DOCSLIB.ORG

Archaeologist Paul Prince *Is One of the Few Archaeologists of the Skeena River Who Focused on the Protocontact Period

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Archaeologist Paul Prince *Is One of the Few Archaeologists of the Skeena River Who Focused on the Protocontact Period The Lax Kw’alaams Indian Band and Others v. The Attorney General of Canada and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of the Province of British Columbia Prepared for James M. Mackenzie Department of Justice British Columbia Regional Office Vancouver, British Columbia February 8, 2007 © Joan A. Lovisek Joan A. Lovisek, Ph.D. M.E.S. 14965 25A Avenue SURREY, BRITISH COLUMBIA. V4P 1N7 TEL: (604) 541-7921 FAX: (604) 541-9221 EMAIL: [email protected] 1 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................4 QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................................................4 THE COAST TSIMSHIAN .....................................................................................................................6 PRECONTACT GROUP NAMES.............................................................................................................7 MARINE RESOURCE USE ...................................................................................................................9 Environment........................................................................................................................... 9 PRECONTACT MARINE RESOURCE TECHNOLOGY, CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT.....10 Conservation ........................................................................................................................ 12 PRECONTACT SKEENA RIVER VALLEY AND INTERIOR........................................................................13 ARCHAEOLOGY VS. ETHNOGRAPHIC MODEL OF TSIMSHIAN SETTLEMENT AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION. .......................................................................................................................................................20 Protocontact Trade............................................................................................................... 22 Precontact: Coastal Marine Resource Use........................................................................... 26 PROTOCONTACT –INDIRECT CONTACT WITH EUROPEANS.................................................................34 Dundas Island Group ........................................................................................................... 39 PROTOCONTACT- HISTORICAL EVIDENCE .........................................................................................45 FORT SIMPSON 1834 .......................................................................................................................76 Intergroup Hostilities and Slavery ...................................................................................... 83 MIGRATION TO METLAKATLA ....................................................................................................... 100 NON- NATIVE SETTLEMENT.......................................................................................................... 102 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ................................................................................................................ 118 Tribe.................................................................................................................................... 120 Kinship Obligations............................................................................................................ 123 PRECONTACT KINSHIP AND EXCHANGE......................................................................................... 125 Ethnographic Examples of Exchange and Trade............................................................... 127 PROPERTY AND OWNERSHIP......................................................................................................... 135 TERRITORIES ............................................................................................................................... 139 Abandonment of Territories............................................................................................... 139 PRECONTACT POTLATCH............................................................................................................... 141 Wealth................................................................................................................................. 143 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ........................................................................................ 144 Summary Answer 1.1.1.1..................................................................................................... 144 Summary Answer to 1.1.1.2 ................................................................................................ 145 Summary Answer to 1.1.1.3 ................................................................................................ 