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Murdoch, Christina (2012) ‘A Large and Passionate Humanity Plays About Her’: Women and Moral Agency in the Late Victorian Social Problem Novel

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Murdoch, Christina (2012) ‘A Large and Passionate Humanity Plays About Her’: Women and Moral Agency in the Late Victorian Social Problem Novel Murdoch, Christina (2012) ‘A large and passionate humanity plays about her’: Women and moral agency in the late Victorian social problem novel. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3703/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] ‘A Large and Passionate Humanity Plays About Her’: Women and Moral Agency in the Late Victorian Social Problem Novel Christina Murdoch M. A. Hons, M.Litt Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2012 School of Critical Studies College of Arts University of Glasgow Abstract This thesis examines responses to the idea of a specific female moral agency in depictions of women’s philanthropic work by late nineteenth- century female novelists. Focusing on depictions of romantic and sexual female experience in the late nineteenth-century campaign against poverty, I explore the role of gender and sexuality in the making of the female moral self in novels by Mrs. Humphry Ward, Iota, Margaret Harkness, Jane Hume Clapperton, Gertrude Dix. I demonstrate the manner in which altruism was linked to romantic love and sexual desire, and show how this idea surfaced in the love-plot in novels by late nineteenth-century women. I argue that the novel was regarded as a valuable instrument to further the process of social reform, owing to its perceived unique ability to arouse the reader’s sympathies; therefore, these novelists used the novel as a tool for constructing the altruistic self. Reading the novels alongside contemporary non-fiction discourse, I undertake an analysis of different romance plots and show how they relate to the debates of the social reform movement of the late nineteenth century. Finally, I suggest that by using the novel, and especially the romance plot, which was regarded as a feminine form of expression, these novelists are defending the idea of a feminine ethic, and a feminine conception of morality that was defined by emotion, feeling, and sympathy, as opposed to the more masculine scientific and sociological ideas behind the late nineteenth century social reform movement. 2 Contents Abstract p. 2 Acknowledgements p. 4 Introduction Chapter 1: Passion and Compassion in the City Slums: Mrs. Humphry Ward’s Marcella and Iota’s Children of Circumstance p. 23 Lady-Slummers and Love-affairs p. 28 Altruism, love, and Biology p. 33 ‘You Roused Me’: Love and the Social Conscience in Marcella p. 39 Children of Circumstance: Desire and Duty in the City Slums p. 57 Conclusion p. 74 Chapter 2: The Woman Question and the Labour Question: The Sexual Politics of Industrial Reform in Margaret Harkness’s A City Girl and In Darkest London and Mrs Humphry Ward’s Sir George Tressady p. 77 Women and Work p. 82 Middle-class Women and Industrial Reform p. 86 Women under Capitalism in Margaret Harkness’s A City Girl and In Darkest London p. 93 ‘Promise me not to be a political woman there’s a dear’: Sir George Tressady p. 112 Conclusion p. 126 Chapter 3: Homogenic Love and the Socialist Novel: Same-sex Love in Jane Hume Clapperton’s Margaret Dunmore and Gertrude Dix’s The Image Breakers p. 129 Socialism and Sexuality p. 132 A Lesbian Utopia: Jane Hume Clapperton’s Margaret Dunmore p. 146 Socialism and Androgyny in Gertrude Dix’s The Image Breakers p. 162 Conclusion p. 177 Chapter 4: ‘Quite a different class of Dolls’: Doll-desire and Love of the Poor in Late Nineteenth-Century Children’s Fiction p. 180 Doll-Fiction and Doll-Love p. 186 Victoria-Bess: Cruelty and Desire, Love and Squalor, p. 193 Good Mothers and Bad Mothers: Alice F. Jackson’s The Dolls’ Dressmaker and A Little Princess p. 198 Uproarious households: The Dollhouse Corrected p. 210 Conclusion p. 225 Bibliography p. 227 3 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like thank my supervisor Kirstie Blair for her dedication to this thesis, her feedback over the years, and for helping me steer my research in the right direction. My second supervisor, Bryony Randall, has also been generous with her time and always enthusiastic, for which I thank her. I also want to thank Postgraduate Convenor Christine Ferguson, and Richard Codd for their patience. I’d like to thank my mum, Anne-Marie Murdoch, and my Dad, Dugald Murdoch, for proof-reading, providing valuable comments, and supporting me during the whole process. The following people also deserve thanks: various members of the Glasgow University Victorian Reading Group, Dr. Jacqueline Young in particular; my pals from the Victorian Mlitt, Catherine Sloane and Helen Forster; my flatmates, Amanda Cawley & Leigh-Anne Elliott, for their friendship. And finally, my boyfriend Graham Williams, for just being so darn great: tack för att jag får vara ditt smultron. 