CONFERENCE May 29th - June 2nd Thon Hotel Lofoten, Svolvær THE ARCTIC

DAYS2017

NUMBER 3, 2017 Abstracts and Proceedings of the Geological Society of Norway

www.geologi.no

UPLIFT AND EROSION iMAGINE ARCTIC ENERGY 2017 MINERAL RESOURCES NOVATEM NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 2

© Norsk Geologisk Forening (NGF) , 2017

ISBN: 978‐82‐8347‐021‐5

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings NGF Abstracts and Proceedings was first published in 2001. The objective of this series is to generate a common publishing channel Of all scientific meetings held in Norway with a geological content.

Editors: Abryl Ramirez, NPD Christine Fichler, NTNU Jan Sverre Laberg, UiT Jan Sverre Sandstad, NGU Ann Mari Husås, NGF

Published by: Norsk Geologisk Forening c/o Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse N‐7491 Trondheim, Norway E‐mail: [email protected] www.geologi.no

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 3

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings

Number 3, 2017

Arctic Days 2017

Arctic Energy 2017 May 29th– 30th

Cenozoic uplift, erosion and deposition May 29th– 30th

iMAGINE June 1th– 2nd

Mineral Resources in the Arctic June 1th– 2nd

Svolvær, May 29th—June 2nd

Editors: Abryl Ramirez, NPD Christine Fichler, NTNU Jan Sverre Laberg, UiT Jan Sverre Sandstad, NGU Ann Mari Husås, NGF NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 4

Committees

NGF gratefully acknowledge the work from the committees to the conference.

Arctic Energy Abryl O. Ramirez, NPD, Chairman Jørgen A. Bojesen‐Koefoed, GEUS Harald Brekke, NPD Geir Birger Larssen, Lundin Norway Atle Rotevatn, University of Bergen Ketil Sollid, Statoil

Cenozoic uplift, erosion and deposition Jan Sverre Laberg, University of Tromsø – the Arctic University of Norway/ARCEx, Chairman Håvard Buran, Lundin Heather Campbell, Shell Sten‐Andreas Grundvåg, ARCEX/University of Tromsø – the Arctic University of Norway Dominique Similox‐Tohon, Statoil iMAGINE Christine Fichler, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Chairman Carla Braitenberg, University of Trieste Marco Brönner, Geological Survey of Norway Jörg Ebbing, Christian‐Alberts University Kiel Carmen Gaina, CEED, University of Oslo Maurizio Fedi, University of Naples Federico II Hans Jürgen Götze, Christian‐Alberts University Kiel Christian Gram, Statoil, Norway Ron Hackney, Geoscience Australia Suzanne McEnroe, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Mineral Resources in the Arctic Jan Sverre Sandstad, Geological Survey of Norway, Chairman Håvard Gautneb, Geological Survey of Norway Sabina Strmic Palinkas, University of Tromsø Pär Weihed, Luleå University of Technology Laura Lauri, Geological Survey of Finland NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 5

Sponsors and Supporters:

NGF gratefully acknowledge support from the following:

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 6

Contents:

Arctic Energy 2017

ALSEN, P., SHELDON, E., LAURIDSEN, B.W., HOVIKOSKI, J. Challenges and advances in biostratigraphic dating of the Lower Cretaceous in the Wandel Sea Basin, North Greenland and its implications for correlation with the Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada and Svalbard …………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………… ….12 BOGOLEPOVA, O.K., GUBANOV, A.P. Silurian black shales of East Siberia ……..………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12 BOJESEN‐KOEFOED, J.A., KALKREUTH, W., PETERSEN, H.I., PIASECKI, S. Following the tracks of the Danmark‐Expedition to Northeast Greenland (1906‐1908): A remote coal‐deposit revisited ...... ……..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12 BRUNSTAD, B., ANDERSON, A., DI PRIMIO, R., KELLEY, A., PEDERSEN, J.H. , VAN WENUM, E. Useful aspects of sea bed mapping in petroleum exploration ‐ 10 years' experience from the program: "Shallow sediments, shallow gas and the environment" …………………………………………………………………………….….13 BRUNSTAD, H., CHARNOCK, M., HAMMER, E., JØRSTAD, A., KRISTENSEN, T., PEDERSEN, J.H., RØNNEVIK, H.C. Lessons learned; the Barents Sea carbonate plays following the Alta, Gohta & Neiden discoveries on the Loppa High …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...….………………….. .13 DAHLGREN, T. Did a Barents Sea hydrocarbon leakage event trigger the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)?.....14 DECOU, A., ANDREWS, S.D., MORTON, A., FREI, D. Triassic sediment pathways in the North Atlantic region …...………………………………………………………………………….14 ERSHOVA, D., GILMULLINA, A., MORDASOVA, A. The North and South Kara Sea Basins Influence on the Barents Sea Basin ………………………………..…..………………15 GJERTSEN, K. Barents Sea: From Play to Pay. Prospect risk mitigation and value creation …………………..……….……………….15 GUARNIERI, P. Compressive tectonics along the eastern North Greenland margin: causes and implications ……….……………….16 HANSEN, J.O. & MANY COLLEGES IN STATOIL How geophysical breakthroughs led to Statoil's exploration success in the Barents Sea ...………….………………..16 KAMINSKY, V., SUPRUNENKO, O., MEDVEDEVA, T., SUSLOVA, V., CHERNYKH, A. Russian Arctic Shelf Oil&Gas: present and future …..…………………………...... 18 KNUTSEN, S‐M Norwegian Continental Shelf—A resource overview………………………………………………………………………………….. ...18 LERCH, B., KARLSEN, D.A., THIEßEN, O., BACKER‐OWE, K Geochemical signatures of Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous source rocks from shallow cores in the Barents Sea ...... ………………………………………………...... 19 LIE, J.E., ANDERSON, M., CLARK, S. New Regional Deep Seismic Profiles: Imaging the Continental Crust of the Norwegian Barents Sea...... 19 LUNDSCHIEN, B.A. Triassic and older strata: Important hydrocarbon plays in the northern Barents Sea – results from the Norwegian Petroleum Directorates integrated outcrop studies in Svalbard and interpretation of shallow stratigraphic cores and seismic ...... 20 MATTINGSDAL, R. New geological insight from the Sentralbanken high, northern Norwegian Barents Sea ...... 20 MATYSIK, M., STEMMERIK, L., OLAUSSEN, S., BRUNSTAD, H. Diagenesis of spiculites in the Tempelfjorden Group, Spitsbergen – a base line for understanding the Gohta reservoir …………………………………………………………………………………………...... 21

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 7

OHM, S.E., SENGER, K., OLAUSSEN, S., JOHANSEN, I. Could uplift and erosion result in source rocks expelling huge quantities of isotopically heavy gas? Circumstantial evidence from wells on Svalbard …………………………………………………………………………………………...21 PETROV O.V., SOBOLEV N.N., KASHUBIN S.N., PETROV E.O., LEONTIEV D.I., TOLMASHEVA T.YU. Tectonostratigraphic Atlas of the Arctic (Eastern Russia and adjacent areas) ..……………………………………………...22 RAMIREZ, A.O., BJØRHEIM, M., BJØRNESTAD, A. Undiscovered resources and play models in the north‐eastern part of the Norwegian Barents Sea……………….23 RYDNINGEN, H. Wisting – moving outside the box to unlock a new field development in the Barents Sea ……………………………..23 SAND, G., MJELDE, R., SMELROR, M. Go North – Norwegian Arctic Ocean Geoscientific Program ……………………………………..….……………………………….26 STEMMERIK, L., BRUNSTAD, H., CHARNOCK, M.A., HAMMER, E., LARSSEN, G.B., LØVØ,. V., MATYSIK, M., OLAUSSEN, S. Upper Palaeozoic carbonate reservoirs in the Norwegian Barents Sea: lessons to be learned from Spitsbergen and the Loppa High ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...27 TSIKALAS, F., BLACKLEY, C., ALZENI, F., VAN NOORDEN M., UNCINI, G., FARRER G.. MAVILLA, N. Kobbe Formation reservoir potential outside Hammerfest Basin in the light of Aurelia (7222/1‐1) well results …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….27

Cenozoic uplift, erosion and deposition

ANGELI, M., PETERHÄNSEL, A., RABEY, A., SURGUCHEV, L. Caprock efficiency and hydrocarbon columns of discoveries in an uplifted petroleum province: the Norwegian Barents Sea …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...29 BBEYER, C. An underexplored method for determination of palaeotemperature and burial depth………………………………….29 DUMAIS M‐A., BRÖNNER M., JOHANSEN S.E., SMELROR M. Modelling sub‐ice topography of Nordaustlandet, Svalbard with potential field methods …………………………….30 EIKELMANN, I.E.S., KNUTSEN, S‐M., MARTENS , I. Shallow cores northwest of Bjørnøya along the Barents Sea Margin – results and implications …………………….30 FOLKESTAD, A., JOHANNESSEN, E.P., STEEL, R.J. Variation in stacking style of delta‐estuary couplets and associated deep‐marine fans; an example from the Eocene Central Basin of Spitsbergen ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….31 GEISSLER, W.H, LASABUDA, A., LABERG, J.S. The Cenozoic evolution and sedimentary successions of the southwestern Eurasian Basin and the northern Svalbard / Barents Sea continental margin ……………………………………………………………………………………..31 GRUNDVÅG, S‐A., HELLAND‐HANSEN, W., SAFRONOVA, P. Turbidites in the Eocene of Spitsbergen: can they tell us something about the Sørvestsnaget Basin? …………..32 HELLAND‐HANSEN, W., GRUNDVÅG, S‐A. The coupled West Spitsbergen fold‐and‐thrust‐belt ‐ Central Tertiary Basin source‐to‐sink system ……………...33 HENDRIKS, B.W.H. AFT data as a method for constraining pattern and timing of regional uplift & erosion and variation of the geothermal gradient in the Barents Sea ………………………………………………………………………………………………….33 KNUTSEN, S‐M. The ghost of Paleogene – what can shallow stratigraphic cores south and northeast of Svalbard tell? ………….34 LABERG, J.S., RYDNINGEN, T.A., LASABUDA, A., KNUTSEN, S‐M. Cenozoic uplift and erosion of the SW Barents Sea area – present status ……………………………………………………..34

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 8

LASABUDA, A., LABERG, J.S., KNUTSEN, S‐M., SAFRONOVA, P., HØGSETH, G. The Cenozoic pre‐glacial tectono‐sedimentary development of the western Barents Sea margin: implications for uplift and erosion of the sediment source areas …………………………………………………………………..35 LINDHOLM, C., JANUTYTE, I., OLESEN, O. Relation between seismicity and tectonic structures offshore and onshore Nordland, northern Norway ……..35 PEDERSEN, J.H., PRIMIO, R.D., SCHWARK, L. , STOCKHAUSEN, M. The effects of uplift on an expelling source rock – an experiment with relevance to the Barents Sea ……………36 ZIEBA, K.J., GRØVER, A. Impact of Pleistocene sediment redistribution and ice‐sheet loading on hydrocarbon traps in the southwestern Barents Sea …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…36 iMAGINE—Integration of MAGNETICS and GRAVITY in the northern explora‐ tion

BRÖNNER, M., OLESEN, O., DALSEGG, E., FREDIN, O., RØNNING, J.S., SOLBAKK, T. The Norwegian strandflat: an old weathering surface in the front row ………………………………………………………….37 FICHLER, C., PASTORE, Z., MCENROE, S.A., MICHELS, A Large ultramafic complexes in the southwestern Barents Sea from gravity and magnetic modelling and geological implications …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..37 GRAM, G. How Statoil Improved its Grav/Mag Data Management by Using Geosoft’s DAP Server ………………………………..38 HAASE, C., EBBING, J., FUNCK, T. Complementing seismic data gaps with gravity modelling ‐ Excerpt of a regional 3D study covering the Northeast Greenland shelf……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..38 HOUGE, T., HOVSTEIN, V.E., OLESEN, O. Earth observation using unmanned aircraft systems – Terradrone ………………………………………………………………..39 LAURITSEN, T., DUMAIS, M‐A., GRØTAN, B.O., GELLEIN, J. DRAGON ‐ NGU National Geophysical Database …………………………………………………………………………………………...40 MCENROE, S.A., ROBINSON, P., MICHELS, A., PASTORE, Z., MATT, G.T., CHURCH, N., FICHLER, C. Magnetic anomalies and minerals: consequences of phase interfaces in magnetic oxides, and varied degrees of serpentinization …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..40 NASUTI, A., NASUTI, Y., OLESEN, O., ROBERTS, D. Depth to the Precambrian crystalline basement under Caledonian nappes using Euler and Werner deconvolution methods in Finnmark, North Norway ……………………………………………………………………………………..41 OLESEN, O., BJØRLYKKE, A., BRÖNNER, M., GERNIGON, L., MAYSTRENKO, Y., NASUTI, A. Oblique Caledonian continental collision interpreted from aeromagnetic data in Scandinavia ……………………..41 PASTORE Z., FICHLER C., MCENROE S. Gravity and Magnetic anomalies of the mafic/ultramafic Seiland Igneous Province ……………………………………...41 POULIQUEN, G., CONNARD, G., MACLEOD, I. Large public domain satellite gravity inversion: exploring frontier basins ……………………………………………………...42 PURUCKER, M.E. Imaging Arctic tectonics from measurement of gravity and magnetics on space‐borne platforms ………………..43 ROBINSON, P., MCENROE, S. A.,BROWN, L. L.,HEIDELBACH , F., LANGENHORST, F., CHURCH, N. The Heskestad Anomaly of the Bjerkreim‐Sokndal Layered Intrusion, South Rogaland: What is the source of extreme remanent magnetism? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..43 SOLBAKK, T., FICHLER, C., LAURITZEN, S.E., WHEELER, W., RINGROSE, P. Identifying hidden cave systems using gravimetric mapping: A case study from cave Svarthammarhola, Nordland, Norway …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………43 TALWANI, M., DESA, M.A., ISMAIEL, M., KRISHNA, K.S. The Tectonic origin of the Bay of Bengal and Bangladesh ……………………………………………………………………………...43 TAŠÁROVÁ, Z.A., FULLEA, J., HOKSTAD, K. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 9

Lithospheric mantle density variations – often neglected parameter and its consequences for the gravity modelling. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….43

Mineral Resources in the Arctic

AASLY, K., SNOOK, B., DRIVENES, K., ELLEFMO, S. Initial characterization of Seafloor Massive Sulfide occurrences …………………………………………………………………...46 BAUER, T. New 3D/4D‐modelling and Virtual Reality techniques in deep mineral exploration ……………………………………….46 BJERKGÅRD, T., SVENNUNGSEN, R.O., SANDSTAD, J.S., KEIDING, J., LUTRO, O., SAALMANN, K., SNOOK, B.R., ANGVIK, T.L. The setting and formation of massive sulphide deposits in the Lower Köli Nappes, Hattfjelldal, Nordland, Norway………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….47 COINT, N., IHLEN, P., KEIDING, J., DAVIDSEN, B. Origin of the Fe‐Ti‐P (+/‐ REE) mineralizations associated with the 1.8 Ga Raftsund monzosyenite, Vesterålen‐Lofoten, Northern Norway …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..48 EILU, P. Fennoscandian orogenic gold in the context of supercontinent evolution …………………………………………………….48 GAUTNEB, H., KNEŽEVIĆ, J., LARSEN, B.E., HENDERSON, I., OFSTAD, F., ELVEBAKK, H., GELLEIN, J., RØNNING, J.S. Graphite deposits in Northern Norway; A review and latest exploration results …………………………………………...49 HENDERSON, I.H.C., GANERØD, M., TORGERSEN, E., BANG‐KITTILSEN, A. 3D modelling and visualising of resource deposits in Norway with UAV technology and 3D MOVE ……………….49 KNEŽEVIĆ, J., RAANEES, A.M., HELDAL, T., AASLY, K.A., GAUTNEB, H., WANVIK, J.E., LARSEN, B.E., ELVEBAKK, E. Defining areas of mineral deposits and a new classification of mineral deposits according to INSPIRE directive …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...51 LARSEN, B.E., RØNNING, J.S., ELVEBAKK, E., GAUTNEB, H.,OFSTAD, F., KNEZEVIC, J. Graphite deposits in Northern Norway; Geophysical prospecting methods …………………………………………………..51 LARSEN, R.B., GRANT T., SØRENSEN B., NIKOLAISEN E., GRANNES K.R.B., ILJINA M., SCHANCHE M. Ore‐Forming processes in a Deep‐Crustal Ultramafic Conduit System. The Seiland Igneous Province, North Norway ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..52 LAURI, L.S., ELLIOTT, H., LINTINEN, P Fenites in the Devonian Sokli carbonatite complex and Iivaara alkaline intrusion, Finland …………………………….53 NIIRANEN, T. 3D structural model of the Kittilä Terrane, Northern Finland ………………………………………………………………………...54 NYKÄNEN, V.M., MOLNÁR, F., NIIRANEN, T., LAHTI I., KORHONEN, K., COOK, N., SKYTTÄ P. Knowledge‐driven Prospectivity Model for Gold Deposits Within Peräpohja Belt, Northern Finland ……………..55 OJALA, J. Au‐mineralization in the St.Jonsfjorden area, the West Spitsbergen Fold Belt, Svalbard………………………………..55 OLESEN, O., BJØRLYKKE, A., BRÖNNER, M., LARSEN, B.E., RUESLÅTTEN, H., SCHOENENBERGER, J. Deep weathering and mineral exploration in Norway …………………………………………………………………………………...56 PALINKAS, S.S., BIRKELAND, A., PAULSEN, H‐K. Fluid evolution in the VMS Cu‐(Zn) deposits at Sulitjelma, Northern Norway ………………………………………………..56 PAULSEN, H‐K., PALINKAS, S.S., BERGH, S.G. New insights into hydrothermal Zn‐Cu mineralization in the West Troms Basement Complex, northern Norway…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...57 SANDSTAD, J.S., BJERKGÅRD, T., IHLEN, P.M., HENDERSON, I.H.C., MELEZHIK, V.A., RAANESS. A., SAALMANN, K., TORGERSEN, E., VIOLA, G. Metallogeny of North Norway ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….58 Photo: Gimpville and Pål Laukli/Tinagent. Disclaimer: Illustration is a free interpretation based on Triceratops and Pachyrhinosaurus.

Lidenskap kan ta deg langt

Noen ganger så langt som 100 millioner år eller mer tilbake i tid. For å møte framtidens energibehov, har vi måttet lære oss å forstå fortiden. Dagens olje og gass er skapt av rester fra planter og dyr som har ligget under trykk gjennom millioner av år. For å vite hvor vi skal lete, har våre geologer utviklet avanserte verktøy som gjør det mulig å visualisere hvordan jordkloden så ut den gang alt var ett eneste stort kontinent. Derfra kan vi finne ut hvor sjansene er størst for å finne olje i dag. Det er denne lidenskapen og innsikten som driver oss videre og som har gjort Statoil til et av verdens mest suksessfulle leteselskaper.

Les mer på statoil.com/historier

Statoil. Kraften i det mulige

Allison, geolog i Statoil Lundin har en aktiv letestrategi Filicudi - nytt funn i Barentshavet! Oljefunnet er gode nyheter for området. Det er identifisert flere betydelige prospekter i samme lisens og med samme letemodell som Filicudi. Funnet gir derfor også økt optimisme for disse.

www.lundin-norway.no

Filicudi NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 12

Arctic hydrocarbon‐prone offshore basins. Arctic Energy Silurian black shales of East Siberia Challenges and advances in biostra‐ Olga K. Bogolepova 1,2 & Alexander P. Gubanov 2 tigraphic dating of the Lower Cretaceous in the Wandel Sea Basin, North Greenland 1Uppsala Centre for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Uppsala 2 and its implications for correlation with the University, Uppsala, Sweden, [email protected]. SCANDIZ, Skokloster, Sweden, alexan‐ Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada and Svalbard [email protected]

Exploration activity in East Siberia is traditionally aimed at Peter Alsen1, Emma Sheldon1, Bodil Wesenberg Lauridsen1, 2 Cambrian formations. However some deposits of oil shale & Jussi Hovikoski1 and combustible shale have been reported from the early

Silurian succession; they are not appraised in much detail 1 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), and publications, especially in the western literature, are [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] lacking. 2 present address: Natural History Museum of Denmark, We focus on the north‐western part of East Siberia, where [email protected] the early Silurian sequences contain the black shale forma‐

tions. A number of studies have been undertaken to map Recent fieldwork in northern Greenland has resulted in new the rocks, document the stratigraphy, establish and describe biostratigraphic data constraining the age of the Lower Cre‐ facies, reconstruct the palaeogeography, and identify the taceous succession of the remote Wandel Sea Basin. The fossils. Using Rock‐Eval Pyrolysis and other organic geo‐ Lower Cretaceous mudstone‐dominated sediments of the chemistry methods (kerogen pyrolysis‐gas chromatography, Kilen area of Kronprins Christian Land are highly deformed stable carbon isotopes, gas chromatography‐mass spec‐ and thermally altered resulting in the absence of organic‐ trometry and solvent extract geochemistry) black shale, walled microfossils. black limestone and bitumen samples were analysed to ob‐ New outcrop studies of the Galadriel Fjeld Formation which tain independent parameters on organic matter source, comprises open marine bioturbated shales and sandstones, composition, thermal history and to investigate their possi‐ however, have revealed microfossil (foraminifera) and ble oil‐oil and oil‐source correlation. These shales are of a macrofossil (ammonites, belemnites and bivalve) assembla‐ very good geochemical quality (i.e. TOC content and hydro‐ ges which for the first time allow accurate dating of this for‐ gen indices). The maturity of the shales has been found to mation. be in the oil and gas window. The lower part of the Galadriel Fjeld Formation contains the The occurrence of hydrocarbons in the Silurian of East Sibe‐ foraminifera Quadrimorphina albertensis, Serovaina loetter‐ ria is clear evidence of an active petroleum system in the lei, Saracenaria sp. cf. S. projectura and Conorboides umia‐ region. tensis indicating a Late Aptian to earliest Albian age. This foraminifera assemblage is also found in dark marine mudstones of the Vitskøl Elv Formation, Peary Land further Following the tracks of the Danmark‐ to the NW. Correlation is made with the Q. albertensis fora‐ Expedition to Northeast Greenland (1906‐ minifera assemblage found in mid‐shelf to lower offshore 1908): A remote coal‐deposit revisited fine grained sediments of the Lower Invincible Point Mem‐ ber of the Christopher Formation in the Sverdrup Basin. The Jørgen A. Bojesen‐Koefoeda, Wolfgang Kalkreuthb, Henrik I. presence of gastroplitinid and hoplitinid ammonites and Petersena,d, Stefan Piaseckia,c inoceramid bivalves indicates a middle to late Middle Albian age for the upper part of the Galadriel Fjeld Formation. The a Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster macrofossil data allow correlation with the shallow marine Voldgade 10, DK‐1350K Copenhagen, Denmark to offshore mudstones and sandstones of the Carolinefjellet Formation on Svalbard and the Macdougall Point Member bUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9500 of the Christopher Formation in the Sverdrup Basin. Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil The new multidisciplinary biostratigraphic data thus reveal a Late Aptian to Middle Albian age for the previously un‐dated cUniversity of Copenhagen, Department of Geography and Galadriel Fjeld Formation. This allows direct correlation Geology, Øster Voldgade 10, DK‐1350K Copenhagen, using microfossils and macrofossils with contemporaneous Denmarksuccession. sediments of the Sverdrup Basin, northern Canada, and Sval‐ dPresent address Mærsk Oil and Gas, Copenhagen bard and presents the potential for correlation with other In 1908, three members of the “Danmark Expedition” NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 13 discovered a coal deposit in a very remote area in western High, but locations in the Hammerfest and Harstad Basins, the Germania Land, close to the margin of the inland ice in Finnmark Platform and the eastern Norwegian Barents Sea northeast Greenland. The deposit was, however, neither have also been studied. In the North Sea the work has focused sampled nor described, and was revisited in 2009 for the first on the Utsira High and on the shallow, so‐called Alvheim Chan‐ time since its discovery. The outcrops found in 2009 amount to nel. approximately 8 m of sediment including a coal seam of 2 m Several gas seep sites and associated carbonate crust areas, thickness. More outcrops and additional coal deposits most linked to hydrocarbon accumulations seen from seismic, have certainly are to be found, pending further fieldwork. The been studied in detail. Moreover, interesting information has deposits are Middle Jurassic, Callovian, in age and were been gathered on various benthic organisms. deposited in a floodplain environment related to meandering This key note will give examples from several sea bed investi‐ river channels. Spores and pollen in the lower fluvial deposits gation efforts both in the Barents Sea and the North Sea. reflect abundant vegetation of ferns along the river banks. In contrast, a sparse spore and pollen flora in the coals show a Lessons learned; the Barents Sea carbonate mixed vegetation of ferns and gymnosperms. Based on proximate and petrographic analyses the coals are classified as plays following the Alta, Gohta & Neiden dis‐ medium‐rank high‐grade coal. Their composition is dominated coveries on the Loppa High by inertinite and vitrinite, and they represent deposits laid down in a freshwater mire. No evidence of marine incursions Harald Brunstad, Mike Charnock, Erik Hammer, Arild Jørstad, has been found. It was expected that the coals were similar to Trond Kristensen, Jon Halvard Pedersen and Hans Chr. Rønne‐ the paralic, highly oil‐prone resinite rich coals known from vik Hochstetter Forland, Kuhn Ø and Store Koldewey in Northeast Greenland as well as from Andoya (Norway) However, the coal Lundin Norway. seam studied does not include liptinite‐rich coals such as those present in the same lithostratigraphic unit elsewhere in north‐ The 'carbonate play' of the Barents Sea was first identified in east Greenland, but loose blocks in the area suggest their the late 1970's, and the Norwegian Barents Sea and Loppa presence in unknown parts of the area, and the outcrop itself High were subject to drilling in the middle 1980's. These early may hint at their presence in unexposed part of the succession. wells proved both the presence of migrated hydrocarbons and adequate reservoirs in Paleozoic carbonates. After several drill‐ Useful aspects of sea bed mapping in pet‐ ing phases up to 2005 resulting in shows only, it became a common assumption that the play had suffered leakage due to roleum exploration ‐ cap rock failure during a late period of Neogene uplift. 10 years' experience from the program: Quite recently (2013), the Gohta discovery, with well 7120/1‐3, operated by Lundin Norway AS was made in this play and pro‐ "Shallow sediments, shallow gas and the ved, for the first time, that commercially sized hydrocarbon environment". accumulations are retained in the carbonates of the Norwegian Barents Sea. Since the Gohta discovery, Lundin has continued to drill car‐ Harald Brunstad, Mats Anderson, Rolando Di Primio, Axel Kel‐ bonate prospects and has so far made two follow‐up discover‐ ley, Jon Halvard Pedersen and Els Van Wenum ies, i.e. the Alta discovery drilled in 2014 (well 7220/11‐1) and the Neiden discovery (well 7220/6‐2 R) in late 2016. Additional Lundin Norway prospects have been identified in the area suggesting more exiting exploration for Lundin and partners in the years to Lundin Petroleum has since the award of the first exploration come. license in the Barents Sea, PL438 in 2006, put much effort into Common to all these three discoveries in the carbonate reser‐ mapping of the sea bed environments. voirs of the Loppa High is that the structures have all been sub‐ The program has been performed in cooperation with a large ject to previous drilling and were all classified as dry wells with number of academic institutions as well as commercial ven‐ shows. However, Lundin explorationists saw interesting upside dors. A range of methods have been used seeking to address potentials in the structures; a more optimistic interpretation knowledge gaps. The program is an example of Lundin's con‐ could be made from the well data, and that top seals may have scious contribution towards developing better methods and had sealing capacities. Lundin and license partners (PL492 and technology. PL609) decided to investigate this potential with a drilling cam‐ This long term effort has added new knowledge to several as‐ paign. The drilling of all three structures came in with success, pects relevant for petroleum exploration, such as near seabed proving oil and gas accumulations. expression and behavior of hydrocarbon seeps, geotechnical Through extensive data acquisition and sampling, significant conditions, seabed ecology and shallow gas as a geohazard. amount of new information about the carbonate play has been The main focus area in the Barents Sea is the western Loppa secured, improving the understanding in general, as well as NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 14 adding new details to our knowledge of these carbonate plays, offshore Namibia. Large scale fluid leakage from sedimentary and developing new related play models. basins can also explain the increase in Barium and radiogenic This talk will provide an overview of the exploration and disco‐ Osmium and Rhenium that mimic the CIE. Also, biological evi‐ veries in general. A "lessons learned" on the Loppa High. dence such as the extinction of North Atlantic benthic fo‐ raminifera lineages, the A. Augustum bloom and the occur‐ Did a Barents Sea hydrocarbon leakage event rence of malformed micro/nannofossils may be linked to large scale leakage of oil and diagenetically altered porewaters. trigger the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maxi‐ While the leakage of existing oil accumulations certainly was mum (PETM)? important to affect the biota, the most important contribution in terms of mass of carbon must have been the exsolution of K.I. Torbjørn Dahlgren gas from overpressured porewaters escaping to surface. A back‐of‐envelope calculation assuming appropriate pressure Statoil ASA, [email protected] and temperature conditions, methane saturated pore waters and a pre‐existing porous overpressure zone of 2‐3 km and a 2‐ Many of the structures drilled in the Barents Sea show evi‐ 3 percent porosity loss (equating with the subsidence recorded dence of previous oil and/or gas fill, their fatal leakage has by the PETM transgression on Spitsbergen) shows that each commonly been attributed to the Late Cenozoic uplift/erosion square meter of basin could release between 100‐450 kg of of the area. Here I will present evidence for a prior important carbon in such an event. For the estimated area where the leakage event at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary that may fault reactivation can be inferred to be present this sums up to have contributed to the PETM carbon release and isotope ex‐ 100‐450 Pg C. cursion (CIE), and the associated warming and extinction. Thus, combining evidence from the Barents Sea petroleum Increasing 3D seismic coverage over the Barents Sea platform system with published PETM records suggests that a significant areas has revealed the details of several generations of cross‐ portion of the PETM carbon release may have been sourced cutting dense fault networks of Late Triassic to Early Creta‐ from oil and gas trapped in sedimentary basins bounding the ceous ages. A tectonic event later triggered reactivation of Norwegian Sea and Arctic Ocean active rifts. Oil and gas was these faults and the formation of new ones. From stratigraphic partially re‐cycled into a new source rock suggesting a relationships, this reactivation can be pinned to post‐Albian ‘hydrocarbon cycle’ exists. Based on previously noted similari‐ times. The timing constraints of this event may further be re‐ ties between the PETM, the Toarcian OAE and the Triassic‐ fined to between 55‐56 Ma based on the first major cooling Jurassic and Permian‐Triassic events, it is inferred that also event registered by Apatite Fission Tracks from recent wells these were associated with catastrophic leakage of hydrocar‐ within the faulted area. The faults have their largest offset in bons trapped in sedimentary basins. the sandy strata of the Realgrunnen Subgroup and gradually sole out upwards into Cretaceous mudrocks and downwards Triassic sediment pathways in the North At‐ into Late Triassic heterolithic floodplain facies. This peculiar stratabound fault reactivation which encompasses faults in all lantic region strike directions and the formation of new kilometres‐wide circular fault arrays is best explained by volume loss within 1,* 1 1,2 Audrey Decou , Steven D. Andrews , Andrew Morton and Triassic strata and drainage of the excess fluids through the 3 Dirk Frei Darcy‐permeability sands in the Realgrunnen Subgroup. Drain‐ age of overpressured fluids with a deeper origin through Real‐ 1 CASP, Cambridge, UK grunnen Subgroup sands is supported by common abnormally 2 HM Research, UK high salinities in this aquifer. The reactivation itself was likely 3 University of the Western Cape, South Africa triggered by basement deformation in relation to a global plate *corresponding author: [email protected] tectonic reorganization event which also primed the Norwe‐ gian Sea and the Arctic Ocean for break‐up. Sediment pathways in the North Atlantic during the Triassic are Leaked oil has a limited sedimentary preservation potential, in poorly constrained. Understanding the drainage network evo‐ contrast, leaked gas or gas exsolved from porewaters would lution at this time is important for reservoir prediction. Prove‐ have left little traces but contributing to the CIE. PETM sedi‐ nance studies provide an opportunity to investigate source to mentary records compatible with leaked oil is present in the sink relationships across large regions. Arctic Ocean and Spitsbergen as fluorescent bitumen/ Conventional heavy mineral and single grain geochemistry data amorphous organic matter (AOM) in immature sediments, have been acquired across the North Atlantic region, from the these sediments have carbon isotope ratios and biomarker northern Rockall Trough and southern end of the Viking Gra‐ signatures similar to Barents Sea oil samples. Bitumen/AOM‐ ben in the south to the Nordland Ridge in the north. These rich immature sediments are also found in the North Sea and data reveal that major regional and stratigraphic variations in unresolved complex organic matter compatible with highly provenance exist in the Triassic succession. Five distinct prove‐ weathered oil has been found as far south as Walvis Ridge, nance domains have been recognised: the northern Rockall NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 15

