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First Report of Caprine Abortions Due to Chlamydia Abortus in Argentina

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First Report of Caprine Abortions Due to Chlamydia Abortus in Argentina DOI: 10.1002/vms3.145 Case Report First report of caprine abortions due to Chlamydia abortus in Argentina † ‡ Leandro A. Di Paolo*, Marıa F. Alvarado Pinedo*, Javier Origlia , Gerardo Fernandez , § Francisco A. Uzal and Gabriel E. Traverıa* † *Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CEDIVE, La Plata, Argentina, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Catedra de Aves ‡ § y Pilıferos, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina, Coprosamen, Mendoza, Argentina and California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, San Bernardino branch, University of California, Davis, California, USA Abstract Infectious abortions of goats in Argentina are mainly associated with brucellosis and toxoplasmosis. In this paper, we describe an abortion outbreak in goats caused by Chlamydia abortus. Seventy out of 400 goats aborted. Placental smears stained with modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain showed many chlamydia-like bodies within trophoblasts. One stillborn fetus was necropsied and the placenta was examined. No gross lesions were seen in the fetus, but the inter-cotyledonary areas of the placenta were thickened and covered by fibrino-sup- purative exudate. The most consistent microscopic finding was found in the placenta and consisted of fibrinoid necrotic vasculitis, with mixed inflammatory infiltration in the tunica media. Immunohistochemistry of the pla- centa was positive for Chlamydia spp. The results of polymerase chain reaction targeting 23S rRNA gene per- formed on placenta were positive for Chlamydia spp. An analysis of 417 amplified nucleotide sequences revealed 99% identity to those of C. abortus pm225 (GenBank AJ005617) and pm112 (GenBank AJ005613) isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of abortion associated with C. abortus in Argen- tina. Keywords: Abortion, Chlamydia abortus, Goats. Correspondence: Francisco A. Uzal, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, UCDavis, 105 W Central Ave, San Bernardino 92408, CA, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Introduction These changes in the placenta result in late-term abortions or stillbirths (Buxton et al. 2002). Infectious abortions are among the most significant C. abortus stands for the main cause of abortion in problems for goat breeding in Argentina (Samartino sheep and goats at global level (Aitken & Longbot- 2002; Rossetti et al. 2017). These abortions are tom 2007). In the United Kingdom up to 37% of caused mostly by brucellosis and toxoplasmosis. abortions in sheep are caused by C. abortus (Mearns Other infectious causes of abortion have been poorly 2007). Australia and New Zealand are considered characterized (Unzaga et al. 2014). free of C. abortus infection (Longbottom & Coulter In goats, Chlamydia abortus produces abortion 2003). Two neighbouring countries of Argentina, i.e. mostly due to placentitis associated with placental Uruguay and Chile, recently confirmed the presence infection (Schlafer & Miller 2007; Longbottom et al. of abortion induced by Chlamydia sp. in goats (OIE 2013). The oro-nasal route is the natural port of 2012; Giannitti et al. 2016). entry (Gutierrez et al. 2011), followed by blood Abortion by Chlamydia spp. in goats has not been spread of the organism and, in pregnant does, inva- reported before in Argentina. This study describes sion of trophoblasts in the placentomes, from which an outbreak of abortions caused by C. abortus in a bacteria spread to the inter-cotyledonary areas. herd of goats from Mendoza Province, Argentina. 162 © 2019 The Authors Veterinary Medicine and Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Veterinary Medicine and Science (2019), 5, pp. 162–167 This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. Chlamydia abortus in aborted goats from Argentina 163 with 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (ThermoScientific, Materials and methods #TA-125-SA, Fremont, CA) as the chromogen sub- strate solution. Samples of caprine placentas which Animals were PCR positive or negative for these microorgan- During the kidding season in the spring, 70 does in a isms were used as positive and negative controls, flock of 400 criollo goats located in the San Rafael respectively. Department of Mendoza Province aborted term fetuses or gave birth to weak kids during a 6 weeks Bacteriology period. The goats of the affected flock were reared under Impression smears from cotyledons were stained extensive grazing conditions during the day and they using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain (Poester et al. were locked in a small corral every night, where they 2010). Cotyledon samples and abomasal