Duc sequestration for woody vegetation district, Dak Nong province, Vietnam.’ and its other sections above ground, targeting stems, bark, branches The thesis was supported by the and set its objectives to: and leaves of the trees with Research Fellowship Grant of the Continued on page 8

Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 z May 2008 7 AGROFORESTRY RESEARCH

harvested forest (‘poor’); and iii) lightly Estimating CO2 sequestration... the dependent variable y signifies disturbed forest (‘medium’). Continued from page 7 the amount of CO2 in forest trees

or the CO2 per hectare of a forest Analysis was carried out in two stand; diameter of 10 cm or more in sample plots for each of the three the independent variable xi measuring CO2 absorbing forest classifications of young, poor capacity of woody vegetation; and includes the forest variables DBH, and medium forests. H (height), V (volume), BA (basal the study site of 74 573 ha of area), M (stand volume per ha), natural forests in Tuy Duc district, The stems, bark, branches and and N (density); and Dak Nong province, Vietnam. leaves were weighed and measured the appropriate relationship was for total fresh biomass. A subsample Methods and analyses of one kilogram per part was taken surveyed and selected using from each part of the tree. linear and nonlinear functions - 2 Based on the carbon cycle and the the correlation coefficients (R ) photosynthesis process in generating were checked by the criteria Analyzing subsamples for CO2 biomass, the respiration and content: based on F with P < 0.05 error, elimination of vegetation showed that 34 trees were analyzed, from which and the existence of each plants were capable of absorbing 136 subsamples were obtained. The independent variable was based on the criteria t with P < 0.05 CO2. This ability helps reduce the different tree parts (stems, bark, effects of greenhouse gases. branches and leaves) were then error. analyzed based on the criteria of ratio This was used as the basis of the of dry substances, mineral, ash and Results research. The amount of carbon carbon. (The analysis was carried out stored in the plants was used to at the Biological Botany Laboratory, Rate of carbon accumulated in each tree part: determine the amount of CO2 that had Agricultural and Forestry Department, been absorbed. The results were then Tay Nguyen University.) The components of carbon were individually analyzed per each tree used to determine the CO2 absorbing capacity of the forest trees and forest Analyzing the biomass and tree- part. The rate of carbon accumulation stands. diameter relationship: per each tree part was analyzed by The fresh and dry biomass of each comparing carbon accumulation rates Subsamples were taken and tree part was calculated. The per each part with the total amount of analyzed to measure the carbon relationship between the fresh and dry carbon accumulated in the tree. stock in the different wood parts of biomass and tree diameter was then the trees. A mathematical model was determined to select the appropriate Results indicate that the stem part contained the highest rate of carbon then used to quantify the CO2 function. absorptive capacity of each forest at 62 percent. The leaves contained status. the lowest rate of carbon at two Analyzing the rate of CO2 accumulation in trees: percent (Figure 1). With these considerations, the The rate of CO2 accumulation in trees research was implemented through was analyzed based on the Rate of carbon accumulation based the following specific methods and on the fresh biomass per tree type, relationship between CO2 and fresh analyses: biomass, and the selected optimal tree parts, and diameter: function. The amount of accumulated carbon in Collecting data for carbon the tree was assessed based on sequestration analysis: The one-factor variance model was species and growth, and further Sample plots measuring 20 m x 100 used to evaluate the differences in the analyzed against the percentage of m, were established to calculate the carbon stock based on the fresh carbon that had accumulated in each carbon stock in plants with DBH biomass of the trees, tree parts, and tree part. This procedure determined (diameter at breast height) > 30 cm. tree diameter. the amount of carbon that had been Subsample plots, measuring 5 m x absorbed. 40 m, were also established to Estimating CO2 absorption in forest calculate the carbon stock in plants trees, and forecasting for forest Results of the analysis of variance with 5 cm < DBH > 30 cm. stand: (ANOVA) indicated that the rate of A mathematical model was used to carbon absorption is different among The sample sites were established analyze the CO absorptive capacity the tree parts, and tree species. 2 Therefore, when estimating CO under three forest conditions of the trees and forest stands. 2 classified as: i) young forest restored The model used was based on the sequestration, calculations should be after cultivation (‘young’); ii) highly following: done separately for each tree part and

8 May 2008 z Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 AGROFORESTRY RESEARCH tree species. Hence, the research applied to calculate many individual In many cases, however, the amount looked into the relationship between trees in a forest. of CO2 absorbed in the forest stand the CO2 sequestration capacity of needs to be immediately assessed to tree parts and the other factors. On the other hand, the estimated calculate the environmental value. At

amount of CO2 of the total tree, the same time, assessment of CO2 Moreover, the accumulated carbon through the stems, bark, branches accumulation is necessary over time content is recognized by species. and leaves, had low error, averaging and on a large scale. However, the procedure is difficult to 1.38 percent. Thus, this method can apply in mixed, uneven-aged natural be used to accurately estimate the The research looked into the forest, prompting the calculation of amount of CO2 absorbed by each tree. relationship between the total amount the average amount of carbon in the of absorbed CO2 per hectare, and the species. Quantifying CO2 absorption based on factors of the forest stand survey. forest stand factors: Through a multiregression analysis,

