DOCSLIB.ORG

Greater Addition of Neurons to the Olfactory Bulb Than to the Cerebral Cortex of Eulipotyphlans but Not Rodents, Afrotherians Or Primates

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Greater Addition of Neurons to the Olfactory Bulb Than to the Cerebral Cortex of Eulipotyphlans but Not Rodents, Afrotherians Or Primates ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 11 April 2014 NEUROANATOMY doi: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00023 Greater addition of neurons to the olfactory bulb than to the cerebral cortex of eulipotyphlans but not rodents, afrotherians or primates Pedro F. M. Ribeiro 1,2,PaulR.Manger3, Kenneth C. Catania 4, Jon H. Kaas 5 and Suzana Herculano-Houzel 1,2* 1 Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 2 Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional, Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia, São Paulo, Brasil 3 Department of Anatomy, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 4 Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA 5 Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA Edited by: The olfactory bulb is an evolutionarily old structure that antedates the appearance of a Chet C. Sherwood, George six-layered mammalian cerebral cortex. As such, the neuronal scaling rules that apply to Washington University, USA scaling the mass of the olfactory bulb as a function of its number of neurons might be Reviewed by: shared across mammalian groups, as we have found to be the case for the ensemble Gordon M. Shepherd, Yale University School of Medicine, USA of non-cortical, non-cerebellar brain structures. Alternatively, the neuronal scaling rules Emmanuel Paul Gilissen, Royal that apply to the olfactory bulb might be distinct in those mammals that rely heavily Museum for Central Africa, Belgium on olfaction. The group previously referred to as Insectivora includes small mammals, *Correspondence: some of which are now placed in Afrotheria, a base group in mammalian radiation, Suzana Herculano-Houzel, Instituto and others in Eulipotyphla, a group derived later, at the base of Laurasiatheria. Here de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de we show that the neuronal scaling rules that apply to building the olfactory bulb differ Janeiro, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowski, across eulipotyphlans and other mammals such that eulipotyphlans have more neurons s/n, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro – concentrated in an olfactory bulb of similar size than afrotherians, glires and primates. RJ, 21941-590 Brazil Most strikingly, while the cerebral cortex gains neurons at a faster pace than the olfactory e-mail: [email protected] bulb in glires, and afrotherians follow this trend, it is the olfactory bulb that gains neurons at a faster pace than the cerebral cortex in eulipotyphlans, which contradicts the common view that the cerebral cortex is the fastest expanding structure in brain evolution. Our findings emphasize the importance of not using brain structure size as a proxy for numbers of neurons across mammalian orders, and are consistent with the notion that different selective pressures have acted upon the olfactory system of eulipotyphlans, glires and primates, with eulipotyphlans relying more on olfaction for their behavior than glires and primates. Surprisingly, however, the neuronal scaling rules for primates predict that the human olfactory bulb has as many neurons as the larger eulipotyphlan olfactory bulbs, which questions the classification of humans as microsmatic. Keywords: olfactory bulb, cortical expansion, mosaic evolution, olfaction INTRODUCTION in the species examined—but not in Insectivora (Stephan and The olfactory bulb is an evolutionarily ancient structure of the Andy, 1969; Jolicoeur et al., 1984). This seemed consistent both forebrain, found in nearly all vertebrates, including jawless fishes with a basal position of Insectivora and with the progressive view (Butler and Hodos, 2005). The olfactory bulb thus precedes the of evolution still in vogue in the late 20th century. appearance of a well-developed mammalian cerebral cortex, and At that time, Insectivora was a “scrap basket for small mam- its expansion drove the initial increase in relative brain size in mals” (Simpson, 1945),andviewedasanearlyoffshootin mammalian evolution (Rowe et al., 2011). However, the olfac- the placental mammal radiation, based on morphological cri- tory bulb has been shown to scale more slowly than the cerebral teria. In contrast, recent molecular data (Stanhope et al., 1998; cortex in a number of modern mammalian species, although Madsen et al., 2001; Murphy et al., 