146 Summary Answer to 1.1.1.4 ................................................................................................ 146 Summary Answer to 1.1.1.4A.............................................................................................. 147 Summary Answer to 1.1.1.5 ................................................................................................ 147 Summary Answer to 1.1.1.6 ................................................................................................ 147 Summary Answer to 1.1.1.6A.............................................................................................. 148 Summary Answer to 1.1.1.7 ................................................................................................ 148 Summary Answer to 1.1.1.8................................................................................................ 148 Summary Answer to 1.1.3.1 ................................................................................................ 149 Summary Answer to 1.1.4.2................................................................................................ 150 Summary Answer to 1.1.14- 1.1.4.8 .................................................................................... 151 Summary Answer to 1.1.5.5-1.1.5.8 .................................................................................... 151 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................. 153 APPENDIX A – CURRICULUM VITAE .............................................................................................. 165 APPENDIX B- METHODS ............................................................................................................... 184 2 Ethnohistorical Method...................................................................................................... 184 Tsimshian Narratives......................................................................................................... 185 Ethnographic Present......................................................................................................... 186 Documents.......................................................................................................................... 189 APPENDIX C- ETHNOGRAPHIC GROUP IDENTITIES, TERRITORIES AND FISHING LOCATIONS ........... 190 Gilutss’aaw ......................................................................................................................... 190 Ginaxangiik ........................................................................................................................ 190 Gispaxlo’ots......................................................................................................................... 190 Gitando ............................................................................................................................... 191 Gitlaan................................................................................................................................192 Gitnadoiks .......................................................................................................................... 193 Gitsiis.................................................................................................................................. 194 Gitwalksabae...................................................................................................................... 196 Gitwilgyoots ....................................................................................................................... 197 Gitzaxlaal............................................................................................................................ 199 Comparison of Duff’s maps with Lax Kw’alaams Fisheries Resource Site Map ............... 200 3 Introduction I, Joan A. M. Lovisek, am a professional anthropologist and ethnohistorian. I hold a doctorate in Anthropology from McMaster University specialized in ethnohistory, and a Masters degree in Environmental Studies from York University. I am qualified to research and analyze Aboriginal issues involving historical land and resource use. I have conducted research projects, including the gathering and analysis of Elder testimony, in various Aboriginal communities across Canada. I have extensive research experience in primary historical and anthropological sources and have prepared, reviewed and assessed Aboriginal claim submissions for First Nations, governments and legal counsel. I have given papers at numerous scholarly conferences and have published articles in various academic journals and chapters in books (see Appendix A for curriculum
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wahnapitae First Nation
