Untersuchungen Zur Biodiversitat Antarktischer Benthischer Amphipoda (Malacostraca, Crustacea)

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Untersuchungen Zur Biodiversitat Antarktischer Benthischer Amphipoda (Malacostraca, Crustacea) Untersuchungen zur Biodiversitat antarktischer benthischer Amphipoda (Malacostraca, Crustacea) Studies On the biodiversity of Antarctic benthic Amphipoda (Malacostraca, Crustacea) Anne-Nina Lör Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch. 452 (2003) ISSN 1618 - 3193 Anne-Nina Lör Marine Biodiversity and Systematics National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Private Bag: 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington New Zealand Die vorliegende Arbeit ist die inhaltlich unverändert Fassung einer Dissertation, die im Februar 2003 dem Fachbereich Zoologie der UniversitäHamburg vorgelegt wurde. Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................ I Summary .................................................................................................... ,111 . 1. Einleitung ........................................................................................... 1 1.1. Der Begriff ,,Biodiversitat" ..........................................................................1 I .2. Die Amphipoda ..................................................................................... ..2 1.3. Gammaridea der Antarktis ...........................................................................4 1.4. Ziele dieser Arbeit ...................................................................................7 2. Probennahme ....................................................................................... ..8 2.1. Untersuchungsgebiet .............................................................................. ..8 2.2. Fanggerate .............................................................................................9 3. Veröffentlichunge 3.1. LörzA.N. 2001. Low diversity of spongicolous Amphipoda (Crustacea) observed in the Antarctic autumn. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, I, 133-138. ............................................................................. .ll 3.2. LörzA.N. & Coleman, C.O. 2001. Epimeria reoproi (Arnphipoda, Crustacea), a new species of Antarctica. Crustaceana, 74 (9): 991-1002. ................... .20 3.3. LörzA.N. & De Broyer, im Druck. Description and ecology of a spongicolous lysianassid Amphipod (Crustacea) from Antarctica. Journal of Natural History. .................................................................................. .31 3.4. Andres, H.G., Lorz, A.N. & Brandt, A. 2002. A common but undescribed huge species of Eusirus (Crustacea, Arnphipoda, Eusiridae) from Antarctica. Mi feilungen Harnburgisches Zoologisches Museum und Institut, 99, 109- 126. .................................................................. ..45 3.5. LörzA.N. & Held, C.H. A preliminary molecular and morphological phylogeny of the Antarctic Epimeriidae and Iphimediidae (Crustacea, Arnphipoda). ............................................................................................. .66 3.6. Lorz, A.N. & Brandt, A. Phylogeny of Antarctic Epimeria (Epimeriidae, Amphipoda). ................................................................................................... ..78 3.7. LörzA.N. & Coleman. C.O., im Druck . Dikwa andresi. a new amphipod crustacean (Dikwidae) fkom the Scotia Are . Journal of the Marine Biological Assoczations of the United Kingdorn....................................... 99 3.8. LörzA.N. & Brandt, A . Composition of suprabenthic Peracarida (Malacostraca, Crustacea) during the Antarctic autumn ........................... 110 4 . Diskussion ......................................................................................... 121 4.1. Taxonomie und Systematik ...................................................................... 121 4.2. Abundanz und Diversitä......................................................................... 126 4.3. Phylogenie .......................................................................................... 130 5. Literatur ............................................................................................ 137 6 . Danksagung ....................................................................................... 