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Waste Management Facilities Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES WORLD BANK GROUP Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Waste Management Facilities Introduction capacity of the environment, and other project factors, are taken into account. The applicability of specific technical The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are recommendations should be based on the professional opinion technical reference documents with general and industry- of qualified and experienced persons. When host country specific examples of Good International Industry Practice regulations differ from the levels and measures presented in the (GIIP)1. When one or more members of the World Bank Group EHS Guidelines, projects are expected to achieve whichever is are involved in a project, these EHS Guidelines are applied as more stringent. If less stringent levels or measures than those required by their respective policies and standards. These provided in these EHS Guidelines are appropriate, in view of industry sector EHS guidelines are designed to be used specific project circumstances, a full and detailed justification for together with the General EHS Guidelines document, which any proposed alternatives is needed as part of the site-specific provides guidance to users on common EHS issues potentially environmental assessment. This justification should applicable to all industry sectors. For complex projects, use of demonstrate that the choice for any alternate performance multiple industry-sector guidelines may be necessary. A levels is protective of human health and the environment. complete list of industry-sector guidelines can be found at: www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/EnvironmentalGuidelines Applicability The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and The EHS Guidelines for Waste Management cover facilities or measures that are generally considered to be achievable in new projects dedicated to the management of municipal solid waste facilities by existing technology at reasonable costs. Application and industrial waste, including waste collection and transport; of the EHS Guidelines to existing facilities may involve the waste receipt, unloading, processing, and storage; landfill establishment of site-specific targets, with an appropriate disposal; physico-chemical and biological treatment; and timetable for achieving them. incineration projects. 2 Industry-specific waste management activities applicable, for example, to medical waste, municipal The applicability of the EHS Guidelines should be tailored to the sewage, cement kilns, and others are covered in the relevant hazards and risks established for each project on the basis of industry-sector EHS Guidelines, as is the minimization and the results of an environmental assessment in which site- reuse of waste at the source. This document is organized specific variables, such as host country context, assimilative according to the following sections: Section 1.0 — Industry-Specific Impacts and Management 1 Defined as the exercise of professional skill, diligence, prudence and foresight Section 2.0 — Performance Indicators and Monitoring that would be reasonably expected from skilled and experienced professionals Section 3.0 — References and Additional Sources engaged in the same type of undertaking under the same or similar Annex A — General Description of Industry Activities circumstances globally. The circumstances that skilled and experienced professionals may find when evaluating the range of pollution prevention and control techniques available to a project may include, but are not limited to, 2 This document covers the most common commercial methods of waste varying levels of environmental degradation and environmental assimilative management. It does not cover other activities such as the management of capacity as well as varying levels of financial and technical feasibility. radioactive wastes, co-incineration at combustion plants, or deep well injection. DECEMBER 10, 2007 1 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES WORLD BANK GROUP 1.0 Industry-Specific Impacts applicable to MSW collection and transport; waste receipt, and Management unloading, processing, and storage; biological treatment; incineration; and landfilling are described below. The following section provides a summary of the most significant EHS issues associated with Waste Management, Table 1 - Sources and Types of Municipal Solid which occur during the operational and decommissioning Waste phases, along with recommendations for mitigating these Source Typical Waster Types of Solid Waste Generators impacts. Residential Single and multifamily Food waste, paper, dwellings cardboard, plastic, textiles, leather, Recommendations for the management of EHS impacts yard waste, wood, common to most large industrial facilities during the construction glass, metal, ash, special waste (e.g., phase are provided in the General EHS Guidelines, as are bulky items, consumer electronics, white other operational phase issues, such as noise, common to many goods, batteries, oil, industrial activities. tires) and household hazardous waste Industrial Light and heavy Housekeeping waste, manufacturing, packaging, food waste, 1.1 Environment fabrication, construction construction and sites, power and demolition materials, Municipal solid waste (MSW) is typically managed separately chemical plants hazardous waste, ash, from industrial hazardous and non-hazardous wastes; therefore, special waste Commercial Stores, hotels, Paper, cardboard, environmental impacts associated with management of MSW restaurants, markets, plastic, wood, food office buildings waste, glass, metal, and industrial wastes are addressed separately below. special waste, hazardous waste Institutional Schools, hospitals, Same as commercial 1.1.1 Municipal Solid Waste prisons, government centers Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generally defined as the wastes Construction New construction sites, Wood, steel, concrete, and Demolition road repair, renovation dirt, etc. (other than sewage and air emissions) generated in and usually sites, demolition of collected by a municipality. MSW is extremely variable in buildings Municipal Street cleaning, Street sweepings; composition, depending on the income and lifestyle of the Services landscaping, landscape and tree parks, beaches, other trimmings; general generators. As shown in Table 1, MSW includes household recreational areas, waste from parks, refuse, institutional wastes, street sweepings, commercial water and wastewater beaches and other treatment plants recreational areas; wastes, as well as construction and demolition debris. MSW sludge from water and wastewater treatment may include paper and packaging materials; foodstuffs; plants vegetable matter such as yard debris; metal; rubber; textiles; Process Heavy and light Industrial process manufacturing, waste, scrap materials, and potentially hazardous materials such as batteries, electrical refineries, chemical off-specification plants, power plants, products, components, paint, bleach, and medicines. MSW may also mineral extraction and slag, tailings contain varying amounts of industrial wastes from small processing Source: World Bank (2005) industries, as well as dead animals and fecal matter. Environmental impacts and associated mitigation measures DECEMBER 10, 2007 2 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES WORLD BANK GROUP Waste Collection and Transport · Where possible, blocking off access to dumping sites and Litter and clandestine dumping fining illegal dumpers. The causes of littering and clandestine dumping in urban areas Air Emissions occur because of inadequate availability of litter bins along Air emissions from MSW collection and transport include, dust walkways, inadequate public awareness of their responsibilities and bio-aerosols, odors, and vehicle emissions. as urban dwellers, and inadequate refuse collection service. Littering occurs everywhere and often into drains, while Dust, Bio-aerosols, and Odors clandestine dumping is commonly on vacant lots, public spaces, Dust can include nuisance dust, hazardous dust (e.g., or along waterways. Accumulated waste may attract disease containing asbestos or silica), and bioaerosols (i.e., particles in vectors, contribute to clogging of drainage and sewerage the air consisting wholly or partially of microorganisms). networks, make waste readily accessible to neighborhood Bioaerosols are of particular concern to the health of waste animals and birds, and pollute waterways. workers and have been show to be the source of reduced pulmonary function and increased respiratory disease for those Recommended management strategies to minimize litter and in immediate proximity to waste sweeping and collection clandestine dumping include: activities.3 Recommended management strategies to minimize · Encourage use of containers or bags for waste at the point dust, bio-aerosols, and odors include: of collection for each household and establishment; · Establishing frequent waste collection schedules; · Implement a regular collection schedule with sufficient · Instituting a washing program for waste collection vehicles frequency to avoid accumulation of garbage; and for company-owned waste collection and transfer · Use vehicles appropriate for the geographic conditions and containers; waste types to maximize reliability of collection (e.g., · Promoting the use of bags to reduce the odors from soiling compactor trucks may be appropriate
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