Trough and southern Faroe‐Shetland Basin; the northeastern Our work consists of the next parts: 2D regional seismic inter‐ part of the North Sea; the northern margin of the Shetland pretation, well data tests and laboratory analysis of samples Platform and southern Møre Basin; the southern Viking Gra‐ from outcrops. The structure of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic ben; and the Nordland Ridge. sedimentary complexes has been analyzed, the main unconfor‐ The Triassic of the northern Rockall Trough and southern Faroe mities and clinoforms areas have been marked. Clinoforms ‐Shetland Basin is dominated by a southern East Greenland complexes were studied in detail: measured thickness, angles source, whilst the northeastern part of the North Sea displays a and defined zones of them distribution and migration direc‐ uniform provenance signature which typifies local sourcing tion. Barents sea basin was filled‐up by clinoforms from South from the adjacent southern Norway region. Further north, on and North Kara blocks. These clinoforms have been seen on the northern margin of the Shetland Platform and in the south‐ seismic data in Devonian, Permian, Triassic and Cretaceous ern Møre Basin, Triassic sediments display a provenance signa‐ time. Clinoforms progradated in the west direction all over the ture closely matching source characteristics of the Milne Land surface. Novaya Zemlya is interesting target of research, it's – Renland region of East Greenland. This source has also been divided into two parts by Matochkin Shar channel. This channel identified in the Mid Triassic of the southern Viking Graben. could be a paleochannel and has been existing since Paleozoic This provides strong evidence for the establishment of a signifi‐ era. Perhaps it's transitional zone for deposits from Kara to cant axial drainage system at this time. The Triassic of the Barents sea. Nordland Ridge is also characterised by the sediments derived Thus research of Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary from the Milne Land – Renland region which suggests that a complexes of the Barents‐Kara region, their geological structu‐ drainage divide between systems draining northwards to the re and depositional conditions allows to reconstruct geological Boreal Ocean, and those flowing southward to the Tethys Sea, history of the West‐Arctic shelf. It gives opportunity to predict lies adjacent to the Milne Land – Renland region. zones of reservoirs distribution, occurrence depth of source rocks and migration ways of hydrocarbons from them and pla‐ ces where seals are spread. The North and South Kara Sea Basins In‐ Supervisors: PhD Suslova Anna, Dr. hab. Stoupakova Antonina fluence on the Barents Sea Basin Barents Sea: From Play to Pay Prospect risk mitigation and value creation Ershova Daria1, Gilmullina Albina2, Mordasova Alina3

1 Kristin Gjertsen Lomonosov Moscow State University, [email protected] 2 AkerBP Lomonosov Moscow State University, albinagil‐ [email protected] Challenges in the Barents Sea are a complex mixture of several 3 Lomonosov Moscow State University, [email protected] partly dependent plays: Understanding of the geological play and associated re‐ Stratigraphic section of the Barents Sea consists of Paleozoic, sources Mesozoic and rarely Cenozoic sediments. The North Kara Sea Gas and power solutions Basin has a Mesozoic sediments and massive Lower Paleozoic Economical models and earning the right to play complexes which are hallmark its. The South Kara Basin is con‐ Geopolitical play regarding demarcation line and position sidered as a continuation of the West Siberian basin. Although in the European gas market the sedimentary section begins with Upper Triassic it also has a The energy play, and specially petroleum versus renew‐ huge impact on the geological history of the Barents Sea Basin. able energy The North and South Kara and Novaya Zemlya have a huge The climate and environmental play influence on Barents Sea. A large amount of terrigenous mate‐ rial filled different parts of the basin in the every stages of the On the NCS 158 wells (of which 126 exploration) are in the Bar‐ geological history. Continental sedimentation conditions are ents Sea compared with more than 800 wells in the Norwegian established since Permian period. In the Cretaceous period Sea and almost 5000 wells in the North Sea. In economical they were temporarily changed by deep depression ones. Up‐ evaluations, we tend to look at the Barents Sea as one area, lifted areas were the source of terrigenous sediment. It could however the areas open for Exploration of petroleum is enor‐ be the recently formed Ural orogen and ancient North‐Kara mous, areal reach comparable to the North and Norwegian plate and East Siberian platform which had been existing for a Seas combined. Thus, discoveries are currently widespread and long time. At the every moment of geological time the Barents widely distributed. Basin had a connection and a similar geological structure with one of the basins. Our research was concentrated on the East‐ Proven reserves (resource classes 1, 2, 3) in the Barents Sea ern and North‐Eastern parts of the basin because this part is has so far reached a modest 214 MSm3 o.e however, YTF re‐ worse explored than the southern part. sources are tenfold, 2525 MSm3 o.e or 65% of YTF on NCS. In NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 16 other words, we are still in the very beginning of getting a thor‐ Email: [email protected] ough understanding of this huge area. Geologically play wise we stated the following: The deformation history of eastern North Greenland is contro‐ versial and long debated. The strike‐slip nature of the plate Cretaceous & younger: No commercial discoveries, low boundary between Greenland and Western Barents Sea, the potential and partly underexplored. De Geer Shear Zone, is associated to the Eocene Eurekan de‐ Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic: Mature, commercial, formation and strain partitioning during transpression is one of and most successful with known discoveries as Snøh‐ the models to explain contemporaneous compressive and vit, Castberg and Wisting. Primary target for 2017 strike‐slip deformation in the West Spitzbergen Fold and drilling campaign Thrust Belt. Triassic: Many minor discoveries, only one commercial, During fieldwork in eastern North Greenland in 2012 and 2013 Goliat. Largest YTF resources and must work! compressive structures affecting the Upper Carboniferous— Carboniferous‐Permian: Runners up. Anticipate commer‐ Paleocene succession of the Wandel Sea Basin were studied cial volumes in Alta and Gohta. Significant YTF poten‐ along a NW—SE oriented belt extending from Peary Land (Lat. tial. 83ºN) to Kronprins Christian Land (Lat. 81ºN). The interpreta‐ tion of structural data and the kinematics along major faults Electrical power from shore and gas infrastructure are critical together with structural mapping were supported by a sam‐ and shortage of either of them likely increase minimum eco‐ pling campaign for analyses of fluid inclusions, Vitrinite Reflec‐ nomical volumes. GassCo (study 2014) concludes a pipeline as tance, Conodont Colour Alteration Index, Petrography, Apatite the most attractive gas export solution from the Barents Sea. Fission Tracks and U‐Th/Pb geochronology of detrital zircons. However, excluding Snøhvit volumes, economic incentives are The results were used to constrain timing and nature of the less attractive without a new major gas discovery. Activity on tectono‐thermal events. Structural analysis along major faults the Russian side of the border increase probability for a pipe‐ provided a new kinematic model that differs from published line through Russia to the Baltic Sea connecting to the Euro‐ ones and explains the strong thermal overprint affecting the pean Gas Market, which again trigger political pressure for a Upper Cretaceous sediments of the Wandel Sea Basin. The sustainable Norwegian gas solution. Without a gas export solu‐ paleotemperature maps highlighted that the sedimentary suc‐ tion, Exploration in the area mainly focus on high potential cessions, overprinted by the thermal heating, are bounded by prospects of oil as the foundation for new development to major normal faults that were re‐activated during basin inver‐ comply for minimum economic volumes. sion. Maximum tempreature is interpreted to be Paleocene in age and due to a combination of sedimentary and tectonic Most discoveries to date have been marginal and even fields burial. Folds and thrusts represent the main structural style of like Castberg with more than 600 mboe and Alta with reported deformation affecting the Wandel Sea Basin post‐dated by volumes up to 500 mboe struggle. Area developments are minor strike‐slip faults. The new kinematic model for eastern therefore the expected key to success, in this talk possibly ex‐ North Greenland can be applied to the Western Barents Sea emplified by the Alta/Gotha/Filicudi discoveries. New technol‐ explaining the Late Cretaceous—Paleocene uplift of Bjørnøya ogy such as Unmanned Installations and Subsea Separation can and the Stappen High as a combination of basin inversion and expand the catchment of area hubs. Exploration activities rift‐flank uplift, similar to what is seen in the Wandel Sea Basin. probably need to restructure for faster area developments, facilitate matrixes of different geological plays and thereby creating development of hubs in new areas. How geophysical breakthroughs led to Sta‐ toil's exploration success in the Barents Sea Simultaneous focus on geological plays, geographical hubs cov‐ 1 ering sizable areas using new technology, also understand and Jan Ove Hansen & many colleges in Statoil navigate in a complex political landscape, further enhances the 1 need for cooperation between licenses, companies and com‐ Senior Specialist Statoil Exploration, Margrethe Jørgensens petences within the industry. veg 4, 9406 Harstad, Norway. Email [email protected]

Following the re‐opening of the Barents Sea with the 2004 APA, Compressive tectonics along the eastern geophysical data have played a major role in Statoil’s explora‐ tion efforts in the area. North Greenland margin: causes and implica‐ tions Developments in seismic amplitude analysis have been used to re‐discover previously overlooked seismic anomalies in old Pierpaolo Guarnieri fields, and to build a detailed understanding of AVO and litho‐ fluid behaviour in Barents Sea reservoirs. Establishing well da‐ GEUS, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland tabases and rock physical models to interpret the fluid re‐ Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen DK sponse in seismic data, together with better seismic data and NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 17 improved analytical methods, have been critical to these devel‐ tant and rewarding for Statoil, although has not been without opments. In parallel to the progress made on seismically de‐ its many challenges along the way. New technologies and tools rived fluid mapping, other geophysical methods, such as CSEM, take time to develop, and require a willingness from end users net erosion from seismic velocities, gravity and magnetics, and and the industry if they are to establish themselves as proven temperature prediction using geophysical data have been de‐ and useful. They may even mean drilling some dry wells to test veloped and used to better characterize the sub‐surface. the limits of the technologies and gain important calibration data. Having teams with long term areal experience and techni‐ Statoil acquired the first 2D CSEM data in the Barents Sea in cal knowledge is important both to implement the new knowl‐ 2003, and by 2005 an extensive 2D survey had been acquired edge, as well as to support the setbacks in a longer‐term per‐ in preparation for the 19th Concession Round. The acquired spective. data covered both prospects of interest as well as selected drilled structures for calibration of the method. But despite References: some early promising results, where Wisting showed the most prominent CSEM anomaly detected by the 2005 CSEM data, Lindberg, B., Alzeni, F., and Holmboe, J.M., 2013, Skrugard – A the Barents Sea has proven to be a challenging area for CSEM. New Hydrocarbon Province in the Barents Sea, SEG Technical Despite this, the potential upside in the technology for use in Program Expanded Abstracts prospect de‐risking has led to significant developments and improvements of both the understanding, and the tools to Løseth, L.O., Haabesland, N.E., Lindberg, B., Hansen, J.O, and process the CSEM data. The combined use of seismic and CSEM Henriksen, L.B., 2015, Pingvin – proving a new play in a frontier area, NPF Exploration revived, expanded abstract data for prospect de‐risking, and for an increased subsurface understanding, have led to several discoveries both in the Buland, A., L. O. Løseth, A. Becht, M. Roudot, and T. Røsten, Johan Castberg area and elsewhere, and the integrated tech‐ 2011, The value of CSEM data in exploration: First Break, 29, 69 nology has become an important part of Statoil’s approach to –76.Løseth, L.O., Wiik, T, Olsen, P. A ., and Hansen, J.O., 2014, identifying, mapping and de‐risking Barents Sea opportunities. Detecting Skrugard by CSEM —

Progress in geophysical methods has also led to improved un‐ Prewell prediction and postwell evaluation: SEG Interpretation, derstanding of uplift and erosion, which is important both for Vol. 2, No. 3, Special Section on Interpretation and integration reservoir quality prediction, source maturation, and fluid mi‐ of CSEM data, SH67‐78 gration, as well as for seismic imaging, CSEM and other geo‐ physical techniques. Rock physical models integrating uplift and Løseth, L.O., Hansen, J.O., Wiik, T, Roudot, M., Dubois, B., erosion have been developed, making it possible to model and Nguyen, A.K., Henriksen, L.B., 2015, CSEM pre‐well predictions predict variations in rock properties and fluid responses over in the Johan Castberg area, Barents Sea, 77th Annual Confer‐ large areas. ence and Exhibition, EAGE, Extended Abstracts.

Integration of geophysical and geological data has also lead to Wiik, T., Nordskag, J.I., Dischler, E.Ø., and Nguyen, A.K., 2015, new developments where seismic and gravity‐ and magnetic Inversion of mCSEM data with constraints derived from seismic data are used for temperature prediction, and when coupled data, Geophysical Prospecting, vol. 63, no. 6, p. 1371‐1382 with kinematic restoration, has given new insights into the time ‐dependent temperature dynamics of the region. Nguyen, A.K., Nordskag, J.I., Wiik. T., Bjørke, A.K., Boman, L., Pedersen, O.M., Ribaudo, J, and Mittet, R., 2016, Comparing

large‐scale 3D Gauss–Newton and BFGS CSEM inversions. SEG The Barents Sea continues to be challenging but still a very Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2016: pp. 872‐877. doi: interesting area to explore for oil and gas. The exploration up‐ 10.1190/segam2016‐13858633.1 side proven by resent discoveries and the estimated yet‐to‐find estimates as published by the NPD, makes the Barents Sea an Dræge, A., Duffaut.K,, Wiik, T., and Hokstad, K., 2014, Linking attractive area for continued testing and implementation of rock physics and basin history — Filling gaps between wells in new technologies. New technologies span a variety of disci‐ frontier basins. The Leading Edge, 33(3), 240–242, 244–246. plines, both geological and geophysical, and at all scales, in‐ doi: 10.1190/tle33030240.1 cluding true seismic broadband data targeting shallow buried reservoirs, seabed seismic, FWI, CSEM, surface and well geo‐ Hokstad, K., Alasonati Tašárová, Z., Clark, S.A., Kyrkjebø, R., chemistry, re‐analysis of old core and cuttings material, impact Duffaut, K., and Fichler, C., 2017, Heat production and heat of glaciations and super‐regional evaluations up to the plate flow from geophysical data: Submitted to Norwegian Journal of tectonic scale designed to understand the first‐order controls Geology on reservoir and source rock development Maaø, F., Ravaut, C., and Pedersen, Ø., 2014, Full waveform Integration of new data with new technologies to gain im‐ inversion of sparsely sampled data over a shallow gas area, proved understanding of the subsurface has been both impor‐ 76th Annual Conference and Exhibition, EAGE, Extended Ab‐ stracts. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 18

[email protected] Russian Arctic Shelf Oil&Gas: present and future Petroleum resources comes in many different types and cate‐ gories. The location of the resources is also important for po‐ Kaminsky, V. 1, Suprunenko, O.1, Medvedeva, T. 1, Suslova, V. 1, tentially utilizing the oil or gas. The Norwegian Continental Chernykh, A. 1 Shelf (NCS) has a balanced resource portfolio: present in ma‐ ture areas with available infrastructure, and significant poten‐ 1All‐Russian Scientific Research Institute for geology and mine‐ tial in areas not opened for petroleum activity. ral resources of the Ocean (VNIIOkeangeologia), St.‐ Assessment of resources is from data, information, geoscience Petersburg, Russia and technology. Each of these factors are important, with vari‐ ous degrees at different stages of the assessment. For undis‐ In 2012 the quantitative assessment of oil, gas and gas conden‐ covered resources, especially in immature areas, seismic‐, po‐ sate resources stored in Russian mainland and continental tential field‐ and outcrop / field data is paramount. In the other shelf was accomplished on the base of geological and geo‐ end of the resource maturity scale, contingent resources and physical data collected up to 01.01.2009. It was confirmed that reserves to a larger degree may depend on well data. The most hydrocarbon resources of the Arctic shelf constitute the main important tasks of any explorationist is to create good oppor‐ reserve of the Russian oil and gas industry in XXI century. Their tunities, lower the exploration risk and shrinking the uncer‐ total amount exceeds 100 Billion tons of Oil Equivalent (BOE) tainty range. and main peculiarities are the predominance of gas over oil The NPD always makes an effort to provide the industry (84%) and concentration of the main part of resources in the greater understanding of the resource base on the NCS, and Russian Western Arctic seas ‐ the Barents, Pechora and Kara. thereby contribute to wise choices of direction for future value According to the draft Russia’s Energy Strategy until 2035, Arc‐ creation. This includes illustrating key findings related to trends tic shelf deposits should provide oil production up to 33 mln in the success rate on the NCS and analysis of companies’ pre‐ tons/year. drill and post‐drill estimates of the last ten years exploration Meanwhile at present time the only the Prirazlomnoe field in targets. the eastern part of the Pechora sea is in production since the Learning from history is valuable to cost‐effective exploration. December of 2013. Since 2014, 3298 thousand tons of oil were The petroleum activity on the Norwegian continental shelf produced there. Another oil (predominantly oil) fields on the (NCS) has created huge values for the society. Key economic Russian Arctic shelf, prepared for production, are absent. Tak‐ indicators show that the petroleum industry is, and will remain ing into account a huge gas potential of the northern territo‐ a cornerstone in Norway's economy for many decades ahead. ries of the West Siberia, development of even unique marine Cost‐effective exploration is a prerequisite for continued value gas fields (such as Shtokmanovskoe in the Barents Sea, Rusa‐ creation from the petroleum activity on NCS. novskoe and Leningradskoe in the Kara Sea) is not actual in nearest decades. It is confirmed by sad fate of the Shtokman Development Ltd. consortium. Geochemical signatures of Upper Jurassic The problem of finding of predominantly petroliferous regions and Lower Cretaceous source rocks from beyond the Pechora Sea is rising today on the foreground. It’s shallow cores in the Barents Sea decision is blocked now by low level of geological and geo‐ physical exploration of huge area of the Russian Arctic shelf, Lerch, B.1, Karlsen, D.A.1, Thießen, O.2 and Backer‐Owe, K.1 including all eastern seas (Laptev, East‐Siberian and western part of Chukchi) and northern parts of the Barents and Kara 1University of Oslo; [email protected] seas. No a single deep well was drilled there. Therefore realiza‐ 2Statoil ASA, Harstad; [email protected] tion of a program for deep stratigraphic well drilling is the pri‐ mary task for these seas. First step should be a drilling on Arc‐ Seventy‐two samples representing the Upper Jurassic Hekkin‐ tic islands and in shallow water areas with using of existed do‐ gen and the Lower Cretaceous Kolje Fms. have been analyzed mestic drilling equipment. Subsequently it is proposed a transi‐ by routinely used geochemical tools (GC‐FID, GC‐MS and GC‐ tion to the delineation of the oil regions, and their progressive MS/MS). The samples derived from four shallow cores 7430/10 exploration. ‐U‐01 (NE Bjarmeland Platform), 7231/04‐U‐01 and 7231/01‐U‐

01 (Nordkapp Basin) and 7320/03‐U‐01 (D85‐J9 (Stappen High).

