DOCSLIB.ORG

Confucianism Defies the Computer : the Conflict Within the Korean Press

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Confucianism Defies the Computer : the Conflict Within the Korean Press EAST-WEST CENTER SPECIAL REPORT Confucianism Defies the Computer The Conflict within the Korean Press A Gateway in Hawaii Between Asia and America DAVID E. HALVORSEN Confucianism Defies the Computer The Conflict within the Korean Press June 1992 THE EAST-WEST CENTER XHONOLULU, HAWAII Contents Summary Hi Prologue v The Conflict within the Korean Press 1 The First Newspaper 6 Birthplace of Anti-Americanism 12 Confucius: Editor-in-Residence 14 Anti-Americanism, Nationalism, or What? 26 A Few Wild Cards 34 The Last Word 35 Notes 36 This Special Report is one of a series produced by the staff and visiting fellows of the Special Projects unit of the East-West Center. The series focuses on timely, critical issues concerning the United States, Asia, and the Pacific and is intended for a wide audience of those who make or influence policy decisions throughout the region. The views expressed here are solely those of the author. This paper may be quoted in full or in part without further permission. Please credit the author and the East-West Center. The Center would be grateful for cop• ies of articles, speeches, or other references to this paper. Please address comments or inquiries to: Special Projects, East-West Center, 1777 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96848. Telephone: 808-944-7602. Fax: 808-944-7670. Summary Wimout knowing ti\e force of words, These traits are much different from those of it is impossible to know men. American journalism that call for individual en• Confucius (551-479 B.C.) terprise, insatiable curiosity, balanced news ac• counts, and a role as a surrogate of the people in monitoring government and those institutions During the last five years the press has become that affect America's democratic principles. one of the most influential institutions in South Because of their increasing influence, the Korean Korea. Millions of copies of 85 daily newspapers press can wittingly, or unwittingly, cause mis• and one thousand weeklies find their way into chief in international as well as domestic mat• the homes, hearts, and minds of Korea's 43.5 ters. There is a steady drum of anti-Americanism million people. in their writing that occasionally breaks out into The newspapers are growing in number of pages, a mighty clamor such as during the 1988 Olym• diversity of content, and advertising. It has all pic Games in Seoul. come about since October 29, 1987, when new Less apparent is the philosophical struggle in democratic reforms provided for freedom of the Korea in which the press is a major participant. press, something that has been rare in Korean It is a duel between the neotraditlonalists and history. It is still a transition very much in pro• the progressives. The neotraditlonalists, skill• gress, a transition that the Korean journalists fully invoking the habits of the heart, want to themselves do not fully comprehend. return to isolationism with its concomitant dis• dain for foreign intrusion. The progressives ad• Controlled by outside powers or authoritarian vocate a role for Korea in the community of regimes since the late 19th century, the journal• nations, a role that is fostered by strong eco• ists have reached back to the "habits of the nomic incentives. heart" of the centuries-old Confucian philoso• phy to guide their modern-day newspapers. The Amidst all this social turmoil, the press is rudely valued bonds of friendship, the acceptance of learning that the exercise of freedom is complex. money and gifts, a desire to be part of the ruling It calls for decisions that the editors and report• elite, conformity in society, and presenting only ers never had to make before. So ultimately it one point of view in a story are all legacies of the comes back to Confucius's admonition: Do they Confucian social constitution. know the force of their own words? DAVID E. HALVORSEN was a research fellow at.the East-West Center from October 1991 to March 1992. Prior to that he spent 10 months in South Korea on a Fulbright grant. During that time he interviewed more than a hundred Korean journalists, spent extensive time in Korean news• rooms, and lectured in various universities and newspapers throughout South Korea. It was a homecoming for Mr. Halvorseh, who had served in the U.S. Army in Korea from 1953 to 1955 and as civilian press officer for the United Nations Command in Korea from 1955 to 1960. Part of his early journalistic experience came when he worked part-time at night editing copy for the Korea Times, an English-language newspaper in Seoul. Mr. Halvorsen was graduated from the University of Missouri School of Journalism with a BJ. During his professional career, he was an assistant managing editor for the Chicago Tribune and editor of the San Francisco Examiner. Prologue Trepidation has. been my sidekick in preparing would appear and the stranger would tell the this report on the Korean press. I have ventured farmer to abandon the site and find another. The into one of the most complex aspects of Korean geomancer told the farmer to seek him out if society with the hope that my Western eyes do such a stranger appeared. not betray me and that I have produced some• thing more than just another foreign paper, shal• Sure enough, after 10 years had passed, a stranger low in its understanding of the deep-seated appeared and told the farmer to move his site. traditions