Dreams and Nightmares
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Visual Arts in the Urban Environment in the German Democratic Republic: Formal, Theoretical and Functional Change, 1949–1980
Visual arts in the urban environment in the German Democratic Republic: formal, theoretical and functional change, 1949–1980 Jessica Jenkins Submitted: January 2014 This text represents the submission for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in partial fulfilment of its requirements) at the Royal College of Art Copyright Statement This text represents the submission for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Royal College of Art. This copy has been supplied for the purpose of research for private study, on the understanding that it is copyright material, and that no quotation from this thesis may be published without proper acknowledgment. Author’s Declaration 1. During the period of registered study in which this thesis was prepared the author has not been registered for any other academic award or qualification. 2. The material included in this thesis has not been submitted wholly or in part for any academic award or qualification other than that for which it is now submitted. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the very many people and institutions who have supported me in this research. Firstly, thanks are due to my supervisors, Professor David Crowley and Professor Jeremy Aynsley at the Royal College of Art, for their expert guidance, moral support, and inspiration as incredibly knowledgeable and imaginative design historians. Without a generous AHRC doctoral award and an RCA bursary I would not have been been able to contemplate a project of this scope. Similarly, awards from the German History Society, the Design History Society, the German Historical Institute in Washington and the German Academic Exchange Service in London, as well as additional small bursaries from the AHRC have enabled me to extend my research both in time and geography. -
Spaces Between Beginning and End.Indd
Spaces between Beginning and End: Thoughts on Peter Voigt’s Film Essay Dusk: 1950s East Berlin Bohemia BY CLAUS LÖSER Oh, joyful time of beginnings! The page white and the pencil sketches the overall plan! First line in nothingness, boldly rising through the void into everything! Excavate the ground and depth: the building will be tall. Seeing what has never been seen! Testing the new! —Bertolt Brecht, “Ach, wie doch einst ich sie sah!“1 When Peter Voigt’s documentary Dämmerung – Ostberliner Bohème der 50er Jahre (Dusk: 1950s East Berlin Bohemia) celebrated its premiere in the Grüne Salon of Berlin’s Volksbühne, only those in the know and especially interested • A 2018 DVD Release by the DEFA Film Library • A 2018 DVD Release by the DEFA viewers came to the screening. There were very few reviews. A regular theatrical release did not occur afterwards. In a certain sense, the film arrived both too early and too late. Five years earlier, it would have been a sensation. At the time of its premiere, however, the systematic—and still continuing—examination of phenomena of GDR cultural history had not yet begun. Besides, in the early 1990s, many potentially interested viewers were preoccupied with the reorganization of their daily lives that accompanied the fundamental paradigm change of 1989-90. In view of an uncertain future, affected contemporaries had no relevant interest in tracing the peculiarities of a 1950s East Berlin Bohemia, as Voigt’s title promised. The film did not fit the political mainstream either. Because, back then, the history of the GDR was, “above all, interpreted Dusk: 1950s East Berlin Bohemia in light of its inglorious end,” as film historian Ralf Schenk noted in relation to this film, in particular.2 Public discourse focused primarily on clear victim-perpetrator scenarios; perspectives that dealt with differentiated formations located between opportunism and resistance during the SED dictatorship were not in demand. -
Redalyc.Bernhard Heisig Y El “Ajuste De Cuentas” Con El Pasado
Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas ISSN: 0185-1276 [email protected] Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas México Gutiérrez Galindo, Blanca Bernhard Heisig y el “ajuste de cuentas” con el pasado nacionalsocialista Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, vol. XXXIX, núm. 111, 2017, pp. 41-90 Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36953195002 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Bernhard Heisig y el “ajuste de cuentas” con el pasado nacionalsocialista Bernhard Heisig and the Process of “Coming to Terms” with the National Socialist Past Artículo recibido el 19 de septiembre de 16; devuelto para revisión el 4 de marzo de 16; acepta- do el 16 de mayo de 17, http://dx.doi.org/1.1/iie.18736e.17.111.69 Blanca Gutiérrez Galindo Facultad de Artes y Diseño, Posgrado en Artes y Diseño, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. [email protected] Líneas de investigación Arte de la segunda mitad del siglo y arte contemporáneo: arte y política, arte y geopolítica, arte y movimientos sociales. Lines of research Art of the second half of the th century and contemporary art: art and politics, art and geopolitics, art and social movements. Publicaciones más relevantes “El arte contemporáneo en el cruce de las ciencias y los discursos críti- cos contemporáneos”, en Palas y las Musas: diálogos sobre ciencia y arte, vol. -
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Journal of Historical Fictions 1:1 2017 Natasha Alden – Jacobus Bracker – Joanne Heath – Julia Lajta-Novak – Nina Lubbren – Kate Macdonald The Journal of Historical Fictions 1:1 2017 Editor: Dr Kate Macdonald, University of Reading, UK Department of English Literature University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6UR United Kingdom Co-Editors: Dr Natasha Alden, Aberystwyth University; Jacobus Bracker, University of Hamburg; Dr Joanne Heath; Dr Julia Lajta-Novak, University of Vienna; Dr Nina Lubbren, Anglia Ruskin University Advisory Board Dr Jerome de Groot, University of Manchester Nicola Griffith Dr Gregory Hampton, Howard University Professor Fiona Price, University of Chichester Professor Martina Seifert, University of Hamburg Professor Diana Wallace, University of South Wales ISSN 2514-2089 The journal is online available in Open Access at historicalfictionsjournal.org © Creative Commons License: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Reading 2017 Contents Victims, heroes, perpetrators: German art reception and its re-construction of National Socialist persecution Johanna Huthmacher 1 Curating the past: Margins and materiality in Sydney Owenson, Lady Morgan’s The Wild Irish Girl Ruth Knezevich 25 Contentious history in “Egyptian” television: The case of Malek Farouq Tarik Ahmed Elseewi 45 The faces of history. The imagined portraits of the Merovingian kings at the Versailles museum (1837-1842) Margot Renard 65 Masculine crusaders, effeminate Greeks, and the female historian: Relations of power in Sir Walter Scott’s Count Robert of Paris Ioulia Kolovou 89 iii Victims, heroes, perpetrators: German art reception and its re-construction of National Socialist persecution Johanna Huthmacher, Panorama Museum Bad Frankenhausen, Germany Abstract: Shortly after World War II, the German artists Horst Strempel and Hans Grundig created works that depicted National Socialist persecution. -
The Art of Society
The Art of Society Dieter Scholz The Neue Nationalgalerie’s presentation of its collection, with works from 1900 to 1945, focuses on Die Kunst der Gesellschaft (The Art of Society). Societal issues played a pivotal role in this period encompassing the German Empire and its colonies, colonial genocide, the Weimar Republic, National Socialism, two world wars and the civilizational rupture of the Holocaust. A striking number of the works at the Nationalgalerie reveal a connection to these issues. The exhibition and catalogue explore the interplay between art and society during this period in 13 sections. Two paintings by Lotte Laserstein and Sascha Wiederhold form the prelude. They were created almost concurrently, yet they represent two different options for art. The large-format painting Abend über Potsdam (Evening Over Potsdam, fig. p. 8) from 1930 is considered to be Lotte Laserstein’s magnum opus. She was one of the first women to study at the Berlin Academy of Arts, where she was awarded a gold medal in 1925. She had her first solo exhibition in 1930 at the renowned Galerie Gurlitt in Berlin. Laserstein’s work has only begun to be appreciated again in recent years. Her long obscurity had in part to do with the struggle for visibility that women are still waging.1 Women were long denied access to art academies, even if this no longer applied to Laserstein. Women artists have been and continue to be underrepresented. The proportion of their works remains low in the Nationalgalerie as well. This state of affairs, however, was not the only reason for decades of oblivion in Laserstein’s case. -