Aromatic hydrocarbons as well as biomarker compounds have Norwegian Continental Shelf – A resource been used to investigate the thermal maturity, the deposi‐ overview tional environment and the organic matter input of the sam‐ ples. Rock‐Eval data derived from an internal database have Stig‐Morten Knutsen a been utilized in addition. Until now, no petroleum in the Bar‐ ents Sea could be linked to a Cretaceous source rock, even a Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), Harstad, Norway, stig‐ though Killops et al. (2014) and Lerch et al. (2016a) speculated NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 19 that the light hydrocarbon fraction in sample RFT 2153.5m viously been excluded for selected samples from the Barents from well 7120/1‐2 could originate from a Cretaceous interval. Sea by Lerch et al. (2016b) and Matapour and Karlsen (2017). Samples from wells 7430/10‐U‐01, 7231/04‐U‐01 and 7231/01‐ The present study could show that the geochemical signatures U‐01 show calculated vitrinite reflection values that indicate of the Jurassic Hekkingen Fm. and the Cretaceous Kolje Fm. are early to peak oil maturity. Yet, Tmax values characterize these quite different. It should thus be possible to decipher a Creta‐ samples as immature to early oil mature. Thus, values based ceous charged petroleum. on aromatic hydrocarbons can be considered as artificial. Ma‐ turity parameters based on hopanes and steranes indicate the References samples as immature to early oil mature that support observa‐ Bjorøy, M., Hall, K. and Vigran, J.O. 1981. An organic geochemi‐ tions based on Rock‐Eval data. It is not suggested that the sam‐ cal study of Mesozoic shales from Andøya, North Norway. Phy‐ ples have been buried to temperature regimes that allow gen‐ sics and Chemistry of the Earth, 12, 77‐91. eration of hydrocarbons. However, maturity parameters from Killops, S., Stoddart, D. and Mills, N. 2014. Inferences of oils well 7320/03‐U‐01 show early to peak oil maturities in both from the Norwegian Barents Sea using statistical analysis of the aromatic and the saturated fraction that is supported by biomarkers. Organic Geochemistry, 76, 157‐166. Tmax values. Still, compounds from the saturated fraction indi‐ Lerch, B. Karlsen, D.A., Matapour, Z., Seland, R. and Backer‐ cate a lower thermal maturity than the aromatic hydrocarbons Owe, K. 2016a. Organic geochemistry of Barents Sea petro‐ as observed in the other three wells. Thus, it is suggested that leum: thermal maturity and alteration and mixing processes in the Cretaceous Kolje Fm. intervals in the Stappen High area oils and condensates. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 39, 125‐ could have been generating early mature hydrocarbons. In 147. general, the maturity indications for the Cretaceous Kolje Fm. Lerch B., Karlsen, D.A., Seland, R. and Backer‐Owe, K. 2016b. are in agreement with observations for Lower Cretaceous Depositional environment and age determination of oils and source rocks from Andøya (Bjorøy et al. 1980). condensates from the Barents Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, first The Kolje Fm. has mainly been deposited in transitional envi‐ published online October 7, 2016. ronments under slightly oxidizing conditions based on pris‐ Matapour, Z. and Karlsen, D.A. 2017. Ages of Norwegian oils tane/phytane values. Samples from wells 7231/04‐U‐01 and and bitumens based on age‐specific biomarkers. Petroleum 7231/04‐U‐01 however, show a strong imprint of terrestrial Geoscience, accepted. derived organic matter. Yet, hydrogen index (HI) values rather suggest reworked, Type IV kerogen organic matter. Samples from wells 7430/10‐U‐01 and 7320/03‐U‐01 from the NE Bjar‐ New Regional Deep Seismic Profiles: Imaging meland Platform and the Stappen High respectively, however show a marine imprint in addition (greater abundance of the Continental Crust of the Norwegian Ba‐ C27ββ steranes), even though hopane/sterane ratios suggest a rents Sea. dominant contribution from terrestrial derived organic matter. While the Kolje Fm. samples from well 7430/10‐U‐01 are cha‐ Jan Erik Lie1, Mats Anderson1 and Stuart Clark2 racterized as kerogen type III indicting mainly gas generating potential, Kolje Fm. samples from well 7320/03‐U‐01 have HI 1Lundin Norway AS values (up to 180 mg HC/g TOC) that suggests additional po‐ 2Kalkulo AS tential to generate liquid hydrocarbons. Production index va‐ lues (<0.4) do not suggest migrated hydrocarbons. In this paper, we present a first look and early interpretation of Age specific biomarkers such as the nordiacholestane ratio a 4000km grid of new deep seismic profiles in the Barents Sea. (NDR) show that all Cretaceous samples have NDR values of Lundin and Seabird acquired the deep‐tow, long‐offset seismic >0.25, and the Jurassic between 0.2 and 0.25. Hence the NDR data in 2016. The profiles cover a region across the Barents Sea can be considered a useful biomarker parameter in order to platform, from the Atlantic continent‐ocean transition in the differentiate between Jurassic and Cretaceous derived petro‐ west to the eastern border of the Norwegian Barents Sea. We leum. A Cretaceous contribution to the C15+ fractions has pre‐ NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 20

present new observations of the crustal imprints interpreted to shallow stratigraphic boreholes in the Barents Sea North (BSN), be the accumulative result of the major tectonic events shap‐ of which 12, drilled on the Sentralbanken High and in the Kong ing the crust of the western Barents Sea. The seismic profiles Karls Land area, have penetrated Triassic strata. Furthermore, image the entire crust and upper mantle allowing for interpre‐ the NPD has collected 2D seismic in the northern part of the tation of deep features like terrane sutures, Moho‐offsets and Barents Sea. In addition, outcrop studies on most of the islands whole‐crust truncating fault zones. The Precambrian basement of Svalbard have been conducted. provinces appear to show crustal imprints from the Caledonian The integration of the above mentioned data types has re‐ thrust tectonics. In addition, the Mesozoic rift episodes and sulted in the documentation of a continuous prograding latest movements caused by the Early Paleogene break‐up of the Permian to Middle and Late Triassic paralic succession from north Atlantic are apparent. To constrain the seismic observa‐ the coast of Norway through Hopen, Edgeøya and Spitsbergen. tions, we analysed the potential field data to derive addition Petroleum systems with Triassic source rocks and overlying information on crustal composition, structure and depth. In reservoir rocks can be traced from close to the Norwegian addition, the regional extent of the gravity and magnetic data mainland through the Barents Sea to Svalbard. All together, across the Barents Sea and the Baltic shield made it possible to the combined fieldwork and interpretation of subsea data map continuous onshore‐offshore structural trends, for exam‐ from the Barents Sea has led to improved understanding of the ple the northward prolongation of Archean and Proterozoic distribution of both Triassic reservoir rocks and the important lithologies beneath the Caledonian nappe units of various Triassic source rocks, the Steinkobbe and Botneheia forma‐ thickness. Finally, we present a regional tectonic reconstruc‐ tions, in the entire Barents Sea. tion of the Barents Sea in light of the new data and discuss the More than 70 % of the yet to find resources in the Barents Sea impact the data may have on the understanding of the western are situated in Triassic and older plays. In the (BSN), plays of continental margin, its magmatic character and relation to the Triassic age and older will be particularly important as both conjugate Greenland margin. reservoir and source rocks of the Jurassic and younger are Keywords: missing in large areas due to Cenozoic uplift and erosion. Caledonian suture‐zone; Barents Sea; deep‐tow; long‐offset; Crustal thickness; Lithosphere; Gravity; Magnetics New geological insight from the Sentral‐

banken high, northern Norwegian Barents Triassic and older strata: Important hydrocar‐ Sea bon plays in the northern Barents Sea – re‐ sults from the Norwegian Petroleum Direc‐ Rune Mattingsdal torates integrated outcrop studies in Sval‐ Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, [email protected] bard and interpretation of shallow strati‐ New 2D‐seismic data acquired by the Norwegian Petroleum graphic cores and seismic Directorate during the last five years provides increased under‐ standing of the geological history and the structural evolution Bjørn Anders Lundschien in the northern Norwegian Barents Sea. The new seismic data have better coverage and higher quality than older data, and Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), Harstad, Norway, gives full coverage of the formerly disputed area. [email protected] The focus of this study is the Sentralbanken high, a large struc‐ tural high located north of the Bjarmeland Platform, south of The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) has drilled several 76°N and from the delimitation line with Russia towards 28°E. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 21

The new seismic data give added geological insight to the Sent‐ both areas all silica is in a stable quartz stage and it appears ralbanken high, especially the eastern part of the structural that much porosity developed at the same stages of silica high, which is located in the formerly disputed area. diagenesis. The Sentralbanken high has an overall ridge‐like shape. The The 200‐350 m thick succession on Spitsbergen consists largely western part of the structure has a southwest‐northeast orien‐ of bioturbated spicule wackestones‐grainstones, with less con‐ tation and the eastern part a more east‐west orientation. To tribution of carbonate tempestites and sandstones. The strata the north it is bounded by a large reverse fault at Permian and were steadily buried during the Mesozoic to depths around 3 younger levels. At its southern flank, the Sentralbanken high km and the transformation from Opal‐A to quartz occurred dips gradually towards the Bjarmeland Platform. uninterrupted. Chert occurs as both isolated, variously shaped The structure is segmented by normal faults at the Paleozoic concretions (in less spicule‐rich facies) and laterally continuous level, which have been reactivated as reverse faults by Late lenses and beds with planar to undulating boundaries (in more Jurassic and younger compressional events. Initial timing of spicule‐rich facies). The silica bodies are tight, but are often formation of the high was in the Late Jurassic. By the Early Cre‐ enclosed and separated by less silicified and more porous taceous it was a well‐developed structural high, evidenced by (<30%) zones. well preserved, local northwards oriented clinoforms and de‐ The cored Tempelfjorden section in well 7120/3‐1 includes a positional fans in lowermost Cretaceous strata, observed on poorly‐sorted breccia with spiculite clasts floating in an exter‐ the northeastern parts of the high. Due to severe late erosion nal, dolomitized matrix. Chert is seen to occupy the central Lower to Middle Triassic sediments today subcrop at the apex part of clasts and mimic their overall shape, indicating that the of the structure. The Paleozoic section at the eastern parts of silica concretions grew after the brecciation, within already the high shows well‐developed horst and graben structures, formed spiculite clasts. The chert itself is tightly cemented, but with good examples of growth faults initiated in early Carboni‐ the clast margins are porous (<35%). The broadly similar pat‐ ferous. Many of these Carboniferous grabens and half‐grabens tern of higher porosity zones around tight silica concretions have later been inverted and are today defining structural clo‐ suggests that the mechanisms of porosity creation were essen‐ sures at younger levels. tially the same, despite the completely different character of the host sediment (bedded in Spitsbergen vs. chaotically or‐ Diagenesis of spiculites in the Tempelfjorden ganized at Loppa High). The process is a natural consequence of diffusional or advectional mobilization of silica fluid to feed Group, Spitsbergen – a base line for under‐ the growing silica concretions and consequently deplete the standing the Gohta reservoir surroundings. The growth of silica concretions is widely ac‐ cepted to occur during the opal‐A/opal‐CT transformation when the biosiliceous sediment is still uncompacted and unce‐ Michał Matysik1, Lars Stemmerik1,2, Snorre Olaussen2 & Harald mented. Brunstad3 With further burial, opal‐CT was dissolved and reprecipitated as stable quartz, represented as a variety of fibrous and crys‐ 1 Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenha‐ talline cements. Excellent preservation of the precursor micro‐ gen, Øster Voldgade 5‐7, DK‐1350 Copenhagen, Denmark and macrotextures indicates that the process was diachronous 2 The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), N‐9171 Longyear‐ at all scales and did not involve migration of silica fluid. Accord‐ byen, Norway ingly, the process did not influence on the porosity. Stable oxy‐ 3Lundin Norway AS, Strandveien 4, P.O. Box 247, N‐ gen isotopes of the quartz cements (δ18O between +30 and 1326 Lysaker, Norway +20‰ SMOW) show that the opal‐CT/quartz conversion

started when the strata passed 20°C isotherm at burial depths The spiculitic chert in the Tempelfjorden Group at Spitsbergen of ca. 600 m, and was completed 2.5 km beneath the sea floor is formed as the result of conversion of unstable sponge‐ at temperatures of 90°C. spicule opal‐A to stable quartz. The conversion took place as a two‐step dissolution‐reprecipitation process and involved an intermediate opal‐CT stage. It is accompanied by silicification, Could uplift and erosion result in source sediment cementation, and porosity destruction. Despite this rocks expelling huge quantities of isotopically common pathway, some chertified intervals retained excep‐ heavy gas? Circumstantial evidence from tionally high porosity and are prolific hydrocarbon reservoirs. Porosity evolution, timing, and controls are poorly understood. wells on Svalbard This study further explores the issue of porosity development in spicule‐dominated sediments, based studies of the Middle‐ 1,2 1 1 Sverre Ekrene Ohm , Snorre Olaussen , Kim Senger & Ingar Upper Permian Tempelfjorden Group on Spitsbergen to de‐ 3 Johansen velop a better understanding of the processes affecting the time‐equivalent reservoir unit in the Gohta discovery on the 1 Department of Arctic Geology, University Centre in Svalbard, Loppa High, Norwegian Barents Sea. The two areas differ mark‐ 9170 Longyearbyen, Norway, [email protected], edly with respect to burial/uplift history and diagenesis but in NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 22 [email protected], [email protected] cylinders with the core‐plugs were de‐gassed for 38 months. 2 Institute for Petroleum Technology, University of Stavanger, The de‐gassed gas was analyzed regularly for gas composition Stavanger, Norway, [email protected] and δ13C isotope values. Interestingly the gases changed com‐ 3 Institute for Energy Technology (IFE), Kjeller, Norway, inga‐ position over time, and also became isotopically heavier. [email protected] “Production gas” that was sampled from the two wells with a two year interval shows the same trend as the gas escaping Eight wells were drilled in the vicinity of Longyearbyen on the from the core plugs. The fact that source rocks and seals bleed Arctic archipelago of Svalbard since 2009 to investigate the off gas under vacuum leads us to speculate about the effects feasibility of storing locally produced CO2 in siliciclastic reser‐ pressure release may have in nature, in areas that have been voirs belonging to the Late Triassic‐Middle Jurassic Kapp To‐ uplifted and eroded. Surprisingly large volumes of gas were scana Group. The target reservoir is severely under‐pressured, evacuated from the core plugs. Up‐scaled to the entire Barents owing to substantial Cenozoic uplift. Significant amounts of shelf, de‐gassing could account for tremendous volumes of natural gas were encountered at several stratigraphic intervals. gas. The evacuated gases also became isotopically heavier with Thermogenic gas was flowing from the lower part of the time. In exploration, isotopically heavier gases are often inter‐ Agardhfjellet Formation, leading to a comprehensive P&A op‐ preted to originate from deeper buried source rocks, experien‐ eration to prevent the gas from reaching the surface. While the cing higher temperatures. If de‐gassing from source rocks in gas poses operational risks with respect to CO2 storage, its uplifted and eroded areas takes place, then the same isotopic presence poses an interesting question: what are the sources fractionation may occur. Accordingly, much of the isotopically of these gasses? heavy gases in petroleum accumulations in the Barents Sea A comprehensive gas analysis study was carried out by the may originate from a local source and not necessarily have a Institute for Energy (IFE). 73 core plugs from three boreholes deeper origin. (DH6, DH7 and DH8) were sampled (Figure 1) and stored in Figure 1: Overview of the stratigraphy penetrated by the DH4 evacuated gas tight cylinders. Gas from wellhead at borehole borehole in Adventdalen and the stratigraphic location of the (DH4 and DH5R) was also sampled and analyzed. The gas tight gas samples, from both gas bags and degassing from drill cores. The red bar indicates the interval where a production test was undertaken, with gas production of 1500 Sm3/day. Lithological log modified after Atle Mørk, wireline logging by Harald Elve‐ bakk (Norwegian Geological Survey).

Tectonostratigraphic Atlas of the Arctic (Eastern Russia and adjacent areas)

Petrov O.V.1, Sobolev N.N. 1, Kashubin S.N. 1, Petrov E.O. 1, Le‐ ontiev D.I. 1, Tolmasheva T.Yu. 1

1 Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), 74, Sredny pr., St Petersburg, 199106, Russian Federation, [email protected]

Intensive study of the Arctic region during last 15 years under a series of major international and national projects has resulted in the accumulation of enormous amount of new data on the geological structure of the region, including those obtained during geophysical sounding of the ocean floor, the examina‐ tion of bottom rock material, studying geology of islands and the continental part of the Russian Arctic. One of the most successful projects is the international cooperation of eight circumpolar countries on the creation of the Atlas of Geological Maps of the Circumpolar Arctic at a scale of 1:5,000,000, which already includes geological and tectonic maps, potential fields map, mineral resources map. More detailed geological infor‐ mation on the Arctic region can be generalized in the form of atlases of major geological structures and regions of polar ar‐ eas. The atlas “Geological History of the Barents Sea” pub‐ lished in 2009 by Russia and Norway was first successful ex‐ NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 23 perience in the implementation of this work. The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) has worked since Modern level of knowledge of the Arctic allows the analysis of 2012 on mapping Norway’s continental shelf in the eastern tectonostratigraphy and litho‐geodynamics of the region and part of Barents Sea North. This area has not been opened for the interpretation of geological complexes in terms of tectonic petroleum activities, and is defined by the boundary line to the settings of stratigraphic sequences formation based on the east, 74°30’N to the south, 25°E to the west, and Edgeøya and sedimentary basin and the entire lithosphere. This work has Kong Karls Land to the north‐west and north respectively – an already begun; in 2014, geological surveys of Denmark, UK, area of about 170 000 square kilometres. Norway, Iceland, and the Netherlands complied the New two‐dimensional seismic data acquired in the 2012 “Tectonostratigraphic Atlas of the North‐East Atlantic region”. ‐14 seasons and 2D seismic lines shot between 1973 and 1996 Currently, the Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI) have been used in the mapping work. Use has also been made actively works on the creation of paleogeographic reconstruc‐ of geological information acquired from shallow drilling in the tions and litho‐geodynamic models showing the formation of area, and of data from several seasons of fieldwork in Svalbard. the sedimentary cover of the continental shelf of Eurasia and The resource potential of the mapped area has been adjacent Central Arctic elevations and other geological structu‐ assessed on the basis of critical sub‐surface factors. An esti‐ res of the Arctic Ocean. Compilation of the mate has been produced for undiscovered resources in plays “Tectonostratigraphic Atlas of the Arctic (Eastern Russia and which represent the various identified reservoir levels. These adjacent areas)”, covering the eastern Russian Arctic continen‐ plays have been assessed on the basis of geological risk and tal part and eastern Eurasian basin has been started. The Atlas uncertainty considerations for parameters of risk and volume/ summarizes the accumulated to date geological material on fluids respectively. this key region of the Arctic resulted from geophysical soun‐ Play analyses utilise a stochastic calculation model ding of the ocean floor in recent years, examination of bottom (Monte Carlo simulation), where present and producible re‐ rock material, collected by several national and international sources are calculated together with the associated uncer‐ expeditions, studying the geological structure of islands and tainty range. The simulations in the analyses take account of the continental part the Russian Arctic carried out, including, the probabilities of success. Six plays have been identified in during several international expeditions since 2006. the eastern part of Barents Sea North, ranging in age from At present, the Atlas includes geological, gravimetric maps, early Carboniferous to middle Jurassic. anomalous magnetic field map, seismic knowledge sketch‐ Based on the play analysis, expected recoverable re‐ map, and the set of composite seismic profiles crossing main sources for the mapped area of Barents Sea North are calcu‐ geological structures of the northeastern Arctic, a set of struc‐ lated to be 1 370 million scm oe. The geological uncertainty in tural maps (after the acoustic basement, after the top of Creta‐ this large and still less mapped area is reflected by the spread ceous and Eocene sediments), structural‐geological map, map of the resource estimate, from a low of 350 million scm oe of tectonic zoning of the basement and sedimentary cover, and (P95) to a high of 2 460 million scm oe (P05). Expected recover‐ the set of paleogeographic maps (for the Early Triassic (‐250 able resources break down into 825 million scm of fluids and Ma), Late Jurassic (‐145 Ma), Early Cretaceous (Aptian‐Albian) 545 billion scm of gas (‐112 Ma), Paleogene (Eocene ) (‐35 Ma), and Neogene This talk will focus on NPD play analysis of the eastern (Miocene) (‐10 Ma). Paleogeographic maps are accompanied part of the Barents Sea North, as well as on the resource po‐ by stratigraphic columns and photographs of cross‐sections. tential. Creation of the Atlas as a set of systematic modern geological information is of great importance for understanding the geo‐ logical structure and history of tectonic development, forma‐ Wisting – moving outside the box to unlock a tion time and the correlation of sedimentary and volcanic new field development in the Barents Sea complexes in the region. These studies allow understanding the peculiarities of the for‐ Heidi Rydningen mation of the Arctic Basin, which is transformed and deformed OMV (Norge) AS – [email protected] margins of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean based on the new geological ‐geophysical and lithogeodynamic basis. Introduction The Wisting discovery is located in Barents Sea. To date four Undiscovered resources and play models in exploration wells and one appraisal well have been drilled in the north‐eastern part of the Norwegian Bar‐ the PL537 license, confirming a very shallow oil accumulation with low temperature and pressure. In a water depth of ents Sea approximately 400 m, the reservoir is situated only 250m be‐ low seabed. Abryl O. Ramirez, Maren Bjørheim & Andreas Bjørnestad The reservoir in the Wisting discovery is the Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic Realgrunnen Subgroup, with the Fuglen forma‐ Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Po box 600, 4003 Stavanger tion acting as cap rock. The Stø Fm is interpreted to be an up‐ Email: [email protected] per shoreface sandstone, and exhibit excellent reservoir prop‐

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 24

Figure 1 Wisting discovery

Figure 2 Wisting Central II ‐ shallowest North‐most and horizontal well in Norway. Reservoir location at similar verti‐ cal depth as elevation of the famous Pulpit Rock

Figure 3 1324/7‐3 S (Wisting Central II) well NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 25

Figure 4 Conventional Seismic Data vs UHR Seismic data

Figure 5 Potential Development Concept NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 26 erties. The Nordmela Fm, interpreted as a lower shoreface sandstone, has a similar porosity to Stø Fm, but with lower Summary permeability, while the Fruholmen Fm is assumed to be depos‐ The Wisting discovery is estimated to have in‐place hydrocar‐ ited in a tidal‐ to fluvial environment, with more variation in bon volume in the range of 800 to 1250 mmboe. In addition, the reservoir quality. 50 to 500 mmboe are identified in leads and prospects in the The field consists of several fault compartments. Well log data license. Recoverable resources are expected to be in the range (logs, pressure data), and seismic and CSEM data, suggests a of 200 to 500 mmboe. slight variation in the oil water contacts across segments The Wisting discovery has very good reservoir properties and (Figure 1). fluid characteristics. However, the shallow nature of the reser‐ Wisting Central II appraisal well voir combined with its remote location does bring challenges To further appraise the Wisting discovery, an innovative hori‐ ahead for the project. zontal well design was used in 7324/7‐3 S (Wisting Central II). It At current time the license group is working towards a DG1 in was drilled in 2016, being the shallowest and northern‐most 2017 and a PDO 2020. First oil is prognosed to be in 2024 horizontal well in Norway (Figure 2). This was an important (Figure 5). pilot since field economics strongly benefit from horizontal wells. The two primary objectives of the well were to assess ACKNOWLEDGMENTS technical feasibility of drilling a cost‐effective high dogleg hori‐ The author would like to thank the Wisting license partners zontal well and to test the productivity by performing a DST in Statoil Petroleum AS, Petoro AS, Idemitsu Petroleum Norge AS the horizontal section. A secondary objective was to evaluate and former partner Tullow Oil Norge AS for allowing to present hydrocarbon resources in two segments (Wisting Central West this work. & South) by drilling horizontally, which significantly con‐ The views and opinions expressed in this presentation are tho‐ strained the data acquisition strategy. se of the Operator and are not necessarily shared by the licen‐ The horizontal well was drilled according to plan, with a suc‐ se partners. cessful DST in the Wisting Central West segment. The well veri‐ fied the volumes in the Wisting Central West & South seg‐ Go North – Norwegian Arctic Ocean Geosci‐ ments, and significantly increased the total in‐place volumes for the Wisting discovery. Reservoir delineation by deep and entific Program oriented resistivity measurements indicates a varying OWC across the field, locally deeper compared to results from the Gunnar Sand¹, Rolf Mjelde² & Morten Smelror³ offset discovery fault block (Figure 3). The apparent OWC map‐ ped from deep resistivity LWD confirms the contact interpre‐ ¹SINTEF Energi AS, Pb 4761 Sluppen, Trondheim; ted from seismic and CSEM data. ²University of Bergen, Department of Earth Science, Pb 7803, 5020 Bergen; High resolution seismic data ³Geological Survey of Norway, Pb 6315 Sluppen, 7491 Trond‐ In addition to proving the concept of drilling horizontal wells, heim. the ability to perform detailed reservoir characterization and a better understanding of the reservoir architecture are consid‐ According to the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea ered to be crucial for the field development. Based on the ex‐ (UNCLOS), an additional 235.000 km2 was added to Norwegian isting seismic datasets and the Wisting Central II well results, a territorial waters in 2009. The area is comparable to the size of new dataset, which could provide improved fault definition Great Britain. The northern part of this territory is poorly ex‐ and more detailed imaging of the reservoirs, where searched plored, as exploring the Arctic Ocean has not been given prior‐ for. Previous results from multi‐client Ultra‐High Resolution ity in Norway in recent years. An improved knowledge base is (UHR) seismic data acquisition in the Barents Sea has seen a needed to ensure the future management of the region, and significant improvement in the resolution. an initiative to develop a research program to explore the Arc‐ tic Ocean was initiated in 2015. The Go North initiative is de‐ The UHR (P‐Cable) seismic data was acquired during summer veloped by twelve research institutions; the Geological Survey of 2016 and processed during the autumn of 2016. The result is of Norway (NGU), the Norwegian University of Science and a seismic volume with details not seen in the conventional Technology (NTNU), the Arctic University of Norway (UiT), the seismic dataset (Figure 4). The resolution in the final volume is universities of Bergen (UiB), Oslo (UiO), Stavanger (UiS), the matching the most optimistic expectations and the dataset will University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), SINTEF, Norwegian Polar certainly help reducing uncertainty for both reservoir volume Institute (NPI), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing estimations. This include the building of geological and flow Center (NERSC), UNI Research and Institute of Marine Research simulation models that are vital optimizing drainage strategy (IMR). The purpose is to develop a multi‐disciplinary scientific for the chosen development concept. In addition, it is expected program to explore the seabed and the geological structures to reduce the risk of exploration prospects and uncertainties in below, from Svalbard to the tectonic ridge known as the Gak‐ development well planning. kel ridge. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 27

The main profile of the program will be basic research, as the Alta 7220/11‐3 and 11‐3AR. They represent the lower part of overall goal is to gain new knowledge about the Arctic Ocean large bryozoan build‐ups and are sharing many similarities with and its geological history. Education will be an important part, the younger Bjarmeland bryozoan buildups as seen in e.g. as we want to introduce a new generation of polar researchers 7229/11‐1; a major differences being that they are dolo‐ to the Arctic Ocean. Geology and geophysics have been given mitized. They are locally capped by a succession of peloidal priority at this stage, as we are targeting research topics like grainstones marking the end of reef growth; elsewhere they the processes behind the opening of the Arctic Ocean, the dy‐ form the top of the preserved Ørn succession. namics of the tectonic ridge and climate history through the The entire succession is influenced by processes related to late past 50 MY. We will also be developing and testing new tech‐ Permian – early Triassic exposure modifying the porosity of the nologies, suitable for application in the Arctic Ocean. This in‐ primary facies and involving large scale brecciation. To better cludes ROV, AUV and new sensor technologies. understand the three‐dimensional distribution of brecciated As a first step, the partners have launched an 18‐month pre‐ intervals, outcrops in Spitsbergen have been used as analogs. project, covering the development of a high quality scientific program, building an international partnership, identifying cost ‐effective logistics platforms and developing a funding strategy. Kobbe Formation reservoir potential outside The Norwegian Foreign Office supports the initiative through the Arctic 2030 program. The costs of an Arctic Ocean explora‐ Hammerfest Basin in the light of Aurelia tion program are huge. A multi‐disciplinary approach will en‐ (7222/1‐1) well results able more partners to join and make the program more robust. International cooperation is needed, because the topics to be Tsikalas, F.1, Blackley, C.1, Alzeni, F.1, Van Noorden M.1, Uncini, studied are international and because Norway does not have G.1, Farrer G.1 and Mavilla, N.2 icebreakers capable of operating in the fast ice. 1Eni Norge, Stavanger, Norway 2Eni E&P, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy

Upper Palaeozoic carbonate reservoirs in the Following the successful Middle Triassic play at the Goliat dis‐ covery/field in Hammerfest Basin, intense exploration efforts Norwegian Barents Sea: lessons to be have been made in recent years in the rest of the Barents Sea learned from Spitsbergen and the Loppa (Bjarmeland Platform, eastern Loppa High, Nordkapp Basin) in High mapping and drilling several prospects with Kobbe Formation reservoir as, in most of the cases, the main target (secondary L. Stemmerik1,2, H. Brunstad3, M.A. Charnock3, E. Hammer3, targets including Klappmyss and Snadd formations). At Goliat, G.B. Larssen4, V. Løvø3, M. Matysik1, S. Olaussen2 the Kobbe play is composed of four‐way down‐faulted roll‐ overs with fluvial to deltaic reservoir sandstones of the Middle Triassic Kobbe Formation sourced from Lower and Middle Tri‐ 1 Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenha‐ assic shales and sealed by Carnian shales. The Goliat oil discov‐ gen, ery in the Kobbe Formation in 2005 was a “game changer” as it Øster Voldgade 5‐7, DK‐1350 Copenhagen, Denmark opened a new play concept in the Hammerfest Basin on top of 2 The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), N‐9171 Longyear‐ the successful Upper Triassic‐Middle Jurassic Realgrunnen Sub‐ byen, Norway 3 group play in the area. Lundin Norway AS, Strandveien 4, P.O. Box 247, N‐ Triassic sediment provenance areas are well constrained by 1326 Lysaker, Norway regional seismic and well correlations in the entire Barents Sea. 4Lundin Norway AS, Rikard Kaarbøs gate 2, N‐9405 Harstad, Although locally northwards prograding wedges are observed Norway offlapping the Finnmark Platform with provenance from up‐

lifted Fennoscandia, the major provenance areas for the Trias‐ The Alta and Gohta discoveries in the southern Loppa High sic sediments outside the Hammerfest Basin were Novaya challenge the common understanding of reservoir facies in the Zemlya and the Ural Mountains. During Induan‐Ladinian times, Upper Palaeozoic carbonates and spiculites on the Norwegian marginal marine facies of the Havert, Klappmyss and Kobbe Barents Shelf. The main carbonate reservoirs in the Alta discov‐ formations onlapped the eastern flank of the paleo‐Loppa High ery are belonging to the Upper Carboniferous ‐ Lower Permian and, in an elongated manner, were also deposited farther to Falk and Ørn Formations. The Ørn carbonates show a distinc‐ the northeast along the Bjarmeland Platform at the Hoop Fault tive zonation and are divided into a lower succession of cyclic Complex. Farther west in the western Barents Sea, the Lower interbedded deeper ramp to peritidal facies of variable reser‐ to Middle Triassic sequences, including the Kobbe Formation voir quality capped by a brecciated interval with carbonate equivalents, comprise condensed sections, consisting of distal clasts floating in a clay‐rich matrix. The lower part of the suc‐ organic‐rich deep marine mudstones and minor sandstones. cession has many similarities with the Wordiekammen Forma‐ The Aurelia well (7222/1‐1; completed Aug. 2016) in block tion in central Spitsbergen. The overlying part of the Ørn For‐ 7222/1 of PL226 (operated by Eni Norge) is located on the mation is composed of dolomitized bryozoan cementstones in NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 28 northeastern part of the Loppa High proper and is the latest well to target the Kobbe Formation reservoir as the main tar‐ get along the SW‐NE elongated, Anisian paleo‐shoreline along the eastern Loppa High and Hoop Fault Complex area. The well results indicate a poor quality sandstone reservoir of 22 m with traces of gas in the Kobbe Formation, as well as minor gas shows in two moderate reservoir quality water‐bearing sand‐ stone levels (Carnian and Ladinian) within the Snadd Formation of 56 and 18 m, respectively. Characteristic clinoform surfaces were mapped in the available 3D seismic in Aurelia and several seismic amplitude anomalies are structurally comformable with the prospect. Despite the encouraging pre‐drill accounts for presence of sandy deposits at the topset of these clinoform successions and their deltaic counterparts, the well encoun‐ tered only heretolithic facies with poor reservoir quality at the Kobbe Formation main target. The Aurelia well results may, therefore, challenge the expectations for viable Kobbe Forma‐ tion reservoir potential away from the Hammerfest Basin where the proximity to the Fennoscandia provenance and the interplay between fault‐controlled changes in the delta system and facies appear to be the main reservoir controlling factors. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 29

up to nearly the surface on many occasion. Nevertheless, it Cenozoic uplift, erosion is very unlikely that fault fluids would still contain dissolved carbonates so far away from its source. This cementation and deposition would change the rheology from ductile to brittle, altering the way it deforms during uplift. A shaly caprock that has never been lithified keeps its duc‐ tile mechanical behavior. This means that the shales have Caprock efficiency and hydrocarbon col‐ not been damaged during the uplift, and almost kept their umns of discoveries in an uplifted petro‐ structure and permeability from maximal burial depth. The potential cracks created by the stress unloading during leum province: the Norwegian Barents Sea uplift will not be conductive (Bjørlykke and Høeg, 1997). As a reference, Skurtveit et al. (2012) showed that a decrease Matthieu Angeli, Arndt Peterhänsel, Artem Rabey and of confining pressure (which is the consequence of uplift) Leonid Surguchev can divide the permeability by maximum 5 to 6, with a Draupne shale permeability increasing from 10‐12 nD at Lukoil Overseas North Shelf, matthieu.angeli@lukoil‐ maximum burial depth to 60 nD with around 500m uplift. international.com For these reasons, maximum and current burial depth have

been used to evaluate the mechanical properties. The re‐ The Realgrunnen play in the Norwegian Barents Sea is the sults show that in the Barents Sea the maximum burial most successful play until now with four major discoveries depth is more indicative of the possible hydrocarbon col‐ (Snøhvit, Skrugard, Havis, Wisting) and many other smaller umn than the current burial depth. This results is valid in ones. The reservoir is most of the time the prograding our case for shales regardless of their diagenetic history, as coastal sands of the Stø Formation, but occasionally the some have been buried enough to have been lithified, and lower quality Nordmela, Tubåen or Fruholmen formations. some have not. This result is a start for a more complete The trap is generally controlled by faults in a rift area, and evaluation of hydrocarbon columns that could include for the seal is a thick succession of Jurassic and Cretaceous example influence of total uplift, burial depth during defor‐ shales starting with the Fuglen and Hekkingen formations, mation, and could be improved with newer discoveries in which are deep marine transgressive shales from the Upper the Realgrunnen play in the Barents Sea as well as by evalu‐ Jurassic. ating other successful uplifted petroleum provinces. Over the whole Norwegian Barents Sea, the seal thickness

ranges from 26 m (7227/11‐1 S) to 359 m (7120/12‐1). The depth of the discoveries ranges from approximately 200 mbsf (Wisting) to around 2000 mbsf (Snøhvit). According to An underexplored method for determina‐ the classification from Ovcharenko (2007), this hemipelagic tion of palaeotemperature and burial formation is a seal of class III or IV which means it is a very depth. good seal in the shallow areas, but its quality decreases when lithification occurs (chemical diagenesis above 60 ºC). Beyer, C. The reservoirs in the Barents Sea are never filled to spill so the column height, which inherits from a complex migra‐ CB‐Magneto, Sandvigå 24, N‐4004 Stavanger. tion in multiple stages, should be dependent on the rela‐ Claus.Beyer@CB‐Magneto.com tionship between the fluid properties and the mechanical properties of the seal. The objective of this work is to inves‐ Through the last decades a number of methods have been tigate if there is any simple relationship by creating proxies used to estimate the amount of burial and uplift in the Bar‐ for both the seal properties (with the maximum burial ents Sea. One method, the study of fluid inclusions, can depth) and the fluid properties (pore pressure difference give a direct measure of the palaeo temperature. Other created by fluid buoyancy). methods are based on changes in mineralogy, e.g. quartz Diagenesis has a very strong influence on the mechanical cementation which happens abrubtly at 70°C. Clay trans‐ and hydrodynamical properties of shales. Quartz cementa‐ formation from smectite to potassium rich illite happens in tion (causing lithification) in shales occurs in general on the several stages with increasing temperatures. Fission track Norwegian Continental Shelf above 60 degrees. This is the analysis is based on the formation of damage trails formed minimum temperature for the formation of illite from by radioactive decay in apatite and annealing of these as a smectite in the presence of potassium (Hower et al., 1976). function of temperature. Methods based on blocking tem‐ There is always the possibility of carbonate cement at peratures is based on the diffusion of a gas out of the crys‐ these temperatures and it is quite difficult to estimate this tal lattice at high temperature but not at low temperatures. process. The closest carbonate formation is quite deep, Almost all other methods are based on measurements of generally at around 2000m minimum below, in the Per‐ results of the time‐temperature history, that is the com‐ mian, and there is evidence of faulting from the Permian bined effect of temperature and the time of exposure to NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 30 this temperature. Commonly the same result may have [email protected]) been reached in two ways: the result of a short high‐ 2 Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian Uni‐ temperature puls equals the one of a long term low‐ versity of Science and Technology, Trondheim 3 temperature pulse. One such method is a hitherto underde‐ Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim veloped method based on the magnetic properties of a sedi‐ ment or rock. If the magnetic grain size is favourable, the Potential field methods such as gravity and magnetic inter‐ rock will easily acquire and preserve a magnetisation which pretation are mines of valuable information to quantify the will be added to the already present magnetisation in the subsurface and are especially useful where very little geol‐ rock. This may be illustrated by placing a rock in the earth ogy is subcropping or in remote area. On the other hand magnetic field and repeatedly measure the direction and studying the geology and ground topography in the Arctic is intensity of its magnetisation without changing its position often challenging given its extensive ice and snow coverage. with respect to the ambient field. The direction will ap‐ Gravity and magnetic acquisition is therefore a fast eco‐ proach the magnetic north and the intensity will increase. nomical way to acquire knowledge in the Polar Regions. The direction and intensity of this new, superimposed mag‐ Moreover, satellite missions are common methods to esti‐ netic component is a function of the temperature and the mate ice sheet elevation change but fail to provide direct ice length of time it has been placed in the constant magnetic thickness measurements. Ground measurements with ice field. This may be applied in geology. If a rock changes posi‐ penetrating radar can provide ice thickness but are arduous tion due to folding or rotation at a certain point in time, the and time‐consuming for large areas. On the other hand, us‐ new magnetisation will have a different direction and may ing airborne gravity measurements, combined with accurate thus be easily observed and defined with respect to its di‐ and reliable altimetry data, sub‐ice topography and ice rection and intensity as a partial thermal magnetisation, thickness can be effectively derived. Gravity data have the because it comprises only a part of the rocks total magneti‐ advantage to be efficiently acquired over large areas in a sation. The two variables respondsible for the new compo‐ short time frame. nent are temperature and time. Knowing the temperature, Nordauslandet, the second largest island on Svalbard archi‐ the duration of the rock being in its present position may be pelago and covered up to 80% by ice, has been investigated calculated. Knowing the time period, the temperature may by the available aero‐gravity and ‐magnetic data to retrieve be calculated. One advantage is, that not only is the com‐ the sub‐ice topography and the geophysical properties of bined effect of the temperature‐time history measured but the subsurface. Aero‐gravity survey, SAG‐99 was acquired also the age may be calculated from the palaeopole to above North East Greenland coast and Svalbard, including which the magnetic component points. Examples of use Nordaustlandet by KMS (Kort & Matrikelstyrelsen) and UiB were determination of burial depth at a certain age, of a (Universitet i Bergen). suevite collected from an impact crater. Further, it has been Average densities of 2.67 gcc and 0.97 gcc for the bedrock used in the Barents Sea to determine the palaeotempera‐ and ice, respectively, and topographic measurements for ture and thereby a burial depth at a certain time for sedi‐ constraints were used for the forward modelling. The syn‐ ment from the NordKapp Basin. In addition, it has been used thetic modelled signal output was compared to the free‐air for determination of the length of time during which folded anomaly. Therefore, the ice thickness model relied primarily Eocene sediments have been in their present position. Not on the gravity data. However, the magnetic signature is an all sediments are suitable for this method. In the Eocene indicator of the presence of crystalline rocks and provides sediments, small magnetic grains of nanno‐size magnetite an extra insight of the range of density expected allowing to cause the excellent magnetic quality of the sediment. refine the model. For accuracy and resolution assessment, our results are compared to independent bed elevation map It was possible to extract these grains previously produced by radio echo sounding data. and make TEM photos showing their charactersitic shape and alignment typically for magnetite produced by Shallow cores northwest of Bjørnøya along magnetotactic the Barents Sea Margin – results and impli‐ bacteria. cations

Modelling sub‐ice topography of Nordaust‐ Isak Emil Skadsem Eikelmann a, Stig‐Morten Knutsen b, Iver Martens c landet, Svalbard with potential field meth‐ ods a Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration (ARCEx), University of Tromsø, Norway, [email protected] b Dumais M‐A.1,2, Brönner M.2,3, Johansen S.E.2, & Smelror M.3 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), Harstad, Norway, stig‐[email protected] c 1 Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim (marie‐ Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration (ARCEx), NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 31

University of Tromsø, Norway, [email protected] collapse style; and c) mixed tide and fluvial influenced delta. This variation in deltaic style is interpreted as a function of Two shallow boreholes, 7418/01‐U‐01 and 7517/12‐U‐01, the shape of the clinothem below. This leads over to how were in 1994 drilled by IKU / SINTEF on behalf of the Norwe‐ these deltas reached the shelf edge or if they did not. The gian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) northwest of Bjørnøya in deltas may reach the shelf‐edge and deliver sediments to the western Barents Sea. These were part of a program to‐ the basin floor by: a) sea‐level fall with shelf‐incision and talling nine boreholes at six different locations between basinward movement of the deltaic system beyond the shelf Bjørnøya and Svalbard. This area is not opened for petro‐ ‐break; b) high sediment‐supply mechanism at the shelf‐ leum activity, and the shallow boreholes were aimed at pro‐ edge delta with fex. hyperpycnal flows; and c) having a nar‐ viding new data and increased geological knowledge. row shelf that allows deltas to travel across and reach the The two drill sites are located were reflections are subcrop‐ shelf edge. On individual basis, these clinothems can be in‐ ping below the late Neogene and Quaternary overburden, terpreted with one of these mechanisms above. However, it and in two different sub‐basins within the Hornsund fault is interesting to see how the shape and size of each clino‐ complex. Borehole 7418/01‐U‐01 was drilled at a water them has a direct effect on the next clinothem that occurs depth of 181.5m. Total depth from seabed was 126.15m and above. This study shows how a volumetrically‐limited clino‐ 113.3m of cores were cut. Borehole 7515/12‐U‐01 was them enables the next clinothem above, to easily cross the drilled at a water depth of 156m. Total depth from seabed shelf and feed sediments down the shelf slope from a fluvial was 200m and 87.8m of cores were cut. delta. The two following clinothem faced a wider shelf that The cores are dated to Paleogene age and show a variety of first gave a wave‐dominated delta and finally a mixed tidal sedimentary features such as ample bioturbation, ripples and fluvial delta capped by an estuary. and various cross stratifications. The lithology varies from A different aspect of these clinothems is the mapped mud to several sandy intervals and thinner beds of conglom‐ skewed thickness distribution of the regressive vs the trans‐ erate. gressive unit within one clinothem. This gives a good illustra‐ The depositional interpretation and structural setting of the tion of the principles of sediment partitioning within se‐ cores provides important information on the paleoenviron‐ quence stratigraphic methods. In this, the focus of deposi‐ ment and structural development of the area. tion is forced seaward during regression whereas during transgression the focus of deposition is moved landward as Variation in stacking style of delta‐estuary sediments are trapped here due to available accommoda‐ couplets and associated deep‐marine fans; tion space. This relationship is best seen in sequences with an aggradational component. The sediment partitioning an example from the Eocene Central Basin concept can be used as a predictive tool and to differentiate of Spitsbergen the internal facies architecture within sequences with reser‐ voir implications.

Atle Folkestad¹, Erik P. Johannessen, Ronald J. Steel 2

¹ STATOIL ASA, Bergen, [email protected] The Cenozoic evolution and sedimentary 2 University of Texas successions of the southwestern Eurasian

The Eocene of the Central Basin of Spitsbergen shows a se‐ Basin and the northern Svalbard / Barents ries of eastward building clinothems deposited in a foreland Sea continental margin basin. This basin was formed by a westerly active fold and thrust‐belt which also acted as provenance area for these Wolfram H. Geissler1, Amando Lasabuda2,3*, Jan Sverre La‐ shallow‐marine sand‐wedges. Some of these shallow‐marine berg3,2 wedges prograded onto the shelf, whereas some of them reached the shelf‐edge and have associated deep‐marine 1 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐ und sand‐lobes. Meeresforschung Three of these clinothems have been studied with focus on Am Alten Hafen 26, D‐27568 Bremerhaven, Germany, Wolf‐ depositional environment, lateral facies variations, internal [email protected] stacking pattern and shoreline trajectory pattern. All of 2 Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration (ARCEx), them show a regressive ‐ deltaic, to transgressive ‐ estuary University of Tromsø, N‐9037 Tromsø, Norway, couplet. The transgressive parts of the clinothems consist of [email protected] 3 estuaries, lagoonal and coastal plain fines, and beach‐barrier Department of Geology, University of Tromsø, N‐9037 sand complexes. For the regressive deltaic part, there are Tromsø, Norway, [email protected] clear differences between these three clinothems in terms of the style. The deltaic parts range from a) fluvial and punc‐ The geologic history of the SW Eurasian Basin and the north‐ tuated mass‐flow style; b) wave reworked and delta front ern Svalbard/Barents Sea continental margin started in Late NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 32

Cretaceous / early Tertiary. Since about 50 Ma seafloor The Eocene of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, has received consider‐ spreading has been active in the Eurasian Basin splitting off able attention in the literature because of its spectacular the Lomonosov Ridge from the northern Eurasian Shelf. seismic‐scale clinforms exposed along many fiords and val‐ Since Miocene, rifting and seafloor spreading have been also leys. High quality outcrops enables down‐dip tracing of fa‐ established in‐between NE Greenland and Svalbard, separat‐ cies belts from the proximal shelf through the shelf‐edge ing the Moris Jesup Rise and Yermak submarine plateaus and down‐slope into the basin floor. Previous publications and opening the Fram Strait deep‐water gateway between particularly focused on the shelf‐edge to slope segment of the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans. the clinoforms and demonstrated how shelf‐edge deltas The subsequent opening of the Eurasia Basin and the Fram played a major role in sediment transport into the deeper Strait associated with the subsidence of the Yermak Plateau parts of the basin. Thick, sandstone‐dominated turbidite led to the formation of accumulation space along the north‐ lobes occur in the toeset of some clinoforms. Few studies ern Svalbard/Barents Sea continental margin. The Cenozoic have investigated in detail these turbidite deposits. By com‐ sedimentary successions document the early passive margin bining outcrop and core data from central Spitsbergen, this formation within an enclosed Arctic Ocean Basin, the in‐ study investigates the sedimentary processes that formed creasing influence of current‐related deposition following the turbidite lobes. Our previous studies shows that turbid‐ the opening of the Fram Strait, and finally the strong imprint ite lobes occur in two basin‐wide NW–SE‐oriented zones. In of the Quaternary glaciations of the Barents Sea. Beside areas with multiple stacked turbidite lobes, the lobes show ocean current activity also mass wasting plays a major role an offset stacking pattern. Internally, lobes shows proximal in shaping the continental margin. to distal (or axis to off‐axis) facies trends with beds thinning During the last decades, several seismic campaigns were distally, as well as vertical facies trends characterized by an carried out along the northern Svalbard/Barents Sea conti‐ upwards increase in bed thickness and degree of amalgama‐ nental margin. Unfortunately, lithological and age informa‐ tion. These trends together indicate that the turbidite lobes tion from deep drilling is still very sparse in the study area. are progradationally stacked, reflecting the overall progra‐ In this contribution we will review existing data and discuss dational nature of the accompanying clinform system. At implications for the evolution of the northern Barents Sea bed‐to‐bed scale, many of the turbidites deviates from the continental margin. classical Bouma‐type facies pattern typical of deposition from surge‐type, low‐density turbidity currents. Many beds instead show a two‐ or three‐fold‐division typical of hybrid Turbidites in the Eocene of Spitsbergen: sediment gravity flows. These beds have a lower sandstone‐ can they tell us something about the dominated turbidite division succeeded by a clast‐ and mud‐ stone‐rich debrite division (see inset photo). Some beds also Sørvestsnaget Basin? have an upper thin‐bedded turbidite division deposited from the dilute tail of the flow. The two‐folded bed division indi‐ Sten‐Andreas Grundvåg1,William Helland‐Hansen2 & Polina cate that some turbidity flows transformed into slurry flows Safronova3 or debris flows on their way to their final destination on the basin floor. Many of the thicker sandstone beds and bed‐ 1 Department of Geosciences, UiT–the Arctic University of sets show pervasive soft‐sediment deformation and high Norway, e‐mail: sten‐[email protected] degrees of amalgamation, particularly in the upper part of 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bergen, e‐mail: most lobes. The latter may be attributed to high sedimenta‐ william.helland‐[email protected] tion rates in the proximal and axial regions of the lobes. 3 Engie E&P Norge, Vestre Svanholmen 6, 4313‐Sandnes, Sand‐rich turbidite deposits also occur in the middle Eocene Norway; e‐mail: [email protected] of the Sørvestsnaget Basin, western Barents Shelf. Well

Figure 1: Clinoforms in the mountainside of Storvola, central Spitsbergen. The inset show a hybrid event bed. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 33

Reconstruction of the Eocene West Spitsbergen fold‐and‐ thrust‐belt ‐ Central Tertiary Basin source‐to‐sink system.

7216/11‐1S penetrate parts of what is interpreted to be a sub‐ spectacular motif of the basin filling. marine fan that developed in a high‐relief shelf‐margin setting. More than 10 MSc theses and 30 publications have emanated A cored section indicate that the turbidite beds in this particu‐ from studies of this succession over the last 15 years and more lar submarine fan was deposited by high‐density turbidity cur‐ than thousand students and numerous oil‐company field ex‐ rents (see paper by Ryseth et al., 2003). The succeeding clin‐ cursions have visited the succession. After many years of stud‐ form succession accreted in a low‐relief shelf‐margin setting ies the understanding of the basin fill is relatively robust, how‐ similar to that of Spitsbergen. Although undrilled seismic fea‐ ever, how the basin fill relates to the source terrain is more tures, high‐amplitude anomalies in the toesets of these clino‐ uncertain. Based on existing published literature, our own field forms may indicate the presence of sandy turbidite deposits. ‐work and a number of recent MSc studies we integrate new We suggest that the turbidite lobes in Spitsbergen may be an data with previous work on the depositional system in order to outcrop analogue to those reported in the Sørvestsnaget Basin give an‐updated view of the paelogeographic and tec‐ and may aid future exploration campaigns in the western Bar‐ tonostratigraphic development of the succession. The follow‐ ents Shelf. ing aspects of the source‐to‐sink system will be discussed: 1) the development and distribution of the main depositional elements of the system; 2) how these relate to the overall ba‐ The coupled West Spitsbergen fold‐and‐ sin filling; 3) how the source to sink sediment fairway can be thrust‐belt ‐ Central Tertiary Basin source‐to‐ reconstructed and 4) how inferences on the temporal structure of the basin fill can be made. sink system

Helland‐Hansen, William1 and Grundvåg, Sten‐Andreas2 AFT data as a method for constraining pat‐

tern and timing of regional uplift & erosion 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, e‐mail: William.helland‐[email protected] and variation of the geothermal gradient in 2 Department of Geosciences, UiT–the Arctic University of Nor‐ the Barents Sea way, e‐mail: sten‐[email protected] Bart W.H. Hendriks The West Spitsbergen fold‐and‐thrust belt and the Central Ter‐ tiary Basin acted as a coupled source‐to‐sink system from the Statoil Forskningssenter, Rotvoll, bahen@statoil latest Paleocene and into the Eocene. Deltas migrated east‐ wards from the rising mountain belt and accumulated as a se‐ Apatite Fission Track (AFT) data can help to constrain cooling ries of wedges across the basin in an offset shingled fashion. histories of rock samples for temperatures lower than ~120C. Some of the wedges extend onto the slope and basin floor The modeling results for individual samples typically have large forming clinothems, which constitutes a characteristic and uncertainties on time and temperature. This limits the useful‐ NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 34 ness of this type of constraints for individual samples or wells. and from east to west. The processes causing uplift and ero‐ However, the combination of AFT modeling results from many sion might thus also vary across the shelf and through time. samples or wells over a larger region often highlights clear pat‐ Areas north of 74o30’N – hereafter called Barents Sea North terns in timing and magnitude of uplift & erosion. (BSN) ‐ are not opened for petroleum activity, and the amount As an example, a large number of AFT analyses were compiled of data acquired in these northern areas are far more re‐ from the Fennoscandian mainland (Hendriks et al., Norwegian stricted than acreage to the south. On behalf of the Norwegian Journal of Geology, 2007). These results clearly illustrate, for Parliament, the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) has example, a marked difference in uplift & erosion history be‐ acquired both seismic 2D data and shallow stratigraphic cores tween the two topographic highs in Southern and Northern in BSN. Norway respectively. Since the 1980’s Statoil has accumulated Five of the shallow cores acquired by NPD in BSN have Paleo‐ AFT data from a large number of wells in the Barents Sea, sup‐ gene sediments: 7418/01‐U‐01, 7517/12‐U‐01, 7616/11‐U‐02, plemented with data from a smaller number of academic stud‐ 7617/11‐U‐02 and 8034/5‐U‐1. Four of these are located south ies. All of these data have now been compiled and the best of Svalbard, and drilled 1993‐1994. One of the shallow strati‐ quality data has been used to construct a regional overview of graphic cores is positioned northeast of Svalbard, and was ac‐ 1) timing of maximum paleotemperature, 2) geothermal gradi‐ quired in 2015. ents and 3) missing section. Although in exploration studies the The Paleogene depositional environment interpreted from the amount of missing section is often of most interest, it is also shallow cores, combined with established work on the contem‐ the constraint that is the most poorly constrained. This is partly poraneous deposits on Spitsbergen, as well as regional struc‐ related to the inability of the AFT system to accurately record tural and stratigraphic considerations, adds new information to the very large uplift & erosion that we know has taken place in the Paleogene exhumation puzzle. the Barents Sea. The AFT data compilation clearly highlights the difference in the timing of maximum paleotemperatures throughout the Cenozoic uplift and erosion of the SW Bar‐ Barents Sea. This allows us to divide the region into several ents Sea area – present status domains that have been affected by distinct thermal events. For the Cenozoic we can clearly define two separate events, 65 ,b, a ‐40 Ma and 40‐20 Ma. In some wells both events have been Jan Sverre Laberg Tom Arne Rydningen , Amando Lasabu‐ b c,b recorded. Jurassic‐Cretaceous events can be demonstrated da , Stig Morten Knutsen only in areas where the geothermal gradient has been consis‐ a tently low (i.e. ~30°C/km). The geothermal gradient can be Department of Geoscience, University of Tromsø, Norway, [email protected], [email protected] estimated by combining the thermal histories of samples at b difference depths in wells and – despite large uncertainties for Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration (ARCEx), University of Tromsø, Norway, [email protected] individual wells ‐ shows a clear regional pattern as well. c Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), Harstad, Norway,

stig‐[email protected]