    MULTI-SECTOR SERVICE ACCOUNTABILITY AGREEMENT April 1, 2014 to March 31, 2017 SERVICE ACCOUNTABILITY AGREEMENT with Wahnapitae First Nation Effective Date: April 1, 2014 Index to Agreement ARTICLE 1.0 - DEFINITIONS & INTERPRETATION ARTICLE 2.0 - TERM AND NATURE OF THIS AGREEMENT ARTICLE 3.0 - PROVISION OF SERVICES ARTICLE 4.0 - FUNDING ARTICLE 5.0 - REPAYMENT AND RECOVERY OF FUNDING ARTICLE 6.0 - PLANNING & INTEGRATION ARTICLE 7.0 - PERFORMANCE ARTICLE 8.0 - REPORTING, ACCOUNTING AND REVIEW ARTICLE 9.0 - ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF LHIN SUPPORT ARTICLE 10.0 - REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES AND COVENANTS ARTICLE 11.0 - LIMITATION OF LIABILITY, INDEMNITY & INSURANCE ARTICLE 12.0 - TERMINATION OF AGREEMENT ARTICLE 13.0 - NOTICE ARTICLE 14.0 - ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS ARTICLE 15.0 - ENTIRE AGREEMENT Schedules A - Detailed Description of Services B - Service Plan C - Reports D - Directives, Guidelines, Policies & Standards E - Performance F - Project Funding Agreement Template G - Compliance THE AGREEMENT effective as of the 1st day of April, 2014 BETWEEN : NORTH EAST LOCAL HEALTH INTEGRATION NETWORK (the “LHIN”) - and - Wahnapitae First Nation (the “HSP”) Background: The Local Health System Integration Act, 2006 requires that the LHIN and the HSP enter into a service accountability agreement. The service accountability agreement supports a collaborative relationship between the LHIN and the HSP to improve the health of Ontarians through better access to high quality health services, to co-ordinate health care in local health systems and to manage the health system at the local level effectively and efficiently. In this context, the HSP and the LHIN agree that the LHIN will provide funding to the HSP on the terms and conditions set out in this Agreement to enable the provision of services to the local health system by the HSP.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Apply
    Five (5) scholarships in the amount of $1,500.00 each will be awarded to Anishinabek First Nation students at the post-secondary level ELIGIBILITY AND APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS Eligibility: Applicant must be a registered full-time student at an accredited post-secondary college or university. Students who are currently enrolled as well as those who have completed studies and are graduating in 2021 are eligible. Applicant must be a registered member of one of the 39 Anishinabek First Nations. To Apply: Eligible students are asked to submit: a short bio (tell us who you are); a letter outlining academic achievements, community involvement and future aspirations; two (2) written academic references; a copy of your transcript of your current 2020/21 grades; and contact information including email address, complete mailing address and phone number. * Incomplete applications will not be considered. CLOSING DATE for scholarship applications is Friday, May 28, 2021 Applications can be submitted by email (preferred), mail, or fax to: Jason Restoule, Manager Phone: (705) 497-9127 or 1-877-702-5200 Anishinabek Nation 7th Generation Charity Fax: (705) 497-9135 1 Migizii Miikan, P.O. Box 711 Email: [email protected] North Bay, ON P1B 8J8 www.an7gc.ca Post-secondary students registered with the following Anishinabek First Nation communities are eligible to apply Aamjiwnaang First Nation Moose Deer Point Alderville First Nation Munsee-Delaware Nation Atikameksheng Anishnawbek Namaygoosisagagun First Nation Aundeck Omni Kaning Nipissing First Nation
    [Show full text]
  • Carrier Sekani Tribal Council Aboriginal Interests & Use Study On
    Carrier Sekani Tribal Council Aboriginal Interests & Use Study on the Enbridge Gateway Pipeline An Assessment of the Impacts of the Proposed Enbridge Gateway Pipeline on the Carrier Sekani First Nations May 2006 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council i Aboriginal Interests & Use Study on the Proposed Gateway Pipeline ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Carrier Sekani Tribal Council Aboriginal Interests & Use Study was carried out under the direction of, and by many members of the Carrier Sekani First Nations. This work was possible because of the many people who have over the years established the written records of the history, territories, and governance of the Carrier Sekani. Without this foundation, this study would have been difficult if not impossible. This study involved many community members in various capacities including: Community Coordinators/Liaisons Ryan Tibbetts, Burns Lake Band Bev Ketlo, Nadleh Whut’en First Nation Sara Sam, Nak’azdli First Nation Rosa McIntosh, Saik’uz First Nation Bev Bird & Ron Winser, Tl’azt’en Nation Michael Teegee & Terry Teegee, Takla Lake First Nation Viola Turner, Wet’suwet’en First Nation Elders, Trapline & Keyoh Holders Interviewed Dick A’huille, Nak’azdli First Nation Moise and Mary Antwoine, Saik’uz First Nation George George, Sr. Nadleh Whut’en First Nation Rita George, Wet’suwet’en First Nation Patrick Isaac, Wet’suwet’en First Nation Peter John, Burns Lake Band Alma Larson, Wet’suwet’en First Nation Betsy and Carl Leon, Nak’azdli First Nation Bernadette McQuarry, Nadleh Whut’en First Nation Aileen Prince, Nak’azdli First Nation Donald Prince, Nak’azdli First Nation Guy Prince, Nak’azdli First Nation Vince Prince, Nak’azdli First Nation Kenny Sam, Burns Lake Band Lillian Sam, Nak’azdli First Nation Ruth Tibbetts, Burns Lake Band Ryan Tibbetts, Burns Lake Band Joseph Tom, Wet’suwet’en First Nation Translation services provided by Lillian Morris, Wet’suwet’en First Nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Lt. Aemilius Simpson's Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826