2001) provided convincing independently of the volume of the cerebral cortex across pri- evidence that the group was polyphyletic, and actually consisted mates (Stephan and Andy, 1969). While the relative volume of the of two orders: afrosoricida (tenrecs and golden moles), under cerebral cortex when regressed onto body mass was once shown to the superorder Afrotheria (Stanhope et al., 1998; Madsen et al., increase with brain volume across living mammalian species, and 2001; Murphy et al., 2001), and Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, moles, to increase the most amongst primates (leading to the concept of shrews, solenodons; Waddell et al., 1999; Douady et al., 2002; cortical expansion in evolution; Stephan and Andy, 1969), the rel- Waddell and Shelley, 2003). Eulipotyphlans were later grouped ative volume of the olfactory bulb decreases by the same measure into the Laurasiatheria clade, which includes bats, cetartiodactyls, Frontiers in Neuroanatomy www.frontiersin.org April 2014 | Volume 8 | Article 23 | 1 Ribeiro et al. Numbers of neurons in the olfactory bulb carnivores, pangolins, and perissodactyls (Madsen et al., 2001; MATERIALS AND METHODS Murphy et al., 2001). Thus, in contrast from the original view that We applied the isotropic fractionator (Herculano-Houzel and placed insectivores as a whole as an early branch at the root of Lent, 2005) to determine the cellular composition of the olfac- placental mammals, this place is now occupied by Afrotherians tory bulbs of 10 glire species and 6 primate and the closely related (which do include golden moles, some of the original insecti- Scandentia species. Additionally, we compare our data to the cel- vores) and Xenarthra (Madsen et al., 2001; Murphy et al., 2001). lular composition of the olfactory bulbs of 5 insectivore species The remainder of the original insectivores, now known to be (Sarko et al., 2009) and 3 afrotherian species (Neves et al., 2014), eulipotyphlans, are considered a later offshoot, at the base of analyzed previously in the same manner. Laurasiatheria (Madsen et al., 2001; Murphy et al., 2001). We have previously demonstrated that the scaling rules that ANIMALS relate the mass of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum to their A total of 73 olfactory bulbs were collected from primates, rodents numbers of neurons differ across primates, glires and eulipoty- and one scandentia whose brains were prepared for the exami- phlans (reviewed in Herculano-Houzel, 2011). While in primates nation of cerebral structures in unrelated experiments. From pri- these structures scale linearly in mass with their number of mates, 25 olfactory bulbs were collected from 6 galagos (Otolemur neurons (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2007), in glires (rodents and Garnettii, 11 bulbs), 3 marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, 5 bulbs), lagomorphs) they grow in mass with the number of neurons 3owlmonkeys(Aotus trivirgatus, 6 bulbs), one rhesus monkey raised to the power of 1.7 and 1.2, respectively, which indicates (Macaca mulatta, 1 bulb), and one mouse lemur (Microcebus sp., that average neuronal size increases with number of neurons 2 bulbs). From Glires (rodents plus lagomorphs), we collected a (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2006, 2011). In eulipotyphlans, the total of 32 olfactory bulbs from 9 gray squirrels (Sciureus caroli- cerebral cortex scales in mass faster than it gains neurons, as it nensis, 9 bulbs), 5 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus, 5 bulbs), 2 agouti does in rodents, while the cerebellum increases in mass as a lin- (Dasyprocta primnolopha, 2 bulbs), 2 swiss mice (Mus musculus, ear function of its numbers of neurons, as in primates (Sarko 4 bulbs), 2 golden hamsters (Mesocrycetus auratus, 2 bulbs), 2 et al., 2009). These differences suggest that the cerebral cortex and guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus, 2 bulbs), 2 capybaras (Hydrochoerus cerebellum of primate, glires and eulipotyphlan brains are built hydrochoeris, 2 bulbs), 1 rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus, 1 bulb), according to cellular scaling rules that have diverged from their 3 naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber,3bulbs)andone common ancestor. In contrast, the cellular scaling rules that apply Cayenne spiny rat (Proechimys guyannensis,2bulbs);someof to the remaining areas of the brain, excluding the olfactory bulb the present data on olfactory bulbs were published previously in (that is, the ensemble of brainstem, diencephalon and basal gan- Herculano-Houzel et al. (2011). We also collected 16 olfactory glia), appear to be