and culture that guide these remark• The farmer, remembering his instructions, able people. sought out the geomancer, who confronted the stranger. I find some solace in a Korean folk tale about geomancy, the ancient craft wherein people be• "Why did you tell the master to change the site?" lieve that somehow their fortune is connected to the geomancer inquired of the stranger. Mother Earth. Therefore, it is important that "The hill is a kneeling pheasant formation. If the their home and burial site be selected by a geo- pheasant kneels too long it cannot endure it, so mancer, a person with the ability to bring to• that within a limited time it must fly," replied gether wood, water, metal, earth, and fire in an the stranger. alchemy that promises temporal and eternal happiness. The geomancer laughed and said, "Your idea is only a partial view, you have thought of only one According to the tale, recounted in Korean Folk thing, there are other conditions that enter. Yon• Tales: Imps, Ghosts, and Fairies (Charles E. Tuttle der is dog hill, and below is falcon hill and the Co., Tokyo), a geomancer was out searching for stream in front is cat river. a. special place when he became hungry and sought the hospitality of a farmer. He found the "This is the whole group, the dog behind, the farmer to be in mourning and also ascertained falcon just above, and the cat in front," the that no funeral arrangements had been made. He geomancer said. "How then can the pheasant offered his services and selected a site where the fly? It dares not." farmer built a house and prepared a grave. I hope I have seen more than the kneeling pheas• The geomancer said the farmer would have good ant. I hope I have also seen the dog, the falcon, fortune and this came to pass. However, he also and the cat. If I have failed, I am sure there is a warned the farmer that some day a stranger geomancer nearby who will enlighten me. Confucianism Defies the Computer n the loading dock of the Korea Republic newspa• per in Seoul, in 1953, several men stood around The Oa large wooden crate that had just arrived by a cargo ship from the United States. Conflict One took a prying tool and commenced to dismantle the box until it revealed hundreds of pieces of metal cast in many shapes and sizes. The men looked in wonderment Within at all the parts, then looked at each other. Before them reposed a disassembled linotype, the ungainly mechani• cal servant of generations of American newspaper sys• the Korean tems that could produce hundreds of pieces of lead type in minutes, magically lining up words, sentences, and paragraphs in a libretto composed between man and Press machine. Though the linotype was invented by Ottmar Mergen- thaler in 1884, it was the first such machine to touch the by DAVID E. HALVORSEN shores of Korea. It should have been scant surprise that not a single person at the newspaper had the skill to assemble and operate the machine. Indeed, there was not a soul in all of Korea who could bring that linotype to life save one. An inquiry to the United States Eighth Army, then present in considerable numbers since the Korean War had re• cently ended, produced a front-line soldier who thought he had the skill to assemble and operate the machine. He was reassigned to the relative comfort of Seoul to accom• plish his specialized mission. Periodicals in Korea: A Decade of Growth Year Daily News Agency Weekly Monthly Others Total 1980 29 2 97 659 428 1,215 1981 29 2 128 734 522 1,415 1982 29 2 136 780 576 1,523 1983 29 2 142 837 610 1,620 1984 30 2 142 946 646 1,765 1985 30 2 158 1,027 694 1,911 1986 30 2 187 1,150 765 2,134 1987* 30 2 226 1,298 856 2,412 1988 65 2 496 1,733 1,092 3,388 1989 70 2 819 2,137 1,374 4,402 1990 85 2 1,028 2,460 1,608 5,183 Source: Ministry of Information *The Press Freedom reforms were enacted on October 29, 1987.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South Korea and the Sino-US Institutional Rivalry: the Case of the AIIB
    South Korea and the Sino-US Institutional Rivalry: The case of the AIIB -Sino-US Institutional Rivalry and Korea’s Strategic Ambiguity- Minjeong Lee(Chung-Ang University) Abstract This paper explains how South Korea has responded to a dramatic change in security landscape in East Asia that the power competition between two great powers brought about. The U.S. provoked by rapidly rising China, has consistently pursued a policy of “rebalancing” in Asia. Faced with the U.S. provocation, China also has made determined effort to secure a sphere of influence in Asia. Against the backdrop of the power competition between the two great powers, East Asian countries have been required to take a side between the powers. The paper examines the choices that secondary East Asian states may make in order to maximize their national interests subject to the pressure from the two great powers with an emphasis on South Korea. Drawing on the concept strategic ambiguity, the paper claims that South Korea, one of the secondary states, has intentionally become very ambiguous regarding U.S. and China’s call for taking a side. Knowing that allying with either of the two powers will make it worse off by inviting the powers’ retaliatory measures, Korea has been “strategically” unclear and vague about the requests from the two powers. Focusing on Korea’s delay in the participation of AIIB, the paper finds that secondary powers like South Korea often find it “optimal” to be intentionally vague in its policy toward the great powers. Key Words: South Korea; China; the U.S.; the AIIB; Strategic Ambiguity 1 Ⅰ.