The ghost of Paleogene – what can shallow In this talk, we will review the present status on the Cenozoic stratigraphic cores south and northeast of uplift and erosion affecting the Barents Sea area including esti‐ Svalbard tell? mates of erosion, areas affected and mechanisms involved. For establishing erosion estimates, two lines of investigations have been followed. One has focused on estimating the total (net) Stig‐Morten Knutsen missing overburden in the area dominated by erosion. This is based on data from the continental shelf and/or the onshore Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), Harstad, Norway, stig areas including Svalbard and Bjørnøya, and has utilized seismic ‐[email protected] data, well data, and/or Apatite and zircon fission track thermo‐ chronology. The other group of studies have focused on esti‐ In the Barents Sea, Cenozoic uplift and erosion have influenced mating the volume, age and origin of the erosional products the petroleum system of the area in various ways. The timing and considering the source area for these sediments using seis‐ of erosion, and which processes caused the removal of over‐ mic and well data from the area dominated by deposition of burden are still being investigated. The Neogene and Quater‐ the erosional products. In short, estimates of the total missing nary erosion are believed to be mirrored by the large prograd‐ overburden varies from ~800 – 3000 m while the total Ceno‐ ing wedges and through mouth fans along the margins of the zoic erosion estimates from the study of the erosional products Barents Sea. Potential Paleogene phases of erosion are more implies that up to ~ 2000 m of erosion have affected the Bar‐ difficult to define, partly due to later removal of this part of the ents Sea area. These estimates, their implications and the stratigraphy in large parts of the Barents Sea. mechanisms involved will be further discussed. In terms of structure and stratigraphy the large epicontinental shelf of the Barents Sea varies significantly from north to south NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 35

The Cenozoic pre‐glacial tectono‐ unloading process. This study suggests also a period of pre‐ glacial’s subsidence and uplift during the Eocene due to the sedimentary development of the western rifting and seafloor spreading between Norway and Greenland. Barents Sea margin: implications for uplift A local secondary uplift in the Oligocene with lesser magnitude and erosion of the sediment source areas is also identified. Erosion estimates for the western margin is calculated to be 900‐1400 m in the southwestern and probably

a,b b, a more than 2000 m in the northwestern Barents Sea. The sedi‐ Amando Lasabuda , Jan Sverre Laberg , Stig‐Morten Knut‐ mentation rates and erosion rates for the Cenozoic pre‐glacial sen c, Polina Safronova d, Gert Høgseth a,b period shows values one order of magnitude lower than during the Late Cenozoic. a Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration (ARCEx),

University of Tromsø, Norway, [email protected] References: b Department of Geoscience, University of Tromsø, Norway, Eidvin, T., Jansen, E. and Riis, F., 1993. Chronology of Tertiary [email protected] fan deposits off the western Barents Sea: implications for the c Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), Harstad, Norway, uplift and erosion history of the Barents Shelf. Marine Geology, stig‐[email protected] 112(1): 109‐131. d ENGIE E&P Norge, Sandnes, Norway, polina.safronova@no‐ Faleide, J.I., Tsikalas, F., Breivik, A.J., Mjelde, R., Ritzmann, O., epi.engie.com Engen, O., Wilson, J. and Eldholm, O., 2008. Structure and evo‐

lution of the continental margin off Norway and the Barents The Cenozoic development of the western Barents Sea conti‐ Sea. Episodes, 31(1): 82‐91. nental margin is strongly related to the rifting and seafloor Ryseth, A., Augustson, J.H., Charnock, M., Haugerud, O., Knut‐ spreading between Norway and Greenland. The margin is char‐ sen, S.‐M., Midbøe, P.S., Opsal, J.G. and Sundsbø, G., 2003. acterized by a series of highs and basins that formed as part of Cenozoic stratigraphy and evolution of the Sørvestsnaget Ba‐ the development of a mega‐transform zone (Faleide et al., sin, southwestern Barents Sea. Norwegian Journal of Geology/ 2008). To the north, the Spitsbergen Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt and Norsk Geologisk Forening, 83(2). the Eocene clinoform development in the Central Basin that Safronova, P.A., Henriksen, S., Andreassen, K., Laberg, J.S. and were initiated in the Paleocene‐Early Eocene are the evident of Vorren, T.O., 2014. Evolution of shelf‐margin clinoforms and compression/transpression, and sediment erosion, transport deep‐water fans during the middle Eocene in the Sorvests‐ and deposition respectively. At that time, the Vestbakken Vol‐ naget Basin, southwest Barents Sea. AAPG bulletin, 98(3): 515‐ canic Province and the Sørvestsnaget Basin to the south ex‐ 544. perienced a period of subsidence. A marginal high and an intra‐ basinal high in the Sørvestsnaget Basin, as well as the Senja Ridge and the Veslemøy High are identified as positive bathy‐ Relation between seismicity and tectonic metric features that acted as local source areas. Seismic data structures offshore and onshore Nordland, also shows a set of Eocene clinoform in the eastern part of the Sørvestsnaget Basin that probably was sourced from the Stap‐ northern Norway pen High area (Safronova et al., 2014). Available well data show an overall deep‐water paleoenvironment during the Pa‐ Lindholm, C.1, Janutyte, I.1 & Olesen, O.2 leocene‐Eocene in the southwestern Barents Sea, probably shallowing north of Bjørnøya (Ryseth et al., 2003). 1) NORSAR During the Oligocene, a period of plate reorganization oc‐ 2) Geological Survey of Norway curred that resulted in the onset of extension also in the north‐ western Barents Sea including sea floor spreading west of Sval‐ The largest earthquake in northwestern Europe over the past bard. Here, the Forlandsundet and Bellsund grabens as well as 200 years took place in Rana, Nordland, Norway, and the re‐ most of the extensional faults show a significant growth. In the gion still exhibits persistent earthquake activity. A temporary southwestern Barents Sea, traces of compression structures network of 27 stations was deployed from 2013 to 2016 along are seen on seismic data suggesting a period of tectonic inver‐ the Nordland coast of northern Norway. The NEONOR2 project sion. An overall shallow marine paleoenvironment character‐ was aimed to improve the understanding of neotectonic move‐ ized the southwestern Barents Sea shelf during the Oligocene ments, stress regime and overall seismicity pattern in Nordland being deeper towards the west (Eidvin et al., 1993). Seismic and the adjacent offshore areas. The recorded seismic events data shows contourite development in the continental slope were located using data from both, the temporary NEONOR2 area contemporaneous with the opening of the Fram Strait deployment and the permanent stations of the Norwegian that connected the oceanic circulation of the Atlantic and the National Seismological Network (NNSN) as well as other rele‐ Arctic Ocean. vant stations from the neighboring seismological networks. Seismic mapping of the Paleogene‐Neogene strata shows an A more detailed understanding of the seismicity has been ob‐ eastward and northward increasing uplift trend in the western tained and efforts to relate the earthquakes with the tectonic Barents Sea that was amplified in the late Cenozoic due to gla‐ structures, and, finally, hypothesize the cause of the earth‐ cio‐isostatic subsidence and uplift due to sediment loading/ quakes have been made. The most seismically active area in NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 36

Nordland during the NEONOR2 project was to the west of Svar‐ An immature core sample of the Upper Jurassic Draupne Fm. tisen, including a clear swarm‐like activity. The shallow micro‐ was used in a 420 hours experiment designed to simulate bur‐ seismicity in this very active area may be related to changes in ial of a source rock to peak oil maturity level followed by uplift the glacier (melting/freezing/accumulation) and possibly to of 1.5 km, reproducing the burial and uplift history of the Bar‐ groundwater conditions. It has regrettably not been possible to ents Sea. Oil and gas was generated and expelled from the obtain detailed data on temperature and precipitation that source rock during increasing heat and pressure (the burial could be used to investigate the possible correlation between phase). Interestingly, oil and gas was also expelled in the uplift such data and earthquake activity. phase of the experiment. The observed seismicity provided clear indications of activity The results of the experiment were applied in a basin model of along several previously unknown structures. During the obser‐ the northern Hammerfest Basin. The modelling demonstrates vation period no earthquakes were located along the Bivrost that a significant amount of hydrocarbons may have been ex‐ transfer zone, in the Trænabanken area and in the larger Vest‐ pelled from Upper Jurassic source rocks during Cenozoic uplift. fjorden area. We must consequently presume that the Bivrost Thus, it is possible that a potentially substantial proportion of transfer zone is tectonically quiet, and that the large offshore hydrocarbon charge to traps in the Barents Sea post‐dated the regions of Trænabanken and Vestfjorden are very stable. This time of maximum burial of source rock. largely confirms earlier assumptions, but this time with much improved data. Somewhat larger earthquakes that seem to follow the Grønna fault some 30 km NW of Meløy. A time‐ Impact of Pleistocene sediment redistribu‐ space concentration of earthquakes was also found close to tion and ice‐sheet loading on hydrocarbon the coast father south, around the Træna Island, where the seismicity peaked in early 2014 with shallow hypocenters only. traps in the southwestern Barents Sea These earthquakes coinncide with mapped faults along the 1 2 eastern border of the deep Helgeland Basin and the offshore Krzysztof Jan Zieba , Arnt Grøver extension of the Nesna Shear Zone 1 The data obtained provide strong indications that the Svartisen Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway. Email: [email protected] glacier has a decisive influence on the shallow seismicity ob‐ 2 served in the periphery. Sintef Petroleum, Trondheim, Norway. Email: [email protected]

Literature and extensive hydrocarbon exploration have shown The effects of uplift on an expelling source that considerable part of hydrocarbon loss from traps in the rock – an experiment with relevance to the Barents Sea is linked to ice‐sheet loading and sediment redis‐ Barents Sea tribution during the Pleistocene. The hydrocarbon loss is often attributed to cap‐rock and fault leakage as well as spillage from tilted and exhumed traps. It is however uncertain which of 1 1 2 Jon H. Pedersen , Rolando di Primio , Lorenz Schwark and these processes was the most important and how much hydro‐ Martin Stockhausen2 carbons could have been lost during the Pleistocene. More‐ over, it remains ambiguous how much orientation of traps, 1Lundin Norway AS, Lysaker, Norway (jon‐ migration patterns and trapped volumes of hydrocarbons in halvard.pedersen@lundin‐norway.no) the Barents Sea could have been changed due to ice‐sheet 2Institute of Geoscience, University of Kiel, Germany loading episodes and severe sediment redistribution.

A number of hydrocarbon source rocks are known from the These issues are addressed by using a combination of flexural south‐western Barents Sea, ranging in age from Lower Carbon‐ isostasy and secondary hydrocarbon migration modelling. We iferous to Early Cretaceous. Commercial accumulations of oil tested impact of the Pleistocene burial history on geometrical and gas discovered to date have been charged by Lower‐ changes, spillage and migration patterns of hydrocarbon traps Middle Triassic and Upper Jurassic organic rich marine mud‐ in the Bjørnøyrenna Fault Complex. stones. These source rocks probably reached maximum burial The results indicate that the Pleistocene burial history could in the Cenozoic and were subsequently uplifted and cooled. have led to either increase or decrease of hydrocarbon trap What effect does uplift (ie. decreasing temperature and pres‐ capacities and changes in spill directions. The most important sure) have on mature, expelling source rocks? An instru‐ factors controlling capacity changes and migration directions ment constructed at the University of Kiel, the Expulsina‐ were found to be both tilt magnitudes and initial geometric tor, was built to investigate source rock behavior during vari‐ setting of the traps. Geometrical changes of the traps driven by able temperature and pressure conditions. Hence, it is possible ice‐sheet loading and sediment redistribution, and in conse‐ to simulate both burial (maturation) and uplift of a source quence tilting of traps, could not have resulted in major loss of rock. Oil and gas expelled during the simulation can be col‐ oil and gas. We found however that the tilting together with lected and quantified at various time steps throughout the gas volume expansion might explain part of hydrocarbon loss experiment. during the Pleistocene. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 37

to the rift centres in the Møre‐Haltenbanken area. Conse‐ iMAGINE quently, we find the remnants of deep weathering on rotated fault blocks in Lofoten–Vesterålen whereas saprolite occur in the more gentle landscape along the coast of Trøndelag. We The Norwegian strandflat: an old weathering suggest that the deep weathering in the Hamarøya, Lofoten and Vesterålen areas is preserved because of the young uplift surface in the front row and erosion of these areas (Late Pleistocene age). Most of the ice was transported in ice streams through Vestfjorden and 1,2 1 1 1,3 Brönner, M., Olesen, O., Dalsegg, E., Fredin, O., Røn‐ Andfjorden leaving the interior of the mainland and the inner 1,2 2 ning, J.S. & Solbakk, T. Lofoten–Vesterålen archipelago relatively unaffected, whilst

1. along the coast of southern Nordland and Lofoten‐Vesterålen a Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway wide and extensive strandflat zone has been exhumed due to ([email protected]) Quaternary erosion. 2.Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian Uni‐ versity of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway 3. Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Large ultramafic complexes in the southwest‐ ern Barents Sea from gravity and magnetic Reusch introduced the term 'strandflat' in 1894 to describe the modelling and geological implications flat‐lying low relief landscape along and off the Norwegian coast. This landscape is only observed in the Arctic region with 1 2 3 additional examples from e.g. western Greenland and is com‐ Christine Fichler , Zeudia Pastore , Suzanne A. McEnroe , Alex‐ 4 monly excepted to be the product of Quaternary wave‐ and ice ander Michels

‐ abrasion. We suggest that repeated periods of deep weather‐ 1 ing altered the basement such that it was subsequently easy to Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Christi‐ [email protected] erode. Fractured and altered basement rocks are already 2 known in Norway and on the Norwegian shelf for a long time, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Zeu‐ [email protected] but the wide distribution and consequently the potential im‐ 3 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Suzan‐ pact for the development of the landscape due to this phe‐ [email protected] nomenon was only demonstrated rather recently. Deeply 4 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Alexan‐ weathered bedrock on the Norwegian strandflat is similar to [email protected] weathered bedrock occurring beneath Mesozoic strata at off‐ shore basement highs (e.g. the Utsira and Frøya highs) indicat‐ The largest positive gravity anomalies in northern Norway are ing this surface has an older origin. K/Ar age dating of saprolite located on the continental shelf in the southwestern Barents remnants confirm Mesozoic ages and some localities onshore Sea at the basement highs named Senja Ridge and Veslemøy Andøya, Norldand reveal even older, Carboniferous ages. Geo‐ High, and at the Seiland Igneous Province (SIP) on the adjacent physical measurements on the strandflat indicate the existence mainland. The SIP exhibits outcrops of mafic and ultramafic of remaining thick packages of weathered bedrock, which are rocks of Neo‐Proterozoic age. The Veslemøy High is a promi‐ mostly preserved in joints and fractures. We thus argue that nent basement high which forms the eastern border of the the present day strandflat is an old weathering front, that has Bjørnøy‐ and Sørvestnaget Basins and the western border of been stripped in quite recent geological time through Quater‐ the Tromsø basin and has been suggested to host exhumed nary erosional processes. Mapping deep weathering along the mantle which developed during the ultraslow opening of the Norwegian strandflat shows an obvious correlation with tec‐ Cretaceous Bjørnøy Basin (Barrére et al., 2009). The Senja tonic fault systems on the adjacent shelf and indicate a relation Ridge is located immediately to the south of the Veslemøy between deep weathering and the development of the Norwe‐ High and has been interpreted in this study to host ultramafic gian margin, which becomes also obvious when comparing the rocks. width and the dip of the strandflat. Rifting along the margin The subsurface structure of the basement highs has been mod‐ and fractured basement rocks could have facilitated deep elled by integrated interpretation of gravity, magnetic and seis‐ weathering and increased weathering rates along the Norwe‐ mic data. Buried ultramafic rocks in crustal settings can be de‐ gian coast. Observed differences in weathering expression and tected by specific parameter contrasts to their host rocks. the width of the strandflat along the Norwegian coast line is However, modelling and parameter characterization carries between western and mid Norway and the Lofoten‐Vesterålen‐ uncertainties due to the lack of direct measurements of rock Vestfjorden region, which we suggest is due to the location parameters. Another problem relates to decaying gravity and relative to the rifting in the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea. magnetic anomalies with increasing depths. Therefore, geo‐ The greater Vestfjorden region constitutes a part of the Meso‐ logical analogues have been used as guidance for parameter zoic rift system with an abundance of uplifted and rotated fault distribution, subsurface geometries and tectonic setting. Here, blocks, whilst mid Norway was located more remotely relative we discuss three scenarios for the origin of ultramafic rocks: (1) NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 38 mafic/ultramafic intrusions as found at the adjacent Seiland satisfactory. Igneous Province, where gravity modelling was guided by den‐ In total 3 pieces of software are used: sities from outcrops registered in the geophysical rock data‐ Meta data editor (MDE) which is used to enter the meta data base of the Geological Survey of Norway (Pastore et al., 2016), like data name, type, and format, as well as all projection de‐ (2) hyperextension causing mantle exhumation as found on the tails. There are 3 pages with required and optional informa‐ Iberian margin, (3) obduction of an ophiolitic crust as found at tion. The MDE is for all users that have had an introduction to the island of Leka, central Norway. its software (commonly our grav/mag geophysisicsts) Further focus is given to variations in densities and magnetic The DAP Administration tool that is used to QC the meta data susceptibilities at the boundaries of the interpreted ultramafic that was entered by other selected users. In order to use the complexes. It is shown that such variations may indicate the DAP Administrator one must have administrator rights (which presence of serpentinites. The serpentinization reaction de‐ are given to 2 persons). pends on certain pressure‐temperature conditions, original The Seeker tool for retrieving and viewing the data. This piece bulk composition and fluid availability. Fluid circulation and of software can be run from within Geosoft’s Oasis montaj or hydrothermal activity is assumed to bring fluids in contact with from within ArcMAP (up to 200 potential users in Statoil). peridotites at upper crustal levels which would provide the The transition to the DAP server had the advantage that all conditions for serpentinization. A possible link between ser‐ data had to be converted to Geosoft format (which is one of pentinization and associated methane production and the unu‐ the leading industry formats), having the advantage that no sual large abundance of gas anomalies in the sedimentary co‐ further format conversion is necessary as the Geosoft applica‐ ver on top of, and adjacent to these basement highs is discus‐ tion (Oasis montaj) uses the same formats. sed. The advantages of using the DAP server are the following: Easy and fast search (geographical search window and/or text Barrére, C., Ebbing, J., Gernigon, L. (2009). Offshore prolonga‐ search) tion of Caledonian structures and basementcharacterization in Data is stored in applicable formats and geo‐referencing is the western Barents Sea from geophysical modelling. Tecto‐ mandatory nophysics, 470, 71‐88. The data is directly accessible to up to 200 users in Statoil’s Pastore, Z., Fichler, C., McEnroe, A. S. (2016). The deep crustal exploration teams structure of the mafic‐ultramafic Seiland Igneous Province of Grav/Mag specialist experienced a strong decrease in internal Norway from 3D gravity modelling and geological implications. data search requests Geophysical J. Int., Vol. 207, 1653‐1666. Users can submit data to be archived with meta data and re‐ viewers can process before publishing Easy to check if a data set has already been archived and if so How Statoil Improved its Grav/Mag Data Ma‐ which version has been archived nagement by Using Geosoft’s DAP Server Access to public Government portals such as NGU and GSC along with Geosoft's Public DAP server NGU – Geological Survey of Norway (http://geo.ngu.no/ Christian Gram GeosciencePortal/search) GSC – Geological Survey of Canada Statoil ASA Stavanger, [email protected]

Prior to the using the DAP server Statoil had to rely on NGU Complementing seismic data gaps with gravi‐ DRAGON system (DiRect Access to Geophysics On the Net). However, the data itself could never be accessed, but an ar‐ ty modelling ‐ Excerpt of a regional 3D study chive reference could be found which referred to the same covering the Northeast Greenland shelf archive number (sub‐directory name) of the same data struc‐ ture on a Statoil UNIX drive. Most of the data sets were in ASCII format and required format Claudia Haase1, Jörg Ebbing2, Thomas Funck3 conversion to Geosoft grids or databses. In addition, for a pur‐ poseful data search one had to rely on the memory of the most 1 Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, clau‐ experienced grav/mag person. [email protected] 2 In 2005 Statoil started to interact with Geosoft concerning the Department of Geosciences, Kiel University, Germany, jeb‐ installation of a Statoil DAP server. DAP is the abbreviation for [email protected]‐kiel.de 3 ‘Data Access Protocol’ and acts as a piece of software (so called Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, ‘middleware’) between the network and the application (which [email protected] is the Seeker tool used in Geosoft’s Oasis montaj or ESRI’s ArcMap). The Arctic represents a challenging region for conducting It took a while to get the test system adapted to Statoil’s cus‐ crustal and sub‐crustal studies. The challenges relate to the ice tom modified software systems, but that done the test was coverage and the remoteness of the area. While the ice cover‐ NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 39 age limits the possibilities for marine surveys, and therewith in seismic constraints on the Moho interface within their uncer‐ particular seismic surveying, both factors also increase the risk tainties but at the same time enhances our understanding of for airborne surveys. The missing infrastructure requires in‐ the crustal geometry in areas where seismic data are sparse or creased safety precautions and makes some of the remote absent. For the NE Greenland shelf in particular, the crustal areas even unreachable. Satellite‐derived potential field data thickness estimations were greatly improved even though de‐ on the other hand allow us to study the Arctic despite these tails, such as e.g. volcanics, had to be neglected due to the re‐ restrictions. At the same time, the retreating ice coverage, to‐ gional character of the model. The estimated Moho depths gether with new techniques, slowly allows the advance of ma‐ underneath the basins in this area vary between 15 and 25 km, rine surveys. which is consistent with the conjugate Norwegian margin. The Northeast Greenland shelf is covered by a number of seis‐ mic reflection data but only very few wide‐angle surveys are available. While the seismic reflection data help to resolve the Earth observation using unmanned aircraft sedimentary sequence, wide‐angle or refraction seismic data systems – Terradrone are necessary to image the crust and the underlying mantle.

This lack of the deep imaging profiles leads to large inter‐ and Torbjørn Houge1, Vegard Evjen Hovstein1 & Odleiv Olesen2 extrapolation distances when modelling deep structures such as the crust‐mantle interface (Moho). As this interface provides 1 Maritime Robotics, [email protected] one of the most prominent density contrasts in the subsurface, 2Norges geologiske undersøkelse, [email protected] gravity data are a valuable additional tool for the estimation of Moho depth. The Terradrone project aims at developing novel research‐ We present an example where satellite‐derived gravity data based technologies for advanced earth observation. Achieving have been used in a forward and inverse modelling approach this goal involves developing new payloads for drones, in paral‐ for the compilation of a regional 3D crustal model of the NE lel with development of analytical technology to utilize the Atlantic. The model includes a seismic‐derived Moho, sediment increasing amounts of data from these sensors. The project is thickness information, a differentiated crust, including high‐ funded by the Norwegian Research Coucil. velocity zones in the lower crust, and a lithospheric mantle to Earlier projects have focused on single payload applications. model the long‐wavelength signals. Our approach respects Today, the state of the art unmanned systems have evolved to NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 40 a technological readiness level that enables users to focus on database which is available via NGU web portal http:// the payloads. The Terradrone project involves payloads with geo.ngu.no/GeosciencePortal/search. NGU updates conti‐ survey grade magnetometers, research into micro gravimeters nuously the content of the database by reprocessing older da‐ combined with photogrammetry and hyperspectral imagery. taset and merging regional compilations. The combined sensors have a potential to provide much more information than the first Norwegian UAS magnetic surveys in 2010. Small carrier platforms also enables measurements in Magnetic anomalies and minerals: conse‐ areas where the risk of manned aviation is high. quences of phase interfaces in magnetic oxi‐

des, and varied degrees of serpentinization DRAGON ‐ NGU National Geophysical Data‐ base Suzanne A. McEnroe1, Peter Robinson2, Alexander Michels3, Zeudia Pastore4, Geetrje Ter Matt5, Nathan Church6, Christine Fichler7 1 1 1 1 T. Lauritsen , M‐A. Dumais , B.O. Grøtan & J. Gellein , 1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, suz‐ 1 Norges geologiske undersøkelse (NGU), Leiv Eirikssons vei 39, [email protected] Trondheim, [email protected] 2 Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected] 3 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, alexan‐ The national geophysics database, DRAGON, provides informa‐ [email protected] tion about NGU geophysical data. The DRAGON database 4 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, (DiRect Access to Geophysics On the Net) provides information [email protected] about geophysical survey both on land and on the Norwegian 5 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, continental shelf. [email protected] After being in use for over 15 years, DRAGON database is being 6 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, na‐ re‐vamped using Geosoft DAP server interface. Geosoft DAP is [email protected] an efficient database managing tool allowing the administra‐ 7 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, chris‐ tors to publish and distribute data at several confidentiality [email protected] levels. Moreover, the intuitive user interface facilitates the data search through the database content and allows the user Today we use magnetics to map anomalies over many length to download data. scales, from the planetary to the microscopic. Crustal rocks The database is a permanent archive for geophysical data from have magnetic anomalies that reflect the magnetic minerals, airborne (fixed‐wing or helicopter), marine or ground acquisi‐ which to various degrees respond to the changing planetary tion. The geophysical data include magnetometry, gravimetry, magnetic field. Anomalies are influenced by the geometry of radiometry, EM methods, and other geophysics. The database geological bodies and the magnetic properties of the constitu‐ contains also petrophysical parameters with core sample su‐ tive rocks. The shapes of anomalies are also determined by the sceptibility from the continental shelf and current density, ratios of remanent versus induced magnetizations magnetic properties (susceptibility and remanence) and ther‐ (Koenigsberger ratios = Q) and the relative vector orientations mal conductivity measured on rock samples from the main‐ of the two. Here we highlight how phase interfaces in magnetic land. minerals affect the nature of magnetic anomalies at many The archive contains data owned by NGU together with data scales. provided by NGU counterpart research institutes and commer‐ Rocks containing mainly rhombohedral oxides with exsolution cial parties. In agreement with the Norwegian Petroleum Direc‐ lamellae of hematite in ilmenite, or ilmenite in hematite, have torate and the Norwegian Mapping Authority NGU maintains high Q values. A large component of their magnetization is the national database of potential field data (gravimetry and carried at the interfaces of the lamellae. These rocks typically magnetometry). have remanent‐dominated anomalies. When magnetite is a co‐ Today, DRAGON is estimated to contain data from: existing oxide, the Q values may be lower, due to the addition 55 dataset acquired with fixed‐wing over the continental shelf of a larger induced component, but commonly Q values are > 55 marine gravity dataset 2, thus retaining the stronger influence of the remanent com‐ 200 high‐resolution dataset acquired with fixed‐wing and heli‐ ponent. Rocks with oxides involving ilmenite and magnetite copter over land are characterized by two related exsolution systems. Typically, 72,000 ground gravity points oxidation‐exsolution of ilmenite from multi‐domain magnetite 47,000 ground petrophysical points. produces induced anomalies. By contrast reduction‐exsolution The data archive consists of structured series of standard files of plates of magnetite from ilmenite causes significant mag‐ in addition to two Oracle databases (gravity and petrophysics). netic anomalies that are dominated by remanence, even with These files contain data, metadata and visual representations comparable magnetite domain size. Although the induced of data in various forms. All the files are indexed in a meta‐ component is still quite large, Q values, all > 1, range from 2 to NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 41 over 10. This strong remanence effect, presumably related to are similar and show an increase of depth to the Precambrian phase interfaces, is yet to be fully understood. basement rocks from the south, where these rocks are expo‐ Characterizing the magnetic properties for unaltered ultrama‐ sed on the surface, to the north where the nappes are conside‐ fic and mafic rocks is challenging largely due to pervasive ser‐ rably thicker. The depth to the Precambrian rocks near the pentinization at many localities. In Arctic and Central Norway, Caledonian front is estimated to 2000 m whereas in the in the Reinfjord Ultramafic Complex of the Seiland Province northern part of the study area the depths reach 6000 m. and in the Lyngen and Leka Ophiolites, there are excellent ex‐ Using these methods we are thus able to estimate the approxi‐ posures to study the contrasting magnetic properties of ser‐ mate thicknesses of the nappes. pentinized and unaltered samples, and the effect this altera‐ tion has on the magnetic anomalies. Oblique Caledonian continental collision in‐ terpreted from aeromagnetic data in Scandi‐ Depth to the Precambrian crystalline base‐ navia ment under Caledonian nappes using Euler and Werner deconvolution methods in Finn‐ Olesen, O., Bjørlykke, A., Brönner, M., Gernigon, L., Maystren‐ mark, North Norway ko, Y., Nasuti, A.,