2 Independence, Fiercely Pursuing Their Particular Vision Regardless of the Risks of Becoming Critically Marginalised
Democratic Humanism in German Painting, 1945-1949: Cultural Division and Public Reception Francis Graham-Dixon (University of Sussex) This article evaluates the impact of a humanist culture within early post-war Germany through artists’ responses and the roles played by specialist art periodicals and their critics in the ensuing cultural debates. German art’s rehabilitation in the early 1950s was shaped by the immediate post-war phase which helped build the foundations of cultural and economic renewal. Visual artists’ efforts to salvage a humanist tradition from the moral and physical wreckage of Nazism reveal tensions between those seeking to maintain continuities with Germany’s past cultural traditions, and those viewing 1945 as a decisive break with history, a chance for a new beginning. Debates over form and content in painting, whether to remould art along socialist lines, or to restore its more liberal and elitist principles, reflected art’s growing politicisation and commercialisation. However, a humanist turn in art managed to bridge this divide and provide a new opportunity for art to reclaim a central role in German culture. Manifestos for Art The focus is on two central themes of a complex story of competing ideologies played out in Germany’s two most significant fine art periodicals of the time, Bildende Kunst (hereafter BK), established within Berlin’s Soviet Zone, and Das Kunstwerk (hereafter KW), founded in Stuttgart. The first theme addresses the notion of cultural division whose defining characteristics are conceptualised as proletarian and Christian humanism, rubrics that were adopted by BK and KW respectively. The periodicals’ differences became symbolised by long-running, hotly-contested debates over the relative merits and limitations of the visual language of abstraction versus those of representation. -
BLICK WECHSEL Journal Für Deutsche Kultur Und Geschichte Im Östlichen Europa
Zwischen Trauer und Triumph Das Jahr 1918 und seine Folgen im östlichen Europa Orte Das Dreikaisereck: Eine Region im Strudel nationaler Interessen Menschen Der große Sprung: Dobrudschadeutsche in der Neuen Welt Werke Wer wollte den Krieg? Der Prager Autor Max Brod klärt auf Szene Der »slowenische Luther«: Zum 510. Geburtstag von Primus Truber BLICK WECHSEL Journal für deutsche Kultur und Geschichte im östlichen Europa Ausgabe 6 | 2018 | Schutzgebühr 2,50 € Ausgabe 6 BLICKWECHSEL EDITORIAL 2018 Liebe Leserinnen, liebe Leser, Das Titelbild zeigt das um 1918 ent- »Nach dem Krieg um sechs im Kelch!« – so verabredete sich standene Gemälde Vítěz (deutsch: Jaroslav Hašeks Braver Soldat Schwejk vor seinem Eingreifen »Der Sieger«) des tschechischen Malers Bohumil Kozina (1881–1949?). in den Ersten Weltkrieg in seiner Prager Stammkneipe. Zum Der böhmische Löwe, der eine zer- geflügelten Wort wurde dieser Satz nicht allein durch den fetzte Fahne mit Doppeladler im Optimismus, den Hašeks stoischer Antiheld da an den Tag Maul trägt, symbolisiert den Sieg des tschechischen Volkes über die Habs- legte, sondern auch aufgrund der Kollision mit den histori- burgermonarchie. Der verdunkelte schen Fakten: Nach dem Krieg um sechs war die Welt nicht Himmel im linken Bildteil mit dem mehr dieselbe. Denn 1918 zerbrachen die drei Großreiche, die »Jagdschloss Stern« verweist auf die Schlacht am Weißen Berg 1620 und Mitteleuropa über lange Zeit geprägt hatten: das Deutsche damit auf den Beginn der Unterdrü- Kaiserreich, das Kaiserreich Russland und die Doppelmonar- ckung; der rechte Bildteil mit dem chie Österreich-Ungarn. Bis dahin teilweise unselbständige Prager Burgberg steht für Befreiung und Neuanfang. Das Bild Nationen gründeten neue Staaten, doch die erhoffte »Selbst- wurde für eine Postkarte verwendet, die auch zur Sammlung Jawor- ski des Herder-Instituts Marburg gehört. -
2 Work List Histories of a Collection. 1933-1945