more similar across these three mammalian bulbsfrom10treeshrews(Tupaia glis). All animals were adults orders, and might possibly be shared among them (Sarko et al., at the time of the experiments. All non-human primates, except 2009; Herculano-Houzel, 2011). This raises the possibility that for the mouse lemur, were raised in a colony in the Department of the olfactory bulb, being a structure as evolutionarily ancient as Psychology at Vanderbilt University. The mouse lemur brain was the brainstem and antedating the expansion of the cerebral cor- acquired from the Duke University Lemur Center. tex, might also vary in mass according to neuronal scaling rules Insectivore data were obtained from Sarko et al. (2009) and that are shared across mammalian orders. consist of the species averages of 34
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MAMMALS of OHIO F I E L D G U I D E DIVISION of WILDLIFE Below Are Some Helpful Symbols for Quick Comparisons and Identfication
    MAMMALS OF OHIO f i e l d g u i d e DIVISION OF WILDLIFE Below are some helpful symbols for quick comparisons and identfication. They are located in the same place for each species throughout this publication. Definitions for About this Book the scientific terms used in this publication can be found at the end in the glossary. Activity Method of Feeding Diurnal • Most active during the day Carnivore • Feeds primarily on meat Nocturnal • Most active at night Herbivore • Feeds primarily on plants Crepuscular • Most active at dawn and dusk Insectivore • Feeds primarily on insects A word about diurnal and nocturnal classifications. Omnivore • Feeds on both plants and meat In nature, it is virtually impossible to apply hard and fast categories. There can be a large amount of overlap among species, and for individuals within species, in terms of daily and/or seasonal behavior habits. It is possible for the activity patterns of mammals to change due to variations in weather, food availability or human disturbances. The Raccoon designation of diurnal or nocturnal represent the description Gray or black in color with a pale most common activity patterns of each species. gray underneath. The black mask is rimmed on top and bottom with CARNIVORA white. The raccoon’s tail has four to six black or dark brown rings. habitat Raccoons live in wooded areas with Tracks & Skulls big trees and water close by. reproduction Many mammals can be elusive to sighting, leaving Raccoons mate from February through March in Ohio. Typically only one litter is produced each year, only a trail of clues that they were present.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Shrew & Endangered Species Sorex Palustris
    Natural Heritage Water Shrew & Endangered Species Sorex palustris Program State Status: Special Concern www.mass.gov/nhesp Federal Status: None Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife DESCRIPTION: The Water Shrew is the largest long- tailed shrew in New England. It measures 144-158 mm (5.7-6.2 in) in length, with its long tail accounting for more than half of its total length, and weighs from 10-16 g (approximately 1/3 oz). The unique feature of the Water Shrew is its big “feathered” hind foot. The third and fourth toes of the Water Shrew’s hind feet are slightly webbed, and all toes as well as the foot itself have conspicuous stiff hairs along the sides. Both the webbing and the fringe of hairs increase the Water Shrew’s swimming efficiency. The male and female Water Shrew are colored alike, Illustration from DeGraaf and Rudis, 1986. equal in size, and show slight seasonal color variation. In winter, the Water Shrew is glossy, gray-black above tipped with silver, and silvery buff below, becoming adults. The Water Shrew is slender with a long, narrow lighter on the throat and chin. It has whitish hands and snout that is highly movable and incessantly rotating. Its feet, and a long, bicolored (i.e., lighter beneath, darker eyes are minute but visible, and its ears are small and above) tail covered with short, brown bristles. In hidden in velvety fur. Females have six mammae. summer, its pelage (fur) is more brownish above and slightly paler below, with a less frosted appearance. This species is especially adapted for semi-aquatic life.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Mammal Survey of the Nulhegan Basin Division of the Silvio 0
