DOCSLIB.ORG

Unleashing Great Teaching, Learning And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Unleashing Great Teaching, Learning And @informed_edu @TeacherDevTrust Autonomy, Development and Collaboration David Weston 28th April 2021 NowTeach NFER / TDT research on autonomy A new study on teacher autonomy Average autonomy measure (1 = none, 4 = a lot) 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Business and statistical professionals Librarians and related professionals Research professionals Information and communication technology Engineering professionals Legal professionals Architects, town planners, surveyors Science professionals Public service professionals Teachers Health professionals Public sector Private sector 3 A new study on teacher autonomy Most autonomy over: Classroom layout Choice of teaching approach Preparing and planning lessons Least autonomy over: Curriculum Data collected Professional development goals 4 Autonomy & Job Satisfaction 60 50 40 Proportion with low job 30 satisfaction (%) 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 Autonomy Source: Understanding Society 5 Autonomy & intention to leave 100% 80% Proportion 60% intending to leave 40% teaching 20% 0% 1 2 3 4 Autonomy Source: NFER Teacher Voice survey Trusts: autonomy and coherence 7 What does this mean? Only one aspect of autonomy seems to make a reliably and significant difference to job satisfaction: … autonomy over professional development goals The way you lead teaching, learning, appraisal, monitoring and CPD therefore affects: School improvement Job satisfaction Teacher retention 8 A culture of improvement Reviewing the research on teacher working conditions http://TDTrust.org/coi 9 Quality of professional environment 0.14 0.12 ~40% 0.10 0.08 low quality teacher environment 0.06 impact on pupil outcomes outcomes on pupil impact teacher experience (years) Kraft & Papay, 2014 - http://ow.ly/OYBwp 15 A culture of improvement Reviewing the research on teacher working conditions ■ There are five aspects of teachers’ working conditions that appear most closely associated with increased student attainment are: ■ Creating opportunities for effective teacher collaboration to explore student data, plan and review lessons and curricula, and plan and moderate assessments, ■ Involving teachers in whole school planning, decision- making and improvement, ■ Creating a culture of mutual trust, respect, enthusiasm in which communication is open and honest, ■ Building a sense of shared mission, with shared goals, clear priorities and high expectations of professional behaviours and of students’ learning, and ■ Facilitating classroom safety and behaviour, where disruption and bullying are very rare and teachers feel strongly supported by senior leaders in their efforts to maintain this classroom environment; 16 A culture of improvement Reviewing the research on teacher working conditions ■ Allocating teachers to certain partners, mentors, subjects and classes and keeping this stable over time is associated with a positive impact on student attainment; ■ The same working conditions appear to be associated with successful, sustainable school turnaround... ■ … and with successful retention of teachers in the profession… ■ … and with successfully navigating the complexities and uncertainties of COVID-19. 17 Collaboration and learning is hard ■ Sunk cost bias – IKEA effect ■ But we worked hard on that… ■ Dunning Kruger effect ■ Overconfidence & overexcitement from a new idea ■ ‘Curse of knowledge’ ■ Inability to remember what it’s like being an overwhelmed novice 18 Collaboration and learning is hard ■ Halo Effect - ‘Tribal bias’ ■ More likely to believe things from your context & peers, less likely otherwise. ■ Fundamental attribution error ■ It’s not my mental failing, it’s your character defect ■ Confirmation Bias ■ I’ve seen this before, or ■ I’m even more sure about what I already thought 19 20 Which biases have you noticed? ■ Sunk Cost or IKEA effect – valuing what you work hard on ■ Dunning-Kruger – the illusion of being knowledgeable ■ Curse of knowledge – forgetting what it’s like to not know ■ Halo Effect (tribal bias) – valuing ideas from people you like (and vice versa) ■ Fundamental Attribution Error – assuming bad character of others during disagreement or conflict. ■ Confirmation bias – selective listening 21 We help schools create improvement through people development. @informed_edu @TeacherDevTrust http://TDTrust.org [email protected].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Task-Based Taxonomy of Cognitive Biases for Information Visualization