Relationship between absorbed CO2 In order to assess the economic value the following equation was obtained: and the factors of the individual tree of the environmental services, the survey: amount of CO2 absorbed in each unit CO2/ha (kg) = - 53242.2 + 11508.035 2 2 The relationship between the CO2 area of forest requires quantification. BA (m /ha)(5) with R = 0.987, P < absorbed by the whole tree and the 0.05 factors (DBH, H, V, and the tree To carry out this process, CO2 was species) was analyzed by selecting withdrawn from the samples and This equation indicates that the the relative optimal function through calculated for each tree. Calculations amount of CO2 absorbed in each the highest relative coefficient at P < were based on estimates obtained for forest stand was identified. This 0.05 error. The multivariable function the individual tree or for each tree part, equation can be used as the basis in was applied to check the existence of whichever was more accurate. calculating the environmental service the coefficients based on the criteria fee on a large scale. similar to P < 0.05 error. Continued on page 10

Results confirmed that a relationship between CO2 and the three individual tree survey factors is determined by Table 1. The relationship between the amount of CO2 in the different tree parts D, H and V. The multivariable function and the individual tree variables. estimated the amount of CO 2 2 absorbed in the tree according to Relative functions found R P DBH (Figure 2). In (CO2 stem) = 6.15398 + 1.02468*In(V) 0.971 <0.05 (1) The relationship between the amount In (CO2 bark) = 4.11447 + 1.06381*In(V) 0.936 <0.05 (2) of CO2 absorbed in each tree part and the individual tree survey criteria was then developed (Table 1). In (CO2 branch) = -4.11248 + 2.70337*In(D) 0.830 <0.05 (3)

The relative error for the estimated In (CO2 leaf) = -2.941 + 1.72414*In(D) 0.861 < 0.05 (4) amount of CO2 of the whole tree (at DBH), had an average error of 4.43 percent. Thus, this method can be

Fig. 1. The average amount of carbon in each tree part as compared to the total amount of carbon Fig. 2. The relationship model between CO accumulated in the tree. 2 sequestration of the tree and DBH.

Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 z May 2008 9 AGROFORESTRY RESEARCH

The yearly value of accumulated CO 1.73 and 5.18 per tons per Estimating CO2 sequestration... 2 Continued from page 9 per hectare is calculated through the hectare per year, depending on yearly amount of CO2 absorbed, and the status of the forests. multiplied by US$20 per ton of CO The mathematical model also shows 2 (medium cost). Absorbed CO2 capacity is valued at that the absorbed amount of CO2 per US$35 to 100 per hectare per year hectare changes according to the Results indicate that carbon depending on the forest status, and biomass on the ground, as sequestration is valued from US$35 to forest resource base through BA. This represented by total BA. US$100 per hectare per year. This is can be used to calculate the potential considered a substantial amount for environmental service payment. This These results indicate that estimating forest managers and indigenous can help determine the beneficial the amount of carbon or CO2 communities who are protecting and sources of income, which is very absorbed in the woody vegetation in managing the forests (Table 2). meaningful for forest managers or the the forest can be done through a indigenous peoples who are at the process as shown in Figure 3. Conclusions forefront of forest management at the local level. Quantification of CO2 sequestration in From the above-mentioned results, forest stands and its value for the research concluded that: Recommendations environmental services: Absorption of carbon is The amount of CO sequestered in 2 determined by forest conditions, This research therefore recommends forest stands annually can be tree part and tree species. the following: calculated through the mathematical Hence, carbon stock should be Carry out studies to look into the equation CO (ton/ha) = - 53.242 + 2 calculated first according to the CO absorptive capacity of trees, 11.508 BA (m2/ha). If BA is measured 2 forest condition. Moreover, and its environmental service twice, once in year A and once in calculations of CO sequestration payments; year A+1, or based on the annual 2 are complicated as they depend Development of an environmental increment of BA, the yearly increase on the tree species. of CO sequestration can be fee payment mechanism or 2 The ability of the tree to policies for CO sequestration of estimated. 2 sequester CO2 could be natural forests; The results show that if forest estimated using the Application of research results on management were effective, the mathematical equation: DBH a large scale to further identify (ln(CO2) = -1.78618 + 2.4799. It CO absorptive capacity through yearly absorption of CO2 could reach 2 1.73 to 5.18 ton per hectare per year. could also be estimated using the identified forest stand factors; regression analyses for each tree and part. Carry out studies to explore the By using the application of the above research regression method, the results to other forest types of

amount of CO2 absorbed per different status in the other hectare was found related to highland areas of Vietnam.„Assoc. BA through the equation: Prof. Dr. Bao Huy is affiliated with Tay

CO2/ha (ton) = - 53.242 + Nguyen University, Daklak, Vietnam 11.508BA (m2/ha). Through and Pham Tuan Anh is affiliated with the this equation, the yearly Duc Lap Cafe Company, Dak Nong Province, Vietnam. accumulation of CO2 is estimated to gain between

Table 2. The predicted economic values of the amount of CO2 absorbed according to forest status.

2 Yearly absorbed BA (m /ha) at time A+1yr Yearly absorbed Price (USD/ton CO year/ha corresponding to grow per CO (ton/ha) CO ) 2 year 1.5/year 2 2 (US$)

10.15 1.73 20 35

20.3 3.45 20 70

30.45 5.18 20 100 Fig. 3. Forecasting process of CO2 absorption in individual tree and forest stand.