    Small Mammal Survey of the Nulhegan Basin Division of the Silvio 0. Conte NFWR and the State of Vermont's West Mountain Wildlife Management Area, Essex County Vermont • Final Report March 15, 2001 C. William Kilpatrick Department of Biology University of Vermont Burlington, Vermont 05405-0086 A total of 19 species of small mammals were documented from the Nulhegan Basin Division of the Silvio 0. Conte National Fish and Wildlife Refuge (NFWR) and the West Mountain Wildlife Management Area Seventeen of these species had previously been documented from Essex County, but specimens of the little brown bat (Jr{yotis lucifugu.s) and the northern long-eared bat (M septentrionalis) represent new records for this county. Although no threatened or endangered species were found in this survey, specimens of two rare species were captured including a water shrew (Sorex palustris) and yellow-nosed voles (Microtus chrotorrhinus). Population densities were relatively low as reflected in a mean trap success of 7 %, and the number of captures of two species, the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) and the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), were noticeably low. Low population densities were observed in northern hardwood forests, a lowland spruce-fir forest, a black spruce/dwarf shrub bog, and most clear-cuts, whereas the high population densities were found along talus slopes, in a mixed hardwood forest with some • rock ledges, and in a black spruce swamp. The highest species diversity was found in a montane yellow birch-red spruce forest, a black spruce swamp, a beaver/sedge meadow, and a talus slope within a mixed forest.
    [Show full text]
  • Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of the Mammalian Order Insectivora
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 2000 Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of the Mammalian Order Insectivora Donald W. Duszynski University of New Mexico, [email protected] Steve J. Upton Kansas State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Duszynski, Donald W. and Upton, Steve J., "Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of the Mammalian Order Insectivora" (2000). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 196. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/196 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. SPECIAL PUBLICATION THE MUSEUM OF SOUTHWESTERN BIOLOGY NUMBER 4, pp. 1-67 30 OCTOBER 2000 Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of the Mammalian Order Insectivora DONALD W. DUSZYNSKI AND STEVE J. UPTON TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Materials and Methods 2 Results 3 Family Erinaceidae Erinaceus Eimeria ostertagi 3 E. perardi 4 Isospora erinacei 4 I. rastegaievae 5 I. schmaltzi 6 Hemiechinus E. auriti 7 E. bijlikuli 7 Hylomys E. bentongi 7 I. hylomysis 8 Family Soricidae Crocidura E. firestonei 8 E. leucodontis 9 E. milleri 9 E. ropotamae 10 Suncus E. darjeelingensis 10 E. murinus...................................................................................................................... 11 E. suncus 12 Blarina E. blarinae 13 E. brevicauda 13 I. brevicauda 14 Cryptotis E.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals of New York
    CHECKLIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS AND MAMMALS OF NEW YORK STATE Including Their Legal Status Eastern Milk Snake Moose Blue-spotted Salamander Common Loon New York State Artwork by Jean Gawalt Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Fish and Wildlife Page 1 of 30 February 2019 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Fish and Wildlife Wildlife Diversity Group 625 Broadway Albany, New York 12233-4754 This web version is based upon an original hard copy version of Checklist of the Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals of New York, Including Their Protective Status which was first published in 1985 and revised and reprinted in 1987. This version has had substantial revision in content and form. First printing - 1985 Second printing (rev.) - 1987 Third revision - 2001 Fourth revision - 2003 Fifth revision - 2005 Sixth revision - December 2005 Seventh revision - November 2006 Eighth revision - September 2007 Ninth revision - April 2010 Tenth revision – February 2019 Page 2 of 30 Introduction The following list of amphibians (34 species), reptiles (38), birds (474) and mammals (93) indicates those vertebrate species believed to be part of the fauna of New York and the present legal status of these species in New York State. Common and scientific nomenclature is as according to: Crother (2008) for amphibians and reptiles; the American Ornithologists' Union (1983 and 2009) for birds; and Wilson and Reeder (2005) for mammals. Expected occurrence in New York State is based on: Conant and Collins (1991) for amphibians and reptiles; Levine (1998) and the New York State Ornithological Association (2009) for birds; and New York State Museum records for terrestrial mammals.
