DOCSLIB.ORG

Recent Advances in the Understanding of Chlamydophila

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Recent Advances in the Understanding of Chlamydophila Recent advances in the understanding of Chlamydophila pecorum infections, sixteen years after it was named as the fourth species of the Chlamydiaceae family Khalil Yousef Mohamad, Annie Rodolakis To cite this version: Khalil Yousef Mohamad, Annie Rodolakis. Recent advances in the understanding of Chlamydophila pecorum infections, sixteen years after it was named as the fourth species of the Chlamydiaceae family. Veterinary Research, BioMed Central, 2010, 41 (3), pp.1-10. 10.1051/vetres/2009075. hal-00903158 HAL Id: hal-00903158 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00903158 Submitted on 1 Jan 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright Vet. Res. (2010) 41:27 www.vetres.org DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009075 Ó INRA, EDP Sciences, 2010 Review article Recent advances in the understanding of Chlamydophila pecorum infections, sixteen years after it was named as the fourth species of the Chlamydiaceae family Khalil YOUSEF MOHAMAD, Annie RODOLAKIS* Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Sante´ Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly (Tours), France (Received 17 August 2009; accepted 8 December 2009) Abstract – Chlamydophila pecorum found in the intestine and vaginal mucus of asymptomatic ruminants has also been associated with different pathological conditions in ruminants, swine and koalas. Some endangered species such as water buffalos and bandicoots have also been found to be infected by C. pecorum. The persistence of C. pecorum strains in the intestine and vaginal mucus of ruminants could cause long-term sub-clinical infection affecting the animal’s health. C. pecorum strains present many genetic and antigenic variations, but coding tandem repeats have recently been found in some C. pecorum genes, allowing C. pecorum strains isolated from sick animals to be differentiated from those isolated from asymptomatic animals. This review provides an update on C. pecorum infections in different animal hosts and the implications for animal health. The taxonomy, typing and genetic aspects of C. pecorum are also reviewed. Chlamydophila pecorum / pathogenesis / typing / epidemiology Table of contents 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 2 2. C. pecorum infections........................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. In cattle ........................................................................................................................................ 3 2.2. In small ruminants ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.3. In swine........................................................................................................................................ 4 2.4. In koalas....................................................................................................................................... 4 2.5. In other animals ........................................................................................................................... 5 3. The typing of C. pecorum strains ........................................................................................................ 5 4. Genetics................................................................................................................................................. 5 4.1. Tandem repeats ............................................................................................................................ 5 4.2. Plasmids ....................................................................................................................................... 6 4.3. Chlamydiaphage........................................................................................................................... 6 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 6 * Corresponding author: [email protected] This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any noncommercial medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Article published by EDP Sciences Vet. Res. (2010) 41:27 K. Yousef Mohamad, A. Rodolakis 1. INTRODUCTION conjunctivitis, and encephalomyelitis. Strains isolated from faecal samples were included in Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria biotype 3. The two latter biotypes, which corre- that develop inside eukaryotic cells within mem- spond to C. pecorum strains, have diffuse inclu- brane-bound vacuoles termed inclusions, with a sion morphology and inclusions appearing unique biphasic developmental cycle alternating within 24 h. The abortion type grows well in a between an extracellular metabolically inert sheep fibroblast culture, unlike the enteric type form (elementary body, EB) and an intracellular [57]. A micro-immunofluorescence (MIF) test metabolically active replicating form (reticulate confirmed the two serotypes of C. psittaci identi- body, RB) [52]. Chlamydia trachomatis and fied by a plaque reduction test (serotype 2 corre- Chlamydia psittaci were the first two species sponding to C. pecorum)[14]. Following to be assigned to the genus Chlamydia on the subcutaneous inoculation into the footpad of basis of differences in inclusion morphology, mice, the C. psittaci strains were subdivided glycogen content, susceptibility to sulfadiazine into three groups: (1) highly invasive strains and natural host [25, 54]. C. trachomatis encom- causing splenomegaly and massive infection of passes all Chlamydiae found in man. C. psittaci the spleen; (2) invasive strains inducing a comprises all other Chlamydiae found in birds moderate enlargement of the spleen with a low and animals except the mouse pneumonitis level of splenic infection; and (3) non-invasive agent, classified as C. trachomatis on the basis strains (C. pecorum) inducing neither increased of its biological properties. C. pneumoniae is spleen weight nor splenic infection1. The inva- separated from the other