    [Show full text]
  • A PARTNER for CHANGE the Asia Foundation in Korea 1954-2017 a PARTNER Characterizing 60 Years of Continuous Operations of Any Organization Is an Ambitious Task
    SIX DECADES OF THE ASIA FOUNDATION IN KOREA SIX DECADES OF THE ASIA FOUNDATION A PARTNER FOR CHANGE A PARTNER The AsiA Foundation in Korea 1954-2017 A PARTNER Characterizing 60 years of continuous operations of any organization is an ambitious task. Attempting to do so in a nation that has witnessed fundamental and dynamic change is even more challenging. The Asia Foundation is unique among FOR foreign private organizations in Korea in that it has maintained a presence here for more than 60 years, and, throughout, has responded to the tumultuous and vibrant times by adapting to Korea’s own transformation. The achievement of this balance, CHANGE adapting to changing needs and assisting in the preservation of Korean identity while simultaneously responding to regional and global trends, has made The Asia Foundation’s work in SIX DECADES of Korea singular. The AsiA Foundation David Steinberg, Korea Representative 1963-68, 1994-98 in Korea www.asiafoundation.org 서적-표지.indd 1 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:42 서적152X225-2.indd 4 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:37 서적152X225-2.indd 1 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:37 서적152X225-2.indd 2 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:37 A PARTNER FOR CHANGE Six Decades of The Asia Foundation in Korea 1954–2017 Written by Cho Tong-jae Park Tae-jin Edward Reed Edited by Meredith Sumpter John Rieger © 2017 by The Asia Foundation All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without written permission by The Asia Foundation. 서적152X225-2.indd 1 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:37 서적152X225-2.indd 2 17.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018-05-Ma-Yang.Pdf
    RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF ENGLISH IDEOLOGY IN GLOBALIZING SOUTH KOREA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ASIAN STUDIES MAY 2018 By Seung Woo Yang Thesis Committee: Young-A Park, Chairperson Cathryn Clayton Patricia Steinhoff Keywords: Korean, English, Globalization, English Ideology, National Competitiveness i ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many individuals and organizations I would like to thank for this academic and personal undertaking. The Center for Korean Studies was a big reason why I chose UH Manoa. I owe a great appreciation to the Center for Korean Studies for the remarkable events as well as the opportunity to serve as a graduate assistant. Not only the position provided financial assistance, but I am truly greatful for the learning opportunities it presented. I am also thankful for the opportunity to present this thesis at the Center for Korean Studies. Thank you Director Sang-Hyup Lee, Professor Tae-ung Baik, Mercy, and Kortne for welcoming me into the Center. Thank you, the East-West Center, particularly Dr. Ned Shultz and Kanika Mak-Lavy, for not only the generous funding, but for providing an outside-the-classroom learning that truly enhanced my graduate studies experience. The East-West Center provided the wonderful community and a group of friends where I can proudly say I belong. Thank you Mila and Fidzah. I jokingly believe that I did not finish my thesis on time because of you guys. But I credit you guys for teaching me and redefining the value of trust, generosity, and friendship.