    [Show full text]
  • Discarded Bottles As a Source of Shrew Species Distributional Data Along an Elevational Gradient in the Southern Appalachians Author(S): M
    Discarded Bottles as a Source of Shrew Species Distributional Data along an Elevational Gradient in the Southern Appalachians Author(s): M. Patrick Brannon, Melissa A. Burt, David M. Bost and Marguerite C. Caswell Source: Southeastern Naturalist, 9(4):781-794. 2010. Published By: Humboldt Field Research Institute DOI: 10.1656/058.009.0412 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1656/058.009.0412 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is an electronic aggregator of bioscience research content, and the online home to over 160 journals and books published by not-for-profit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. 2010 SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST 9(4):781–794 Discarded Bottles as a Source of Shrew Species Distributional Data along an Elevational Gradient in the Southern Appalachians M. Patrick Brannon1,*, Melissa A. Burt1, David M. Bost1, and Marguerite C. Caswell1 Abstract - Discarded bottles were inspected for skeletal remains at 220 roadside sites along the southeastern Blue Ridge escarpment of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia as a technique to examine the regional distributions of shrews.
    [Show full text]
  • Head-Body Length Variation in the Mole-Shrew (Anourosorex Squamipes) in Relation to Annual Temperature and Elevation
    NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 7 (1): pp.47-54 ©NwjZ, Oradea, Romania, 2011 Article No.: 111103 www.herp-or.uv.ro/nwjz Head-body length variation in the mole-shrew (Anourosorex squamipes) in relation to annual temperature and elevation Wen Bo LIAO*, Cai Quan ZHOU* & Jin Chu HU Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China * Corresponding authors, W.B. Liao, e-mail: [email protected]; C.Q. Zhou, e-mail: [email protected] Received: 09. April 2010 / Accepted: 17. January 2011 / Available online: 25. January 2011 Abstract. Temperature change may affect physiology, distribution, morphology and adaptation of animals. Using individuals captured in Nanchong and Laojunshan Nature Reserve of Sichuan province in western China, we tested head-body length variation in the mole-shrew (Anourosorex squamipes) in relation to annual temperature and elevation. Our results indicate that head-body length of both males and females decreases with decreasing ambient temperature along an altitudinal gradient. Likewise, there is significant monthly variation in head-body length, with individuals in warmer months being larger than that colder ones. The seasonal variation in head-body length suggests the higher predator risk and lower food availability in cold months. Keywords: Body size, Anourosorex squamipes, temperature, elevation. Introduction size and temperature among populations. For ex- ample, body size of the short-tailed shrew (Blarina Body size has long been considered one of the brevicauda) negatively correlates with ambient most important traits of an organism because it in- temperature (Jones & Findlay 1954, Huggins & fluences nearly every aspect of its life history (Pe- Kennedy 1989).