two species on the basis sive and highly invasive strains corresponded to of ultrastructural differences in the elementary serotype 1, i.e. C. abortus, in the new classifica- bodies, DNA homology values and serological tion [16]. reactions [26]. Genetic differences between the C. pecorum Until 1993, C. pecorum strains were consid- and C. psittaci strains were identified through ered as members of the C. psittaci species, shar- restriction endonuclease analysis [18, 67], ing many similar phenotypic characteristics, DNA-DNA hybridization, and Southern blot including inclusion morphology, the absence analysis with genomic DNA probes [18]. In of glycogen in inclusions and sulfadiazine resis- 1992, Fukushi and Hirai [19] suggested separat- tance. The word ‘‘pecorum’’ comes from the ing the C. pecorum species from C. psittaci Latin word for flocks of sheep or herds of cattle based on the results of DNA-DNA hybridiza- [20]. The first isolation of C. pecorum was from tion and immunological analysis. C. pecorum a sporadic encephalomyelitis of cattle reported strains exhibit 10% or less DNA relatedness by McNutt and Waller [51],andatthattimeit to strains of the other three Chlamydial species was considered as a C. psittaci strain. (C. trachomatis, C. psittaci and C. pneumo- C. psittaci strains isolated from ruminants niae), while the homology levels are 88% or were subdivided into two serotypes using a pla- greater within the C. pecorum species. Restric- que-reduction test [69, 70]: serotype 1 comprises tion enzyme and gene probe analysis indicated the strains causing abortion and enteritis that the Chlamydial strains infecting koalas (C. abortus), and serotype 2 consists in the strains belong to two distinct genotypes of C. psittaci, inducing polyarthritis and conjunctivitis one corresponding to the strains causing uro- (C. pecorum). Further work divided C. psittaci genital diseases and similar to the SBE strains isolated from ruminants into three main C. pecorum strain and the other grouping the biotypes based on their culture characteristics, ocular isolates [22]. This observation was although only a small number of strains was used in this study [73]. Biotype 1 comprises strains 1 Rodolakis A., A mouse model for studying the causing abortion (C. abortus strains in the classi- invasive and abortive properties of ruminant iso- fication [16]) with compact inclusion morphol- lates, Chlamydial diseases of ruminants, Commis- ogy and inclusions appearing within 48 h. sion of the European Communities, Luxembourg, Biotype 2 comprises strains causing polyarthritis, 1986, pp. 133–137. Page 2 of 10 (page number not for citation purpose) Chlamydophila pecorum infections Vet. Res. (2010) 41:27 confirmed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aus Dem Institut Für Molekulare Pathogenese Des Friedrich - Loeffler - Instituts, Bundesforschungsinstitut Für Tiergesundheit, Standort Jena
    Aus dem Institut für molekulare Pathogenese des Friedrich - Loeffler - Instituts, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Standort Jena eingereicht über das Institut für Veterinär - Physiologie des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Evaluation and pathophysiological characterisation of a bovine model of respiratory Chlamydia psittaci infection Inaugural - Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) an der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Carola Heike Ostermann Tierärztin aus Berlin Berlin 2013 Journal-Nr.: 3683 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Dekan: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jürgen Zentek Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Petra Reinhold, PhD Zweiter Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Kerstin E. Müller Dritter Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Lothar H. Wieler Deskriptoren (nach CAB-Thesaurus): Chlamydophila psittaci, animal models, physiopathology, calves, cattle diseases, zoonoses, respiratory diseases, lung function, lung ventilation, blood gases, impedance, acid base disorders, transmission, excretion Tag der Promotion: 30.06.2014 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. ISBN: 978-3-86387-587-9 Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 2013 Dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin D 188 Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Alle Rechte, auch
    [Show full text]
  • Platypus Collins, L.R
    AUSTRALIAN MAMMALS BIOLOGY AND CAPTIVE MANAGEMENT Stephen Jackson © CSIRO 2003 All rights reserved. Except under the conditions described in the Australian Copyright Act 1968 and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, duplicating or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Contact CSIRO PUBLISHING for all permission requests. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Jackson, Stephen M. Australian mammals: Biology and captive management Bibliography. ISBN 0 643 06635 7. 1. Mammals – Australia. 2. Captive mammals. I. Title. 599.0994 Available from CSIRO PUBLISHING 150 Oxford Street (PO Box 1139) Collingwood VIC 3066 Australia Telephone: +61 3 9662 7666 Local call: 1300 788 000 (Australia only) Fax: +61 3 9662 7555 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.publish.csiro.au Cover photos courtesy Stephen Jackson, Esther Beaton and Nick Alexander Set in Minion and Optima Cover and text design by James Kelly Typeset by Desktop Concepts Pty Ltd Printed in Australia by Ligare REFERENCES reserved. Chapter 1 – Platypus Collins, L.R. (1973) Monotremes and Marsupials: A Reference for Zoological Institutions. Smithsonian Institution Press, rights Austin, M.A. (1997) A Practical Guide to the Successful Washington. All Handrearing of Tasmanian Marsupials. Regal Publications, Collins, G.H., Whittington, R.J. & Canfield, P.J. (1986) Melbourne. Theileria ornithorhynchi Mackerras, 1959 in the platypus, 2003. Beaven, M. (1997) Hand rearing of a juvenile platypus. Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw). Journal of Wildlife Proceedings of the ASZK/ARAZPA Conference. 16–20 March.