    [Show full text]
  • November 25, 1955 Report from the Romanian Embassy in Pyongyang
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified November 25, 1955 Report from the Romanian Embassy in Pyongyang to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Political and Economic Situation in South Korea, November 25th 1955, 4236/1955 Citation: “Report from the Romanian Embassy in Pyongyang to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Political and Economic Situation in South Korea, November 25th 1955, 4236/1955,” November 25, 1955, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Archive of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Year 1955; Issue 20; Country: the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Obtained and translated for NKIDP by Eliza Gheorghe. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/115538 Summary: A report to the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs notes the growing sense of tension and division regarding Syngman Rhee's leadership while Rhee carries out "agrarian reform" by using rice needed by the workers to pay off debt and increases the size of the South Korean army. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the ROK Ministry of Unification and the Leon Levy Foundation. Original Language: Romanian Contents: English Translation The Political and Economic Situation in South Korea The data published by the South Korean press reveals that the misery of the working masses and the financial and economic crisis have deepened in the two year period since the signing of the Armistice, due to the belligerent policy of Syngman Rhee’s regime and the so-called American aid policy. According to information published in The Dong-A Ilbo newspaper ( Dong-A Daily), over 70% of industrial companies had been closed down by the end of March 1955.
    [Show full text]
  • Presidential Instability in a Developing Country: Reassessing South Korean Politics from a State-Society Relations Perspective
    Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE June 2017 Presidential Instability in a Developing Country: Reassessing South Korean Politics from a State-Society Relations Perspective Kyung-hwa Kim Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Kim, Kyung-hwa, "Presidential Instability in a Developing Country: Reassessing South Korean Politics from a State-Society Relations Perspective" (2017). Dissertations - ALL. 711. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/711 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT This study attempts to explain why ALL of South Korean presidents, without exception and notwithstanding their individual major contributions to the process of Korea’s development, have fallen victim to disgraceful downfalls. For the analysis, I employ S.N. Sangmpam’s middle-range theory that establishes a causal link between society-rooted politics and political outcomes. Building on his analytical frameworks that non-Western countries are characterized by over-politicization in politics as a function of social context, I argue that patterned downfalls of all Korean presidents are an institutional outcome of over-politicization in Korean politics, which is itself a function of not fully entrenched capitalist society. In support of my thesis, I test three hypotheses. Hypotheses one and two posit Korea’s tenacious traditional and cultural traits as an internal modifier of capitalism and the nation’s dependent nature of its relationships with the United States and Japan as an external factor that prevented capitalist entrenchment in Korean society.
    [Show full text]
  • WOMAN's STRUGGLE AGAINST OPPRESSIONS AS VIEWED by TRANSFORMATIVE ECOFEMINISM in HAN KANG's the VEGETARIAN THESIS By: Izzul M
    WOMAN’S STRUGGLE AGAINST OPPRESSIONS AS VIEWED BY TRANSFORMATIVE ECOFEMINISM IN HAN KANG’S THE VEGETARIAN THESIS By: Izzul Millati Umami NIM 14320049 ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM MALANG 2018 WOMAN’S STRUGGLE AGAINST OPPRESSIONS AS VIEWED BY TRANSFORMATIVE ECOFEMINISM IN HAN KANG’S THE VEGETARIAN THESIS Presented to Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S) By: Izzul Millati Umami 14320049 Advisor: Dr. Mundi Rahayu, M. Hum NIP. 196802262006042001 ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM MALANG 2018 i ii iii iv MOTTO Life is sharing and caring v DEDICATION Millions and billions thanks towards my mother and my father, Siti Munawaroh and Sapari the greatest parent in the world, my two brothers, Hamami Nasirudin and Kholidul Azhari who have brought me up till I can run my campus life. ‘BSI Heroes 2014’,’Kowah-Kowoh Kreatif’, M2Pro Squad, and KKM 220 Squad who will always be my second family. Thanks for being my mental survivor, mood booster, and anything I cannot say. ‘Ikatan Alumni Al-Kamal Blitar’ as the place for me to remember with my origin ‘Pesantren Putri al-Hikmah Al-Fatimiyyah’ as my place to learn diversity and upgrade myself. A Million thanks to my supervisor, Mrs. Mundi Rahayu as the second mother who guide us till I can finish this task. And also billion thanks to those who always beside me, you all are the rainbow that colour my bore life.
