DOYLE, Sir Arthur Conan Geboren: Edinburgh, Schotland, 22 Mei 1859

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DOYLE, Sir Arthur Conan Geboren: Edinburgh, Schotland, 22 Mei 1859 DOYLE, Sir Arthur Conan Geboren: Edinburgh, Schotland, 22 mei 1859. Overleden: Crowborough, Sussex, Engeland, 7 juli 1930 Opleiding: Hodder School, Lancashire, 1868-1870; Stonyhurst College, Lancashire, 1870-1875; Jezuïtenschool, Feldkirch, Oostenrijk (redacteur van Feldkirchian Gazette), 1875-1876; medicijnen University of Edinburgh, 1876-1881, M.B. 1881, M.D. 1885. Carrière: een tamelijk onsuccesvolle praktijk als huisarts in Southsea, Hampshire, 1882-1890; full-time schrijver vanaf 1891; stond kandidaat voor het parlement voor de Unionisten van Central Edinburgh, 1900; kandidaat voor de Hawick Burghs (voor tarief-hervormingen)1906. Militaire dienst: senior-arts in een veldhospitaal in Zuid-Afrika gedurende de Boeren Oorlog, 1899-1902. Lid van: Society for Physical Research, 1893-1930. Onderscheidingen: LL.D. University of Edinburgh, 1905; Knight of Grace of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, 1902. Familie: getrouwd met: 1. Louise Hawkins, 1885 (overleden 1906), 1 dochter en een zoon;2. Jean Leckie, 1907, 2 zoons en 1 dochter (foto: NRC-Handelsblad, 30 december 1995) detective: Sherlock Holmes . Sidekick: Dr. John H. Watson , Baker Street 221B, Londen. Tegenspelers: Professor James Moriarty en inspecteur Lestrade van Scotland Yard Detective: Brigadier Gérard , later kolonel, uit de tijd van Napoleon de officiële Sherlock Holmes website: www.sherlockholmesonline.org/books Sherlock Holmes Consulting Detective website: www.221bakerstreet.org Van sommige detectives weten we vrijwel niets, van andere zoals Holmes, heel veel. Sherlock Holmes is zonder twijfel de beroemdste detective aller tijden, weliswaar door Conan Doyle geschapen, maar door anderen zodanig gevisualiseerd, dat het beeld van Holmes en Watson dat wij nu hebben, voor een groot deel berust op voorstellingen en illustraties gemaakt door tekenaars als Sidney Paget en de ontelbare acteurs die Holmes op het toneel, op het filmdoek en de televisie uitbeeldden. Voor veel lezers is Holmes ook nog een echt bestaand figuur in plaats van een fictief karakter. Paget gebruikte zijn broer Walter als model voor de grote, magere figuur van Holmes, die voor het open vuur in Baker Street staat, neerkijkend op Watson, op zijn unieke, zelf- bespiegelende manier. Het was ook Paget die Holmes voorzag van zijn beroemde 'deerstalker', een pet met kleppen. De meerschuimen pijp was echter een ikoon dat voortkwam uit een theaterproductie van een van de verhalen. Hugh Green schrijft in de inleiding van 'Een studie in rood': 'Een belangrijk element in de creatie van de Sherlock Holmes legende bleken de illustraties te zijn, die vanaf 'De avonturen van Sherlock Holmes' door Sidney Paget aan Strand Magazine werden bijgedragen. Paget was degene, die Holmes en Watson voor het eerst tekende zoals we hen vandaag de dag kennen, hoewel hij de figuren niet geheel zag zoals Conan Doyle zich voorstelde.' Holmes werd gemodelleerd naar Conan Doyle's vroegere leermeester aan de universiteit van Edinburgh dr. Joseph Bell, aan wie Doyle zijn eerste bundel verhalen opdroeg. Volgens Doyle bezat Bell opmerkelijke intuïtieve vermogens die wonder- baarlijk waren. Bell zei zelf over zijn eigen methoden: 'Het nauwkeurig en intelligent herkennen en taxeren van geringe verschillen is dé doorslaggevende factor in iedere geslaagde vorm van medische diagnostiek... Ogen en oren die kunnen zien en horen, een geheugen om ogenblikkelijk te registreren en naar believen weer op te roepen wat de zintuigen aan indrukken opdoen en een verbeelding die in staat is om een theorie op te stellen, een gebroken keten te herstellen of een verwarde aanwijzing te ontrafelen, dat zijn voor een geslaagd diag- nosticus onmisbare bedrijfsbenodigdheden.' Terwijl de populaire versie aanneemt dat Holmes deductieve manieren van redeneren gebruikte, redeneerde Holmes, net als Bell in feite abductief, waarbij hij werkte vanuit de observaties van de afzonderlijke omstandigheden om dan een hypothese te vormen op basis waarvan de observaties zouden kunnen worden verwacht. Een van de meest opmerkelijke aspecten van Holmes is zijn vermogen om verrassende conclusies te trekken gebaseerd op het herkennen van het belang van details die anderen als kleinigheden zien. Holmes heeft een scherpe blik, een arendsneus en markante gelaatstrekken. Hij rookt pijp en gebruikt drugs, bijvoorkeur cocaïne, met een oplossing van zeven procent, die hij gebruikt om de verveling uit zijn leven te verdrijven. Soms neemt hij gedurende een periode van drie maanden achtereen drie injecties cocaïne per dag en kan hij dagen achtereen lethargisch op zijn sofa liggen, nu en dan onderbroken door wat gekras op zijn viool. Later beweert hij dat hij cocaïne gebruikt als 'protest tegen de monotonie van het