    [Show full text]
  • First Report of Caprine Abortions Due to Chlamydia Abortus in Argentina
    DOI: 10.1002/vms3.145 Case Report First report of caprine abortions due to Chlamydia abortus in Argentina † ‡ Leandro A. Di Paolo*, Marıa F. Alvarado Pinedo*, Javier Origlia , Gerardo Fernandez , § Francisco A. Uzal and Gabriel E. Traverıa* † *Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CEDIVE, La Plata, Argentina, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Catedra de Aves ‡ § y Pilıferos, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina, Coprosamen, Mendoza, Argentina and California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, San Bernardino branch, University of California, Davis, California, USA Abstract Infectious abortions of goats in Argentina are mainly associated with brucellosis and toxoplasmosis. In this paper, we describe an abortion outbreak in goats caused by Chlamydia abortus. Seventy out of 400 goats aborted. Placental smears stained with modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain showed many chlamydia-like bodies within trophoblasts. One stillborn fetus was necropsied and the placenta was examined. No gross lesions were seen in the fetus, but the inter-cotyledonary areas of the placenta were thickened and covered by fibrino-sup- purative exudate. The most consistent microscopic finding was found in the placenta and consisted of fibrinoid necrotic vasculitis, with mixed inflammatory infiltration in the tunica media. Immunohistochemistry of the pla- centa was positive for Chlamydia spp. The results of polymerase chain reaction targeting 23S rRNA gene per- formed on placenta were positive for Chlamydia spp. An analysis of 417 amplified nucleotide sequences revealed 99% identity to those of C. abortus pm225 (GenBank AJ005617) and pm112 (GenBank AJ005613) isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of abortion associated with C.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Analysis of Genetically Distinct Chlamydia Pecorum Isolates Reveals Key Growth Differences in Mammalian Epithelial and Immune Cells T ⁎ Md
    Veterinary Microbiology 232 (2019) 22–29 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Microbiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/vetmic In vitro analysis of genetically distinct Chlamydia pecorum isolates reveals key growth differences in mammalian epithelial and immune cells T ⁎ Md. Mominul Islama, , Martina Jelocnika, Susan Ansteya, Bernhard Kaltenboeckb, Nicole Borelc, Peter Timmsa, Adam Polkinghorned a Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia b Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, USA c Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Switzerland d Animal Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Chlamydia (C.) pecorum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects and causes disease in a broad range of Chlamydia pecorum animal hosts. Molecular studies have revealed that this pathogen is genetically diverse with certain isolates In vitro growth linked to different disease outcomes. Limited in vitro or in vivo data exist to support these observations, further Genetically distinct hampering efforts to improve our understanding of C. pecorum pathogenesis. In this study, we evaluated whether Developmental cycle genetically distinct C. pecorum isolates (IPA, E58, 1710S, W73, JP-1-751) display different in vitro growth phenotypes in different mammalian epithelial and immune cells. In McCoy cells, shorter lag phases were ob- served for W73 and JP-1-751 isolates. Significantly smaller inclusions were observed for the naturally plasmid- free E58 isolate. C. pecorum isolates of bovine (E58) and ovine origin (IPA, W73, JP-1-751) grew faster in bovine cells compared to a porcine isolate (1710S).