List of Works: Histories of a Collection. 1933–1945 Karl Hofer (1878–1955), The Black Rooms (Version II), 1943 The backdrop is reminiscent of the musical interlude that bridges two acts of a play while the set is being changed. There is nothing casual about the atmosphere of the scene, however. On the contrary: the drumming conveys a high degree of tension. The first version of the picture was painted in 1928 and bore the title “The Drummer”. This could be a reference to Adolf Hitler, who had been casting himself as drumming up support for the national cause since 1919. When the first version was destroyed in the artist’s studio during an air raid in 1943, Hofer immediately set about painting a second version. The replacement became a metaphor for the “black years” of National Socialism. In 1943 the dark vision of the picture became a reality. More than ever the colour black symbolises mourning and obliteration. Acquired in 1953 from the artist by the State of Berlin PROLOGUE: AN EXCHANGE OF PICTURES WITH ITALY Carlo Carrà (1881–1966), Houses Beneath Hills, 1924 Acquired 1932 Felice Casorati (1883–1963), The Mother, 1923/24 Acquired 1932 Giovanni Colacicchi (1900–1992), Sunny Street, 1931 Acquired 1932 Giorgio de Chirico (1888–1979), Serenade, 1909 Acquired 1932 Giorgio de Chirico (1888–1979), Portrait of Brother Andrea, 1909/10 Acquired 1932 Achille Funi (1890–1972), Saint Sebastian, 1925 Acquired 1932 Achille Funi (1890–1972), Publius Horatius Murders His Sister, 1932 Acquired 1932 Giuseppe Montanari (1889–1976), The Death of Christ, 1932 Acquired 1932 Alberto Salietti (1892–1961), Woman with Headscarf, 1927 Acquired 1932 Gino Severini (1883–1966), Composition: The Dove, c. -
Berlin Tokyo
Tokyo – Berlin / Berlin – Tokyo Mori Art Museum, Tokyo 28 January (Sat) – 7 May (Sun) 2006 A Tale of Two Cities Exploring a Mutual Fascination that Has Shaped the Art and Culture of Tokyo and Berlin for Over a Century A joint project and exhibition planned by the Mori Art Museum, Tokyo and the Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin to be shown in Tokyo from January 28 to May 7, 2006 and in Berlin from June 7 to October 3, 2006. This exhibition examines for the first time the cultural contacts between the two capitals from the end of the nineteenth century until now, a time in which both cities have become established as centers of avant-garde art and literature. Saeki Shunko, Tea Room 1936. 264 x 197cm. Color on paper. Private Collection, U.S.A. Mori Art Museum Public Relations Dept. | 3 February 2006 tel: +81-3-6406-6111 | [email protected] | www.mori.art.museum The exhibition combines fine art, nihonga, prints, design, architecture, theatre design and photography borrowed from leading German, Japanese and other public and private collections. The installation at the Neue Nationalgalerie, with its close link to Japanese architecture in Mies van der Rohe’s design, will echo the proportions and style of traditional Japanese art. The exhibition in Tokyo will fall within the remit of the Germany in Japan year 2005-2006 and presents an entirely new view of the development of modern Japanese art, photography and architecture Japan’s interest in Berlin begins with the Iwakura International Mission that arrived in Berlin in March 1873, the employment of German technical specialists and the first students it sent to the Humboldt University during the latter half of the nineteenth century; more than six hundred Japanese students had studied there before the First World War. -
Victims, Heroes, Perpetrators: German Art Reception and Its Re-Construction of National Socialist Persecution
Victims, heroes, perpetrators: German art reception and its re-construction of National Socialist persecution Johanna Huthmacher, Panorama Museum Bad Frankenhausen, Germany Abstract: Shortly after World War II, the German artists Horst Strempel and Hans Grundig created works that depicted National Socialist persecution. Strempel painted the triptych Night over Germany (1945/46), and Grundig worked on the same subject twice, called Victims of Fascism (1946/47) and To the Victims of Fascism (1947/49). They combined their own experiences as per- secuted Communists with images from liberated concentration camps and those derived from Christian icons, creating paintings that shift between testimony and invention. As semi-fictional and semi-autobiographical accounts of the past, these artworks have caused art critics to develop their own views on Na- tional Socialist persecution for the last seven decades. Within newspapers, art journals and exhibition catalogues, Night over Ger- many was widely received and reviewed in the late 1940s in Allied-occupied Germany and in the late 1970s in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), triggering a discussion on German guilt during both periods. In the GDR, Grun- dig’s Victims paintings came to be regarded as major examples of antifascist art. Since 1990 art historians have referred to all three artworks as important examples of confronting and thereby allegedly overcoming National Socialism. What they, however, did not address was the history of the reception of these paintings, which, like the paintings, contributed to and shaped the post-war dis- course on National Socialist persecution. In order to close the research gap on art reception as an active part of a larger political discourse on German National Socialism, this article examines the for- mation of narratives on National Socialist persecution. -