148 Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchungen zur Biodiversitäantarktischer benthischer Amphipoda beruhen zum großeTeil auf Material, das währen der Expedition ANT XVII-3 (EASIZ 111) mit dem FS Polarstern gefangen wurde. Tiere stammen hauptsächlic vom Schelf des östliche Weddell- Meeres und von der antarktischen Halbinsel. Die Probennahme fand im antarktischen Herbst statt. Die kumulative Arbeit läÃsich in drei Bereiche gliedern, die sich Ãœberschneideund ergänzen * Taxonomie und Systematik Abundanz und Diversitä Phylogenie. Taxonomie und Systematik wird in der folgenden Arbeit durch vier Veröffentlichunge adressiert. Es werden vier neue Arten aus vier verschiedenen Familien beschrieben und soweit möglic die Okologie der Taxa untersucht. Bei einer neuen Epimeria Art (Epimeriidae) handelt es sich um eine weitere Art in einer in der Antarktis hgufig vorkommenden Gattung. Hingegen wurde eine Dikwa beschrieben, die den zweiten Vertreter ihrer Familie und den ersten im SüdlicheOzean darstellt. Zudem scheint sie in symbiontischer Beziehung zu einer Hartkoralle zu stehen. Der sogenannte antarktische Eusirus Komplex (Eusiridae) wurde durch die Beschreibung einer neuen Art auf drei Vertreter unterteilt. Die Arten sind sich sehr ähnlichDie Untersuchung zahlreicher Museumsbeständwar nötigum morphologische Unterscheidungsmerkmale darzustellen. Ein bisher unbekannter Lysianasside wurde zu mehreren Hundert Individuen aus dem Gewebe verschiedener Demospongiae präpariert Abundanz und Diversitävon Amphipoden,die in Schwämmeleben wurde quantitativ und qualitativ untersucht. Aufgrund der Probennahme mit geschlepptem Gerä wurden nur die Flohkrebse ausgewertet, die sich in den Kanälchedes Schwammgewebes aufgehalten haben. Es befanden sich teilweise übe40 Individuen pro Liter. Dabeiwurden ausschließlicMännche und Weibchen von sechs Arten aus fŸn Familien gefunden, aber keine Juvenilen. Im Gegensatz zu den schwammbewohnenden Amphipoda zeigten suprabenthischen Peracarida währen des antarktischen Herbstes relativ niedrige Abundanz und hohe DiversitätDie suprabenthische Probennahme fand 1.00-1.33 Meter übedem Boden mit einem modifizierten Epibenthsschlitten statt. Die Ergebnisse konnten mit suprabenthischen Proben der EASIZ I1 Expedition verglichen werden, die währen des antarktischen Sommers stattfand. Phylogenetische Fragestellungen der Amphipodenfamilien Epimeriidae und Iphimediidae wurden mit molekularen und morphologischen Methoden adressiert. Die Zusammenfassung resultierende Baumtopologien der verschiedenen Methoden sind sich relativ ähnlichz.B. muss die Monophylie der Gattungen Iphirnediella und Gnathphimedia (Iphimediidae) bezweifelt werden. Währen Sequenzvergleiche der Cytochrom Oxidase eine Artaufspaltung epimeriider Amphipoda lange nach der Abkühlunder Antarktis preisgaben, wurden bei den morphologischen Untersuchungen starke Variationen innerhalb derselben Arten festgestellt. Die relativ junge Trennung der Epimeria Arten kombiniert mit hoher intraspezifischer Varianz läÃauf eine momentan stattfindende rasche Speziation dieser Amphipoden in der Antarktis schließen Manche Autoren unterscheiden ökologische von evolutionäre Erfolg antarktischer benthischer Invertebraten. Arnphipoda erzielen in der Antarktis beides: sowohl evolutionäre als auch ökologische Erfolg. Summary This study On the biodiversity of Antarctic benthic Amphipoda is mainly based On material collected with RV Polarstern during the expedition ANT XVII-3 (EASIZ 111). Most of the animals examined were obtained from the eastern Weddell Sea shelf and off the Antarctic Peninsula. The samples were taken in the Antarctic autumn, a time late in the season when only few samples were taken before. For the first time data of presence, abundance and reproduction are compared with similar data of Arnphipoda taken during the Antarctic summer. This thesis is separated in three Parts, which overlap and complete each other: Taxonomy and Systematic Abundance and Diversity Phylogeny Four manuscripts address taxonomic and systematic aspects, describing four new species from four different families. Their ecology is outlined as far as possible. Epimena reoproi is a further species of the genus Epimeria that is common in Antarctic waters. Dikwa andres! is the second described species of the family Dikwidae and its first representative in the Southern Ocean. This species seems to live symbiotic with a hard coral. The Antarctic Evsirus-complex is enlarged by Ensinis giganteus. The three species of the Evsinis-complex look very much alike. Comprehensive museum material, consisting of several hundred specimens, had to be studied to extract, define and present morphological differences. Several hundred individuals of an unknown species of Lysianassidae were dissected fi-om the tissue of different species of Demospongiae and described. Abundance and diversity of amphipods living endozooically in sponges were studied qualitatively and quantitatively. Because of the qualitative kind of samples taken with dragged gear only amphipods were studied which lived'within the sponge tissue. In some cases more than 40 individuals per litre were found. Females and males belonging to six species of five families were studied, but no juveniles were found. Compared with the highly abundant spongicolous amphipods the suprabenthic peracarids showed low abundance and high diversity during the Antarctic autumn. Suprabenthic samples
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