    [Show full text]
  • CHLAMYDIOSIS (Psittacosis, Ornithosis)
    EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 77 CHLAMYDIOSIS (Psittacosis, ornithosis) ANIMAL TRANS- CLINICAL FATAL TREATMENT PREVENTION GROUP MISSION SIGNS DISEASE ? & CONTROL AFFECTED Birds Aerogenous by Very species Especially the Antibiotics, Depending on Amphibians secretions and dependent: Chlamydophila especially strain. Reptiles excretions, Anorexia psittaci is tetracycline Mammals Dust of Apathy ZOONOSIS. and In houses People feathers and Dispnoe Other strains doxycycline. Maximum of faeces, Diarrhoea relative host For hygiene in Oral, Cachexy specific. substitution keeping and Direct Conjunctivitis electrolytes at feeding. horizontal, Rhinorrhea Yes: persisting Vertical, Nervous especially in diarrhoea. in zoos By parasites symptoms young animals avoid stress, (but not on the Reduced and animals, quarantine, surface) hatching rates which are blood screening, Increased new- damaged in any serology, born mortality kind. However, take swabs many animals (throat, cloaca, are carrier conjunctiva), without clinical IFT, PCR. symptoms. Fact sheet compiled by Last update Werner Tschirch, Veterinary Department, March 2002 Hoyerswerda, Germany Fact sheet reviewed by E. F. Kaleta, Institution for Poultry Diseases, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany G. M. Dorrestein, Dept. Pathology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Susceptible animal groups In case of Chlamydophila psittaci: birds of every age; up to now proved in 376 species of birds of 29 birds orders, including 133 species of parrots; probably all of the about 9000 species of birds are susceptible for the infection; for the outbreak of the disease, additional factors are necessary; very often latent infection in captive as well as free-living birds. Other susceptible groups are amphibians, reptiles, many domestic and wild mammals as well as humans. The other Chlamydia sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Chlamydia Psittaci
    Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible This is an author’s version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19685 To cite this version: Jouffroy, Sophie. Prévalence des Chlamydiales chez les rapaces de l'Oregon : identification d'une Rhabdochlamydia. Thèse d'exercice, Médecine vétérinaire, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - ENVT, 2017, 82 p. Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: [email protected] ANNEE 2017 THESE : 2017 – TOU 3 – 4061 PREVALENCE DES CHLAMYDIALES CHEZ LES RAPACES DE L’OREGON : IDENTIFICATION D’UNE RHABDOCHLAMYDIA _________________ THESE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR VETERINAIRE DIPLOME D’ETAT présentée et soutenue publiquement devant l’Université Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse par JOUFFROY, Sophie Née, le 08/04/1992 à CHENOVE (21) ___________ Directeur de thèse : Mme Hélène DANIELS ___________ JURY PRESIDENT : M. Christophe PASQUIER Professeur à l’Université Paul-Sabatier de TOULOUSE ASSESSEURS : Mme Hélène DANIELS Maître de Conférences à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de TOULOUSE M. Guillaume LE LOC’H Maître de Conférences à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de TOULOUSE ANNEE 2017 THESE : 2017 – TOU 3 – 4061 PREVALENCE DES CHLAMYDIALES CHEZ LES RAPACES DE L’OREGON : IDENTIFICATION D’UNE RHABDOCHLAMYDIA _________________ THESE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR VETERINAIRE DIPLOME D’ETAT présentée et soutenue publiquement devant l’Université Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse par JOUFFROY, Sophie Née, le 08/04/1992 à CHENOVE (21) ___________ Directeur de thèse : Mme Hélène DANIELS ___________ JURY PRESIDENT : M.