10 May 2008 z Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 AGROFORESTRY PROMOTION AND DEVELOPMENT

Bambusetum: preserving bamboo species while strengthening onsite learning

Richmund A. Palma ([email protected])

Bamboo has proven itself to be a vital A bambusetum (bamboo arboreta or resource in contributing to the bamboo garden) is a living collection national economy and ecological of bamboo germplasm for the stability of the Philippines. Bamboo protection of bamboo species, culms have long been used as research and extension. inexpensive materials for housing, furniture, handicraft, banana props, The Misamis Oriental State College of fish pens, and other products. The Agriculture and Technology young shoots of certain bamboo (MOSCAT) established a species are gathered for food. The bambusetum in their Agroforestry rhizomes and the prevent soil Field Laboratory (AFL). erosion and control floods (Rivera, 1996). Establishment of the Bambusetum at AFL Despite the versatility of bamboo, few farmers establish bamboo The Bambusetum at AFL is aimed at plantations, even among those who conserving and propagating , utilize bamboo regularly in their particularly the rare, endemic and farms. economically important species. Establishment involved the collection Research shows that supply of of live specimens of native bamboos. bamboo is not sufficient to meet the demand. Hence, production of The Bambusetum also serves as a Fig. 2. bamboo culms should be encouraged demonstration and research site for Growth to increase the production of erect agroforesters, foresters, botanists, assessment bamboos. horticulturists, professionals, farmers of bamboos. and students. It shows how bamboos A bambusetum can help promote this can help stabilize the soil in sloping Malaybalay City. Collection of undertaking by demonstrating areas. propagules was funded by the economical and profitable approaches Southeast Asian Network for in the propagation and management Sourcing the planting Agroforestry Education (SEANAFE) of bamboos. materials through the project titled ‘Strengthening of the Agroforestry The process of establishing a Field Laboratory.’ Additional bamboo bambusetum starts with obtaining the propagules were donated by private necessary planting materials. individuals.

Bamboos are propagated using Growth assessment and propagules. The propagules consist of monitoring rhizomes (Figure 1), culm cuttings, and branch cuttings. The details of each species, including scientific names, provenances, The bamboo propagules for the features and economic/ecological Bambusetum at AFL were sourced uses, were recorded. These included Fig. 1. the number of culms, color, length Rhizome of from the Ecosystem Research and Guada Development Services (ERDS) Region and diameter of the culms, length and angustifolia 10 in Sumpong, Malaybalay City. width of leaves and others (Figure 2). var. Some propagules were taken from the multiplex. Bamboo Pilot Plantation at Canayan, Continued on page 12

Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 z May 2008 11 AGROFORESTRY PROMOTION AND DEVELOPMENT

of the AFL. Deliberate steps were Bambusetum: preserving... growing as much as 9.1meters and even undertaken to promote bamboos Continued from page 11 2.6 centimeters in diameter. to the community.

Education and research The propagules harvested from the Growth was compared across the Bambusetum were planted in different provenances. AFL’s Bambusetum is being areas around the campus to let the continuously showcased during field people know of the usefulness and Conservation and propagation trips, visits and training programs importance of bamboos. of indigenous and exotic conducted by MOSCAT for its bamboo species visitors. The visitors are comprised of The endemic and exotic bamboo students from other state colleges species have been successfully Seventeen species of erect, and universities, farmers, scientists, established in MOSCAT’s clumping, sympodial, monopodial, businessmen and professionals from Bambusetum. They showed improved ornamental and industrial bamboos Mindanao, Visayas, Luzon and rate of growth and increased number were conserved and propagated. abroad. of culms. In fact, the height of Table 1 shows the provenance Guadua angustifolia var. bicolor (source) of planting materials The Bambusetum AFL is used as a Kunth exceeded that of other introduced at the Bambusetum. field laboratory for , provenances by 48-264 percent. The Fifty-nine percent were sourced from dendrology and other related subjects bamboo species that were introduced ERDS 10 Bambusetum, and of students taking a Diploma in in 2007 were also found growing 51 percent were sourced from Agroforestry Technology (DAFT) and vigorously in the area. Malaybalay City and Claveria, Bachelor of Science in Biology Misamis Oriental. Half of the number (BSBio). It also serves as a research The establishment of the of species planted could be used for area for student theses. Bambusetum and other similar industrial or musical uses. The development projects are crucial in majority of the species originated Impacts helping MOSCAT attain its four-fold from Asia. Only one species came function of research, instruction, from South America. AFL’s Bambusetum brought positive production and extension. changes to the educational, Besides serving as a learning tool, Table 2 presents the performance of environmental and social development the Bambusetum and AFL have the different bamboo species in terms of of MOSCAT. It provided a venue for potential of becoming an income- culm production, culm diameter, and the laboratory sessions of students generating project for MOSCAT. The culm height. Eight species were from various state universities and bamboos can be sold as ornamental planted at the start of the project in colleges, and served as learning sites bamboos or its culms can be 2001. Most notably, the Guadua for organizations. Bamboos enhanced modified to produce products of angustifolia var. bicolor Kunth the panorama of the landscape and commercial value. exhibited the most promising growth; gave new dimensions to the diversity Continued on page 14

Fig. 3. Guadua angustifolia var. Fig. 4. Schizostachyum brachycladium Fig. 5. palmata. bicolor (Iron bamboo). (Golden bamboo).

12 May 2008 z Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 AGROFORESTRY EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Table 1. Bamboo species planted in Bambusetum, MOSCAT, Claveria, Misamis Oriental.