    The Journal of the Hakluyt Society August 2014 Lt. Aemilius Simpson’s Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826 Edited by William Barr1 and Larry Green CONTENTS PREFACE The journal 2 Editorial practices 3 INTRODUCTION The man, the project, its background and its implementation 4 JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE ACROSS THE CONTINENT OF NORTH AMERICA IN 1826 York Factory to Norway House 11 Norway House to Carlton House 19 Carlton House to Fort Edmonton 27 Fort Edmonton to Boat Encampment, Columbia River 42 Boat Encampment to Fort Vancouver 62 AFTERWORD Aemilius Simpson and the Northwest coast 1826–1831 81 APPENDIX I Biographical sketches 90 APPENDIX II Table of distances in statute miles from York Factory 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY 101 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1. George Simpson, 1857 3 Fig. 2. York Factory 1853 4 Fig. 3. Artist’s impression of George Simpson, approaching a post in his personal North canoe 5 Fig. 4. Fort Vancouver ca.1854 78 LIST OF MAPS Map 1. York Factory to the Forks of the Saskatchewan River 7 Map 2. Carlton House to Boat Encampment 27 Map 3. Jasper to Fort Vancouver 65 1 Senior Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada. 2 PREFACE The Journal The journal presented here2 is transcribed from the original manuscript written in Aemilius Simpson’s hand. It is fifty folios in length in a bound volume of ninety folios, the final forty folios being blank. Each page measures 12.8 inches by seven inches and is lined with thirty- five faint, horizontal blue-grey lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright (C) Queen's Printer, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
    B.C. Reg. 38/2016 O.C. 112/2016 Deposited February 29, 2016 effective February 29, 2016 Water Sustainability Act WATER DISTRICTS REGULATION Note: Check the Cumulative Regulation Bulletin 2015 and 2016 for any non-consolidated amendments to this regulation that may be in effect. Water districts 1 British Columbia is divided into the water districts named and described in the Schedule. Schedule Water Districts Alberni Water District That part of Vancouver Island together with adjacent islands lying southwest of a line commencing at the northwest corner of Fractional Township 42, Rupert Land District, being a point on the natural boundary of Fisherman Bay; thence in a general southeasterly direction along the southwesterly boundaries of the watersheds of Dakota Creek, Laura Creek, Stranby River, Nahwitti River, Quatse River, Keogh River, Cluxewe River and Nimpkish River to the southeasterly boundary of the watershed of Nimpkish River; thence in a general northeasterly direction along the southeasterly boundary of the watershed of Nimpkish River to the southerly boundary of the watershed of Salmon River; thence in a general easterly direction along the southerly boundary of the watershed of Salmon River to the southwesterly boundary thereof; thence in a general southeasterly direction along the southwesterly boundaries of the watersheds of Salmon River and Campbell River to the southerly boundary of the watershed of Campbell River; thence in a general easterly direction along the southerly boundaries of the watersheds of Campbell River and
    [Show full text]
  • Collections of DNA Baseline Tissues from Chinook Salmon in the North Coast of British Columbia in 2004
    Collections of DNA baseline tissues from Chinook Salmon in the North Coast of British Columbia in 2004 Ivan Winther Fisheries & Oceans Canada Science Branch, Pacific Region 417-2nd Avenue West Prince Rupert, British Columbia V8J-1G8 February, 2005 A project funded by the Northern Boundary and Transboundary Rivers Restoration and Enhancement Fund 2004. ii CONTENTS Abstract..........................................................................................................................................iii List of Tables .................................................................................................................................iii List of Figures................................................................................................................................iii Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 Methods........................................................................................................................................... 2 Results............................................................................................................................................. 2 Discussion....................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................... 3 References......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Southeast Alaska Mid-Region Access Port and Ferry Terminal Technical Memorandum