bestaan.' Maar hij wordt ook geportretteerd als een man die niet vatbaar is voor menselijke zwakheden en met uitzondering van Irene Adler, een vrouw die hem in het eerste korte verhaal te slim af is, laat hij geen vrouwen in zijn leven toe. Hij plaatst zichzelf vaak boven de wet en noemt zich 'de enige zelfstandige te consulteren detective' en zonder een spoor van arrogantie beweert hij dat 'in de wereld der ontraadseling van misdaden ik de laatste en hoogste beroepsinstantie ben.' De vier romans en 56 korte verhalen werden onderwerp van mateloze belangstelling en bewondering en behoren voor Sherlockians uit de hele wereld tot de "canon". Uit deze canonnieke geschriften kwam Sir Sidney Roberts met behulp van tekstanalyses tot de conclusie dat Sherlock Holmes werd geboren op vrijdag 6 januari 1854, in North Riding, Yorkshire, uit een Engelse vader en een moeder die afstamde van Franse schilders. We weten niet zeker of hij gestudeerd heeft, maar áls hij heeft gestudeerd is dat geweest in Oxford, zeker niet in Cambridge. Toen hij van de universiteit kwam, nam hij kamers in de buurt van het British Museum om daar de wetenschappen te bestuderen die zo belangrijk waren voor het vervolg van zijn carrière. In 1881 ontmoette hij in een laboratorium van het St. Bartholomew's Hospital Dr. Watson en zij besloten hun kamers te delen in Baker Street 221B. Holmes is op dat moment een nonchalante kamergenoot die weinig rekening houdt met Watson, nu en dan de kamers vol rook zet als gevolg van gevaarlijke chemische experimenten, voor de lol met een revolver gaten schiet in de tegenoverliggende muur, dingen op de meest vreemde plaatsen opbergt en Watson bij nacht en ontij laat ophalen om hem te vergezellen bij een van zijn zaken. Hoewel Holmes niet echt een geweldige vriend voor Watson is, vindt Watson zijn partnerschap met Holmes prachtig en heeft hij een enorme bewondering voor hem. Watson is altijd een verwonderd en loyaal gehoor voor de verklaringen van de deducties van Holmes en als Watson op een keer een schotwond oploopt en Holmes uitroept "Je bent toch niet gewond, Watson? In hemels- naam, zeg dat je niet gewond bent", merkt Watson op "het was een wond waard, het was vele wonden waard de diepte van de loyaliteit en de liefde te kennen die achter dat koude masker lag." We weten dat Holmes een ridderschap weigerde, maar wel een onderscheiding accepteerde van het 'Legion d'Honneur'. Toen hij met pensioen ging trok hij zich terug in een huis in de Sussex Downs, waar hij bijen hield, maar van zijn leven na 1914 weten we niets. Dr. Watson is de verteller van de verhalen en het alter ego van Doyle zelf. Hij lijkt zelfs fysiek op Doyle. Watson werd geboren in 1852 en is meer dan enige andere helper in de historie van de crime en mystery steeds nauw betrokken bij de avonturen van Holmes. Hij is zowel zijn vertrouwensman als een vriend wiens betrokkenheid diepgaand is als chroniceur en verteller en als hij er een enkele keer niet is, wordt hij node gemist, maar hij beleeft ook alle avonturen met Holmes. In "The Adventure of the Creeping Man" zegt Watson: "I was a whetstone for his mind, I stimulated him, he liked to think aloud in my presence." In tegenstelling tot Holmes die met betrekking tot vrouwen nogal immuun voor hen is, uitgezonderd Irene Adler, die Holmes altijd Dé Vrouw zal blijven noemen, geniet Watson een reputatie als 'ladies' man'. Tegenstanders: Professor James Moriarty, "the Napoleon of Crime" en inspecteur Lestrade van Scotland Yard. In 1987 gaf Loeb een bundel uit van korte verhalen die indertijd het boekenstadium niet gehaald hebben en enkele verhalen waarin de naam Sherlock Holmes niet voorkomt, maar toch duidelijk naar de grote detective verwijzen. De familie van Doyle en diens biograaf erkenden deze verhalen evenwel als origineel en lieten ze na de oorlog ook als zodanig uitgeven. uit: The Adventure of Silver Blaze (li) uit: The Adventure of the Naval Treaty (tekeningen door Sidney Paget)(re) Enkele markante uitspraken van Sherlock Holmes: - 'M'n beste kerel, je kent mijn methodes' (uit: The Stockbroker's Clerk ) - 'Je kent mijn methodes. Pas ze toe.' (uit: The Sign of Four ) - 'Je kijkt wel, maar je observeert niet.'(uit: The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. A Scandal in Bohemia ) - 'Het is een kapitale fout te theoretiseren voor men gegevens heeft. Ongemerkt begint men feiten te verdraaien om ze in theorieën te laten passen, in plaats van theorieën op feiten toe te passen.' (uit: A Scandal in Bohemia ) - 'Ik kan feiten ontdekken, Watson, maar ik kan ze niet veranderen.' (uit: The Crooked Man ) - 'En toch is er geen samenhang van feiten denkbaar die boven het bevattingsvermogen van de menselijke geest uitgaat.' (uit: The Valley of Fear ) - 'De wereld zit vol met voor de hand liggende dingen, die niemand ook maar ooit waarneemt.' (uit: The Hound of the Baskervilles ) - Sherlock
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