    A Task-based Taxonomy of Cognitive Biases for Information Visualization Evanthia Dimara, Steven Franconeri, Catherine Plaisant, Anastasia Bezerianos, and Pierre Dragicevic Three kinds of limitations The Computer The Display 2 Three kinds of limitations The Computer The Display The Human 3 Three kinds of limitations: humans • Human vision ️ has limitations • Human reasoning 易 has limitations The Human 4 ️Perceptual bias Magnitude estimation 5 ️Perceptual bias Magnitude estimation Color perception 6 易 Cognitive bias Behaviors when humans consistently behave irrationally Pohl’s criteria distilled: • Are predictable and consistent • People are unaware they’re doing them • Are not misunderstandings 7 Ambiguity effect, Anchoring or focalism, Anthropocentric thinking, Anthropomorphism or personification, Attentional bias, Attribute substitution, Automation bias, Availability heuristic, Availability cascade, Backfire effect, Bandwagon effect, Base rate fallacy or Base rate neglect, Belief bias, Ben Franklin effect, Berkson's paradox, Bias blind spot, Choice-supportive bias, Clustering illusion, Compassion fade, Confirmation bias, Congruence bias, Conjunction fallacy, Conservatism (belief revision), Continued influence effect, Contrast effect, Courtesy bias, Curse of knowledge, Declinism, Decoy effect, Default effect, Denomination effect, Disposition effect, Distinction bias, Dread aversion, Dunning–Kruger effect, Duration neglect, Empathy gap, End-of-history illusion, Endowment effect, Exaggerated expectation, Experimenter's or expectation bias,
    [Show full text]
  • Perceptions of Teacher Expectations Among First and Second
    Digital Commons @ George Fox University Doctor of Education (EdD) Theses and Dissertations 12-1-2016 Student Voice: Perceptions of Teacher Expectations Among First and Second Generation Vietnamese and Mexican Students Sara Gandarilla George Fox University, [email protected] This research is a product of the Doctor of Education (EdD) program at George Fox University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Gandarilla, Sara, "Student Voice: Perceptions of Teacher Expectations Among First and Second Generation Vietnamese and Mexican Students" (2016). Doctor of Education (EdD). 90. http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/edd/90 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctor of Education (EdD) by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT VOICE: PERCEPTIONS OF TEACHER EXPECTATIONS AMONG FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION VIETNAMESE AND MEXICAN STUDENTS By SARA GANDARILLA FACULTY RESEARCH COMMITTEE: Chair: Terry Huffman, Ph.D. Members: Ginny Birky, Ph.D. and Tatiana Cevallos, Ed.D. Presented to the College of Education, George Fox University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education December 7, 2016 ii ABSTRACT This qualitative research study explored the perceptions first and second generation Vietnamese and Mexican high school students hold on teacher expectations based on their racial identity. Specifically, this study explores the critical concepts of stereotype threat, halo effect, and self-fulfilling prophecy. The primary purpose of this investigation was to enhance the understanding of how the perception students have impacts success or lack of success for two different student groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Positive Stereotypes, Negative Outcomes: Reminders of the Positive Components of Complementary Gender Stereotypes Impair Perform
    1 British Journal of Social Psychology (2018) © 2018 The British Psychological Society www.wileyonlinelibrary.com Positive stereotypes, negative outcomes: Reminders of the positive components of complementary gender stereotypes impair performance in counter-stereotypical tasks Rotem Kahalon1* , Nurit Shnabel1 and Julia C. Becker2 1Tel-Aviv University, Israel 2Osnabruck University, Germany Gender stereotypes are complementary: Women are perceived to be communal but not agentic, whereas men are perceived to be agentic but not communal. The present research tested whether exposure to reminders of the positive components of these gender stereotypes can lead to stereotype threat and subsequent performance deficits on the complementary dimension. Study 1 (N = 116 female participants) revealed that compared to a control/no-stereotype condition, exposure to reminders of the stereotype about women’s communality (but not to reminders of the stereotype about women’s beauty) impaired women’s math performance. In Study 2 (N = 86 male participants), reminders of the stereotype about men’s agency (vs. a control/no- stereotype condition) impaired men’s performance in a test of socio-emotional abilities. Consistent with previous research on stereotype threat, in both studies the effect was evident among participants with high domain identification. These findings extend our understanding of the potentially adverse implications of seemingly positive gender stereotypes. While the message that negative stereotypes are anti-egalitarian and socially unacceptable is reinforced in contemporary Western society, positive stereotypes are prevalent and considered socially acceptable (Czopp, Kay, & Cheryan, 2015). The present research tested whether, despite their subjectively positive tone, positive gender stereotypes might lead to negative outcomes. In particular, we examined whether highlighting the positive stereotypes about women’s communality and men’s agency can lead to stereotype threat effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Physical Attractiveness and Sex Impact Decisions in a Threat Detection Task