Geological Survey of Norway,, Trondheim Aziz Nasuti1, Yasin Nasuti2, Odleiv Olesen3, David Roberts4

1Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected] Precambrian structures on the Fennoscandian Shield can be 2Hakim Sabzevar University, Iran, [email protected] traced on aeromagnetic maps below the Caledonian nappes to 3 Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected] 4 the western gneiss regions of Norway. These structures also Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected] appear in several of the parautochthonous windows within the The bedrock geology of northern Norway is dominated by rock orogen. The magnetic structures show a distinct pattern. The complexes of Precambrian to Early Palaeozoic age, large parts anomalies in southern Norway and the Nordland area are ro‐ of which have been involved to varying extent in the Caledo‐ tated c. 90° counterclockwise into the Caledonian trend along nian orogeny. In general, there is a basic two‐fold division into a line from western Norway to Troms in northern Norway (the the Caledonides sensu stricto and a mid‐crustal continental Nordfjord‐Trondheimfjord‐Vestfjorden‐Senja line). The anoma‐ lithospheric basement comprising autochthonous crystalline lies in Finnmark in northernmost Norway , on the other hand, complexes that range in age from Neoarchaean to Late Palaeo‐ are rotated clockwise along a line from offshore Tromsø to proterozoic and form the northern margin of the Fennoscan‐ Alta. We suggest that this structural pattern is related to the dian Shield. These older Precambrian rocks occur mainly in collision of Baltica and Laurentia during the main Scandian eastern Finnmark and western Troms, and some are either phase of the Caledonian orogeny. The line extending through affected locally by Caledonian deformation or incorporated as the Caledonides from Nordfjord to Finnmark represents a thrust slices in the Caledonian nappes . boundary between two crustal blocks with different Caledo‐ New high‐resolution aeromagnetic data from the Caledonides nian reworking. The transition zone between counterclockwise and Archaean–Palaeoproterozoic crystalline basement of Finn‐ and clockwise rotation coincides with the proposed bend of mark and North Troms derived from surveys conducted as part the Caledonian orogen in the southern Barents Sea. The west‐ of NGU’s MINN programme provide spectacular and confirma‐ ern Caledonized unit extending offshore Norway most likely tory evidence for the continuation of diverse, Precambrian constitutes the template for the post‐Caledonian rift struc‐ greenstone belts and granulite terranes beneath the magneti‐ tures. The eastern block demonstrates a less extensive modifi‐ cally transparent Caledonian nappes. Results from the new cation during the Caledonian continent‐continent collision. high‐resolution MINN aeromagnetic data also confirm the ex‐ Reflection seismic lines (e.g., the Stjørdal‐Østersund profile) istence of both metadolerite and unmetamorphosed dolerite reveal thrusting within basement windows in the eastern dykes transecting the Caledonian nappes and subjacent (par) block. Several of these thrusts were subsequently reactivated autochthonous lithostratigraphical successions in this part of as normal faults during late‐ to post‐Scandian extensional de‐ Finnmark. formation. The main objective of the current study is to estimate the depth to the top of the main magnetic sources using 3D Euler and 2D Werner deconvolution methods. More specifically, the Gravity and Magnetic anomalies of the ma‐ aim of the project is to better constrain the depth estimation fic/ultramafic Seiland Igneous Province of the Precambrian crystalline substratum beneath the Neoproterozoic sedimentary successions that were deformed Pastore Z.1, Fichler C.2 & 3McEnroe S.3 during the Caledonian orogeny. The results from both methods 1Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 42 [email protected] 2 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), [email protected] 3 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), [email protected]

The Seiland Igneous Province (SIP) is the largest complex of mafic and ultramafic intrusions in northern Fennoscandia. The complex was generated from a voluminous set of igneous melts which intruded the deep crust at 580 – 560 Ma. The in‐ trusive complex was later uplifted and is now exposed on the Baltica margin within the Kalak Nappe Complex (KNC), a part of the Middle Allochthon of the North Norwegian Caledonides. The province shows one of the highest gravity anomalies in Northern Scandinavia (approximately 100 mGal above back‐ ground) and a distinct magnetic signature. We developed a model for the subsurface structure of the SIP Figure 1‐ Sandwell version 23 gravity data, Free‐air anomaly. utilizing 3D gravity and magnetic modelling. Green polygon shows extent of GM‐SYS 3D model. Black poly‐ The subsurface model derived from gravity resulted in a mini‐ gon: AOI of VOXI inversions. Grey lines: location of GMSYS2D mum volume of the complex of 17000 km3. The model also model. shows deep roots arranged in an annular pattern, where the deepest roots are located below the islands of Seiland and Sørøy. The depth of these roots is estimated to approxima‐ Gaud Pouliquen1*, Gerry Connard2, Ian MacLeod3 tively 9 km which as such indicates a high thickness of the Cale‐ donian Kalak Nappe Complex. 1 Geosoft Europe, Oxford, UK. Most of the SIP intrusions show a layered structure and a vari‐ 2 Geosoft US, Corvallis, US. able composition which is reflected in a large variability of the 3 Geosoft Inc., Toronto, Canada magnetic susceptibilities; these have been used to constrain the subsurface model of the magnetic part of the SIP. The mag‐ In this study we demonstrate how public domain gravity data netic part of the SIP is relatively small in volume compared to inversion, carried out with limited constraints, can reveal a the volume of the SIP derived from gravity modelling, indica‐ meaningful, basin‐scale preliminary density model of the sub‐ ting a non‐magnetic or weakly magnetic body at larger depth. surface. In areas where seismic coverage is sparse, analyzing The main sources of the magnetic anomalies are located adja‐ satellite gravity anomalies can help unraveling basins' architec‐ cent to the ultramafic intrusions exposed on the islands of Sei‐ ture, sediment thickness and delineating crustal domains, all land (Melkvann and Nordre Brumandsfjord), Stjernøy necessary to assess the hydrocarbons bearing potential of the (Kvalfjord) and Oksfjord (Tappeluft and Reinfjord) and in cor‐ basins. respondence of the gabbros at the eastern side of the Øksfjord We first invert on a relatively well known area of the Gulf of peninsula and of the alkaline rocks at the southern side of the Mexico (GoM), then take on a more scarcely understood area Stjernøy island. offshore East Africa, within the Western and Northern Somalia basins (Figure 1).

Large public domain satellite gravity inver‐ sion: exploring frontier basins We combine both layered‐Earth and voxel based modelling approach to produce a 3D density model of the prospective

Figure 2 ‐ 3D density model over the Obbia basin, before (left) and after (right) VOXI inversion. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 43 basins. We first build a layered 3D model using Geosoft's [email protected]) GMSYS 3D modeler and public domain data, the Crust 1.0 mo‐ 2 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N7491 del for the Moho depth and the NOAA sediment thickness Trondheim, NORWAY [email protected] 3 compilation. Sediment densities are inferred from published Department of Geological Sciences, University of Massachu‐ seismic refraction profiles over the areas. This 3D model is setts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA [email protected] 4 then tied to 2D gravity models along existing seismic sections, Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D‐95440 Bayreuth, GERMANY, florian.heidelbach@uni‐bayreuth.de and a modelled lower crust is extrapolated to the whole area. 5 Finally we run structural inversions on the Moho and lower Institut für Geowissenschaften, Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität crust surfaces to improve the long wavelength fit of the gravity Jena, D‐07745 Jena, GERMANY, falko.langenhorst@ uni‐ jena.de anomalies. The free‐air Gz anomaly, residualised from the wa‐ 6 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N7491 ter‐sediment contrast and the contribution of the lower crust Trondheim, NORWAY, [email protected] and Moho, is then inverted using VOXI, Geosoft's voxel‐based modeler, to recover densities variations in the sedimentary The 7000m‐thick, 930 Ma, Bjerkreim‐Sokndal Layered Intru‐ section and the upper crust (Figure 2). sion, with a present area of 250 km2, lies in a tight, doubly We show that in a challenging economic environment, this low plunging syncline produced during high‐temperature solid‐ cost modelling approach can prove extremely useful to explore state deformation. It contains six magmatic megacyclic units, frontier basins and outline the regional structural and tectonic each beginning with intrusion of a noritic magma, which, over framework. the entire episode, gradually became more reduced and more mafic. Typically each megacycle began with intrusion of new magma that mixed with more evolved magma already in the Imaging Arctic tectonics from measurement chamber, temporarily producing plagioclase‐ and hemo‐ of gravity and magnetics on space‐borne ilmenite‐rich cumulates. Later the magma returned to normal platforms fractional crystallization, leading to evolved compositions, and precipitation of Fe‐richer silicates, Ti‐richer ilmenite, and mag‐ netite. Michael E. Purucker The dominant oxides in the layers result in negative remanent magnetic anomalies over hemo‐ilmenite–rich cumulates and Chief of Planetary Magnetospheres Laboratory at NASA God‐ positive induced anomalies over cumulates dominated by mag‐ dard Space Flight Center, USA netite and Ti‐rich ilmenite. Magnetic contrasts are most strik‐ ing over the top megacyclic Unit IV, where a negative rema‐ Space‐borne measurements of lithospheric magnetic fields are nent anomaly traces for >15 km in the northern Bjerkreim Lobe sensitive to wavelengths comparable to the altitude of the of the intrusion. Here magnetic intensity in the trough of the observation, for simple linear sources. Gravity field contrasts ground anomaly varies, depending on position in the south‐ originating in the lithosphere will decay at a slower rate, and so plunging syncline. At the northern hinge, where layering and the ultimate resolution from space for gravity contrasts is foliation dip south, the trough is at 47,600nT in an Earth field higher. New approaches to measuring the magnetic field from of 50,400nT at this latitude. On the east limb at Heskestad, 15 near‐Earth space on suborbital platforms like solar‐powered km away, where the distal edge of Unit IV of the layered series drones promise to increase the spatial resolution several‐fold abuts against the gneissic basement below the intrusion, layer‐ for magnetics‐based approaches. We will present a compila‐ ing and foliation are vertical, parallel to the reversed early Neo‐ tion of known and hypothesized tectonics of the Arctic that are proterozoic magnetizing field. Here the ground anomaly locally now visible from space, focusing on features which may be of decreases to 19,850nT, canceling out >60% of the Earth field, importance for mineral and petroleum exploration. We will though returning to average Earth values barely 150m higher also present an error map reflecting the unique physics of the in the cumulate section. Arctic. Measurements on typical Heskestad samples yielded mean

induced magnetization 4.5 A/m, NRM 23 A/m, Q=5.1. Strong lattice‐preferred orientations measured by EBSD show hemo‐ The Heskestad Anomaly of the Bjerkreim‐ ilmenite (001) planes and orthopyroxene c‐axes lie quasi‐ Sokndal Layered Intrusion, South Rogaland: parallel to the Neoproterozoic magnetizing field. Such orienta‐ What is the source of extreme remanent tions could lead to enhanced remanence related to hematite exsolution in ilmenite and also to exsolved rods and blades of magnetism? hemo‐ilmenite oriented parallel to c‐axes in orthopyroxene. The role of multidomain magnetite remains enigmatic. Com‐ P. Robinson1, S. A. McEnroe2, L. L. Brown3, F. Heidelbach4 , F. bined thin‐section‐scale electron probe element mapping and Langenhorst5 & N. Church6 micromagnetic mapping with newly developing instrumenta‐ tion is a new approach to map individual grains carrying rema‐ 1 Geological Survey of Norway, N‐7491 Trondheim, NORWAY nence. From the most optimistic estimates from our most NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 44 studied sample with a measured NRM of 60 A/m, we can ac‐ sion, glacial erosion and unloading is complex and earlier work count for an NRM value of only ~15 A/m. Further the oxides in propose that the cave may be initiated in pre‐Quaternary the pyroxene appear to contribute only a tiny fraction of this times. value, yet the dominant micro‐magnetic anomalies correlate Karstification does not only lead to larger open cave voids, but with the pyroxene grains, suggesting that new origins must be includes karst‐related volumes filled with collapse breccia and sought for this extreme remanence. sediments, and will as such also affect overlying non‐ karstifiable rocks. For this reason we assume that the karstified rocks will have spatially varying density which will change the Identifying hidden cave systems using gra‐ gravimetric anomalies. vimetric mapping: A case study from cave The aim of the modeling was to test hypotheses of hidden cave rooms and variations in the lithology introduced by karstifica‐ Svarthammarhola, Nordland, Norway tion processes. Evidence for this is found in the surveyed cave rooms which have indications of passages infilled by either Solbakk, Terje.1, Fichler, Christine.2, Lauritzen, Stein‐Erik.3, passage collapse or glacially‐derived infill. There are also to‐ Wheeler, Walter.4 and Ringrose, Philip.5 pographic indications of infilled cave passages on the plateau surface. 1 Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian Uni‐ Our results show that a major part of the measured gravity versity of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Nor‐ anomalies can be explained by both known and hithertho un‐ way, [email protected] known karst caves, which we will illustrate using figures from 2 Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian Uni‐ the 3D gravity‐modelling (Modelvision software from Tensor versity of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Nor‐ research). This will include discussion of alternative models, way, [email protected] each matching the observed gravity anomalies. Our approach 3 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen (UiB), Ber‐ includes boundary conditions from known (and surveyed) cave gen, Norway, [email protected] 4 rooms, surface geology and structural constraints. Uni Research, Centre for integrated petroleum research, Ber‐ gen, Norway, [email protected] 5 Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian Uni‐ versity of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Nor‐ The Tectonic origin of the Bay of Bengal and way, [email protected] Bangladesh

Karstified bedrock is expressed by substantial density decrease 1 2 3 compared with its host rock by processes of chemical dissolu‐ Manik Talwani , Maria Ana Desa , Mohammad Ismaiel , Kolluru 2 tion, erosion and collapse leading to high porosity and perme‐ Sree Krishna ability. Gravity field anomaly measurements provide an impor‐ 1 tant detection method of density variations. Using a portable Department of Earth Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251‐1892, USA‐[email protected] Lacoste & Romberg gravimeter within a 3D grid positioned 2 with dGPS, we investigate spatial density variations within an Geological Oceanography, CSIR‐National Institute of Oceanog‐ raphy, Dona Paula, Goa – 403004, India‐ [email protected] area located on a mountain plateau in Nordland, Norway. Our 3Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR‐National survey area, of approximately 300 x 300 m with a grid of 10x10 Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa ‐ 403004, India‐ m, covers parts of a surveyed cave and extends into an area [email protected] where we expect continuation of the cave. The gravimetric data were collected over several field days and were free‐air We are able to decipher the tectonic evolution of the Bay of and terrain corrected. Anomalies of more than 2‐3 mGal were Bengal by examining a variety of geophysical and geological measured across the grid. data, both on land and at sea and across international bounda‐ The plateau is situated about 350 m a.s.l. close to a deeply in‐ ries. Thus we examined seismic reflection as well as gravity cised fjord. The bedrock the plateau is mainly hornblende data in the Bay of Bengal, seismic seaward dipping reflectors schist, with overlying metasediments, mostly marble but also and magnetic data in Bangladesh, land gravity and Deep Seis‐ carbonate rich mica schist and occasional quartzite. Earlier mic Sounding data in Bengal, India, as well as petrological in‐ surveying of the cave has revealed a main chamber room of ferences regarding the Rajmahal traps in Bengal, India, and the ~40 000 m2, up to 40 m room height , and a passage width Sylhet traps in Assam, India. We emphasize that although seis‐ reaching up to more than 100 m, the overburden varies in mic data helped, gravity and magnetic data supplied the pri‐ thickness from a few m to tens of meters. The main chamber is mary clues for this exercise in forensic geology, which also strongly affected by collapse, which is visible from roof and shed light on three geologically perverse entities: wall profiles in the cave. The cave floor is covered by ~20 m Bangladesh, which is reported to have an oceanic rather than thick sediments, mainly derived from roof collapse/rock fall, an expected continental crust but also glacifluvial sediments are encountered. The cave de‐ The 85°E Ridge lying in the Bay of Bengal has a negative gravity velopment history from speleogenesis through glacifluvial ero‐ anomaly rather than an expected positive gravity anomaly, and NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 45

The Kerguelen plateau, a very large LIP which is reported to phase changes, occurring between the Moho and the LAB. All have a core of continental rather than an expected oceanic of these mineral phase changes are mutually connected to the crust. increasing pressure and temperature, and tend to increase the densities due to the compositional change. The pressure in the lithospheric mantle varies from ~1 GPa below the Moho to 3–6 Lithospheric mantle density variations – of‐ GPa at the LAB (depending on the depth to the LAB), which ten neglected parameter and its conse‐ changes completely the mineralogy with increasing depth (since the lithosphere is not composed of marshmallows). The quences for the gravity modelling. effect of pressure on the absolute mantle densities is as strong as the effect of temperature. Therefore, ignoring the effects of Zuzana Alasonati Tašárová1, Javier Fullea2, Ketil Hokstad1 pressure and composition while estimating lithospheric mantle densities in geophysical studies lead to unrealistic petrology 1 Statoil ASA, Forusbeen 50, 4035 Stavanger, Norway within the mantle and severe errors in the potential field and 2 DIAS, 10 Burlington Road, Dublin 4, Ireland thermal modelling.

Some geophysical studies, which deal with estimating litho‐ spheric mantle densities without a proper petrological model‐ ling, take into account only the influence of the temperature on the densities, but neglect the effects of the pressure and composition. However, based on the published data it can be shown that the effects of the pressure and composition over‐ prints the effects of the temperature (in the crust) or have the same effect (in the mantle). Therefore, the solely temperature‐ dependent densities significantly underestimate the real man‐ tle density distribution. This has an important consequence on the gravity modelling and has multiple impact on the 1) wrong Δρ at the Moho leading to 2) overestimated densities in the crust; 3) wrong estimates of the depth to the lithosphere‐ asthenosphere boundary (LAB), which translates into a wrong temperature distribution; 4) if modelling the present‐day ele‐ vation, the unrealistic mantle densities will not fit the observed bathymetry (and one can produce mountains offshore instead of bathymetry, due to very low densities in the lithospheric and sublithospheric mantle) and the geoid. In general, both the temperature and pressure increase with the increasing depth, which determines the compositional change, since the mineralogy of the rocks is always P/T de‐ pendent. Thus, all three parameters need to be considered simultaneously throughout the entire lithosphere and even sub ‐lithospheric mantle. This is mostly accounted for correctly in the crustal domain, where the upper crustal felsic rocks are distinguished from the more mafic lower‐crustal rocks and modelled properly. The same is true for the sedimentary rocks, where increasing pressure causes compaction and thus densi‐ ties of the light sediments increase with increasing depth. The pressure even overprints the effect of the temperature on the seismic velocities in the crust by more than 10%. The same is valid for the lithospheric mantle, which is quite heterogeneous and has a very complex mineralogy. However, due to the little changes of the typical “pressure column” in various tectonic environments, it is claimed to be negligible and only the temperature effect on the mantle densities is ac‐ counted for (temperature distribution changes significantly, depending on the tectonic setting with thin versus thick litho‐ sphere). Nevertheless, there are several compositional boundaries in the uppermost mantle related to the mineral NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 46

cessing and rock mechanical analyses are carried out. Modal Mineral Resources mineralogy, mineral liberation and mineral associations are important input for mineral processing tests, and understan‐ ding these inherent properties of the ore is crucial for predic‐ Initial characterization of Seafloor Massive ting the potential for future mineral production on the AMOR within Norwegian jurisdiction. Sulfide occurrences A short overview of the cruise will be given, and the initial re‐ sults from characterization of the analyses will be presented. Kurt Aasly, Ben Snook, Kristian Drivenes & Steinar Ellefmo Ludvigsen, M., Aasly, K., Løve, S., Hilário, A., Ramirez‐Llodra, E., NTNU, Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, N‐7491 Søreide, F. X. & Sture, Ø. (2016). MarMine Cruise report. Trondheim, Norway Trondheim, Norway. Corresponding author: [email protected] Pedersen, R. B., Thorseth, I. H., Nygård, T. E., Lilley, M. D., & Kelley, D. S. (2010a). Hydrothermal Activity at the Arctic Mid‐ The Arctic Mid‐Ocean Ridge (AMOR) between Jan Mayen and Ocean Ridges. Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow the Svalbard Islands is located within water under Norwegian Spreading Ocean Ridges, 67–89. https:// jurisdiction. Hence, investigating the potential for mineral pro‐ doi.org/10.1029/2008GM000783 duction from hydrothermal vent fields related to the break‐up Pedersen, R. B., Rapp, H. T., Thorseth, I. H., Lilley, M. D., Barri‐ of the oceanic crust has been seen as strategic. The AMOR has ga, F. J. a S., Baumberger, T., Jorgensen, S. L. (2010b). Discove‐ been explored for active hydrothermal vent fields since early ry of a black smoker vent field and vent faunathe Arctic Mid‐ 2000s (Pedersen et al., 2010a). One of the active vent fields Ocean Ridge. Nature Communications, 1(May), 126. https:// discovered, the Lokis Castle, is located in the northern part of doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1124 the Mohn´s Ridge. This vent field was first described by Peder‐ sen et al., (2010b) and consists of two mounds, each approxi‐ mately 100‐150 m diameter and 20‐30 meters high, hosting several active chimneys, up to 11 m high. New 3D/4D‐modelling and Virtual Reality The Lokis Castle has been selected as a case site in order to techniques in deep mineral exploration study the properties of typical sea floor massive sulfide (SMS) occurrences with respect to future deep sea mining activities. Tobias Bauer The NFR and industry funded MarMine project, coordinated by NTNU, aims at developing knowledge related to technical as‐ Luleå University of Technology, [email protected] pects of deep sea mining. Hence, as part of the MarMine cruise in 2016, the Lokis Castle was visited and sampled for e.g. min‐ While the world needs more metals and demand is increasing eral characterization and mineral processing analyses. In total, by 2‐3%/year we lack world class discoveries in the last de‐ more than 500 kg rock samples were collected using ROVs, and cades with the major discoveries of many commodities being intended for further research (Ludvigsen et al., 2016). Addi‐ made at increasing depth in the earth’s crust. This had led to tionally, survey data for e.g. bathymetry, magnetics and Under‐ an increased cost of exploration per discovered tonnes and this water Hyperspectral Imaging (UHI) was collected using AUV. in turn leads to a demand for a much better understanding of Preliminary analyses attempt to characterize the Cu, Zn and the earth’s crust in 3D at depths below the uppermost 1000 potential Au and Ag mineralized samples before mineral pro‐ meters and also a demand for methods that can analyse and

Figure 1: Virtual Reality analysis of geological data at the VR lab, Luleå University of Techno‐ logy NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 47 measure at these depths. Multidimensional geological model‐ The lithologies in the mapped area belong to the Köli Nappe ling has been made possible by more powerful computers and Complex (KNC) in the Upper Allochthon of the Caledonides. specific software for handling of three dimensional spatial The KNC is divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Köli Nap‐ data. The European “proof of concepts” was established in pes, of which the Joesjö Nappe in the Lower Köli Nappes is the ProMine and results are being published in 2015 in a special unit with most of the known sulphide deposits and is the topic Springer volume (Weihed ed., 2015). of this presentation. It should be noted that based on the pre‐ Today, high‐performance 3D visualisation is commonplace in sent work, the nappe configuration most probably will be re‐ all major petroleum companies and has become an integral vised, but for the time being the term Joesjö Nappe will be part of standard exploration and production activities. Despite used for this unit in accordance with work in neighbouring ar‐ this, many geoscientists still rely on standard methodologies eas. for recording and disseminating information that are funda‐ Phyllitic schist/pelite, which often contains fine‐grained graph‐ mentally 1D or 2D in character. In order to show 3D data, tradi‐ ite (up to 8 %), is the most common lithology in the Joesjö tional approaches include 2D maps, cross sections and block Nappe. Together with partly coarse‐grained metasandstone/ models, involving a loss of dimension and information. The psammitic schist, it makes up the central part of the nappe rapid development of desktop computers and dedicated gra‐ unit. Less common is calcareous schist/psammite, which locally phics hardware and the recent development of 3D modelling contains thin lenses of calcite marble. Ultramafic rocks domi‐ software (GOCAD, MOVE, Earth Vision, GeoModeller, Leapfrog, nated by serpentinised peridotites make up a number of pro‐ etc.) allows multiple‐scale analyses and visualization of spatial nounced reddish cliffs, knolls and mountains, including the data, providing an efficient method to synthesize and interpret trademark for Hattfjelldal ‐ the mountain Hatten. Associated geological data. This led to affordable, high performance real‐ with and underlying most of these ultramafic bodies are exten‐ time 3D‐graphics capability, so that modern geological investi‐ sive units of greenstone/greenschist with minor gabbroic bod‐ gations can benefit from 3D and 4D visualization in Virtual Rea‐ ies. Possible pillow structures were observed at one locality. lity environments. Very extensive layers of felsic metavolcanite ("quartz kerato‐ When it comes to interpretation of data and understanding of phyre") are associated with the greenstone units. deep geological structures and bodies at different scales then Whole‐rock geochemistry shows that the greenstones repre‐ modelling tools and modelling experience is vital for deep sent metabasalts formed in a mid‐ocean ridge or a major back‐ exploration. Geomodelling and Virtual Reality provides a plat‐ arc basin regime. The chemistry of the felsic metavolcanites form for integration of different types of data, including new identify them as formed in an ocean ridge to arc regime with a kinds of information (e.g., new improved measuring methods, rhyodacitic/rhyolitic composition. The chemical compositions data collected by UAVs, etc.). of the felsic and mafic volcanics points to an origin in a spread‐ ing ridge regime. The spatial relationship of the ultramafic rocks with the gabbros and greenstones, strongly suggest that The setting and formation of massive sul‐ they have a mantle origin, formed beneath the seafloor. How‐ phide deposits in the Lower Köli Nappes, ever, the abundance of the clastic sediments shows that this extensional regime must have been close to a continental Hattfjelldal, Nordland, Norway source. A number of sulphide deposits are situated in the Joesjö Bjerkgård, T.1, Svennungsen, R.O.2, Sandstad, J.S.1, Keiding, J.1, nappe, mainly hosted by the felsic metavolcanic rocks. The Lutro, O.1, Saalmann, K.1, Snook, B.R.3, Angvik, T.L.1 most significant is the Raudvatnet deposit, which was the sub‐ ject for a master thesis by one of the authors (R.O.S.). The 1 Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected], study revealed that the deposit is inverted, with a well‐ [email protected], [email protected], developed stringer and alteration zone structurally above the [email protected], [email protected], massive sulphides, and concluded that it is a VMS type deposit. [email protected] Exploration companies (Boliden and ASPRO/LKAB) identified a 2 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, robi‐ possible resource of 0.365 Mt of Zn‐Cu‐Pb‐Ag‐Au ore in the [email protected] Raudvatnet deposit. However, it may be more extensive and 3 NTNU, Department of Geosciences and Petroleum, connected to the Svarthammaren deposit outcropping 3.5 km [email protected] to the west along the same ore axis. Other deposits associated with the felsic rocks are Brunreinvatnet and Mosvassdalen. All The Geological Survey of Norway has over the last three years 2 the felsic‐hosted deposits are characterized by being strongly carried out geological mapping in a 1000 km large area to the enriched in Zn, Pb, Ag and Te, and with the exception of the east and south of Lake Røssvatnet in the Hattfjelldal municipal‐ Brunreinvatnet deposit, they are also Cu‐ and Au‐rich. The high ity in the county of Nordland. The main purpose of this work is Te content is typical for porphyry‐ and epithermal deposits as to assess the potential for economic deposits of metallic ores well as some felsic‐hosted VMS deposits, such as Kankberg in and industrial minerals. High resolution helicopter‐borne geo‐ Sweden. In the Hattfjelldal deposits gold and silver are mainly physical survey was carried out in 2014 and provides a good found as tellurides (calaverite and hessite). Other deposits in basis for the geological work in the area. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 48 the nappe unit include a zone with several minor greenschist‐ that liquid immiscibility is a viable process in monzosyenitic hosted Zn‐Cu deposits and a minor Zn‐Pb deposit hosted by systems and should be considered as a possibility for the for‐ calcareous and carbonaceous phyllites. In conclusion, the pre‐ mation of some magmatic ore deposits. The process still needs sent work shows that the area has a potential for economic to be investigated in more detail since little is known about the VMS‐type deposits. evolution of the immiscible liquids once they separate.

