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Soviet Nostalgia in Post-Soviet Russia by Charles J

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Soviet Nostalgia in Post-Soviet Russia by Charles J Motherland: Soviet Nostalgia in Post-Soviet Russia By Charles J. Sullivan B.A. in Political Science, May 2003, University of Delaware M.A. in International Studies, August 2006, University of South Carolina, Columbia A Dissertation submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 18, 2014 Dissertation directed by Henry E. Hale Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University certifies that Charles Joseph Sullivan has passed the final examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of February 26, 2014. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. Motherland: Soviet Nostalgia in Post-Soviet Russia Charles J. Sullivan Dissertation Research Committee: Henry E. Hale, Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, Dissertation Director James Goldgeier, Dean of the School of International Service, American University, Committee Member Henry J. Farrell, Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, Committee Member ii Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my mother and father, my uncle, my wife and son, my wife’s family in Kazan, and everyone else in Russia who helped make this possible. iii Acknowledgements I wish to acknowledge the following individuals for assisting me in my efforts to complete this dissertation: Dr. Henry E. Hale of The George Washington University’s Department of Political Science for his exemplary service as my dissertation chairperson, academic mentor, and distinguished colleague, as well as for his kindness and good nature; Dr. James Goldgeier, Dean of American University’s School of International Service, and Dr. Henry J. Farrell of The George Washington University’s Department of Political Science for serving as my dissertation committee members; Dr. Muriel A. Atkin of The George Washington University’s Department of History and Dr. Eric M. McGlinchey of George Mason University’s Department of Public and International Affairs for serving as my outside readers; the Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies along with A. Michael Hoffman for his generosity; the Levada Analytical Center; and The George Washington University’s Department of Political Science (faculty, administration, and fellow graduate students). Additionally, I would like to thank my parents, Joseph and Denise Sullivan, along with the Rev. Charles J. Sullivan for their much appreciated support throughout the duration of my tenure at The George Washington University; our family members and mutual friends in Russia; as well as my fieldwork research participants in the federal subjects of Samara Oblast, Volgograd Oblast, and the Republic of Tatarstan. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Gulnur, who has stood firmly by my side throughout the duration of this endeavor, and my son Oscar, whose birth has forever linked me to Russia, a country which I have come to know and love throughout my time spent as a graduate student at The George Washington University. iv Abstract of Dissertation Motherland: Soviet Nostalgia in Post-Soviet Russia Over the course of the past two decades, Russia has undergone a dramatic transformation. On the surface, it appears as if most people view the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as an extinct entity. Yet if one tours the streets of any city in Russia today, they can see that pieces of the USSR remain very much alive. I thus pose the following question: To what extent and why do citizens of the Russian Federation harbor feelings of nostalgia towards the Soviet Union? My dissertation seeks to expand upon academia’s inquiry into the politics of memory. To date, scholarly discussion in this field focuses on the role of historical legacies in influencing political outcomes, as well as how politicians “shape” interpretations of historical events for political purposes. In my efforts to complement such studies, I seek to highlight how popular perceptions regarding the differentiation of the past from the present can influence politics today. My dissertation is based on a mixed-methods design, consisting of survey analysis with a fieldwork-based comparative study of three federal subjects in the Russian Federation. In partnering with the Levada Analytical Center to carry out a nationally representative survey, my results reveal nostalgic sentiments to be quite pervasive. Furthermore, my fieldwork indicates that such feelings are largely based on materialistic considerations, namely in how Russians unfavorably compare contemporary public services to that of previous provisions afforded under Soviet rule. In addition, I argue that v feelings of nostalgia appear to flourish independently of how the USSR is portrayed in the media and educational system today. Finally, while most Russians do not believe that the Soviet Union will ever be reconstituted, some nonetheless hold out a sense of hope as they contend with the complexities of life in Russia today. Thus, I conclude that such nostalgic sentiments are quite genuine and will likely persist into the foreseeable future. vi Table of Contents Dedication………………………………………………………………………………...iii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………….................iv Abstract of Dissertation……………………………………………………………….......v List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………...viii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………......ix Chapter One: Nostalgia in Theory…………………………………………………….......1 Chapter Two: The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the Onset of Soviet Nostalgia........40 Chapter Three: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia in Russia Today………………………......77 Chapter Four: Samara…………………………………………………………………..106 Chapter Five: Volgograd………………………………………………………………..134 Chapter Six: Kazan……………………………………………………………………..165 Chapter Seven: Nostalgia, Media, and Education……………………………………...194 Chapter Eight: The Future of Soviet Nostalgia……………………………………........229 References…………………………………………………………………………........255 vii List of Figures Figure 1: Feelings of Regret over the Collapse of the Soviet Union………………….....81 Figure 2: Feelings of Pride and Shame for the Soviet Union…………………………....82 Figure 3: Feelings on the Restoration of the Soviet Union……………………………....82 Figure 4: Feelings on a Return to Communist Party Rule…………………………….....83 viii List of Tables Table 1: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia – Bivariate Correlations………………………....84 Table 2: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Age…………………………………………...85 Table 3: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Income………………………………………..85 Table 4: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Education……………………………………..87 Table 5: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Gender………………………………………..87 Table 6: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Nationality……………………………………88 Table 7: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Residency………………………………….....88 Table 8: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Region………………………………………..89 Table 9: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Social Status……………………………….....90 Table 10: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Consumer Status…………………………….90 Table 11: Results of OLS Multivariate Regressions on Correlates of Nostalgia – Demographics……………………………………………………………………………92 Table 12: Beta Coefficients – Demographics……………………………………….…...94 Table 13: Results of OLS Multivariate Regressions on Correlates of Nostalgia – Including Attitudinals…………………………...…………………………………….....97 Table 14: Beta Coefficients - Including Attitudinals………………………………..…...99 Table 15: Evaluations of Public Services in USSR by Age…………………………….100 Table 16: Evaluations of Public Services in USSR by Income………………………...100 Table 17: Evaluations of Public Services in USSR by Region…………………………101 Table 18: Evaluations of Public Services in Russia by Age……………………………101 Table 19: Evaluations of Public Services in Russia by Income………………………...101 ix List of Tables (cont’d) Table 20: Evaluations of Public Services in Russia by Region………………………...102 Table 21: Hard to Say Responses to Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Age…………….103 Table 22: Refusal Responses to Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Age…………………103 Table 23: Hard to Say Responses to Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Income…………104 Table 24: Refusal Responses to Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Income……………...104 Table 25: Evaluations of Public Services in USSR by Age…………………………….123 Table 26: Evaluations of Public Services in USSR by Income………………………...123 Table 27: Evaluations of Public Services in Russia by Age……………………………123 Table 28: Evaluations of Public Services in Russia by Income………………………...123 Table 29: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Region……………………………………..151 Table 30: Evaluations of Public Services in Russia by Region………………………...153 Table 31: Evaluations of Public Services in USSR by Region…………………………154 Table 32: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Nationality…………………………………180 Table 33: Feelings of Soviet Nostalgia by Residency………………………………….184 Table 34: Results of OLS Multivariate Regressions on Correlates of Nostalgia – Newspapers……………………………………………………………………………..198 Table 35: Beta Coefficients – Newspapers…………….……………………………….199 Table 36: Results of OLS Multivariate Regressions on Correlates of Nostalgia – Television Channels………………………………………………………………….....201 Table 37: Beta Coefficients – Television Channels…………………….………………201 x List of Tables (cont’d) Table 38: Results of OLS Multivariate Regressions on Correlates of Nostalgia – Newspapers and Television Channels………………………………………………….201 Table 39: Beta Coefficients - Newspapers
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