    DOES PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS AND SEX IMPACT DECISIONS IN A THREAT DETECTION TASK A research project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY At the UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY By JESSIE KENDALL UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY 2014 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would firstly like to thank Deak Helton for being an excellent and supportive supervisor. I am very grateful of your guidance and your efficient and thorough feedback that you have provided throughout the year. Also, to Kumar Yogeeswaran, my secondary supervisor, for your exceptional guidance and assistance. It has been a privilege to work with you both. A very big thank you also to Jon Wiltshire, who helped design and create the computer simulation game necessary for this research. I would also like to thank Christopher Burt for encouraging me to return to University to complete the second year of the APSY course after a break. 1 CONTENTS CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................................. 1 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... 3 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. 4 SECTION I – INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 5 1.1. STEREOTYPES
    [Show full text]
  • Ilidigital Master Anton 2.Indd
    services are developed to be used by humans. Thus, understanding humans understanding Thus, humans. by used be to developed are services obvious than others but certainly not less complex. Most products bioengineering, and as shown in this magazine. Psychology mightbusiness world. beBe it more the comparison to relationships, game elements, or There are many non-business flieds which can betransfered to the COGNTIVE COGNTIVE is key to a succesfully develop a product orservice. is keytoasuccesfullydevelopproduct BIASES by ANTON KOGER The Power of Power The //PsychologistatILI.DIGITAL WE EDIT AND REINFORCE SOME WE DISCARD SPECIFICS TO WE REDUCE EVENTS AND LISTS WE STORE MEMORY DIFFERENTLY BASED WE NOTICE THINGS ALREADY PRIMED BIZARRE, FUNNY, OR VISUALLY WE NOTICE WHEN WE ARE DRAWN TO DETAILS THAT WE NOTICE FLAWS IN OTHERS WE FAVOR SIMPLE-LOOKING OPTIONS MEMORIES AFTER THE FACT FORM GENERALITIES TO THEIR KEY ELEMENTS ON HOW THEY WERE EXPERIENCED IN MEMORY OR REPEATED OFTEN STRIKING THINGS STICK OUT MORE SOMETHING HAS CHANGED CONFIRM OUR OWN EXISTING BELIEFS MORE EASILY THAN IN OURSELVES AND COMPLETE INFORMATION way we see situations but also the way we situationsbutalsotheway wesee way the biasesnotonlychange Furthermore, overload. cognitive avoid attention, ore situations, guide help todesign massively can This in. take people information of kind explainhowandwhat ofperception egory First,biasesinthecat andappraisal. ory, self,mem perception, into fourcategories: roughly bedivided Cognitive biasescan within thesesituations. forusers interaction andeasy in anatural situationswhichresults sible toimprove itpos and adaptingtothesebiasesmakes ingiven situations.Reacting ways certain act sively helpstounderstandwhypeople mas into consideration biases ing cognitive Tak humanbehavior. topredict likely less or andmore relevant illusionsare cognitive In each situation different every havior day.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Biases in Software Engineering: a Systematic Mapping Study
    Cognitive Biases in Software Engineering: A Systematic Mapping Study Rahul Mohanani, Iflaah Salman, Burak Turhan, Member, IEEE, Pilar Rodriguez and Paul Ralph Abstract—One source of software project challenges and failures is the systematic errors introduced by human cognitive biases. Although extensively explored in cognitive psychology, investigations concerning cognitive biases have only recently gained popularity in software engineering research. This paper therefore systematically maps, aggregates and synthesizes the literature on cognitive biases in software engineering to generate a comprehensive body of knowledge, understand state of the art research and provide guidelines for future research and practise. Focusing on bias antecedents, effects and mitigation techniques, we identified 65 articles (published between 1990 and 2016), which investigate 37 cognitive biases. Despite strong and increasing interest, the results reveal a scarcity of research on mitigation techniques and poor theoretical foundations in understanding and interpreting cognitive biases. Although bias-related research has generated many new insights in the software engineering community, specific bias mitigation techniques are still needed for software professionals to overcome the deleterious effects of cognitive biases on their work. Index Terms—Antecedents of cognitive bias. cognitive bias. debiasing, effects of cognitive bias. software engineering, systematic mapping. 1 INTRODUCTION OGNITIVE biases are systematic deviations from op- knowledge. No analogous review of SE research exists. The timal reasoning [1], [2]. In other words, they are re- purpose of this study is therefore as follows: curring errors in thinking, or patterns of bad judgment Purpose: to review, summarize and synthesize the current observable in different people and contexts. A well-known state of software engineering research involving cognitive example is confirmation bias—the tendency to pay more at- biases.