Deutsche Künstler Im Exil 1933 – 1945 Werke Aus Der Sammlung Memoria Von Thomas B
Deutsche Künstler im Exil 1933 – 1945 Werke aus der Sammlung Memoria von Thomas B. Schumann 15. Juni bis 29. September 2019 Deutsche Künstler im Exil 1933-1945, Mittelrhein-Museum Koblenz, 15.6. bis 29.9.2019 © Mittelrhein-Museum Koblenz, 2019 Texte der Ausstellungsinformationen: Matthias von der Bank, Claudia Heitmann Texte der Künstlerbiographien: Matthias von der Bank, Claudia Heitmann und Carolyn Weber Zentralplatz 1 56068 Koblenz Telefon 0261 / 1292520 [email protected] www.mittelrhein-museum.de Deutsche Künstler im Exil 1933-1945, Mittelrhein-Museum Koblenz, 15.6. bis 29.9.2019 Teil 1 Ausstellungsinformationen Deutsche Künstler im Exil 1933-1945, Mittelrhein-Museum Koblenz, 15.6. bis 29.9.2019 Deutsche Künstler im Exil 1933 – 1945 Werke aus der Sammlung Memoria von Thomas B. Schumann 15. Juni bis 29. September 2019 Gut eine halbe Million Menschen verließen Deutschland während der nationalsozia- listischen Diktatur. Die Gründe für das Exil waren vielfältig. Bei weitem die meisten mussten gehen, weil sie Juden waren und durch die rassistischen Gesetze des NS- Regimes keine Lebensmöglichkeit in Deutschland mehr sahen. Ein weiterer Exilgrund war die Verfolgung von Menschen aufgrund ihrer politischen Überzeugung, dann folgte die religiöse Ausgrenzung sowie die künstlerische Diffamierung. Unter diesen Exilanten befanden sich fast 10.000 Kulturschaffende im weitesten Sinne, also nicht nur Maler, Musiker oder Schriftsteller, sondern auch Architekten, Publizisten, Kabarettisten, Tänzer oder Mitarbeiter der Filmindustrie. Die Zahl hängt etwas davon ab, wen man dort hinzuzählt. Professionelle bildende Künstler im enge- ren Sinne waren es weniger, wobei sich deren Zahl nicht exakt bestimmen lässt; vielleicht sind es einige hundert. Im öffentlichen Bewusstsein sind vor allem die Persönlichkeiten in Erinnerung geblie- ben, die schon vor ihrem Exil international berühmt waren oder danach zu Bekannt- heit gelangten, wie etwa Thomas Mann, Walter Gropius oder Max Beckmann. -
Bohemia and Socialism.Indd
BOHEMIA AND SOCIALISM BY JUTTA VOIGT The following text,“Bohemia and Socialism,”1 is an excerpt from Jutta Voigt’s recollections of her experiences with art and the East German art scene, Stierblutjahre: Die Boheme des Ostens (Aufbau-Verlag, 2016, Bull’s Blood Years: Eastern Bohemia). The protagonist is called Madleen—the author’s middle name—and functions as Voigt’s alter ego. In the title, Stierblut—bull’s blood—refers to the name of an inexpensive Hungarian red wine that was widely available in the GDR. Please see the glossary at the end of the text, which identifies artists, officials and East German terms with which English-language readers may not be familiar. Garden gnomes—as the cultural functionary and Caucasus Mountain climber Alfred Kurella explained—garden gnomes are the continuation of a folk tradition; they’re nice for everyone to see and don’t impede the construction of Film Library • A 2018 DVD Release by the DEFA socialism. But, he continued, works of art in dark colors, knives and forks without decoration and lamps without fringes are alienating. As of 1949, the formalism debate had descended upon artists, especially those tied to socialism, like a bombardment of condescension, misunderstanding and prohibitions. A consequence of the officials’ bad taste and devotion to Soviet art of the Stalinist era. The formalism debate was the sharp sword that, over the course of decades, hacked the utopian bond between artists and the Party to little bits. As Brecht noted in his work journal in 1949: “opponents of formalism often rail against new and attractive forms like certain unattractive housewives who readily denounce beauty and efforts to beautify as promiscuity (and a hallmark of syphilis).” Dusk: 1950s East Berlin Bohemia The battle lines hardened, desperation on all sides.