Collection Scientific name Commom name/Local Provenance/ Origin/ Use/Value Climatic number name Source Distribution requirement

1 Guadua angustifolia var. Iron Bamboo ERDS 10 Columbia Industry Tropical bicolor Kunth Bambusetum 2 Schizostachyum Yellow Buho ERDS 10 Malaysia Ornamental Tropical brachycladium Kurz. Bambusetum 3 Sasa palmate Nakai - ERDS 10 Japan Ornamental Temperate Bambusetum 4 Phyllostachys bambusoides - ERDS 10 Japan Ornamental Temperate Sieb. ET. Zucc. Bambusetum

5 Bambusa blumeana var. Bayog ERDS 10 Philippines Industry Tropical luzonensis Bambusetum

6 Bambusa tuldoides Munro Buddha Belly Bamboo ERDS 10 China Ornamental Sub-tropical Bambusetum 7 Bambusa sp. Laak Can-ayan, Philippines Industry Tropical Malaybalay City

8 Schizostachyum lumampao Buho/Lakap ERDS 10 Philippines Industry Tropical (Blanco) Merr. Bambusetum 9 Bambusa blumeana Schultes Kawayan tinik/Balatakan Can-ayan, Philippines Industry Tropical Malaybalay City

10 Dendrocalamus asper Giant Bamboo ERDS 10 Burma Industry Sub-tropical (Schult) Backer ex Heyne Bambusetum 11 Bambusa multiplex Dwarf Stripe Bamboo Sumpong, Japan Ornamental Temperate Malaybalay City 12 Bambusa atra Long Tube Bamboo ERDS 10 Indonesia Musical Tropical Bambusetum Instrument 13 Bambusa Glaucescens f. Chinese Bamboo ERDS 10 - Ornamental Sub-tropical elegance Bambusetum 14 Bambusa olhamii Munro Oldham bamboo Sumpong, China Ornamental Sub-tropical Malaybalay City 15 Thysostachys siamensis - Sumpong, Thailand Industry Sub-tropical (Kurz) Gamble Malaybalay City 16 Bambusa glaucescens Hedge Bamboo Sta. Cruz, Claveria - Ornamental Sub-tropical 17 Pleioblastus chino - Sumpong, Japan Ornamental Temperate Malaybalay City

Table 2. Performance of bamboo planted in the bambusetum as of May 2007.

Collection Scientific name Growth habit Date planted Plant type No. of Culm Culm Culm diameter Culm height (m) number culms production production (cm) (2006) (2007)

01a Guadua angustifolia var. Clump forming 2001 cutting 8 2 1 2.6 5.8 bicolor Kunth 01b Guadua angustifolia var. Clump forming 2001 cutting 13 4 2 2.1 3.7 bicolor Kunth 01c Guadua angustifolia var. Clump forming 2001 cutting 11 1 2 1.5 9.1 bicolor Kunth 2 Schizostachyum Clump forming 2001 Clump division 21 2 1 7.3 14.7 brachycladium Kurz. 3 Sasa palmate Nakai Non-clump 2001 Seedling 3 1 2 0.2 0.3 forming 4 Phyllostachys Monopodial 2001 Divison 5 1 0 0.6 1.4 bambusoides Sieb. Et. Zucc. 5 Bambusa blumeana var Clump forming 2001 Branch cutting 2 2 0 1.2 1.8 luzonensis 06a Bambusa tuldoides Munro Clump forming 2001 Culm cutting 9 1 1 6.5 4.6 06b Bambusa tuldoides Munro Clump forming 2001 Culm cutting 7 2 1 4.2 4.1 7 Bambusa sp. Clump forming 2004 Culm cutting - - - - - 8 Schizostachyum Clump forming 2001 Clump division 59 3 0 9.2 24.3 lumampao (Blanco) Merr. 9 Bambusa blumeana Clump forming 2004 Branch cutting 2 1 1 4.8 4.5 Schultes 10 Dendrocalamus asper Clump forming 2001 Branch cutting - - - - - (Schult) Backer ex Heyne 11 Bambusa multiplex Clump forming 2005 Seedling 4 1 2 0.6 0.8 12 Bambusa atra Clump forming 2006 Branch cutting - - - - -

13 Bambusa glaucescens f. Clump forming 2006 Branch cutting 7 2 3 0.7 1.9 elegance 14 Bambusa olhamii Munro Clump forming 2006 Branch cutting 3 2 1 2.4 4.1

15 Thysostachys siamensis Clump forming 2006 Branch cutting 1 1 0 1.3 2.3 (Kurs) Gamble 16 Bambusa glaucescens Clump forming 2003 Clump division 5 2 1 0.6 1.6 17 Pleioblastus chino Clump forming 2006 Clump division 5 2 0 0.4 1.2

Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 z May 2008 13 AGROFORESTRY PROMOTION AND DEVELOPMENT

Bambusetum: preserving... Dissemination of information on – 79 in Recent Research on Bamboos, Proceedings of the International Continued from page 12 the ecological and economic Bamboo Workshop, Hongzhou, importance of bamboo. However, the 17 bamboo species are October 6 – 14, 1985. (A.N. Rao, G. Dhanarahan abd C.B. Sastry, eds.). still small in number as compared to The establishment of the CAF, Beijing and IDRC, Singapore; 6) the total number of identified endemic Bambusetum was supported by Rivera, Merlyn N. 1996. Philippine and exotic species here and abroad. SEANAFE. It was also done in National Report on Bamboo and More effort should be exerted to preparation for the First National Rattan. Ecosystem Research and increase the species collection, Training for Agroforestry Teachers Development Bureau, Department of expand the area and develop the site (NTAT) that was held at MOSCAT in Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). College, Laguna, Philippines. for recreation. 2001. „The author is affiliated with the Misamis Areas for action Oriental College of Agriculture and Through this small step, MOSCAT Technology, Claveria, Misamis Oriental, hopes to increase bamboo culm Philippines. The Bambusetum in the AFL can still production not only in Misamis be improved through the following: Oriental and Mindanao but also in the country. Implementation of studies on the propagation and mass production References: 1) Decipulo, M.S. and R.S. of available ornamental species of Decipulo. 2005. Germplasm bamboos; collection, evaluation and Evaluation of the environmental characterization of the different species. DENR – ERDS, Cagayan de Oro City; impacts of and provision of 2) Palma, N.A. 1996. Determination of assistance to the proposed the demand and supply situation of development of the area for Bamboos in Bukidnon. Unpublished. recreation; DENR – ERDS, Cagayan de Oro City; Identification and performance 3) Pattanavibool, R. 2006. Bamboo evaluation of the introduced research and development in Thailand. bamboo species; Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand; 4) Ramoran, E.B., Lapis, A.B., Development of road systems; and F.D. Virtucio. 1993. Production of Development of ornamental plant planting stocks from rhizome offsets nurseries as an alternative culm cuttings and branch cuttings of income-generation project in the selected bamboo species. Sylvatrop, AFL; and Volume 3 Number 2, July – December 1993; 5) Ramyangsari, S. 1987. Bamboo Research in Thailand. Pp. 67

