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Diagnosis and Management of Primary Biliary Cholangitis Ticle REVIEW ArtICLE 1 see related editorial on page x Diagnosis and Management of Primary Biliary Cholangitis TICLE R Zobair M. Younossi, MD, MPH, FACG, AGAF, FAASLD1, David Bernstein, MD, FAASLD, FACG, AGAF, FACP2, Mitchell L. Shifman, MD3, Paul Kwo, MD4, W. Ray Kim, MD5, Kris V. Kowdley, MD6 and Ira M. Jacobson, MD7 Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic, cholestatic, autoimmune disease with a variable progressive course. PBC can cause debilitating symptoms including fatigue and pruritus and, if left untreated, is associated with a high risk of cirrhosis and related complications, liver failure, and death. Recent changes to the PBC landscape include a REVIEW A name change, updated guidelines for diagnosis and treatment as well as new treatment options that have recently become available. Practicing clinicians face many unanswered questions when managing PBC. To assist these healthcare providers in managing patients with PBC, the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) Institute for Clinical Research & Education, in collaboration with the Chronic Liver Disease Foundation (CLDF), organized a panel of experts to evaluate and summarize the most current and relevant peer-reviewed literature regarding PBC. This, combined with the extensive experience and clinical expertise of this expert panel, led to the formation of this clinical guidance on the diagnosis and management of PBC. Am J Gastroenterol https://doi.org/10.1038/s41395-018-0390-3 INTRODUCTION addition, diagnosis and treatment guidelines are changing and a Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic, cholestatic, auto- number of guidelines have been updated [4, 5]. immune disease with a progressive course that may extend over Because of important changes in the PBC landscape, and a num- many decades. PBC is thought to be caused by a combination of ber of unanswered questions, the American College of Gastroen- genetic predisposition and environmental triggers, and is most terology (ACG) Institute for Clinical Research & Education and commonly recognized in women in their 5th or 6th decade of the Chronic Liver Disease Foundation (CLDF) have collaborated life. Te serologic hallmark of PBC is the anti-mitochondrial anti- to provide a practical guidance document for practicing gastroen- body (AMA), a highly disease-specifc auto-antibody detected in terologists to help with their clinical practice. As part of this pro- 90–95% of PBC patients and less than 1% of non-diseased controls cess, an exhaustive review of the literature was carried out from [1]. Te presentation of PBC can range from asymptomatic (early 1985 to 2018 by each member of the panel to obtain relevant infor- disease) and slowly progressive to symptomatic and rapidly evolv- mation about their topics. Each member summarized their section ing liver disease. Clinical features of PBC include fatigue, pruri- based on the relevance and the validity of the data presented and tus, concurrent autoimmune disease(s), osteopenia/osteoporosis, summarized the information. All sections of the guidance docu- hypercholesterolemia, and xanthelasma. PBC is a chronic disease ment underwent several rounds of review by the entire panel. Any that frequently leads to cirrhosis, liver failure and is a common area of disagreement was resolved by searching for additional evi- indication for liver transplantation [2]. dence. When evidence did not exist, a consensus agreement was In recent years, there have been important advances in PBC. reached through individual member surveys by the chair and sum- For example, the designation “primary biliary cirrhosis” was marized as the “expert opinion”. In summary, this guidance docu- deemed no longer accurate since, with early diagnosis and treat- ment for PBC, intended for practicing healthcare providers, was ment, many patients do not progress to cirrhosis. Terefore, to developed by a panel of hepatology experts and supported by the adequately describe the histologic hallmark of dense infammatory ACG Institute to provide specifc recommendations about clini- infltrates around damaged intralobular bile ductules, “cholangitis” cally relevant topics in PBC based on the most recent evidence as has replaced “cirrhosis”, while retaining the acronym “PBC” [3]. In well their extensive experience and clinical expertise. 1Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, 3300 Gallows Rd, Falls Church, VA, 22042, USA. 2Department of Hepatology and Sandra Atlas Bass Center for Liver Diseases, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA. 3Bon Secours Liver Institute of Virginia, Bon Secours Medical Group, Richmond, VA, 23226, USA. 4Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA. 5Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. 