content were provided water ad-libitum. Health management were cultured under aerobic and microaerophilic included regular Fasciola hepatica treatment with tri- conditions on 5% sheep blood agar at 37°C for 72 h. â clabendazole 10% (Ganafort , Argentina) and vacci- nation against brucellosis with Brucella melitensis Molecular analysis Rev.1 vaccine (SENASA, Argentina). Samples of placenta were processed by a quan- titative real-time PCR to detect the 23S rRNA Pathology gene of the Chlamydiaceae family as previously One stillborn kid and its placenta were submitted for described (Ehricht et al. 2006). Briefly, genomic necropsy and gross examination, respectively. Sam- DNA was extracted from 25 lg of placental tissue ples of liver, thymus, spleen, lung, complete brain with the PureLinkTM Genomic DNA Mini Kit and placenta were collected and fixed by immersion (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The samples in 10%, buffered formalin, pH 7.2 and processed were further examined using a nested PCR assay routinely for the production of 4 lm thick paraffin (Kaltenboeck€ et al. 1997; Sprague et al. 2009) of sections that were stained with haematoxylin and outer membrane protein A gene (ompA also eosin. Selected sections of placenta were also pro- known as omp1), the outer primer set 191CHOMP/ cessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for Toxo- CHOMP371 was used to amplify a 576-bp frag- plasma gondii, Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydia spp., ment. In the second amplification round, the fol- as previously described (Dilbeck & McElwain 1994; lowing inner primers sets were used: 242B577/ Giannitti et al. 2016). Briefly, antigen retrieval was CHOMP336s representing C. abortus (formerly performed in a decloaking chamber, followed by the known as C. psittaci serovar 1) and 204PECOR/ quenching of endogenous peroxidase with 3% hydro- CHOMP336s representing C. pecorum (Everett gen peroxide. The following primary antibodies et al. 1999). In addition, 201CHOMP/CHOMP336s were used for T. gondii, C. burnetii and Chlamydia was used to amplify a segment in variable domains spp., respectively: B. Barr CAHF-D Rbt# 58 (rab- III and IV from the ompA gene of all Chlamydia bit polyclonal; University of California, Davis, CA, spp. for sequencing (Sachse & Hotzel 2003; Spra- US), AB-COX-MAB (mouse monoclonal; U.S. gue et al. 2009). The reactions were carried out in Department of Defense, Critical Reagents Pro- a thermal cycler IQTM Multicolor Real-Time PCR gram, Washington DC, US) and Anti-Chlamydia Detection System (Bio Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). lipopolysaccharide antibody (mouse monoclonal; Amplicons were separated on a 1.5% agarose gel Virostat Inc., Westbrook, ME, US). Primary anti- by electrophoresis and observed with ethidium bro- bodies were applied followed by anti-species horse- mide under UV light. radish peroxidase (HRP)-labelled polymer (Biocare, The target amplification product from the primer #GHP516, Pacheco, CA) and a detection system, set 201CHOMP/CHOMP336s was purified using an © 2019 The Authors Veterinary Medicine and Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Veterinary Medicine and Science (2019), 5, pp. 162–167 164 L.A. Di Paolo et al. â AccuPrep Gel Purification Kit (Bioneer Corpora- lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages and tion, Seoul, Korea) and subjected to a direct nucleo- small amounts of fibrin; the vascular lumen was tide sequencing reaction in both directions by a occluded by fibrin thrombi. There were also perivas- sequencing service (Unidad de Genomica, Instituto cular accumulations of viable and degenerate neu- de Biotecnologıa, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologıa trophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells Agropecuaria, Castelar, Argentina). (Fig. 1c). In fetal brain, the Virchow-Robin spaces The sequence was aligned and trimmed using were multifocally distended by moderate numbers of ClustalX (Conway Institute UCD Dublin, Dublin, lymphocytes and macrophages with fewer neu- Ireland) and compared through BLASTn 2.2.19 to trophils and necrotic debris. The endothelial cells of other Chlamydia ompA gene fragments obtained these blood vessels were hypertrophic and the wall from the GenBank data bank. The sequence was of those vessels presented similar changes to those found to be most closely homologous to C. abortus described in the chorioallantoic membrane. Sur- strains in the databases. The strain was designated as rounding these blood vessels there was spongiosis Chlamydia abortus strain CEDIVE-G-4661/12 and and the myelin sheaths were dilated surrounding submitted to GenBank (Accession number swollen axons. A few neurons showed central chro- KU728158). matolysis or were necrotic. In the liver, small multi- focal areas of coagulative necrosis and multifocal infiltration
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