    [Show full text]
  • Infographic I.10
    The Digital Health Revolution: Leaving No One Behind The global AI in healthcare market is growing fast, with an expected increase from $4.9 billion in 2020 to $45.2 billion by 2026. There are new solutions introduced every day that address all areas: from clinical care and diagnosis, to remote patient monitoring to EHR support, and beyond. But, AI is still relatively new to the industry, and it can be difficult to determine which solutions can actually make a difference in care delivery and business operations. 59 Jan 2021 % of Americans believe returning Jan-June 2019 to pre-coronavirus life poses a risk to health and well being. 11 41 % % ...expect it will take at least 6 The pandemic has greatly increased the 65 months before things get number of US adults reporting depression % back to normal (updated April and/or anxiety.5 2021).4 Up to of consumers now interested in telehealth going forward. $250B 76 57% of providers view telehealth more of current US healthcare spend % favorably than they did before COVID-19.7 could potentially be virtualized.6 The dramatic increase in of Medicare primary care visits the conducted through 90% $3.5T telehealth has shown longevity, with rates in annual U.S. health expenditures are for people with chronic and mental health conditions. since April 2020 0.1 43.5 leveling off % % Most of these can be prevented by simple around 30%.8 lifestyle changes and regular health screenings9 Feb. 2020 Apr. 2020 OCCAM’S RAZOR • CONJUNCTION FALLACY • DELMORE EFFECT • LAW OF TRIVIALITY • COGNITIVE FLUENCY • BELIEF BIAS • INFORMATION BIAS Digital health ecosystems are transforming• AMBIGUITY BIAS • STATUS medicineQUO BIAS • SOCIAL COMPARISONfrom BIASa rea• DECOYctive EFFECT • REACTANCEdiscipline, • REVERSE PSYCHOLOGY • SYSTEM JUSTIFICATION • BACKFIRE EFFECT • ENDOWMENT EFFECT • PROCESSING DIFFICULTY EFFECT • PSEUDOCERTAINTY EFFECT • DISPOSITION becoming precise, preventive,EFFECT • ZERO-RISK personalized, BIAS • UNIT BIAS • IKEA EFFECT and • LOSS AVERSION participatory.
    [Show full text]
  • John Collins, President, Forensic Foundations Group
    On Bias in Forensic Science National Commission on Forensic Science – May 12, 2014 56-year-old Vatsala Thakkar was a doctor in India but took a job as a convenience store cashier to help pay family expenses. She was stabbed to death outside her store trying to thwart a theft in November 2008. Bloody Footwear Impression Bloody Tire Impression What was the threat? 1. We failed to ask ourselves if this was a footwear impression. 2. The appearance of the impression combined with the investigator’s interpretation created prejudice. The accuracy of our analysis became threatened by our prejudice. Types of Cognitive Bias Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases | Accessed on April 14, 2014 Anchoring or focalism Hindsight bias Pseudocertainty effect Illusory superiority Levels-of-processing effect Attentional bias Hostile media effect Reactance Ingroup bias List-length effect Availability heuristic Hot-hand fallacy Reactive devaluation Just-world phenomenon Misinformation effect Availability cascade Hyperbolic discounting Recency illusion Moral luck Modality effect Backfire effect Identifiable victim effect Restraint bias Naive cynicism Mood-congruent memory bias Bandwagon effect Illusion of control Rhyme as reason effect Naïve realism Next-in-line effect Base rate fallacy or base rate neglect Illusion of validity Risk compensation / Peltzman effect Outgroup homogeneity bias Part-list cueing effect Belief bias Illusory correlation Selective perception Projection bias Peak-end rule Bias blind spot Impact bias Semmelweis
    [Show full text]
  • The Halo Effect in Sports
    International Journal of Business and Social Science Volume 9 • Number 2 • February 2018 The Halo Effect in Sports Prof. Dr. Gerd NUFER Natalie ALESI Reutlingen University ESB Business School Germany Abstract A halo effect can lead to significantly biased and distorted judgments in numerous situations and settings in daily life. However, its impact has barely been researched in the sporting environment, although it might help a great deal in understanding how sport fans think and behave. This paper provides an international literature review on the halo effect in different research fields. Built upon this state of the art, an empirical study based on two Ger- man soccer clubs, VfB Stuttgart and FC Bayern Munich, analyzes the presence of halo effects explained by social identity theory. The study shows that supporters rate aspects of the respective team, for example the president’s competency, more favorable than common sport spectators, and this effect even increases with a higher level of team identification. Keywords: halo effect, heuristic, cognitive bias, sports, sport management, sport marketing, soccer, football 1Introduction People make numerous judgments and decisions every day. These might be only small ones like deciding what to wear or which dish to choose, but also more relevant ones like what to study or which business strategy to follow. People usually take it for granted that their judgments and decisions are based on objective and logical thinking. The truth is, however, that human thinking is quite often unconsciously influenced by cognitive biases. Cognitive biases can be seen as errors in thinking that lead to distorted decisions and judgments (Kahneman, 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Machine Understanding and Avoidance of Misunderstanding in Agent-Directed Simulation and in Emotional Intelligence