Origin of the Fe‐Ti‐P (+/‐ REE) mineralizations Fennoscandian orogenic gold in the context associated with the 1.8 Ga Raftsund monzo‐ of supercontinent evolution syenite, Vesterålen‐Lofoten, Northern Nor‐ way Pasi Eilu

Geological Survey of Finland, [email protected] Coint Nolwenn, Ihlen Peter, Keiding Jakob, Davidsen Børre Fennoscandia records, at least, four stages of orogenic gold Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway mineralisation: Neoarchaean, Palaeoproterozoic, Neo‐protero‐ zoic, and Palaeozoic. By deposit numbers and known gold en‐ The Raftsund batholith is a concentrically zoned monzonitic to dowment, the Palaeoproterozoic stage dominates. Far less, so granitic intrusion which was emplaced at about 1.8 Ga in the far, characterise the Archaean greenstone belts, and only a few Vesterålen‐Lofoten area. The central zone of the batholith con‐ have been discovered in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic sists of an equigranular pigeonite‐cpx (Wo41‐ 46 En26.2‐29 Fs25‐29) terrains. Except for the possible Mesoarchaean cases, all oro‐ monzosyenite (Bulk rock Mg#35‐26), grading into Fe‐rich fayalite genic gold in Fennoscandia can be related to supercontinent (Fo2‐8)‐cpx (Wo32‐45 En8.9‐19 Fs36‐56) ± opx monzonite towards the assembly, to their accretional and collisional stages. The ages center (Bulk rock Mg#24‐7). The pigeonite‐cpx monzosyenite of orogenic gold in Fennoscandia also are, except for the early carries scattered Fe‐Ti‐P mineralizations (Bulk rock Mg#19‐25) Neoproterozoic ages, similar to major global stages of orogenic occurring both as small cm‐size drop‐shaped patches and as up gold mineralisation. to 200 x 50 m lensoid bodies. These Fe‐Ti‐P rocks, displaying Most of the deposits were formed at 2.72–2.64 Ga and 1.91– clear magmatic textures, are composed of subhedral cpx (Wo34 1.77 Ga, during the two main global stages of crustal growth, ‐45 En20‐46 Fs23‐44) and Fe‐rich olivine (Fo22‐29) surrounded by in‐ formation of the Kenorland and the Columbia. Palaeo‐ terstitial oxides. Large subhedral ternary feldspars are often proterozoic thermal overprint is common in the Archaean present. Apatite, which can reach up to 12 modal percent, is greenstones, but apparently haven’t introduced any significant euhedral and is found as inclusions in all other minerals, except gold in the Archaean parts of the shield. Recent radiometric feldspars. Contacts between the Fe‐Ti‐P mineralizations and dating and stable isotope and fluid inclusion research gives the monzosyenite can be sharp but also gradational, with the strong support for Neoarchaean timing for mineralisation in proportions of interstitial mafic minerals decreasing towards the Archaean greenstone belts, with clear indications that the the monzosyenite. Bulk rock chemical data indicate that the Fe mineralising fluids were early and originating from prograde ‐Ti‐P‐rich rocks are depleted in Si, Al, K and Na but enriched in metamorphic devolatilisation. Ca, Fe, P, Ti and many trace elements such as Sc, Zn, V and REE, The Fennoscandian deposits included into the orogenic gold compared to their host monzosyenite. Microprobe data and category and suggested to be Mesoarchaean are all within the preliminary LA ICP‐MS data obtained on olivine, apatite and Russian part of the shield, hosted by Mesoarchaean parts of cpx suggest that the Fe‐Ti‐P‐rich rocks cannot result from accu‐ the greenstone belts. Very little of exploration for gold has mulation of mafic minerals from the monzosyenite, but rather taken place within the NW Russian terrain, however, and all that the mafic minerals from the mineralizations grew from a deposit age data appears circum‐stantial. The supposedly slightly more magnesian melt containing higher trace element Mesoarchaean deposits may, in fact, be Neoarchaean or Palae‐ concentrations (e.g. Sc, Zn, REE, Zr, Hf). The bulk rock and min‐ oproterozoic, as the terrain also includes both Neoarchaean eral compositional data are inconsistent with fractional crystal‐ and Palaeo‐protero‐zoic greenstone sequences. This scarcity of lization or magma mixing processes but in agreement with data also means that there may very well be many more oro‐ silicate‐liquid immiscibility, documented in experiments and genic gold deposits in the NW Russia than what is currently gabbroic intrusions (e.g. Charlier et Grove, 2012, Contrib. Min. known. Pet., 164, 27‐44), where relatively evolved liquids split into a Fe Some orogenic gold was possibly formed during the accretion ‐Ca‐P‐Ti‐rich melt and a Si‐alkali‐rich melt. Trace element ex‐ of the Columbia, as suggested by the 1.91 Ga Re‐Os age from periments predict that HFSE, REE and many metals such as Sc, the Suurikuusikko deposit (Kittilä Mine), Central Lapland. How‐ V, Cr and Ni will partition into the Fe‐rich melt (Veksler et al., ever, the most extensive orogenic gold stage seems to be re‐ 2006, Contrib. Min. Pet., 152, 685‐702), which is in agreement lated to the continent‐continent collision in 1.84–1.77 Ga. Epi‐ with our geochemical data for the Fe‐Ti‐P mineralizations genetic occurrences where Cu, Co, Ni, or Sb are among the hosted in the Raftsund monzosyenite. These results indicate potential commodities, in addition to gold, characterise parts NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 49 of Fennoscandian Palaeoproterozoic intracratonic basins sub‐ Graphite deposits in Northern Norway; A re‐ jected to 1.91–1.77 Ga orogenies. It is possible that such de‐ posits reflect mobilisation of basinal saline fluids under re‐ view and latest exploration results gional metamorphic conditions with the metals possibly (but not necessarily) enriched prior to an orogeny in the fluid Håvard Gautneb1, Janja Knežević, Bjørn Eskil Larsen1,Iain Hen‐ source areas by, for example, diagenetic and other basinal derson1 Frode Ofstad1, Harald Elvebakk1, Jomar Gellein1 and 1,2 processes. Most of the latter deposits may go into the subclass Jan Steinar Rønning of ‘orogenic gold with anomalous metal association’. However, 1 some of the Au‐Co and all of the Au‐U occurrences reflect min‐ Geological Survey of Norway [email protected] 2 eralisation processes difficult to put into any well‐established Norwegian University of Technology and Science genetic category. A few orogenic gold occurrences have been detected in areas The graphite deposits of Northern Norway is clustered in three postdating the Palaeoproterozoic within Fennoscandia. The provinces: The Island of Senja, The Lofoten, Vesterålen Islands Neoproterozoic deposits occur in a small belt across the Swed‐ and in the Holandsfjord area south of Glomfjord. In all these ish‐Norwegian border in the SW, in the domain of the Sveco‐ areas there have been graphite mining in the past, with the norwegian orogen. Radiometric dating suggests minerali‐sa‐ Skaland graphite mine on Senja as the only active producer. In tion during ca 970–770 Ma. This age range suggests minerali‐ these areas the graphite mineralization occur in a very similar sation during the continent‐continent collisional stages of the geological setting. Somewhat simplified the geology is as fol‐ Rodinia assembly. Orogenic gold deposits detected in the Pa‐ lows: Oldest is Archean to Proterozoic basement comprising laeozoic terrains of the Fennoscandian Caledonides appear to magmatic and metasedimentary rocks. The metasupracrustal have not been dated by radiometric methods, but structural rock comprise dolomite marble, iron formation, graphite studies suggest mineralisation during the Caledonian collision schist, and acid to intermediate volcanic rocks. Polyphasal at 430–390 Ma, that is, during the Laurasia (or Laurussia) colli‐ metamorphism and deformation have obliterated most of the sion, at the early stages of the Pangaea assembly. primary supracrustal features. The metamorphism reached granulite facies, with stromatic migmatite formation many places. During Svecofennian orogeny the mafic to felsic intru‐

No of samp- Average Max Min StdDev Area/locality les % C %C % C % C Figure 1 (left) Massive Holandsfjord 22 7.07 19.64 0.06 5.79 graphite schist intruded Nordværnes 12 7.11 19.64 0.06 7.27 by intermediate rocks, Rendalsvik 3 9.14 11.72 4.97 3.65 Skogsøya Vesterålen Senja 85 7.25 40.30 0.28 5.71 Bukkemoen 22 5.03 14.13 0.28 2.93 Figure 2 (below) 300 me‐ Grunnvåg 5 8.86 14.85 6.72 3.42 ter long outcrop of rusty Hesten 21 5.77 12.81 1.72 3.02 schist, with several indi‐ Vardfjellet 37 9.19 40.30 1.12 7.49 vidual graphite layers, Vesterålen 259 16.78 44.31 0.06 11.42 Grønjorda 2 6.90 9.90 3.89 4.25 Vardfjellet Senja. Golia 8 17.60 32.78 5.69 11.16 Græva 20 29.52 39.65 1.30 12.25 Hornvann 71 22.07 44.31 0.06 12.55 Koven 10 15.16 26.13 0.85 8.97 Larmark gruve 5 9.72 12.74 3.18 4.11 Lille Hornvann 39 14.04 33.07 4.65 6.88 Vedåsen 4 14.16 16.66 11.50 2.13 Haugsneset 11 19.30 33.82 10.60 9.44 Kvernfjordalen 5 6.06 13.70 0.12 6.32 Morfjord 3 18.45 19.70 16.80 1.49 Møkland 38 9.04 25.70 0.06 8.22 Raudhammar 9 16.52 25.90 7.77 6.20 Skogsøya 10 19.29 34.20 0.40 11.43 Svinøya 2 23.35 24.90 21.80 2.19 Romsetfjorden 6 12.41 25.60 3.62 7.86 Smines 11 7.97 17.30 0.56 5.61 Sommarland 5 7.74 17.13 2.83 5.78 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 50 sions (Senja) and various types of charnockites intruded and metry constructed from photographs obtained from a DJI reworked the supracrustal rocks. The graphite bearing rocks Phantom4 drone. We employ the Litchi Mission Hub to plan typically occur as strongly weathered and rusty graphitic schist the flight path beforehand. Individual flight plans are then up‐ that occur in band or lenses mixed with quartz and feldspar loaded to the drone and the drone then flies autonomously. rich parts (Fig. 1 and 2). They are strongly structurally con‐ This method ensures a constant and systematic overlap of the trolled, however poor exposures make the relations to the images, leading to a better model construction and more effi‐ country rocks poorly exposed. Most areas with graphite miner‐ cient use of drone battery time. A point cloud is downloaded alisations are covered with airborne EM data, and based on from the drone and uploaded to the Agisoft Photoscan Profes‐ this and ground EM measurements, selected localities have sional software, where the 3D mesh representing the ground been trenched and sampled,. The graphite schists typically surface is created and control points are added to allow geo‐ comprise the following mineralogy (in decending amount) referencing of the model. The resultant mesh surface is then quartz, orthoclase, graphite, biotite, pyrrhotite, clino‐ and or‐ exported to 3D MOVE and integrated with the underground topyroxene. The graphite content typically varies from 2‐3% up geological data, producing a fully integrated terrain‐geological to about 40%. However, individual graphite lenses are very 3D model. So far, we have constructed several, widely different heterogenous both on outcrop and thin section scale. It is typi‐ models: the Høgtuva Be‐deposit i Nordland in collaboration cal to see the graphite content vary 10‐20 % over distances less with Statsskog, the Kleivan slate mine in Oppdal in collabora‐ than one meter. The investigations are ongoing. The average tion with Oppdal Sten AS, and the marble deposit at Fauske in graphite content in the investigated occurrences is shown in collaboration with Norwegian Rose AS (Fig.1.). The project has the table. delivered a number of products to the customers: Full digital 3D‐models have been delivered with 3D MOVE VIEWER, vol‐ 3D modelling and visualising of resource de‐ ume calculations and mapped volumes, contour maps (depth to layer/volume and volume thickness). These products con‐ posits in Norway with UAV technology and tribute to a better understanding of the geology, a more effec‐ 3D MOVE tive running of the deposits and, not least, are attractive prod‐ ucts for financial contributors and decision makers. This is the Henderson, I.H.C., Ganerød, M., Torgersen, E., & Bang‐Kittilsen, first time that drone‐produced terrain models have been A. seamlessly integrated with underground geology and the mod‐ els produced are therefore presently unique in Norway. Geological Survey of Norway, Leif Eirikssons Veg 39, 7491, This project is regarded as a development project where we Trondheim, [email protected] have created the workflow required from initial drone flight planning, drone flying, point cloud management to model inte‐ We present the preliminary results of this new project at NGU gration in 3D MOVE. This project is an initiative of the Mineral where we combine detailed terrain models and orthophotos of Resources Division at the Geological Survey of Norway in col‐ resource deposits in Norway with geological information un‐ laboration with several Norwegian mining companies and is derground. To make the terrain models we use photogram‐ partly financed by Mineralklyngen Norge. The Geomatics divi‐

Figure 1. The Fauske Marble open pit with terrain model from drone photo‐ grammetry inte‐ grated with con‐ structed volumes of target future pro‐ duction. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 51

Mineral deposits in Fauskeeidet

sion at the Geological Survey of Norway will facilitate the sys‐ ferent geological methods, from geophysical investigation to tematisation and standardisation of the 3D data which will be geological mapping, bedrock sampling and analyzing. The areas inputted into the model. can also represent projections of underground deposits onto the surface. Easily accessible spatial data of defined areas will give a basic Defining areas of mineral deposits and a new overview of existing mineral resources. This data should be classification of mineral deposits according taken into account and included in long term land‐use planning and resource management to secure sustainable utilization of to INSPIRE directive the mineral resources in the future and as a tool for the min‐ eral prospecting industry. Considering that technology and Janja Knežević, Agnes M. Raanees, Tom Heldal, Kari A. Aasly, market will change with time it is important to safeguard po‐ Håvard Gautneb, Jan Egil Wanvik, Bjørn E. Larsen, Harald Elve‐ tential mineral resources for the future. bakk

Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected] Graphite deposits in Northern Norway;

The Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) is in the process of Geophysical prospecting methods modernisation and reclassification of mineral deposits databa‐ ses according to INSPIRE (INfrastructure of SPatial InfoRmation Bjørn E. Larsen1, Jan S. Rønning1,2, Harald Elvebakk1, Håvard 1 1 1 in Europe). The goal of the INSPIRE directive is to create an Gautneb , Frode Ofstad & Janja Knezevic infrastructure for sharing spatial information between public 1 authorities in Europe directive and is implemented in Norwe‐ Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), P.O. Box 6315 Sluppen, gian law trough Geodata Act and Geodata Regulations. 7491 Trondheim 2 Based on this, NGU has updated the nomenclature for mineral Norwegian University of Science and Technology occurrence types. Mineral deposits have been reassessed and reclassified from a relative scale of significance (as described in The graphite deposits of the Lofoten, Vesterålen and Senja SOSI standard version 4.0) to an economic value/public impor‐ areas have been known for some time for its quality and high tance assessment (according to The Planning and Building Act grade. For the last few years NGU has been investigating se‐ and the Raw Materials Initiative). lected areas based on recently acquired helicopterborne geo‐ As a part of this work, there has also been increased focus on physical data. The first step of ground follow up work was per‐ areas representing mineral deposits, prospects and provinces formed using a one man operated electromagnetic system to improve thematic maps on mineral resources. These areas called EM‐31. To map the size of individual deposits, the are defined and assessed by previous investigations using dif‐ Charged Potential (CP) or Mise a la Masse (MALM) method is used. At the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) we have NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 52

Figure 1: Left: SP measured at Kvernfjorden, blue color for low SP signal indicating graphite mineralization. Top Right: CP measured at Kvernfjorden, red color indicates size of actual graphite mineralization. Bottom right: 2D resistivity along Profile 6 showed on map, blue color show very high electric conductivity, indicating graphite. newly developed an instrument that measures CP together a combination of these methods will give the best estimate of with Self Potential (SP) which means that both known and un‐ ore body sizes. known graphite deposits may be mapped at the same time. To evaluate the size of the individual deposits, it is necessary to know the electric conductivity (resistivity) of the host rock, Ore‐Forming processes in a Deep‐Crustal Ul‐ which is measured using a 2D resistivity system (Electric Resis‐ tramafic Conduit System. The Seiland Igne‐ tivity Tomography, ERT). All these methods utilizes the high electrical conductivity of graphite ore. ous Province, North Norway

The 2D resistivity method produces a vertical section (Figure 1, Larsen R.B.1, Grant T. 1, Sørensen B. 1, Nikolaisen E.1, Grannes bottom right) of inverted ground resistivity. Since the hostrock K.R.B. 1, Iljina M.2, Schanche M.2 is significantly more resistive, zones of highly conductive graphite can easily be distinguished. This is however a time‐ 1NTNU, Dep. of Geology and Geoengineering, Trondheim, Nor‐ consuming method if very large areas are to be covered. So the way, [email protected] CP and SP method has been used to constrain the dimensions 2Nordic Mining ASA, Oslo, Norway of ore bodies. A current is injected directly into the ore body and the potential between two non‐polarizable electrodes is The Seiland Igneous Province (SIP) consists of >5,000 km2of measured on the surface around the conductive body in a se‐ mafic, ultramafic and alkaline intrusives that were emplaced quence of connected measurement‐points. This produces a into the lower continental crust (25‐35 km depth) in <10 Ma dataset with high potential values over the charged body (red (570‐560 Ma) during mantle plume upwelling. We argue that color in Figure 1, top right). SP (Figure 1, left) is measured si‐ the SIP was the deep‐seated conduit system of a large igneous multaneously, and graphite has proved to give very good re‐ province (LIP), making the region a key location in which to sponse on this method as well. However it cannot distinguish study the ascent, emplacement and modification of dense between one large body and several smaller bodies. Therefore mantle melts enroute to shallower igneous systems. It is also NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 53

nation. It may also be concluded that the source of sulphur for the PGE‐reef is distinctively different from that of the Cu‐Ni reef only 20 m’s higher up! Detailed studies show that the Au‐ rich parts of the PGE‐reef were decoupled from the Pt‐Pd‐Os enriched parts. The Au rich parts were associated with string‐ ers and clusters of Ca‐Mg carbonates, amphibole, phlogopite, rutile and apatite. Probably this volatile‐rich assemblage formed when alkaline carbonatitic melts infiltrated the reefs and selectively remobilised Au previously present in the PGE‐ reef. The PGM’s are dominated by Pt‐Pd tellurides and Au‐Cu ±Ag alloys and a rare Os‐Ir‐Ru phase was also identified. What arguably makes the Reinfjord reefs an unusual type of Cu ‐Ni‐PGE deposit is; i) the great thickness of the reefs with low total sulphides; ii) clear decoupling of a PGE, Ni, and Cu‐rich reefs (see Fig.); iii) selective remobilization of Au by infiltrating volatile‐rich alkaline melts iii) strongly contrasting S‐isotope signatures over only 20 metres of cumulates; iv) the strong trough shaped PGE‐pattern and v) setting in a pure dunite formed from UM parental melts.

Fenites in the Devonian Sokli carbonatite complex and Iivaara alkaline intrusion, Finland an ideal location for the study of ore‐deposit forming events in open ultramafic conduit systems dominated by repetitive re‐ Lauri, L.S.1, Elliott, H.2 & Lintinen, P.1 charge of mafic‐ultramafic melts. Loci of the main conduit sys‐ tem features ultramafic complexes of which, the Reinfjord 1Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 77, FI‐96101 Rovaniemi, Complex is an excellent example. Finland, [email protected], [email protected] The picritic to komatiitic (16‐22 wt% MgO) melts of the Rein‐ 2Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn Cam‐ fjord Complex were emplaced into gabbros in three major pus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, [email protected] pulses punctuated by several smaller recharge events. The first two pulses, the lower and upper layered series (LLS + ULS) The Devonian Kola alkaline province in the Fennoscandian comprises modally layered ol – cpx ±opx cumulates. The final Shield comprises over twenty major alkaline and carbonatitic phase, the central series (CS), comprises dunitic cumulates in intrusions and numerous dykes that have intruded the Ar‐ the centre of the intrusion. The CS intruded into a crystal‐melt chaean rocks in north‐eastern Finland and the Kola Peninsula mush of the ULS. Replenishment events in the CS are associ‐ in Russia. The age of all intrusions falls between 380 Ma and ated with several reef deposits of 1 to 10 metres thicknesses 360 Ma. documented in 4 drill cores (170‐398 m.b.s.). The reefs contain The Sokli complex (Fig. 1a) is a multiphase pluton consisting of 1.2‐1.6 wt% total sulphides dominated by pyrrhotite, pentland‐ concentric alkaline and carbonatitic phases. It is surrounded by ite and chalcopyrite. The best PGE reef (5 m) comprises 0.8 an exceptionally thick fenite aureole that extends up to 3 km ppm of total Pt+Pd+Au+Os and 0.27 wt. % Ni but several reefs from the complex. Carbonatite ring dykes and lamprophyre with 0.15 to 0.3 ppm PGE are recorded (see Fig.). The Cu reefs dykes cross‐cut the fenite zone, representing the youngest typically grades 0.1 % Cu over 5‐10 metres and the singular Ni intrusion phases in the development of the carbonatite com‐ reef carries 0.38 wt% Ni. Analysis of the entire chondrite nor‐ plex. The fenites surrounding the carbonatite intrusion include malised PGE spectrum provides a trough pattern with positive rocks that originally were either amphibolites or orthogneisses Os, Pt and Pd, Au patterns. In‐situ, ion‐probe, sulfur‐isotope with compositions ranging from granite to tonalite. They may analysis yielded juvenile values for all sulphide deposits in the be divided into major Na‐metasomatic fenites and minor K‐ UM complex and the country rock gabbros, however, with con‐ metasomatic fenites that are found in the proximal zone of the spicuous variations amongst the individual deposits. The PGE‐ intrusion. The Iivaara alkaline intrusion (Fig. 1b) is composed of reefs yielded a δ34S value of ‐0.40, the Cu‐Ni reefs, ‐4.56, alkaline silicate rocks belonging to the ijolite‐urtite‐melteigite contact deposits gave +0.02, and gabbro sulphides gave an series. Fenite aureole extends for several hundred metres from average of +2.19. Finally, sulphides in the country rock the contact zone of the intrusion, the intensity of fenitization gneisses yielded a value of +9.09. Accordingly, the reef depos‐ increasing towards the intrusion. The altered zone closest to its did not achieve their sulphur by local country rock contami‐ the intrusion is described as transitional, consisting of breccia in which cancrinite‐nepheline‐wollastonite rock brecciates can‐ NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 54

Fig. 1: a) The Sokli intrusion (after Vartiai‐ nen, 1980) and b) the Iivaara intrusion (modified from DigiKP database, GTK).

crinite‐syenitic fenite. autochtonous unit referred here as Kittilä Terrane (KT). The KT The Sokli carbonatite complex is surrounded by a very well consist dominantly of c. 2.0 Ga tholeiitic volcanic rocks parts of developed and unusually thick fenite aureole compared to that which represent juveline Proterozoic oceanic crust formed of the Iivaara alkaline intrusion. This may be due to the pres‐ during rifting of the Karelian craton. The KT covers 2600 km2 ence of carbonatite intrusions radiating out from the main and is in places up to 9 km thick. The unit was subjected to complex at least 2 km in to the fenite aureole. Density of vein‐ multi‐phase deformation and metamorphism during Svecofen‐ ing and intensity of protolith metasomatism increases dramati‐ nian orogeny during 1.91‐1.79 Ga. The KT is highly prospective cally in proximity to these late stage carbonatitic intrusions. for gold as a number of orogenic gold deposits, including the Early K‐feldspar rich fenites are brecciated by extensive later giant 8+ MOz Suurikuusikko deposit, occur in the KT and along amphibole and pyroxene veins in these highly fenitized areas. the southern contact of it. The country rocks for both intrusions are largely similar, there‐ A number of 2D reflection seismic profiles were acquired from fore geochemical and mineralogical differences in fenites are KT and surrounding areas by Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) caused by fluid composition as opposed to the protolith. during 2001‐2010. Until now the 3D interpretations of the seismic profiles in CLGB area have been focused on the depth extent of KT and structures surrounding it with limited work on the internal structural framework. This work presents results of 3D structural model of the Kittilä Terrane, structural 3D modeling of central and eastern part of KT. The Northern Finland basis for modeling was the reflection seismic data within an area covering 70 km x 100 km. In addition, various GTK Tero Niiranen geophysical and geological data sets available were utilized. Resulting 3D model consist of 34 surfaces representing the Geological Survey of Finland, e‐mail: [email protected] interpreted shear and thrust zones (Fig. 1). The modelled structural framework indicates that the internal The Central Lapland greenstone belt (CLGB) is one of the most structures of the KT are dominated by NE to ENE dipping, thin extensive Paleoproterozoic greenstone belts in Europe. The to thick skinned thrust sheets and associated NE‐striking trans‐ central part of the CLGB consists of an allochtonous or para‐ fer shear zones. For most of the modeled area the base of the