    [Show full text]
  • Law and Society in Korea
    JOBNAME: Yang PAGE: 1 SESS: 2 OUTPUT: Mon Dec 3 11:36:58 2012 Law and Society in Korea Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Yang_Law_and_Society_in_Korea / Division: 00_Prelims /Pg. Position: 1 / Date: 24/10 JOBNAME: Yang PAGE: 2 SESS: 6 OUTPUT: Mon Dec 3 11:36:58 2012 ELGAR KOREAN LAW INASSOCIATIONWITH THE LAW RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Series editor: In Seop Chung, Law Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea In the dramatic transformation Korean society has experienced for the past 40 years, law has played a pivotal role. However, not much information about Korean law and the Korean legal system is readily available in English. The Elgar Korean Law series fills this gap by providing authoritative and in-depth knowledge on trade law and regulation, litigation, and law and society in Korea.The series will be an indispensable source of legal information and insight on Korean law for academics, students and practitioners. Titles in the series include: Litigation in Korea Edited by Kuk Cho Trade Law and Regulation in Korea Edited by Seung Wha Chang and Won-Mog Choi Korean Business Law Edited by Hwa-Jin Kim Law and Society in Korea Edited by HyunahYang Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Yang_Law_and_Society_in_Korea / Division: 00_Prelims /Pg. Position: 2 / Date: 28/11 JOBNAME: Yang PAGE: 3 SESS: 9 OUTPUT: Wed Dec 5 12:52:59 2012 Law and Society in Korea Edited by HyunahYang Professor of Law, Seoul National University, Korea ELGAR KOREAN LAW INASSOCIATIONWITH THE LAW RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK + Northampton, MA, USA Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Yang_Law_and_Society_in_Korea / Division: 00_Prelims /Pg.
    [Show full text]
  • Seoul Brand Story
    Seoul Brand Story 6HRXO%UDQG6WRU\ 5,000 ZRQ 13350 9 791156 215660 ISBN 979 - 11 - 5621 - 566 - 0 Seoul Brand Story I ·SEOUL·U Seoul Brand Story Seoul Brand Seoul Brand Promotion Schedule August 25th October 14th October 26th December 16th Consulting report Seoul brand Seoul Brand Seoul Brand Citizen for the setup of the development Promotion Ambassador (SBC) Seoul City Brand promotion basic Committee organized and plan set up organized implemented October 28th October 8th - 26th October 2nd September 8th November 25th, 2016 Official Seoul Brand confirmed (expert and citizen feedback incorporated version) Final decision made Preliminary online Final 3 drafts Final 10 drafts by 1,000-Person review selected selected and Meeting, Seoul winners announced Brand Proclamation Ceremony January - May February 7th February 27th - April 10th May 16th May 8th Basic Research First Citizen Our Seoul Story Professional Second Citizen and Diagnosis Town Hall initiated contractors Town Hall (references, social Meeting selected Meeting media, pannel (Metabranding & research, etc.) CDR Associates) September 1st - July 20th - June 29th June 13th May 30th - 31st October 2nd September 1st Finalist drafts Seoul Brand Idea "Coexistence, Third Citizen Guerrilla-type selected Contest Passion, and Town Hall Idea Wall/Open Relaxation" Meeting Canvas Seoul identity (Workshop) keywords confirmed Citizen-led Seoul Brand Development Procedure Seoul brand development Seoul Brand Talk principles established Concert (Our Seoul Story) Rationale for the Seoul branding and Our Seoul Story hosting Citizen Town Hall Meeting What should the Trend analysis Seoul brand carry? On-site participa- Seoul's identity, tion event (Guerril- Seoul's future, etc. la-type Idea Wall/ Open Canvas) Seoul (city) analysis Citizen governance (roles of Compi- Final citizens, Seoul Brand Promo- lation of Keyword keywords tion Committee, Government 2nd data analysis key- filtering of Seoul and professional Competing identified words contractors), etc.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on the Reputaton of Religion and Its Influence
    A STUDY ON THE REPUTATON OF RELIGION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SOUTH KOREAN CHRISTIANITY A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Asbury Theological Seminary Wilmore, Kentucky In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Missiology Dissertation Committee Dr. Michael A. Rynkiewich, Mentor Dr. Stephen Offutt, Reader By Shin-Ho Choi April 2017 Copyright April 2017 Shin-Ho Choi All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ...................1 Background of the Problem .................................................................................................... 1 Social Change in South Korea ............................................................................................ 3 Personal Experience ............................................................................................................. 4 “Gae Dok” or “Gae Dok Gyo” and “Muk Sa” ................................................................ 6 Trust Index of the South Korean Protestant Church ....................................................... 8 Religious Context of South Korea: Religious-Market Situation ..................................