    Machine Understanding and Avoidance of Misunderstanding in Agent-directed Simulation and in Emotional Intelligence Tuncer Ören1, Mohammad Kazemifard2 and Levent Yilmaz3 1School of Electrical Eng. & Computer Science,University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave.,Ottawa,ON,Canada 2Department of Computer Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 3Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S.A. Keywords: Agents with Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence Simulation, Machine Understanding, Avoidance of Misunderstanding. Abstract: Simulation is being applied in many very important projects and often it is a vitally important infrastructure for them. Several types of computational intelligence techniques have been part of the abilities of simula- tion. An important aspect of intelligence is the ability to understand. Agent-directed simulation (ADS) is a comprehensive paradigm to cover all aspects of synergy of software agents and simulation and our approach is to develop agents with understanding abilities. After a brief review of ADS, our paradigms of machine understanding is presented. The article clearly indicates types of misunderstandings that might occur. Our research plans are to avoid some of the misunderstandings which could occur and especially to have self- attesting abilities in our applications to document which types of misunderstandings are avoided. 1 INTRODUCTION After this introduction, we start with a concise review of our view of agent directed simulation Simulation is being applied in many very important which provides a comprehensive framework to projects and often it is a vitally important infrastruc- consider all aspects of the synergy of software ture for them. Several types of computational intelli- agents and simulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Omission Neglect and the Bias Blind Spot: Effects of the Self-Other Asymmetry in Susceptibility to Bias and Responsiveness to Debiasing
    Omission Neglect and the Bias Blind Spot: Effects of the Self-Other Asymmetry in Susceptibility to Bias and Responsiveness to Debiasing A dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PH.D.) IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING of the College of Business 2011 By Xiaoqi Han M.A., Marquette University Committee Chair: Frank R. Kardes, Ph.D. i ABSTRACT Omission Neglect and the Bias Blind Spot: Effects of the Self-Other Asymmetry in Susceptibility to Bias and Responsiveness to Debiasing By Xiaoqi Han Chair: Dr. Frank R. Kardes Research on the bias blind spot shows that people are less capable of identifying biases in their own judgment than in others. People generally believe that they are less susceptible to biases than their peers and average people. This dissertation investigates the self-other bias asymmetry with respect to omission neglect. Omission neglect refers to insensitivity to missing or unknown information. Results from bias blind spot research imply a potential relationship between the self-other asymmetry in bias belief and omission neglect. Research on bias correction suggests that people holding a higher degree of asymmetry in bias beliefs may be less likely to correct biases even when omissions are made noticeable. Ironically, consumers who believe that they are less vulnerable to omission neglect may be more susceptible to omission neglect. Consumers may be also less likely to correct their judgment even when omitted information is made noticeable. The goal of the dissertation is to develop debiasing techniques to debias omission neglect in order to improve consumer judgment and decision making.
    [Show full text]
  • Heuristics and Cognitive Biases in Decision Making Process
    Heuristics and Cognitive Biases in Decision Making Process Anna Marta Winniczuk Kozminski University [email protected] EXTENDED ABSTRACT The goal of this paper is to recognize the most commonly present heuristics and cognitive biases occurring during managerial decision making process. The study will use simulation game as a space to track how game participants are perceiving their biases and heuristics during the game. The purpose of the study is to identify the most commonly used cognitive biases and heuristics in decision making process and compare them to performance of the team and their decisions in the simulation game, which will give valuable insights that can improve game-based business learning. Decision making is one of the crucial processes occurring every day in every organization. The process of making decisions in business situations is influenced by a variety of different circumstances, thus the subject is widely discussed in both academic and professional publications. The subject of heuristics and cognitive biases was widely introduced into decision making science by David Kahneman and Tversky (Tversky & Kahneman, 1973) and furtherly researched by other authors(Baron & Hershey, 1988); Griffin, D., Gonzalez, R., & Varey, C., 2001). In 2011, David Kahneman, Dan Lovallo and Oliver Sibony in their article “The Big Idea: Before You Make That Big Decision…” published in Harvard Business Review listed a checklist for managers to avoid cognitive biases in their decision making process. The most common cognitive biases in managerial decisions are: confirmation bias, availability bias, anchoring, halo effect , overconfidence, disaster neglect and loss aversion (Kahneman & Sibony, 2011). Mentioned above biases are widely common in managerial decision making process and worth examining in an experimental learning environment of a simulation game.
    [Show full text]