    [Show full text]
  • Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Chlamydophila Abortus Shown in Awassi Sheep and Local Goats in Jordan
    Original Paper Vet. Med. – Czech, 49, 2004 (12): 460–466 Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydophila abortus shown in Awassi sheep and local goats in Jordan K. M. A�-Q����1, L. A. S�����2, R. Y. R����3, N. Q. H�����2, F. M. A�-D���4 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan 3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Gizza, Egypt 4Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Amman, Jordan ABSTRACT: A cold complement fixation test (CFT) was used to identify C. abortus infection in ewes and does in northern Jordan. Sera from 36 flocks of sheep and 20 flocks of goats were collected randomly. The results showed that 433 (21.8%) out of 1 984 ovine sera, and 82 (11.4%) out of 721 caprine sera, were seropositive for C. abortus infec- tion, as indicated by a titre ≥ 1:40. However, all the tested sheep flocks and goat flocks (100%) revealed at least one seropositive animal. There was a strong association (P < 0.05) between the rate of C. abortus infection and the size of the sheep flock, when larger flocks had higher infection rates. However, in goats, the flock size had no relation- ship with seropositivity. Age had no significant (P > 0.05) impact on C. abortus seropositivity. In sheep, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the rates of the chlamydial infection in the four studied areas of northern Jordan. The highest infection rate in sheep (31.2%) was recorded in Mafraq area, while the rates in Irbid, Ajloun and Jerash were 18.5%, 11.2% and 13.9%, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasmid-Cured Chlamydia Caviae Activates TLR2- Dependent Signaling and Retains Virulence in the Guinea Pig Model of Genital Tract Infection
    Plasmid-Cured Chlamydia caviae Activates TLR2- Dependent Signaling and Retains Virulence in the Guinea Pig Model of Genital Tract Infection Lauren C. Frazer1, Toni Darville1, Kumar Chandra-Kuntal1, Charles W. Andrews Jr.2, Matthew Zurenski1, Margaret Mintus1, Yasser M. AbdelRahman3,4, Robert J. Belland3, Robin R. Ingalls5, Catherine M. O’Connell1* 1 Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 2 Milstead Pathology Group, Conyers, Georgia, United States of America, 3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America, 4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, 5 Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America Abstract Loss of the conserved ‘‘cryptic’’ plasmid from C. trachomatis and C. muridarum is pleiotropic, resulting in reduced innate inflammatory activation via TLR2, glycogen accumulation and infectivity. The more genetically distant C. caviae GPIC is a natural pathogen of guinea pigs and induces upper genital tract pathology when inoculated intravaginally, modeling human disease. To examine the contribution of pCpGP1 to C. caviae pathogenesis, a cured derivative of GPIC, strain CC13, was derived and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptional profiling of CC13 revealed only partial conservation of previously identified plasmid-responsive chromosomal loci (PRCL) in C. caviae. However, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) treatment of GPIC and CC13 resulted in reduced transcription of all identified PRCL, including glgA, indicating the presence of a plasmid- independent glucose response in this species. In contrast to plasmid-cured C.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Pathogenesis of Chlamydial Infections( 本文（FULLTEXT) )
    Title Pathogenesis of Chlamydial Infections( 本文（FULLTEXT) ) Author(s) RAJESH, CHAHOTA Report No.(Doctoral Degree) 博士(獣医学) 甲第226号 Issue Date 2007-03-13 Type 博士論文 Version author URL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12099/21409 ※この資料の著作権は、各資料の著者・学協会・出版社等に帰属します。 Pathogenesis of Chlamydial Infections !"#$%&'()*+%,-./0 2006 The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, (Gifu University) RAJESH CHAHOTA Pathogenesis of Chlamydial Infections !"#$%&'()*+%,-./0 RAJESH CHAHOTA CONTENTS PREFACE……………………………………………………………………… 1 PART I Molecular Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity, Phylogeny and Virulence Analysis of Chlamydophila psittaci CHAPTER I: Study of molecular epizootiology of Chlamydophila psittaci among captive and feral avian species on the basis of VD2 region of ompA gene Introduction……………………………………………………………… 7 Materials and Methods…………………………………………………... 9 Results…………………………………………………………………… 16 Discussion……………………………………………………………….. 31 Summary……………………………………………………………….... 35 CHAPTER II: Analysis of genetic diversity and molecular phylogeny of the Chlamydophila psittaci strains prevalent among avian fauna and those associated with human psittacosis Introduction……………………………………………………………… 36 Materials and Methods…………………………………………………... 38 Results…………………………………………………………………… 42 Discussion……………………………………………………………….. 55 Summary………………………………………………………………… 59 CHAPTER III: Examination of virulence patterns of the Chlamydophila psittaci strains predominantly associated with avian chlamydiosis and human psittacosis using BALB/c mice Introduction………………………………………………………………
    [Show full text]
  • Koala Immunogenetics and Chlamydial Strain Type Are More