4 Introduction In 1886 Grant Allen, author of the infamous novel The Woman Who Did (1895), praised the ‘romance writer’ who urged his readers to ‘[m]arry for love, and for love only’ for having ‘unconsciously proved himself to be the best friend of human improvement’.1 In arguing that the love plot played an essential role in the quest to improve humanity, Allen articulated one of the key ideas of this thesis, namely, that romance plots in various shapes and forms have a deep social and political significance. While Allen based his statement on the idea that sexual selection worked best when instinct was allowed the privilege of selection, thus placing ‘human improvement’ within the context of eugenics, I wish to expand the concept of the importance of the romance plot beyond, but not apart from, the eugenic ideas circulating in late nineteenth-century social discourses and novels. What Allen did not consider, and what this thesis will, is that novelists were acutely aware of the manner in which sexuality was understood to form an important part of the moral self in the late nineteenth century, a factor which novelists incorporated into their love plots. Despite Allen’s assertion that the novelist was ‘unconsciously’ taking part in the mission for ‘human improvement’, there is nothing unconscious about the manner in which novelists utilised the love plot. This thesis positions the female novelist as a social reformer who took part in the late Victorian mission for social and human improvement through narrative, and more specifically, through plots that provided variations on traditional love plots. I examine the interaction between love and charity, sexuality and altruism in the late nineteenth-century philanthropic novel. Looking at the novels of Mrs Humphry Ward, Iota, Margaret Harkness, Jane Hume Clapperton, Gertrude Dix, as well as the works of children’s fiction authors, Frances Hodgson Burnett, Alice F. Jackson, and Alice F. Mitchell, I explore the manner in which these novelists responded to the notion of a specifically feminine moral influence. The late Victorians approached poverty as a problem with a solution rather than a fact of life. Not satisfied with mere ameliorations, optimistic social 1 Grant Allen, ‘Falling in Love’, Fortnightly Review, 40 (1886), 452-462 (p. 460). 5 reformers were searching for the correct method that would eradicate poverty forever: ‘[t]he proper aim is to try and reconstruct society on such a basis that poverty will be impossible’, wrote Oscar Wilde in ‘The Soul of Man Under Socialism’.2 Exactly how the reconstruction of society was best achieved was a subject fiercely debated. The diverse methods under consideration included, but were not limited to, character reform, eugenics, factory legislation, land nationalisation, trade unionism, and an eight hour day. What everyone seemed to agree upon, however, was that rather than providing relief, charity exacerbated poverty. In 1884, an article criticising the contemporary philanthropic movements appeared in the Scottish Review. The anonymous author of ‘Flaws in Philanthropy’ pointed out the vast amount of money spent on philanthropic enterprises in London alone, and remarked that ‘results are not what they should be, considering the enormous amount of both money and personal exertion expended in their attainment’. Philanthropy, the author argued, was necessary only due to poverty caused by ‘greedy grasping at wealth, careless of who was overthrown in the struggle [...] selfish squandering, regardless of the welfare of future generations’ and ‘evil self-indulgence’.3 Instead of addressing the cause of poverty by combating selfishness and self- gratification, the author argued, charity instead fed those feelings of the middle class and poor at the same time, allowing the middle classes to indulge in self gratifying benevolence, and teaching the poor that only by squandering their money would they be repaid by the middle classes. By attributing the cause of poverty to human behaviour rather than economic systems, the author of ‘Flaws in Philanthropy’ became part of a growing body of social critics who argued that the only lasting remedy to society’s problems was to raise the character of the people. For the poor, this meant learning how to be thrifty, sober, and industrious; for those who were not poor, it meant cultivating a self-less personality, becoming someone who would pay fair wages, charge reasonable rents, and so forth. Henrietta Barnett, wife of Whitechapel clergyman and founder of university settlement, Toynbee Hall, Samuel Barnett, argued in 1882 that the poverty of the ‘degraded’ poor was ‘the 2 Oscar Wilde, ‘The Soul of Man Under Socialism’, Fortnightly Review, 49 (1891), 292-319 (p.
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