    S A M-R A P Ferr T T M Prepared for Fr Highw An Through R Pecci Associates, I. 825 Custer Avenue Helena, Montana 59604 (406)447-5000 www.rpa-hln.com Prepared by T Gos Associates, I. 1201 Western Avenue, Suite 200 Seattle, WA 98101 www.glosten.com Pametri, I. 700 NE Multnomah, Suite 1000 Portland, OR 97232-4110 T. 503.233.2400 F, 503.233.4825 www.parametrix.com CITATION The Glosten Associates, Inc., Parametrix, Inc. 2011. Southeast Alaska Mid-Region Access Port and Ferry Terminal Technical Memorandum. Prepared by The Glosten Associates, Inc., Seattle, Washington, Parametrix, Inc., Portland, Oregon. April 2011. Port and Ferry Terminal Technical Memorandum TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... ES-1 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.1 Purpose of the Mid-Region Access Study ......................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Southeast Alaska Mid-Region Access Study Corridors ..................................................... 1-3 1.2.1 Bradfield Canal Corridor ....................................................................................... 1-3 1.2.2 Stikine River Corridor ........................................................................................... 1-5 1.2.3 Aaron Creek Corridor............................................................................................ 1-5 1.3 Characteristics
    [Show full text]
  • Kupreanof / Mitkof Province
    Kupreanof / Mitkof Province and northeastern Kupreanof. In the southwestern corner fringing Rocky Pass, extensive volcanic rocks underlie a rolling, boggy plateau. Other portions of the province have greater relief, but only in the northwest corner are there highly productive parent materials that once supported extensive large-tree forest. Mitkof Island has the northernmost redcedars on the archipelago. (A few occur to the north at Farragut Bay on the mainland.) Yellow-cedars are abundant throughout the province, yet a large proportion of cedar stands are currently experiencing a systematic die-off that is wide-spread throughout Southeast Alaska and northern British Columbia (Hennon et al. 1990, Hennon et al. 2005). Compared to island provinces such as East Chichagof and North Prince of Wales, where deeply dissecting fiords and more rugged relief create obstacles to wildlife connectivity, Kupreanof-Mitkof Province has a low degree of natural fragmentation. This province has a high number of mammal species; collectively, Kupreanof and Mitkof host 21 known mammal species, the second largest number (after Wrangell/Etolin) for any island province (MacDonald FIG 1. Kupreanof-Mitkof Province. and Cook 1999). This species richness certainly reflects proximity to the Stikine River which is a major The biogeographic province of Kupreanof and Mitkof corridor connecting wildlife from the interior with the Islands is located in central Southeast north of the coastal forests. Stikine River Delta (Fig 1). This province has one of Kake and Petersburg–the province’s two mid-sized the highest proportions (65%) of development lands of communities– are both dependent upon the any province in Southeast and only 5% of the lands are surrounding marine and terrestrial environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline: Cheslatta Carrier Nation and “Southside” Community 5000BC
    Timeline: Cheslatta Carrier Nation and “Southside” Community (Updated to March 3 2021 by Mike Robertson) Please contact me for additions and/or corrections [email protected] 5000BC Archaeological evidence confirms 7000 years of human occupation in the Cheslatta Territory 1763 British Royal Proclamation reserved undefined North American land for Aboriginal people. 1770 est “Grandmother Cheslatta” born 1774 Juan Perez Hernandez claimed the Northwestern coast of North America for Spain. 1791 Spanish explorer Esteban Jose Martinez traded copper sheets to Nootka Sound Chief Maquinna for sawn timber. 1793 Alexander Mackenzie became the first white man to travel through Carrier and Sekani territories while looking for fur-trading areas for the North West Company. 1805-1807 - Simon Fraser established four trading posts in Carrier and Sekani territories: Fort McLeod, Fort George, Fort St. James and Fort Fraser. Until the Hudson Bay Company and North West Company joined together in 1821, Fort St. James was the centre of government and commerce in British Columbia (then called New Caledonia). It claims to be the oldest established white settlement on the B.C. Mainland 1807 February 10th Simon Fraser wrote a letter to express what he witnessed in Stella (Stellaquo). “Almost all Natlians are gone over to Steela.. to grand feast to burn and exhume a couple of chiefs that died of late. When they return from there they will go to the mountains to kill Caribou.” 1828 Chief Kwah captured James Douglas at Ft. St. James, whom he held until his release was negotiated. The incident lead to conflict among different Carrier Nations. Douglas went on to become the first governor of the united colony of British Columbia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tsimshian Homeland: an Ancient Cultural Landscape