Fig. 6. Bambusa blumeana Fig. 7. Bambusa multiplex (Kawayan tinik). (Honshou-chiku).

14 May 2008 z Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 AGROFORESTRY EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Presentations now being accepted for the 2nd World Congress of Agroforestry P. K. Ramachandran Nair ([email protected])

Agroforestry first captivated the The First World Congress of Agroforestry’s contribution to a attention of the scientific community in Agroforestry, held in 2004 in Florida, multifunctional agriculture the late 1970s. Today, agroforestry has USA, provided a global forum for combining productivity with come of age—poised as a sustainable agroforestry professionals to share environmental sustainability; and land use option the world over. Its knowledge, experiences and ideas, Policy options and institutional potential for achieving the goals of key and to plan future strategies in innovations for agroforestry land global environmental conventions — agroforestry research, education and use. climate change, biodiversity, and training and development. The Second desertification, as well as the World Congress of Agroforestry will Those interested may submit their Millennium Development Goals — has strengthen the momentum of paper abstracts on or before 31 August drawn the interest of scientists and knowledge-sharing and will further 2008. policy makers alike. underpin the enormous crescendo of interest in agroforestry that is building The Congress is being organized as a The Stern Review on the economics of up worldwide. It will assess collaborative effort by the World Climate Change, published at the end opportunities to leverage scientific Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), the of 2006, put forests and land use firmly agroforestry in promoting sustainable United Nations Environment back on the global agenda. The 12th land use worldwide. Programme (UNEP) and the Institute of Climate Change Convention of the Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) Parties (COP), co-hosted by the United The Congress will serve as a forum for of the University of Florida. Nations Environment Programme agroforestry researchers, educators, (UNEP) and the World Agroforestry practitioners and policy makers from For further details, visit http:// Centre (ICRAF) in 2006 in Nairobi, around the world to: worldagroforestry.org/wca2009/. The Kenya, emphasized how crucial it is to following persons may also be link carbon credits with smallholder Share new research findings, contacted for information on agroforestry throughout the tropics. lessons, experiences, and ideas participation, co-sponsorship, or Scientists are working to develop that will help influence decisions organizing a technical session: effective and inexpensive methods to that impact livelihoods and the enable major carbon investment flows global environment; Dr. Dennis Garrity, World Agroforestry to smallholders. Governments and Explore new opportunities and Centre (ICRAF), Kenya: development agencies worldwide are cement existing partnerships in [email protected] thus taking notice. Emerging agroforestry research, education, partnerships between institutions training and development; and Dr. P. K. Nair, University of Florida / engaged in agroforestry and biological Form new networks and IFAS, Forida, USA: [email protected] conservation are building on their communities of practice while respective strengths to tackle the nurturing old ones. Dr. Howard-Yana Shapiro, Mars, challenges of protecting biodiversity. Incorporated, Virginia, USA: Indeed the role that agroforestry plays With the theme “Agroforestry – the [email protected] in tackling global environmental future of global land use,” the Second problems and poverty, has never been World Congress of Agroforestry will Michael Hailu, World Agroforestry more widely appreciated. highlight the following areas in its Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya: plenary, symposia, and paper and [email protected] It is against the backdrop of these poster sessions: dynamic developments that the Second Dr. Mohamed Bakarr, Conservation World Congress of Agroforestry is Markets as opportunities and International, Washington, DC: being organized and to be held on 23- drivers of agroforestry land use; [email protected].„The 28 August 2009 in Nairobi, Kenya. Tree-based rehabilitation of author is the Director of the Center for degraded lands and watersheds; Subtropical Agroforestry (CSTAF), School of Climate change adaptation and Forest Resources and Conservation, IFAS, mitigation; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.

Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 z May 2008 15 AGROFORESTRY EDUCATION AND TRAINING