    [Show full text]
  • Suncusensis Sp. N. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) from the Musk Shrew, Suncus Murinus
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Staphylocystis (Staphylocystis) suncusensis sp. n. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) from the Musk Shrew, Suncus murinus (Soricidae), from Taiwan, with a Key to the Known Species of Staphylocystis Villot, 1877 O. WILFORD OLSEN AND ROBERT E. KUNTZ Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and Parasitology Department, Southwest Foundation for Research and Education, San Antonio, Texas 78206 ABSTRACT: Compared to the four species previously described from the musk shrew (Suncus murinus) in India, Staphylocystis ( Staphylocystis ) suncusensis sp. n. from this host on Taiwan differs markedly. Staphylocystis (S.) suncusensis has 11-14 rostellar hooks 16-18 ^ long and a strobila 6.4-18.2 mm long. Staphylocystis (S.) sanchorensis Nama and Khichi, 1975 has 30 hooks 15-17 //, long and a strobila 3.11-10.77 mm long. Staphylocystis (S.) sindensis Nama, 1976 has 20 hooks 22-23 //, long and a strobila 7-8.5 mm long. Staphylocystis (S.) minutissima (Meggitt, 1927) has 12 hooks 16-18 /u, long and a strobila 2 mm long. Staphylocystis (S.) soUtaria (Meggitt, 1927) has 16 hooks 16-17 //, long and a strobila 2 mm long. The last two species were reported from Crocidura murina which is probably Suncus murinus. Rostellar hooks of each species are distinct in shape and characteristic of it. Staphylo- cystis (S.) acuta (Rud., 1819) and S. (S.) bacillaris (Goeze, 1782) are transferred to the genus Vampirolepis Spassky, 1950 because of the large number of characteristically shaped rostellar hooks and very long strobilae. The generic description is revised to exclude them. Hymenolepis asketus Brooks and Mayes, 1977 is transferred to S.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Taxa for Which MIL Has Images
    LIST OF 27 ORDERS, 163 FAMILIES, 887 GENERA, AND 2064 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 JULY 2021 AFROSORICIDA (9 genera, 12 species) CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles 1. Amblysomus hottentotus - Hottentot Golden Mole 2. Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole 3. Eremitalpa granti - Grant’s Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus - Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale cf. longicaudata - Lesser Long-tailed Shrew Tenrec 4. Microgale cowani - Cowan’s Shrew Tenrec 5. Microgale mergulus - Web-footed Tenrec 6. Nesogale cf. talazaci - Talazac’s Shrew Tenrec 7. Nesogale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 8. Setifer setosus - Greater Hedgehog Tenrec 9. Tenrec ecaudatus - Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (127 genera, 308 species) ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BALAENIDAE - bowheads and right whales 1. Balaena mysticetus – Bowhead Whale 2. Eubalaena australis - Southern Right Whale 3. Eubalaena glacialis – North Atlantic Right Whale 4. Eubalaena japonica - North Pacific Right Whale BALAENOPTERIDAE -rorqual whales 1. Balaenoptera acutorostrata – Common Minke Whale 2. Balaenoptera borealis - Sei Whale 3. Balaenoptera brydei – Bryde’s Whale 4. Balaenoptera musculus - Blue Whale 5. Balaenoptera physalus - Fin Whale 6. Balaenoptera ricei - Rice’s Whale 7. Eschrichtius robustus - Gray Whale 8. Megaptera novaeangliae - Humpback Whale BOVIDAE (54 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Common Impala 3. Aepyceros petersi - Black-faced Impala 4. Alcelaphus caama - Red Hartebeest 5. Alcelaphus cokii - Kongoni (Coke’s Hartebeest) 6. Alcelaphus lelwel - Lelwel Hartebeest 7. Alcelaphus swaynei - Swayne’s Hartebeest 8. Ammelaphus australis - Southern Lesser Kudu 9. Ammelaphus imberbis - Northern Lesser Kudu 10. Ammodorcas clarkei - Dibatag 11. Ammotragus lervia - Aoudad (Barbary Sheep) 12.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Native and Naturalized Fauna of Virginia
    Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources List of Native and Naturalized Fauna of Virginia August, 2020 (* denotes naturalized species; ** denotes species native to some areas of Virginia and naturalized in other areas of Virginia) Common Name Scientific Name FISHES: Freshwater Fishes: Alabama Bass * Micropterus henshalli * Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus American Brook Lamprey Lampetra appendix American Eel Anguilla rostrata American Shad Alosa sapidissima Appalachia Darter Percina gymnocephala Ashy Darter Etheostoma cinereum Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus Banded Darter Etheostoma zonale Banded Drum Larimus fasciatus Banded Killifish Fundulus diaphanus Banded Sculpin Cottus carolinae Banded Sunfish Ennaecanthus obesus Bigeye Chub Hybopsis amblops Bigeye Jumprock Moxostoma ariommum Bigmouth Chub Nocomis platyrhynchus Black Bullhead Ameiurus melas Black Crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus Blacktip Jumprock Moxostoma cervinum Black Redhorse Moxostoma duquesnei Black Sculpin Cottus baileyi Blackbanded Sunfish Enneacanthus chaetodon Blacknose Dace Rhinichthys atratulus Blackside Dace Chrosomus cumberlandensis Blackside Darter Percina maculata Blotched Chub Erimystax insignis Blotchside Logperch Percina burtoni Blue Catfish * Ictalurus furcatus * Blue Ridge Sculpin Cottus caeruleomentum Blueback Herring Alosa aestivalis Bluebreast Darter Etheostoma camurum Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus Bluehead Chub Nocomis leptocephalus Blueside Darter Etheostoma jessiae Bluespar Darter Etheostoma meadiae Bluespotted Sunfish Enneacanthus gloriosus Bluestone
    [Show full text]
  • Shrews Wildlife Note
    Shrews Although most people never see one, shrews are plentiful animals that play an important role in nature. Shrews belong to order Insectivora, a diverse group considered the most primitive of true placental mammals. As their name suggests, Insectivores feed mainly on insects. Shrews do most of their feeding above ground or in tunnels in the leaf litter and other debris at the ground’s surface. They are related to moles, insect-eaters that live deeper in the soil. Shrews range in size from the pygmy shrew (a little over three inches long, weighing 0.08 to 0.13 ounces) to the short-tailed shrew (four to five inches long, 0.44 to 0.82 ounces). In each of the seven shrew species inhabiting Pennsylvania, the sexes are equal in size and weight. Shrews have long, pointed noses, beady eyes and slender skulls. Their small ears are covered (or nearly so) by short, velvety fur. Here’s how to tell one from a mouse: shrews have five toes on each foot (most mice have four toes on their front feet); shrews’ teeth are sharp and pointed, and often stained dark (mice have chisel-like cutting incisors typical of rodents, without the dark staining); and shrews’ eyes are beadier and their noses more pointed than those of mice. Most Pennsylvania shrews look fairly similar, and it often takes an expert to tell them apart. Active year-round, shrews have terrific metabolic rates and must eat almost continuously. They are quick and aggressive and may attack animals larger than themselves. masked shrew At least one species of shrew has poisonous saliva, a rare example of toxicity in mammals.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammal SGCN Conservation Reports Vermont’S Wildlife Action Plan 2015
    Appendix A5 Mammal SGCN Conservation Reports Vermont’s Wildlife Action Plan 2015 Species ........................................ page Species ......................................... page Masked Shrew..................................... 2 Southern Flying Squirrel .................... 73 Water Shrew ....................................... 6 Northern Flying Squirrel .................... 76 Smoky Shrew ...................................... 9 Rock Vole ......................................... 80 Long-tailed or Rock Shrew ................. 13 Woodland Vole ................................. 85 Pygmy Shrew .................................... 17 Muskrat ............................................ 88 Hairy-tailed Mole ............................... 20 Southern Bog Lemming ..................... 92 Little Brown Bat/Myotis ...................... 23 Northern bog lemming ...................... 97 Indiana Bat ....................................... 27 Wolf ................................................ 100 Small-footed Bat ............................... 32 Gray Fox ......................................... 107 Northern Long-eared Bat ................... 37 American Marten ............................. 113 Silver-haired Bat................................ 43 Long-tailed Weasel .......................... 118 Tri-colored bat .................................. 48 Northern River Otter ........................ 121 Big Brown Bat ................................... 52 Canada Lynx .................................... 124 Eastern Red Bat ...............................
    [Show full text]