    [Show full text]
  • English Education and Social Reproduction: an Ethnography Ofadolescents in a Korean Public School
    ENGLISH EDUCATION AND SOCIAL REPRODUCTION: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OFADOLESCENTS IN A KOREAN PUBLIC SCHOOL by Jin-Suk Yang A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto © Copyright by Jin-Suk Yang (2018) English Education and Social Reproduction: An Ethnography of Adolescents in a Korean Public School Doctor of Philosophy Jin-Suk Yang Department of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning University of Toronto 2018 Abstract This research examines the relationship between English and social reproduction through a group of Korean adolescents in a public school. I address how social reproduction occurs through English education by focusing on two social categories: Returnees from Early Study Abroad (ESA) and Underachievers in English. They embody differential access to English by social class. I draw upon both Bourdieu‟s legitimate language (Bourdieu, 1977, 1991), and language ideology (Lippi-Green, 1997), and their application to sociolinguistic studies (Heller, 2007; Heller & Martin-Jones, 2001). Based on a one and a half-year ethnography, I focus on students‟ language learning practices and identity construction across four sites: English classrooms, the English Speech Festival, Afterschool Class, and a summer English camp. I analyzed the ways in which school reproduces the “English gap” by social class. First, a systematic curricular gap and academic streaming reinforced students‟ differential achievement. Second, according to “native-like” ideology, Returnees enjoyed full-fledged membership in English-only events while Underachievers remained as bystanders. Third, school welfare programs specifically engineered to support Underachievers (i.e., Afterschool Class and psychiatric counselling) did not take their life patterns, peer networks and norms into account.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korea: the Risks of War in the Yellow Sea
    NORTH KOREA: THE RISKS OF WAR IN THE YELLOW SEA Asia Report N°198 – 23 December 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. THE NORTHERN LIMIT LINE..................................................................................... 2 A. THE ORIGINS OF THE NLL ........................................................................................................... 2 B. DPRK TERRITORIAL CLAIMS ...................................................................................................... 3 C. THE LAW OF THE SEA .................................................................................................................. 3 III. A HISTORY OF CLASHES............................................................................................. 4 A. RIVAL CLAIMS ............................................................................................................................. 4 1. Rules of engagement .................................................................................................................... 4 2. June 1999: The first battle of Yŏnp’yŏng Island ......................................................................... 6 3. June 2002: The second battle of Yŏnp’yŏng Island .................................................................... 8 B. DIPLOMACY FAILS ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Toward Democracy South Korean Culture and Society, 1945–1980 Culture and Society, South Korean
    “Toward Democracy is a timely and necessary intervention from scholars at the Democracy Toward epicenter of one of the most vibrant grassroots democracies of our time. In the contemporary global crisis of liberalism, Toward Democracy upends any illu- sion of Western ‘origins’ of democracy to highlight the hard-won struggles for liberty with justice in South Korea. With first-rate scholarship authored and translated by leading and rising scholars in multiple fields, this is an outstand- ing collection of collective labor.” Toward —Suzy Kim, Rutgers University “For a deep-dive into the cultural history behind the politics of resistance in Kim, Kwon, Lee, and Y South Korea, look no further. Gathered in a single volume and supplemented Democracy by contributions in sociology, media studies, and architectural history, these essays by leading scholars of Korean literature offer illuminating perspectives on Korea’s enduring struggle for democracy that are both innovative and South Korean Culture and Society, 1945–1980 consequential.” —Youngju Ryu, University of Michigan “Toward Democracy captures all of the drama of Korea’s seven-decade struggle for democracy while posing deep intellectual questions. This multidisciplinary volume is a must-read for anyone interested in comparative democracy around the world.” oo —Andre Schmid, University of Toronto INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES INSTITUTE OF EAST Edited by Hyunjoo Kim, Yerim Kim, Boduerae Kwon, Hyeryoung Lee, Theodore Jun Yoo KRM 38 INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ● BERKELEY CENTER FOR KOREAN STUDIES KOREA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 38 KRM 38_5A final.indd 1 12/21/2020 11:32:12 PM Notes to this edition This is an electronic edition of the printed book.
    [Show full text]