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Koala immunogenetics and chlamydial strain type are more directly involved in chlamydial disease progression in koalas from two south east Queensland koala populations than koala retrovirus subtypes Amy Robbins1,2, Jonathan Hanger2, Martina Jelocnik1, Bonnie L. Quigley1 & Peter Timms1* Chlamydial disease control is increasingly utilised as a management tool to stabilise declining koala populations, and yet we have a limited understanding of the factors that contribute to disease progression. To examine the impact of host and pathogen genetics, we selected two geographically separated south east Queensland koala populations, diferentially afected by chlamydial disease, and analysed koala major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, circulating strains of Chlamydia pecorum and koala retrovirus (KoRV) subtypes in longitudinally sampled, well-defned clinical groups. We found that koala immunogenetics and chlamydial genotypes difered between the populations. Disease progression was associated with specifc MHC alleles, and we identifed two putative susceptibility (DCb 03, DBb 04) and protective (DAb 10, UC 01:01) variants. Chlamydial genotypes belonging to both Multi-Locus Sequence Typing sequence type (ST) 69 and ompA genotype F were associated with disease progression, whereas ST 281 was associated with the absence of disease. We also detected diferent ompA genotypes, but not diferent STs, when long-term infections were monitored over time. By comparison, KoRV profles were not signifcantly associated with disease progression. These fndings suggest that chlamydial genotypes vary in pathogenicity and that koala immunogenetics and chlamydial strains are more directly involved in disease progression than KoRV subtypes. Chlamydial disease is a signifcant contributing factor afecting population viability in some declining northern Australian koala populations 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptation and Conservation Insights from the Koala Genome
    ARTICLES https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0153-5 Adaptation and conservation insights from the koala genome Rebecca N. Johnson 1,2,30,31*, Denis O’Meally2,3,30, Zhiliang Chen4,30, Graham J. Etherington5, Simon Y. W. Ho 2, Will J. Nash5, Catherine E. Grueber 2,6, Yuanyuan Cheng2,7, Camilla M. Whittington8, Siobhan Dennison1, Emma Peel2, Wilfried Haerty5, Rachel J. O’Neill9, Don Colgan1, Tonia L. Russell10, David E. Alquezar-Planas1, Val Attenbrow1, Jason G. Bragg11,12, Parice A. Brandies2, Amanda Yoon-Yee Chong5,13, Janine E. Deakin14, Federica Di Palma5,15, Zachary Duda9, Mark D. B. Eldridge1, Kyle M. Ewart1, Carolyn J. Hogg2, Greta J. Frankham1, Arthur Georges14, Amber K. Gillett16, Merran Govendir8, Alex D. Greenwood17,18, Takashi Hayakawa19,20, Kristofer M. Helgen1,21, Matthew Hobbs 1, Clare E. Holleley22, Thomas N. Heider9, Elizabeth A. Jones8, Andrew King1, Danielle Madden3, Jennifer A. Marshall Graves11,14,23, Katrina M. Morris24, Linda E. Neaves 1,25, Hardip R. Patel26, Adam Polkinghorne3, Marilyn B. Renfree 27, Charles Robin 27, Ryan Salinas4, Kyriakos Tsangaras28, Paul D. Waters4, Shafagh A. Waters4, Belinda Wright1,2, Marc R. Wilkins4,10,30, Peter Timms29,30 and Katherine Belov2,30,31 The koala, the only extant species of the marsupial family Phascolarctidae, is classified as ‘vulnerable’ due to habitat loss and widespread disease. We sequenced the koala genome, producing a complete and contiguous marsupial reference genome, including centromeres. We reveal that the koala’s ability to detoxify eucalypt foliage may be due to expansions within a cyto- chrome P450 gene family, and its ability to smell, taste and moderate ingestion of plant secondary metabolites may be due to expansions in the vomeronasal and taste receptors.
    [Show full text]
  • FROM MANY CHLAMYDIAE to ONE HEALTH Nicole Borel1 and Yvonne
    FROM MANY CHLAMYDIAE TO ONE HEALTH Nicole Borel1 and Yvonne Pannekoek2 1Dept. of Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 2Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Introduction The order Chlamydiales harbours members known for their relevance as human and animal pathogens. Until the 1990s it was thought that the Chlamydiaceae, represented as the only family of the order Chlamydiales, contained only one genus Chlamydia comprised of nine species. Research over the last 20 years, however, has resulted in the recognition and description or proposal of thirteen additionally families of genetically related organisms collectively referred to as ‘Chlamydia-related bacterias’ (CRBs)(1). New research has also revealed that expanded taxonomic diversity even exists within the well described genus Chlamydia (2-4). Many of the previously classified and newly described Chlamydiae are well recognized pathogens of humans and animals. While the zoonotic implications of many of these classified species is well known, recent research has uncovered new examples of their zoonotic potential either from existing known reservoirs or indeed new infection sources. Examples of this include the recent observation of zoonotic Chlamydia caviae presenting as severe community- acquired pneumonia (5) and the detection of Chlamydia suis in humans (6,7) exemplify the emergence of new risks and point to novel virulence properties for these microorganisms. Similarly the identification of novel Chlamydia abortus strains as zoonotic and abortive species in cattle and small ruminants (8) and the emerging role of Chlamydia psittaci in equine abortion (9), point both to the potential unrecognised impacts on animal health with significant potential for zoonotic risk.
    [Show full text]