    THE TSIMSHIAN HOMELAND: AN ANCIENT CULTURAL LANDSCAPE By KEN DOWNS Integrated Studies Project submitted to Dr. Leslie Main Johnson in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts – Integrated Studies Athabasca, Alberta February, 2006 The Tsimshian Homeland: An Ancient Cultural Landscape Questioning the “Pristine Myth” in Northwestern British Columbia What are the needs of all these plants? This is the critical question for us. Rest, protection, appreciation and respect are a few of the values we need to give these generous fellow passengers through time. K”ii7lljuus (Barbara Wilson 2004:216) Ksan (Skeena River) downstream from Kitsumkalum looking toward Terrace Master of Integrated Studies Final Project – Athabasca University Submitted to Dr. Leslie Main Johnson – February 25, 2006 – Ken Downs Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………….... … 4 Tsimshian Landscape ………………………………………………… 6 Tsimshian Archaeology………………………………......................... 12 Tsimshian: “Complex Hunter-Gatherers”? ............................................ 15 Investigations of Tsimshian Agriculture – Field Research …………….. 17 Results of Fieldwork (2003-2005) ……………………………………… 19 Kalum Canyon Sites …………………………………………………….. 36 Adawx: Oral Histories of the Canyon …………………………………… 45 Canyon Tsimshian Plant Resources and Management ………………….. 48 Significant Plants at Kalum Canyon …………………………………….. 50 Kalum Canyon Agro-Ecosystems ………………………………………… 66 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………….. 69 Further Research …………………………………………………………… 74 Acknowledgements
    [Show full text]
  • Interpretation and Conclusions
    "LIKE NUGGETS FROM A GOLD MINEu SEARCHING FOR BRICKS AND THEIR MAKERS IN 'THE OREGON COUNTRY' B~f' Kmtm (1 COfwer~ ;\ th¢...i, ...uhmineJ Ilt SOIl(mla Slale UFU vcr,il y 11'1 partial fulfiUlT'Ietlt of the fCqlJln:mcntfi for the dcgr~ of MASTER OF ARTS tn Copyright 2011 by Kristin O. Converse ii AUTHORlZAnON FOR REPRODUCnON OF MASTER'S THESISIPROJECT 1pM' pernlt"j(m I~ n:pnll.lm.:til.m of Ihi$ rhais in ib endrel)" \Ii' !tbout runt\er uuthorilAtlOO fn.)m me. on the condiHt)Jllhat the per",)f1 Of a,eocy rl;!'(lucMing reproduction the "'OS$. and 1:Jf't)vi~ proper ackruJwkd,rnem nf auth.:If'l'htp. III “LIKE NUGGETS FROM A GOLD MINE” SEARCHING FOR BRICKS AND THEIR MAKERS IN „THE OREGON COUNTRY‟ Thesis by Kristin O. Converse ABSTRACT Purpose of the Study: The history of the Pacific Northwest has favored large, extractive and national industries such as the fur trade, mining, lumbering, fishing and farming over smaller pioneer enterprises. This multi-disciplinary study attempts to address that oversight by focusing on the early brickmakers in „the Oregon Country‟. Using a combination of archaeometry and historical research, this study attempts to make use of a humble and under- appreciated artifact – brick – to flesh out the forgotten details of the emergence of the brick industry, its role in the shifting local economy, as well as its producers and their economic strategies. Procedure: Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis was performed on 89 red, common bricks archaeologically recovered from Fort Vancouver and 113 comparative samples in an attempt to „source‟ the brick.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Description Proposed Natural Gas Transmission System
    Project Description Proposed Natural Gas Transmission System Northeast British Columbia to the Prince Rupert Area Suite 2600, 425 - 1st Street SW Suite 1100, 1055 West Georgia Street Fifth Avenue Place, East Tower PO Box 11162 Calgary, AB T2P 3L8 Vancouver, BC V6E 3R5 October 2012 Table of Contents 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 PROPONENT INFORMATION ............................................................................................................. 8 3.0 GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION ............................................................................................ 9 4.0 PROJECT OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 Project Description............................................................................................................. 10 4.2 Alternative Means to Carry Out the Project ........................................................................ 11 4.3 Right-of-Way Characteristics ............................................................................................. 12 4.4 Project Activities ................................................................................................................ 13 4.5 Accidents and Malfunctions ............................................................................................... 18 4.6 Project Development Schedule .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]