In agroforestry extension and policy Stakeholders plan for advocacy presentations included: 1) A working model for Philippine forest restoration; 2) Participatory agroforestry development conservation farming approach towards sustainable use and in the Philippines management of soil, water and agrobiodiversity in marginal areas; 3) Land-use conversion and crop for the next decade change in Davao del Sur: critical Leila D. Landicho ([email protected]) issues, effects, and policy options; 4) Evaluation of agroforestry support program for empowering communities The national and regional congresses Among the papers presented in towards self-reliance (ASPECTS) in in agroforestry have become regular agroforestry education included: Mindanao; 5) Palawan State activities of the Philippine 1) The status, trends and University’s experiences in the Agroforestry Education and Research opportunities in agroforestry implementation of a socialized Network (PAFERN). This policy education in Southeast Asia; integrated forest management advocacy program started in 2003 for 2) Improving forest and watershed program; and 6) Developing agroforestry stakeholders to discuss management programs through community-based extension teams and deliberate on issues and multilateral networking: experiences and enhancing support systems for concerns confronting agroforestry of the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial the promotion of sustainable development in the Philippines. State University; 3) Human resources agroforestry systems: experiences in development challenges in forestry the uplands of Southern Mindanao. The First National Agroforestry education; 4) Agroforestry Congress in 2003 aimed at promoting development and promotion: a For the agroforestry enterprise the convergence of agroforestry glimpse of the Kalinga Apayao State development theme, the development efforts in the country. College (KASC) experience; and presentations focused on: The Second National Agroforestry 5) Agroforest/Tree domestication 1) Agroforestry enterprise Congress in 2005, meanwhile, helped farming: An eight-year experience in development: the case of Viloria’s institutionalize the science and collaborative forestry-agroforestry hillyland agroforestry farm; 2) Gender practice of agroforestry. education, research and advocacy of roles in production and marketing the lone state college in Bohol. within the vegetable-agroforestry On 14-15 November 2007, the Third system in Bukidnon; and 3) Managing National Agroforestry Congress Meanwhile, presentations on the value chains for community-based helped chart the path of agroforestry agroforestry research and technology enterprises engaged in forest-based development in the Philippines for the development discussed: 1) The role of non-timber forest products. next decade. The congress enabled state colleges and universities in participants to share the best agroforestry research and technology Thirteen agroforestry researches, practices and trends in agroforestry development; 2) Physic Nut (Jatropha projects and practices were also education, and research and curcas) based agroforestry system; presented through poster development programs in the 3) Bamban (Donax cannaeformis K. presentations. The presentations on Philippines and the region. It also Schum): its potentials for agroforestry “Agroforestry supportive social and provided the venue to discuss current production system; issues and concerns, and identify 4) Assessment of selected strategies vis-à-vis the emerging barangays in the Lagonoy trends in agroforestry development Watershed using and promotion. participatory action research; and 5) Natural rubber: its Sharing best practices and great potential for agroforestry trends in agroforestry systems.

Plenary and concurrent presentations focused on recent developments in agroforestry education, research and technology development; enterprise development; and extension and Participants of the Third policy advocacy. National Agroforestry Congress held in November 2007, Philippines.

16 May 2008 z Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 AGROFORESTRY EDUCATION AND TRAINING technological interventions towards In agroforestry education, for sustainable and thorough (ASSIST) instance, efforts should be aimed at empowerment: the case of the providing mechanisms to: a) develop participatory upland development more effective teaching methods and project in Dampalit Watershed, approaches; b) implement more basic Makiling Forest Reserve,” and the and applied researches; c) organize “Effects of ube (Dioscorea alata) and seminars, advocacy programs, and tugui (Dioscorea esculenta) as alley other capability-building activities; crops and different fertilizer d) strengthen partnerships with the treatments on soil physical and industry and private sector; and chemical properties in an established e) upgrade staff competencies, Kakawate hedgerows,” won the facilities and equipment, and library Outstanding Agroforestry Project and resources to help produce quality Outstanding Agroforestry Research agroforestry graduates. Participants deliberate on current issues prizes respectively. The poster paper and concerns vis-a-vis emerging trends titled “Permanent trellis in Meanwhile, agroforestry extension and in agroforestry development and agroforestry systems with vegetables policy advocacy initiatives should promotion in the Philippines. in the uplands of Nagcarlan, Laguna, emphasize: a) mainstreaming of Philippines” was given the Special agroforestry; b) redirection of Award for Agroforestry Practice. government programs to promote public awareness on agroforestry’s Recognizing issues, concerns, and potentials; c) harmonization of public knowledge gaps in agroforestry policies governing upland development, and to some extent, The participants expressed high Despite initial efforts to sustain agroforestry promotion; and hopes that when agroforestry development in the past decades, the d) mobilization of resources. stakeholders convene again for the Philippine uplands continue to face Fourth National Agroforestry major problems and issues. Among The delegates have also foreseen the Congress in 2009, the issues and them are upland migration, active role of agroforestry research challenges that emerged during the environmental degradation, low farm and technology development in the Third Congress, would have been productivity and income, limited next decade, specifically focusing on partly, if not fully, addressed by the livelihood opportunities for upland the: 1) promotion of viable agroforestry concerned sectors. It was also farmers, climate change, land-use systems and technologies; suggested that people’s changes, biodiversity loss and 2) adoption of appropriate agroforestry organizations and farmers’ groups insecure land tenure. Conflicting practices; 3) assessment and should be invited and encouraged to policies in forest conservation and evaluation of the different agroforestry actively participate in succeeding management, poverty, overpopulation, systems that are being practiced by agroforestry congresses. deforestation and other illegal the farmers and institutions; activities, mining, lack of capital, 4) convergence of research programs The Third National Agroforestry weak infrastructure development - of various agencies; and 5) species Congress was organized by including roads from farms to matching and cropping combinations PAFERN, in collaboration with the markets, and lack of marketing for the different agroforestry systems. Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State outlets for the farm products are University (DMMMSU)-North La likewise persistent problems. In agroforestry enterprise Union Campus in Bacnotan, La development, meanwhile, efforts Union, and the University of the Charting the path of agroforestry should be aimed at: 1) getting the Philippines Los Baños-Institute of development right information to produce, process, Agroforestry (UPLB-IAF). „The author and market the correct farm products; is affiliated with the Institute of Agroforestry, The 155 Congress delegates believed 2) disseminating information to the UP Los Baños, College, Laguna, that agroforestry plays a vital role in grassroots or end users; 3) utilizing Philippines. addressing the numerous issues and state colleges and universities to concerns confronting Philippine disseminate technologies to farmers uplands and its communities. Hence, or community-based enterprises; the delegates outlined key strategies 4) developing a channel for to provide directions for agroforestry agroforestry technologies or products practitioners to address these to reach markets; and 5) employing a concerns. These strategies were multidisciplinary approach in the categorized based on the Congress’s development of community-based three themes. enterprises.

Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 z May 2008 17 INFORMATION SOURCES

Forest Landscape Restoration TREES course offerings (RESTORE) 23 September to 20 October 2008; for 2008 and 2009 22 September to 19 October 2009 Corazon Calimag ([email protected]) Participatory Approaches in Forestry and Natural Resources Development Projects (PARTEF) The Training Center for Tropical Policy Formulation, Analysis and 14 October to 10 November 2008; Resources and Ecosystems Advocacy in Forestry, Natural 3 October to 9 November 2009 Sustainability (TREES) is offering 14 Resources and Environment international training courses for (ADVOCACY) Sustainable Forest Management to individuals engaged in sustainable 24 June to 21 July 2008; Mitigate Climate Change (CLIMATE) forest, natural resources, environment 23 June to 20 July 2009 4 November to 1 December 2008; and ecosystems management and 3 to 30 November 2009 other related fields. The courses for Scaling-up Agroforestry for Livelihood 2008 and 2009 are as follows: and Sustainable Development (SAFE-DEV) Forest Utilization Technologies for Sustainable Development (FUTECH) Securing Livelihood and Forestry 15 July to 11 August 2008; 4 November to 1 December 2008; through Integrated Rural Development 14 July to 10 August 2009 3 to 30 November 2009 (SELF) 13 May to 9 June 2008; Geomatics for Natural Resources For further inquiries, please contact: 12 May to 8 June 2009 Management (GEO-NRM) 5 August to 1 September 2008; The Director, TREES, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, UP Forest Products Marketing 4 to 31 August 2009 Los Baños, College, Laguna, (PROMARK) Philippines 4031, Tel. +63 49 3 to 30 June 2008; Small-Scale Forest Products 5362736/2268; Fax: +63 49 5363340; 2 to 29 June 2009 Enterprise Development and Management (ENTERPRISE) E-mail: [email protected]. „The author 26 August to 22 September 2008; is Director of TREES, UP Los Baños, 5 August to 21 September 2009 College, Laguna, Philippines.

Sharing Power: A Global Guide to New publications Collaborative Management of Natural Resources (2nd Ed) for the bookshelf Written by Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend, Michel Pimbert, Taghi Farvar, Ashish The following publications are aspects requires attention to physical Kothari, and Yves Renard, this book compiled through research and from hydrological processes as well as distils the wealth of experience and the websites of the Food and human activities that affect water innovative approaches developed by Agriculture Organization, Springer supply and demand. Mountain people engaged in the management Publications, International Institute for regions are the sources of many great of forests, agricultural land, water Environment and Development, Earth water systems. They often have long resources, and fishing. It highlights Print, the United Nations traditions of effective water the concept of co-management which Environmental Programme, and the management. Hence, they provide is the process of collective Center for International Forestry special insights into the general understanding and actions by local Research: problems of water use, including communities and other social actors. upstream-downstream and This book discusses how states and Mountains: Sources of Water, transboundary relations, as well as local communities, or communities Sources of Knowledge natural hazard management. and other communities can share power. It outlines processes on how Edited by Ellen Wiegandt, this book This volume addresses the critical to frame, prepare, and actually addresses the major challenges in contemporary and global issues by engage in co-management. For more assuring globally sustainable water discussing global change processes information, visit http://www.iied.org/. use. Paradoxically, water resources with focus on mountain regions. have been identified both as too Discussions will hopefully help Toward Agroforestry Design plentiful, producing major disasters, examine important environmental and and increasingly vulnerable to policy questions related to water Edited by Shibu Jose and Andrew shortages. Addressing both of these resources. For more information, visit Gordon, this book is an important http://www.springer.com/.

18 May 2008 z Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 WEBSITES AND LINKS reference for those who wish to analytical and modeling tools. It farmer experimentation and explore or manage the physiological concludes with a synthesis of the key innovation. The international focus on and ecological processes which questions and research gaps documenting farmers’ experiments underlie resource allocation and plant highlighted throughout the text. and innovations has opened doors for growth in agroforestry systems. For more information, visit http:// the protection and promotion of their Drawing together a wide range of www.springer.com/. traditional knowledge. It even provided examples from around the world, the opportunities to integrate modern book highlights how recent Working with Farm Innovators science into their traditional developments in agroforestry research practices. However, to achieve can contribute to the improved Farmers have been innovating for significant strides in building on this understanding of agroforestry system centuries - primarily for their families’ valuable resource requires a change functions. It also discusses the economic survival. Their technological of mindset of scientists in developing potential application of agroforestry in innovations have resulted in new and and developed countries, and addressing a range of land-use improved crops, livestock, tools and capacity building in the identification challenges in both tropical and machinery, and ecosystem and evaluation of farmer temperate regions of the world. sustainability. Yet, farmer experimentation and innovations. experimentation and innovation remain There must be a meeting of minds of Including both original research and an untapped resource in several farmers, scientists and policymakers. synthetic analyses, the book countries. In fact, farmers receive very Written by William Critchley, this presents examples from a wide range little recognition for their efforts, even guide paves the way for strengthening of environments. It focuses largely on though they provide scientific and that interface. For more information, resource allocation – both above and engineering breakthroughs. Within the visit http://www.springer.com/. below-ground – including an past few years, there has been a „Compiled by Leah P. Arboleda assessment of the recent advances in resurgence of interest in building on