Figure 1. The structural model of the Kittilä Terrane. Bounding box extents are 70 km x 100 km x 10 km. Green unit is the interpreted base of the KT. Oblique view from ENE. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 55

KT acted as décollement zone for the SW to WSW directed were followed by intrusions of post‐orogenic granitoids (1.81– thrusting. The thrust pattern can be directly linked to collision 1.77 Ga). of the Karelian and Kola cratons and related thrusting of Lap‐ The recent mineral exploration activities have indicated several land Granulite belt to SW in 1.92‐1.90 Ga. The results indicate gold‐bearing mineral occurrences within the PB. The Rompas that the deformation features related to this event extend Au‐U mineralization is hosted within deformed and metamor‐ much further to SW than previously has been considered. The phosed calc‐silicate veins enclosed within mafic volcanic rocks results also have implications for the targeting of gold explora‐ and contains uranium‐bearing zones without gold and very tion as it appears that a number of the known gold deposits, high‐grade (>10,000 g/t Au) gold pockets with uraninite and including the Suurikuusikko deposit, are hosted by thrust struc‐ uraninite‐pyrobitumen nodules. In the vicinity of the Rompas, tures rather than to steeply dipping shear zones. a magnesium skarn hosted disseminated‐stockwork gold min‐ eralization was also recognized at the Palokas‐Rajapalot pros‐ pect. Knowledge‐driven Prospectivity Model for The exploration criteria translated into a fuzzy logic prospectiv‐ Gold Deposits Within Peräpohja Belt, ity model included data derived from regional till geochemistry (Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Au, Te, K), high‐resolution airborne geophysics Northern Finland (magnetic field total intensity, electromagnetic, gamma radia‐ tion), ground gravity and regional bedrock map (structures). Nykänen, V.M.1, Molnár, F.2, Niiranen, T. 1, Lahti I.1, Korhonen, The current exploration targets for gold were used as the ex‐ K.2, Cook, N.3 and Skyttä P.4 amples of known mineral occurrences to validate the knowl‐ edge‐driven mineral prospectivity model using ROC validation 1 Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 77, FI‐96101 Ro‐ technique. Final prospectivity maps presented in this paper vaniemi, Finland define well the known Rompas‐Rajapalot‐type gold occur‐ 2 Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 96, 02151, Espoo, rences with the AUC scores above 0.8. The ROC technique us‐ Finland. ing random points as true negative sites is a suitable validation 3 Mawson Resources Ltd, 1305 ‐ 1090 West Georgia Street, technique for spatial models and can be used in model optimi‐ Vancouver, BC V6E 3V7, Canada. zation. 4 Department of Geography and Geology, Universtiy of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland. Parts of this work were supported by the Academy of Finland project No. 281670, Mineral Systems and Mineral Prospectivity Geographical information system (GIS) can be used to con‐ Mapping in Finnish Lapland and Tekes project No. struct a mineral prospectivity model to delineate areas favor‐ 2631/31/2015. able for a certain mineral deposit type. There are two main approaches to compile a prospectivity model: 1) empirical or data driven and 2) conceptual or knowledge driven. For the empirical models we need known examples of the mineral de‐ Au‐mineralization in the St. Jonsfjorden area, posits within the study area, whereas a conceptual prospectiv‐ the West Spitsbergen Fold Belt, Svalbard ity model can be constructed without prior knowledge of exis‐ tence of the deposits. In this paper we are demonstrating how Juhani Ojala the knowledge‐ and data‐driven prospectivity mapping ap‐ proaches can be combined by using the receiver operating Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 77, FI‐96101 Rovaniemi, characteristics (ROC) spatial statistical technique to optimize Finland the process of rescaling input datasets and the process of data integration when using a fuzzy logic prospectivity mapping Scree geochemical surveys in the 1980’s which were con‐ method. ducted by Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Store Norske The methodology described in this paper is tested in an active Spitsbergen Kulkompani AS and Norsk Hydro revealed Au mineral exploration terrain within the Paleoproterozoic anomalies in the West Spitsbergen Fold Belt, including the St. Peräpohja Belt (PB) in the Northern Fennoscandian Shield, Jonsfjorden area. Follow up sampling in 1991 located Au‐ Finland. The PB comprises a greenschist to amphibolite facies, anomalous screes in the Holmeslettfjella, Copper‐Camp, Mota‐ complexly deformed supracrustal sequence of variable quartz‐ lafjella, Løvliejellet and Bulltinden areas. In addition, it was ites, mafic volcanic rocks and volcaniclastic rocks, carbonate recognized that the Au mineralization was structurally con‐ rocks, black shales, mica schists and graywackes. These forma‐ trolled with highest Au values (up to 14 g/t) along thrust faults. tions were deposited on Archean basement and 2.44 Ga lay‐ Area was revisited and resampled by Store Norske Gull AS ge‐ ered intrusions, during the multiple rifting of the Archean base‐ ologists in 2008 and 2009 and the Au‐anomalies were con‐ ment (2.44–1.92 Ga). Younger intrusive units in the PB com‐ firmed. Furthermore, a few meters wide, outcropping pyrite‐ prise 2.20–2.13 Ga gabbroic sills or dikes and 1.98 Ga A‐type arsenopyrite‐mineralized zone, with Au values up to 55 g/t in granites. Metamorphism and complex deformation of the PB the grab samples, was located at Holmeslettfjella along a took place during the Svecofennian orogeny (1.9– 1.8 Ga) and thrust between the Vestgötabreen High‐Pressure Metamorphic NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 56

Complex and Bullbreen Group. In the other locations, Au‐ tills in many tracts of Norway contain significant amounts of anomalous samples were subcrop, boulder or scree samples. In reworked saprolite. The observed anomalously high concentra‐ Copper Camp and Løvliejellet, the gold mineralization is related tions of REEs and heavy metals such as Cr, Ni, Mo, Zn and Pb in to the same thrust zone as in Holmeslettfjella with grab sam‐ both saprolite and overlying till are most likely caused by ples having Au values up to 25 g/t. In the Motalafjella and Bull‐ weathering processes where the major elements such as K, Na tinden areas, the hosting thrust is the next major thrust SW and Ca have been partly removed by leaching. XRF and XRD from Holmeslettfjella. In addition, in the Bulltinden area, the analysis of fresh and altered bedrock commonly show a high location of the mineralized samples suggests that a normal degree of mineral alteration. Deep weathering has also been fault to the SW side of the Bulltinden‐Motalafjella thrust may observed to be super‐imposed on several copper‐gold deposits also be gold mineralized. In the Holmeslettfjella area, the gold in Finnmark (e.g. in Sáđgejohka and Čierte). Chalcopyrite and mineralization is located along a NW‐SE striking, about 45° SW bornite are frequently replaced by supergene minerals such as dipping thrust. Gold mineralization is hosted by the Mota‐ digenite, malachite, cuperite, native copper, chrysocolla and lafjella Formation carbonate rocks and is related to quartz‐ limonite. Kaolinite deposits occur on the Varanger Peninsula in carbonate‐sericite‐pyrite‐arsenopyrite alteration and gold is the Quaternary overburden as well as in the fractured bedrock. refractory (5‐20% cyanide leachable). Laser ablation study of K‐Ar dating in the 1970s of assumed hydrothermal clay altera‐ arsenopyrite and pyrite confirmed the refractory nature of the tion associated with Permian fluorite and sulphide vein depos‐ gold. Based on the laser ablation study, the Au content of the its, as well as fault and breccia zones in eastern and southern fine grained arsenopyrite varies from a few g/t up to 1000 g/t Norway (e.g. at Lassedalen and Heskestad) yielded Mid and with an average about 300 g/t. The rocks are strongly de‐ Late Triassic ages. These ages likely represent the same phase formed and the samples with quartz‐carbonate‐sulphide frac‐ of grus weathering as observed offshore and do not represent ture veins have the highest gold grades. In addition to Au and hydrothermal alternation associated with the formation of the As, mineralized zones are variably enriched in Bi, Cu, Hg, Tl, Sb, mineral deposits. The uppermost part of the fluorite and fluo‐ and Te. The ages of the rocks in the area range from Mesopro‐ rite‐barite breccia‐deposits in Lassedalen and Heskestad was terozoic to Middle Silurian. Rocks have been deformed during destroyed by the weathering. The ore grade will consequently the mid‐Paleozoic Caledonian orogeny, and in mid‐Paleogene improve at depth. We conclude that the understanding of (Eocene). The age of the gold mineralization is not yet known, deep weathering processes and their timing in Norway is a key but gold mineralized thrust structures have been active during to a successful mineral exploration programme in Norway. Eocene deformation and NE directed thrusting, which are re‐ lated to dextral transpression. Available geological data sug‐ gest that the mineralization is late Paleozoic orogenic gold Fluid evolution in the VMS Cu‐(Zn) deposits style related to the Caledonian orogeny, and the mineralization at Sulitjelma, Northern Norway has been reworked during the Eocene deformation and forma‐ tion of the West Spitsbergen Fold Belt, or the gold mineraliza‐ tion is Eocene orogenic gold style, or it is a variation of Eocene Sabina Strmic Palinkas, Andre Birkeland and Hanne‐Kristin Carlin style of Au‐mineralization in carbonate rocks over Paulsen faulted Precambrian craton margin. Department of Geosciences, University of Tromsø – the Arctic University of Norway. Dramsveien 201, 9037 Tromsø, Norway. Deep weathering and mineral exploration in [email protected]

Norway The Sulitjelma ore field, Nordland County, covers an area of approximately 25 km2 and hosts more than 20 Cu‐(Zn) ore bod‐ Olesen, O., Bjørlykke, A., Brönner, M., Larsen, B.E., Rueslåtten, ies with a total tonnage exceeding 35 Mt at 1.8 % Cu and 0.4 % H. & Schoenenberger, J. Zn. In the period between 1887 and 1991, 25 Mt of ore with an average grade of 1.84 % Cu, 0.84 % Zn, 10 g/t Ag and 0.25 g/t Geological Survey of Norway, P.O. Box 6315 Sluppen, 7491 Au was mined from 11 ore bodies (Cook et al. 1990). Trondheim The mineralization is hosted by the Sulitjelma ophiolite com‐ plex of the Upper Allochthon Køli Nappe Complex (e.g., Boyle, The remnants of deeply weathered basement on the mainland 1989; Cook et al., 1993). The ore bodies generally lie at the of Norway occur as accumulations of clay minerals and grus contact between submarine basalts of the Otervatn Volcanic aggregates along structurally defined weakness zones (linear Formation and overlying metapelites of the Furulund Schist weathering) and locally as up to c. 100 m thick continuous Group. The major ore minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, saprolite layers (areal weathering). These are places that were sphalerite and pyrrhotite. Galena, arsenopyrite, cubanite, mo‐ protected to some degree, from glacial erosion and transporta‐ lybdenite, stannites, Ag‐tetrahedrite, ilmenite and rutile occur tion. Electric resistivity traversing (ERT), magnetic modelling in minor amounts. The deposits have been regionally meta‐ and core drilling show that linear weathering can extend to morphosed up to amphibolite facies during the Caledonian depths of several hundred metres. It is suggested that glacial Orogen. Polyphase deformation with a high degree of folding NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 57 has obliterated most primary textures and mineralogical zona‐ Acknowledgements tion patterns in the Sulitjelma ore field. However, some of ore We acknowledge financial support by Mineralklynge Norge and bodies are underlain by alteration zones, and display zonation Rana Gruber. Our sincere gratefulness is addressed to Perry O. in base metals in accordance with classical VMS type deposits Kaspersen for his help during the sampling campaign in the (Cook et al. 1993; Cook et al. 1996). Sulitjelma area. Ongoing fluid inclusion studies coupled with mineral chemistry and stable isotope data from the most prominent ore bodies References (Ny Sulitjelma, Hankabakken I and II, Giken, Jakobsbakken and Boyle, A.P. (1989) The geochemistry of the Sulitjelma ophiolite Sagmo) should give a better insight into the evolution of ore‐ and associated basic volcanics: tectonic implications. The Cale‐ donide Geology of Scandinavia. Graham and Trottman, Lon‐ forming fluids at the Sulitjelma ore field. don: 153‐163. Fluid inclusions hosted by gangue quartz revealed several ge‐ Cook, N.J., Halls, C., and Kaspersen, P.O. (1990) The geology of nerations of ore‐forming and post‐ore fluids: the Sulitjelma ore field, Northern Norway; some new interpre‐ Type 1: Primary two phase (L+V) aqueous fluid inclusions with tations. Economic Geology 85: 1720‐1737. a uniform degree of fill (F) around 0.8 usually show rounded Cook, N.J., Halls, C., and Boyle, A.P. (1993) Deformation and and elongated morphologies. They vary in size up to 30 m and metamorphism of massive sulphides at Sulitjelma, Norway. occur either as isolated inclusions or in forms of three‐ Mineralogical Magazine 57: 67‐67. dimensional clusters. Eutectic temperatures (Te) around ‐52°C Cook, N.J. (1996): Mineralogy of the sulphide deposits at Suli‐ indicate the presence of divalent cations (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+). tjelma, northern Norway. Ore Geology Reviews 11: 303‐308 The final ice melting temperature (Tmice) in the range from ‐3.5 to ‐5.5°C corresponds to salinity between 5.7 and 8.6 wt.% NaCl equ. Homogenization into the liquid phase was recorded New insights into hydrothermal Zn‐Cu mine‐ in the temperature interval between 290 and 315°C. This is the most common type of primary fluid inclusions and represents ralization in the West Troms Basement seawater that was modified by water‐rock interactions during Complex, northern Norway the deep convective circulation through the oceanic crust. Type 2: Rare primary polyphase (L+V+S) aqueous fluid inclu‐ Hanne‐Kristin Paulsen, Sabina Strmic Palinkas, and Steffen G. sions contain halite crystals. The inclusions are mostly rounded Bergh to sub‐rounded and occur within clusters. Uniform L:V:S ratios suggest entrapment of homogenous single phase fluids rather Department of Geosciences, University of Tromsø – the Arctic than an accidental entrapment of solid phases. The Te values University of Tromsø. Dramsveien 201, 9019 Tromsø, Norway range between ‐50 and ‐54°C. The halite melting temperature hanne‐[email protected]

(Ts) between 250 and 285°C points to salinities around 35 wt.% NaCl equ. Total homogenization into the liquid phase was re‐ Vanna is an island located in the Neoarchaean to Palaeopro‐ corded in the temperature interval between 295 and 330°C. terozoic West Troms Basement Complex (WTBC). The WTBC This type of inclusions may reflect the episodic incursion of has a complex architecture of metamorphic, igneous and su‐ magmatic fluids. pracrustal rocks subdivided into a series of segmented blocks Type 3: Primary fluid inclusion assemblages composed of coex‐ that were brought together during the Svecofennian (c. 1.8‐1.6 isting L‐rich and V‐rich aqueous inclusions with overlapping Ga) and/or younger tectono‐thermal events. In 2012, the ex‐ homogenization temperatures in the interval between 355 and ploration company, Store Norske Gull (SNG), drilled 880 m of 370°C reflect entrapment of boiling fluids. drill core (7 drill holes) into the ENE‐WSW trending, south dip‐ Type 4: Primary two phase (L+V) fluid inclusions enriched in ping Vannareid‐Burøysund (VB) fault and Zn‐Cu mineralization

CH4. The inclusions are characterized by irregular, star‐like was identified over a strike length of 250 m. The mineralization morphologies. Te around ‐21°C points to NaCl as the major dis‐ is open along strike, but the grade and extent of mineralization solved salt. Tmice between ‐1.5 to ‐2.5°C corresponds to the at the VB occurrence as outlined today has no economic po‐ salinity between 2.6 and 5.7 wt.% NaCl equ. Homogenization tential. into the liquid phase was recorded in the temperature interval The VB fault separates variably deformed tonalitic gneisses (2.9 between 170 and 195°C. The inclusions are spatially associated ‐2.6 Ga) intruded by mafic dikes (2.2‐2.4 Ga), diorite and gab‐ with hydrocarbon bearing inclusions and traces of pyrobitu‐ bro, in the footwall, from mylonitized tonalite in the non‐ men suggesting that CH4 was released due to hydrothermal mineralized hanging wall (Opheim and Andresen, 1989; Bergh degradation of organic matter. et al. 2007). The hydrothermal mineralization in the brittle VB Type 5: Secondary two phase (L+V) fluid inclusions with F fault consists of brecciated mafic and tonalitic host rocks and around 0.9. They show rounded and elongated morphologies, numerous carbonate and quartz filled veins, previously inter‐ vary in size up to 15 m and occur along healed fractures. They preted as a Paleoproterozoic VMS springer zone (Ojala et al. have low salinity (<2 wt.% NaCl equ.) and contain traces of CO2 2013; Monsen 2014). Normal movement along the fault has reflecting entrapment of post‐ore metamorphogenic fluids. been dated by Davids et al. (2013) using K‐Ar method on illite in the cataclastic fault rocks yielding a late‐Carboniferous NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 58 through early Permian age of illite growth. This is concurrent Dubois M, Monnin C, Castelain T, Coquinot Y, Gouy S, Gauthier with post‐Caledonian extension and incipient rifting of the At‐ A, Goffè B (2010) Investigations of the H2O‐NaCl‐LiCl system: a lantic Ocean. The VB fault hosting mineralization is a part of synthethic fluid inclusion study and thermodynamic modelling the regional Vestfjorden‐Vanna complex (Indrevaer 2013). from ‐50O to +100OC and up to 12 mol/kg Economic geology The mineral assemblage in the veins and breccia infill at the VB 105:10. occurrence is relatively simple. Sphalerite, chalcopyrite, quartz Indrevaer K, Bergh SG, Koehl JB, Hansen JA, Schermer E, and calcite are the main constituents of the veins, but varies in Ingebrigtsen A (2013) Post‐Caledonian brittle fault zones on abundance from place to place and between different host the hyperextended SW Barents Sea margin: New insights into rocks. Pyrite, Pb‐Bi‐Ag sulphide and fluorite are minor constitu‐ onshore and offshore margin. Norwegian Journal of Geology 93:3‐4 ents, generally restricted to late‐stage veins. The grain size of Monsen, K (2014) Hydrothermal Cu‐Zn mineralization at Van‐ the minerals vary from fine (<0.1 mm) to coarse (<20 mm). The na, West Troms Basement Complex. Dissertation, University of ore grade Zn and Cu is controlled by both host rocks and min‐ Tromsø eralization type. The hydrothermal calcite breccias in tonalite Ojala JV, Hansen H, Ahola H (2013) Cu‐Zn mineralisation at and quartz‐calcite veins in cataclasite, commonly occurring at Vannareid, West Troms Basement Complex: a new Palaeopro‐ the contact between mafic dikes and tonalite, carry the highest terozoic VMS occurrence in the northern Fennoscandian Zn and Cu grades. When comparing the geochemistry of unal‐ Shield. Proceedings of the 12th Biennial SGA Meeting, Uppsala, tered host rock with mineralized sections, it is evident that Zn‐ Sweden. Cu quartz vein mineralization is associated with an increase in Opheim JA, Andresen A (1989) Basement‐cover relationships Hg, Au, Cd, Bi, As, and Pb, while Sr, Na2O and CaO are de‐ on northern Vanna, Troms, Norway Norsk Geologisk tidsskrift pleted. When hosted in tonalite, Zn‐Cu calcite mineralization is 69:5 associated with enrichment in Au, Ag, Cd, Bi, As, Pb, and MnO Taylor HP, Frechen J, Degens T (1967) Oxygen and carbon iso‐ while most of the major elements are depleted. This apparent tope studies of carbonatites from the Laacher See district, major element depletion is also a result of the relative amount West Germany and the Alnö District, Sweden. Geochim Cosmo‐ of host rock being smaller when massive calcite is present, as chim Acta 31:3. doi: 10.1016/0016‐7037(67)90051‐8 most of the immobile elements also show a relative depletion. Preliminary fluid inclusion data from late Cu‐bearing quartz veins indicate that the mineralizing fluids were composed of Metallogeny of North Norway H2O+CO2+NaCl+LiCl (Dubois et al., 2010). Fluid inclusion assem‐ blages containing both monophase vapour (V) inclusions and Jan Sverre Sandstad1, Terje Bjerkgård1, Peter M. Ihlen1, Iain liquid‐rich two‐phase (L+V) inclusions have also been recorded, 1 1 1 indicating that boiling have occurred. The mineral assembly H.C. Henderson , Victor A. Melezhik , Agnes Raaness , Kerstin Saalmann1, Espen Torgersen1 & Giulio Viola1,2 indicates that the fluids were near neutral, and limited chlorite and epidote alteration suggests a temperature of around 200‐ 1Geological Survey of Norway, N‐7491 Trondheim, Norway. 350OC. Stable isotope compositions of six hydrothermal sam‐ [email protected] ples from different mineralization styles in the VB occurrence 2 13 Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, were measured. The δ CVPDB values range from ‐4.4 to ‐6.1 ‰ 18 Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy. and δ OSMOW values range from 9.3 to 11.0 ‰. These values overlap with values of primary igneous carbonates defined by The metallogeny of the three northernmost counties in Nor‐ Taylor (1967). way is discussed based on the new results from the mapping programme "Mineral Resources in North Norway" (MINN). The Acknowledgements programme has been carried out by the Geological Survey of We would like to thank Øystein Rushfeldt at Nussir ASA and Norway in the years 2011‐2015, and it was aimed at improving Harald Hansen at Store Norske Gull for generously sharing the basic geological information relevant to the assessment of their knowledge and data. We also would like to extend a the mineral potential in the area. thank you to Matteus Lindgren at UiT for stable isotope analy‐ The bedrock geology of Northern Norway comprises Archaean ses to Palaeoproterozoic basement rocks of the Fennoscandian References Shield overthrusted in the Silurian by Caledonian nappes. The Bergh SG, Kullerud K et al. (2007) Low‐grade sedimentary rocks nappe units comprise Archaean to Palaeozoic metasedimen‐ on Vanna, North Norway: a new occurrence of a Palaeoprote‐ tary and meta‐igneous rocks derived from Baltica, micro‐ rozoic (2.4‐2.2 Ga) cover succession in northern Fennoscandia continents outboard of Baltica, and from Laurentia. Norwegian Journal of Geology 87:18 Neoarchaean (ca. 2.8 Ga) banded iron formations have been Davids C, Wemmer K, Zwingmann H, Kohlmann F, Hjacobs J, mined for over 100 years in the northeasternmost part of Nor‐ Bergh S (2013) K‐Ar illite and apatite fission track constraints way, in the Bjørnevatn area, close to the Russian border. More on brittle faulting and the evolution of the northern Norwegian than 200 Mt of ores grading ca. 30 % Fe (magnetic) have been passive margin Tectonophysics 608:16. doi: 10.1016/ mined from several deposits, while the total reserves and re‐ j.tecto.2013.09.035 sources are estimated to be over 500 Mt. The mines are cur‐ NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No 3, 2017 Page 59 rently under care and maintenance. The magnetite‐quartz closure intraorogenic Ni‐Cu and VMS Cu‐Zn ores were formed banded iron formations (BIF) are interpreted as exhalative during the initial collision phase. The final collisional stage is sedimentary ores hosted by a basaltic sequence. characterised by formation of various vein type deposits, in‐ Following rifting of the Archaean craton, Palaeoproterozoic cluding Au, Ag and Pb ores. volcano‐sedimentary belts were formed. They contain the most prolific metallogenic provinces in the Fennoscandian Shield. Prospects of Ni‐Cu‐(PGE) mineralisation in gabbro and pyroxenite complexes may represent magmatic formations during the initial phase of rifting as in the Karasjok Greenstone Belt, a northern continuation of the Central Lapland Green‐ stone Belt in Finland hosting major/world‐class Ni‐Cu deposits. Sediment‐hosted Cu‐deposits were formed during further rift‐ ing and sagging in sandstone and conglomerate, as well as in dolostone and dolarenite. The best known are located in the Repparfjord and Alta‐Kvænangen Tectonic Windows. The char‐ acteristic ore mineral paragenesis bornite+chalcopyrite +chalcocite (±neodigenite) is commonly enriched in Ag and locally also has elevated contents of Au, PGE and Co. The min‐ eralisations exhibit textural features indicative of syn‐ diagenetic and epigenetic mineral precipitation with localized structural reworking. The largest of these, the Nussir deposit, comprises 64.3 Mt @ 1.17 % Cu, and is planned to start mining operation in the near future. Palaeoproterozoic orogenic gold deposits and occurrences, which are associated with major regional structures formed during the Svecofennian Orogeny (c. 1.9‐1.8 Ga) occur within the greenstone belts. The Bid‐ jovagge Au‐(Cu) deposit in the Kautokeino Greenstone Belt (KGB) was mined in the periods 1972‐75 and 1985‐91; about 1.95 Mt of ore with average grades of 4 g/t Au and 1.2 % Cu was mined in the last period. Host rocks include strongly sheared albite felsite and graphitic schist. A new structural model for the KGB has been presented based on reprocessed and new geophysical data and structural fieldwork. The Transscandinavian Igneous Belt (1.8‐1.63 Ga) comprises the western part of Fennoscandia in North Norway. The Belt in‐ cludes major monzonite (mangerite), anorthosite, gabbro/ norite and granite (charnockite) intrusives with potential for Fe ‐Ti ‐(P) and Ni‐Cu deposits. Rifting of the Proterozoic Rodinia mega‐continent and opening of the Iapetus Ocean in the Neoproterozoic to Palaeozoic re‐ sulted in the development of passive margins. Deposition of stratiform iron formations (IFs) and SEDEX Zn‐Pb‐Cu deposits on the Laurentian margin and orthomagmatic Ni‐Cu‐(PGE) de‐ posits on the Baltic margin can be related to this phase. The IFs, both haematite and magnetite and some Mn‐ or P‐rich iron ores, occur within mica schist‐marble sequences and can be traced for over 500 km in the Caledonides of northern Norway. The banded haematite+magnetite ore has been mined for over 100 years in the Rana area (production > 100 Mt @ 33‐37 % Fe). Diamictite layers occur in direct stratigraphic contact with the Fe‐ore in Rana and the IF is assumed to have been depos‐ ited in Late Tonian time (800–730 Ma) on a glacially influenced carbonate‐siliciclastic shelf. Subsequent arcs and marginal ba‐ sins, hosting abundant Zn‐Cu and Cu‐Zn VMS deposits formed either outboard Fennoscandia (Baltic plate) or on the Lauren‐ tian margin of Iapetus. During plate convergence and ocean CONFERENCE

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