6Liver Care Network and Organ Care Research, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, 98107, USA. 7NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA. Correspondence: Z.M.Y. (email: [email protected]) Received 15 August 2018; accepted 17 September 2018 © 2018 The Author(s) The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY 2 Younossi et al. EPIDEMIOLOGY which the main target is the E2 subunit of the Pyruvate Dehy- PBC is considered a relatively rare disease that has historically drogenase Complex (PDC). Expression of PDC-E2 or a molecule been predominantly reported in white females aged 40 to 50 years that cross-reacts with certain anti-PDC-E2 antibodies is increased old. Tere has been no appreciable change in the incidence, or on biliary epithelial cells of patients with PBC. In addition, sev- the rate of new cases of PBC within a population. Data from the eral molecular mimicry peptides (found in viral or bacterial pro- Rochester Epidemiology Project support this conclusion. Patients teins) to PDC-ER have structurally similar epitopes to those of TICLE in Olmsted County, Minnesota were studied between 1975 and self-peptides. Increased PDC-E2 may result in a loss of humoral R 1995. Of the 46 new cases of PBC that were diagnosed, the median tolerance and an increase of autoreactive cluster of diferentiation age at diagnosis was 52 years, and patients were mostly women (CD)4+CD8+PDC-E2-specifc T cells in the liver [40]. Te auto- (89%), white (100%), and AMA positive (89%). Te age-adjusted immune T cell response that follows is characterized by damage (to 1990 US whites) incidence of PBC per 100,000 person-years to the biliary epithelial cells that line the intrahepatic bile ducts, for years 1975–1995 was 4.5 (95% confdence interval [CI], 3.1– resulting in infammation, scarring, and destruction of the inter- 5.9) for women, 0.7 (95% CI, 0.1–1.3) for men, and 2.7 (95% CI, lobular and septal bile ducts. Tis leads to bile leaking though bile REVIEW A 1.9–3.5) overall. Te age-adjusted and sex-adjusted prevalence ducts into the liver parenchyma. Hepatocytes are injured by bile per 100,000 persons as of 1995 was 65.4 (95% CI, 43.0–87.9) salts followed by necrosis, apoptosis, and leading to fbrosis, and for women, 12.1 (95% CI, 1.1–23.1) for men, and 40.2 (95% CI, cirrhosis [25, 31, 41–48] (Fig. 1). 27.2–53.1) overall [6]. In a more recent analysis of data from 3488 patients receiving routine clinical care in Fibrotic Liver Disease Consortium health systems, investigators found that, from 2004 NATURAL HISTORY AND OUTCOMES to 2014, the prevalence of PBC increased from 21.7 to 39.2 per PBC is commonly characterized by slow progression of cholesta- 100,000 persons [7]. Tis data suggests a possible increase in the sis followed by hepatic dysfunction and decompensation (Fig. 2). prevalence of PBC between 2004 and 2014. Widespread use of AMA testing in the community has enabled the Tere is increasing evidence that PBC can be seen in most diagnosis of PBC patients before they develop symptoms of chol- regions of the world. Te previous lower inclusion of minorities estasis or hepatic decompensation. In some cases, the presence of in the clinical trials of PBC [8] and lower rates in Asians may have AMA may be found some time before serum alkaline phosphatase been due to under reporting. In fact, recent data from Japan and becomes abnormal (“preclinical” phase). Since the presentation China report that the prevalence of PBC is 55/100,000 adults [9] varies amongst patients, so does the progression through these and 49/100,000 adults, respectively [10]. phases. Based on the clinical experience of this expert panel, some patients rapidly advance to end-stage disease and liver transplanta- tion at a young age while others remain asymptomatic for decades. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Given the variability of the natural history among PBC patients, PBC is characterized by an infammatory, predominantly T-cell individual predictive tools may be useful in patient counseling and mediated destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts [11]. Although management planning, including referral for liver transplantation. there is no absolute certainty as to what causes PBC, the most Over the years, a number of mathematical models have been devel- widely accepted theory is that a genetically susceptible patient oped, which incorporate variables of prognostic signifcance [49, comes into contact with an autoimmune triggering event. Tis 50]. One such example is the Mayo Natural History Model, with triggering event could be an environmental factor, virus, allergen, which the survival probability can be predicted for up to 7 years in chemical or medication. Tere is no one trigger and every patient an untreated patient with PBC based on variables such as age, bili- has their own immune triggering event [12–28]. Genetic factors rubin, albumin, prothrombin time, peripheral edema status, and include MHC class II (DR8, DQA1*0102, DQ/β1*0402), MHC diuretic therapy status [50, 51]. Additional prognostic models that class III (C4 null,c4B2), and non-MHC genes (Exon 1 of CTLA- assess the risk of developing PBC-related complications in patients 4) [29–31]. Familial factors have also been identifed, including receiving treatment will be discussed later in this guidance.
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