Mountain calendar which enables Useful websites and links the Forum to maintain and manage a global calendar of events related to mountain issues Global Institute of The site provides a description of its - it also lists upcoming activities Sustainable Forestry services, which are offered for free and events around the world. This and open to anyone who wishes to is hosted in the server of the The Institute identified several key, participate. These services include: Food and Agriculture high priority issues or focal areas into Organization of the United formal research and education Membership database which Nations; programs. These programs include consists of individuals and Bi-annual bulletin which is the landscape management, private institutions involved in sustainable publication of the Forum and forests, tropical forestry, among mountain development - the published online and mailed in others. It also sponsors and supports database may help people hard copies to the organizational regular activities such as the establish and build linkages and members; and Internship Program, Journal of partnerships, or share ideas and E-conference services, which are Sustainable Forestry, Sustainable experiences; offered by the Forum to Forestry Library, Working Papers Discussion lists that enable the organizations and stakeholders Series, Fact Sheets and highly Forum to moderate geographic who have need of such services - complex and controversial issues and and thematic theme discussions; among its clients were the themes. For more information, visit Online library which consists of Mountain Partnerhsip, the United http://research.yale.edu/gisf/ Nations Environment Programme, index.html. members’ contributions of articles, abstracts, and other and other regional and local organizations. African Mountain Forum documents on relevant mountain issues - The Mountain Forum Online Library is a repository of For more information, visit http:// The Forum supports networking and information and knowledge, a www.mtnforum.org/rn/amf.cfm. capacity building. Membership is free valuable and unique resource for as it encourages members to be anyone interested in mountain Tree Aid proactive in advocating for the issues. Most are in English, but sustainable development of mountain there are also documents Tree Aid funds projects that focus on areas. available in Spanish and French; the sustainable management of

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Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter No. 32 z May 2008 19 Useful websites... Continued from page 19 natural woodlands, establishiment able to live harmoniously with nature. awareness, population, research and and management of tree nurseries, CI applies innovations in science, science and biodiversity. growing trees on and around farmland economics, policy, and community For more information, visit http:// and villages, development of income- participation to protect the Earth’s www.conservation.org/Pages/ generation activities based on tree richest regions of plant and animal default.aspx. products (such as fruits, oils, honey, diversity in the hotspots, major and medicines); and agroforestry to tropical wilderness areas and key improve and conserve agricultural marine ecosystems. With Relevant Links soils so that people can grow more headquarters in Washington, D.C., CI food. works in more than 30 countries on Environmental Bamboo four continents. Foundation. http:// Since it was established, Tree Aid bamboocentral.org/index1.htm has supported work in 14 African For its programs, CI combines countries. It focuses on fewer scientific knowledge with expertise in Experience International. http:// locations in Ethiopia, Mali, Burkina specialized fields to achieve www.expint.org/history.html Faso, and northern Ghana to improve conservation solutions, and effectiveness and efficiency in demonstrate the value of partnerships Green Universe Environmental channelling funds and expertise. For through advice on best practices and Services Society (GUESS). http:// more information, visit http:// implementation of conservation www.guessindia.org/whyguess.html www.treeaid.org.uk/. solutions in the field. CI also provides financial support to conservation Kootenay Permaculture Institute. Conservation International (CI) efforts run by local conservationists. http://www3.telus.net/permaculture/ CI’s programs include business and CI aims to conserve the Earth’s living environment, climate change, Pro-Natura International. http:// heritage, global biodiversity, and to conservation enterprises, conservation www.pronatura.org/en/about.html demonstrate that human societies are policies, ecotourism, global „Compiled from Wiser Earth (http:// www.wiserearth.org) by Leah P. Arboleda

respective countries, and at any level Call for contributions of project or research implementation. FAO and IAF editors would like to We are inviting contributions for the announcements on conferences, accommodate as many articles as rd th 33 and 34 issue of the Asia- symposiums, training opportunities possible in every issue. Hence, Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter and other news on the various efforts kindly limit your contributions to (APANews) on or before being made toward generating more 1 000 words, and include good-quality 30 June 2008 and 31 January 2009, agroforestry professionals and photographs (scanned at 300 dpi) that respectively. practitioners, and providing venues for are properly labeled and referred to in interpersonal sharing of agroforestry the text. Please include your Let us help you share the relevant information, and networking complete contact details, especially programs and projects that you are opportunities. your E-mail address, should the doing in the areas of agroforestry readers have questions, clarifications research, promotion and We will also help you announce new or requests for further information. development, and education and information sources and useful training. websites. Kindly send contributions through E-mail as attachments or via snail Contributions for agroforestry For several years now, APANews has mail in diskettes/CD-ROM or printed research may contain results of short continued to reach out to people from form to the FAO/RAP Office or to the and long-term studies on various sectors. We are thus UPLB Institute of Agroforestry, 2/F agroforestry. requesting interested contributors to Tamesis Hall, College of Forestry and adopt simple, straightforward and Natural Resources, UP Los Baños, Contributions for agroforestry popular style in writing articles. PO Box 35023, College, 4031 promotion and development may By adopting the popular writing style, Laguna, Philippines; contain information on various your articles can help farmers, Fax +63 49 5363809; E-mail: extension services aimed at development agents, researchers, [email protected], promoting and developing practitioners and other interested [email protected], agroforestry among communities. individuals in coping with the [email protected]. „ Contributions for agroforestry challenges of promoting and education and training may contain developing agroforestry in their