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Universidade De Brasília Instituto De Ciências UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA HETEROSTILIA E ESPECIALIZAÇÃO SEXUAL EM ESPÉCIES DE Erythroxylum P. BROWNE (ERYTHROXYLACEAE) NO CERRADO DO BRASIL CENTRAL RAPHAEL MATIAS DA SILVA ORIENTADOR: HÉLDER NAGAI CONSOLARO BRASÍLIA - DF AGOSTO DE 2018 ii UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA HETEROSTILIA E ESPECIALIZAÇÃO SEXUAL EM ESPÉCIES DE Erythroxylum P. BROWNE (ERYTHROXYLACEAE) NO CERRADO DO BRASIL CENTRAL RAPHAEL MATIAS DA SILVA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Botânica da Universidade de Brasília, como parte das exigências para obtenção do título de Doutor em Botânica. ORIENTADOR: HÉLDER NAGAI CONSOLARO BRASÍLIA - DF AGOSTO DE 2018 iii RAPHAEL MATIAS DA SILVA HETEROSTILIA E ESPECIALIZAÇÃO SEXUAL EM ESPÉCIES DE Erythroxylum P. BROWNE (ERYTHROXYLACEAE) NO CERRADO DO BRASIL CENTRAL Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Botânica da Universidade de Brasília, como parte das exigências para obtenção do título de Doutor em Botânica. Aprovada em 17 de agosto de 2018. BANCA EXAMINADORA: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Fragomeni Simon Prof. Dr. Paulo Eugênio A. M. de Oliveira Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU Membro titular Membro titular Prof. Dr. Vinícius L. G. de Brito Prof. Dr. Hélder Nagai Consolaro Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG Membro titular Orientador Profa. Dra. Cássia Beatriz Munhoz Universidade de Brasília - UnB Suplente BRASÍLIA - DF AGOSTO DE 2018 iv Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais e avós... ...motivos das minhas conquistas. v AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente, agradeço aos meus pais (Valdirene e Junior), irmãos, avós, tios e a toda minha família que me apoiaram durante toda esta jornada acadêmica. Novamente, eu não conseguiria sem vocês! Meus sinceros agradecimentos ao Prof. Dr. Hélder Nagai Consolaro, por ter aceitado me orientar durante a graduação, o mestrado e o doutorado. Agradeço pelos valiosos ensinamentos e pela confiança que tem depositado no meu trabalho durante todo esse tempo. Obrigado por toda ajuda e amizade. A Profa. Dra. Rocio Perez Barrales, por ter acreditado e feito parte deste trabalho. Você foi essencial em todas as etapas da tese, assim como para meu amadurecimento profissional. Aos integrantes do laboratório de Biologia Reprodutiva, Marco Túlio Furtado, Túlio Freitas Filgueira de Sá, Ebenézer Barbosa Rodrigues, Joicelene Regina Lima da Paz, Joicy Martins Morais, Paola Pisetta Raupp, Josiana Gonçalves Ribeiro, Jessyca Santana dos Santos e Matheus Rezende. Obrigado por todas sugestões, questionamentos, auxílio em campo, entre outras atividades desenvolvidas durante todo esse tempo. A minha namorada Sílvia por todo companheirismo, compreensão, encorajamento, conversas, carinho e amor. Obrigado também por ter colocado a “mão na massa” e ter ajudado em muitos pontos da tese. Sua companhia e ajuda foi essencial! Não poderia também deixar de agradecer à família da Sílvia, pelo carinho e ajuda. Agradeço aos amigos e membros da eterna república “BotEco”, Maxmiller Ferreira, Gustavo Mariano Rezende, Arthur de Paula Sousa, Marco Túlio Furtado, Daniel Chaves e aos membros da república “Tapera do Lago”, Letícia Gomes, Monique Alves, Ingrid, Dani, Marina, Bárbara e Rafael por sempre terem me acolhido em Brasília. Ao Daniel Chaves, pela estadia e auxílio em campo em Diamantina, Minas Gerais. À Lívia, pelo carinho, incentivo e por ter estado em meu lado no início do doutorado. Ao Prof. Dr. Antônio José Camillo de Aguiar (UnB) por auxiliar na identificação das abelhas. vi Ao Dr. Eduardo Barbosa (Pós-doc do PPGBOT-UnB) por sanar as dúvidas estatísticas que sempre surgiram. Agradeço ao Prof. Dr. Paulo Eugênio A. M. de Oliveira e a Universidade Federal de Uberlândia por disponibilizar os equipamentos nas análises dos tubos polínicos. Aos Profs. Drs. Felipe W. Amorim (Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”), Diana Salles Sampaio (Universidade Federal de Uberlândia), Rocio Perez Barrales (University of Portsmouth) e Christiano Peres Coelho (Universidade Federal de Goiás - Regional Jataí) pela ajuda durante as visitas técnicas. Aos Profs. Drs. Mario Vallejo Marin, Luísa Mafalda Gigante Rodrigues Carvalheiro, Carolyn Elinore Barnes Proença e Vinícius L. G. de Brito por terem dado valiosas sugestões em meu projeto e qualificação. Aos Profs. Drs. Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Paulo Eugênio A. M. de Oliveira e Vinícius L. G. de Brito por participar da defesa final. Agradeço por todas as sugestões e ensinamentos. A Profa. Dra. Cássia Beatriz Munhoz, coordenadora do PPGBOT, pela eficiência e prestatividade que foram tão importantes em diversos momentos do doutorado. A todos os professores do Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica da UnB, funcionários e amigos que de alguma forma contribuíram com o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. À CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) pela concessão da bolsa de estudo. Agradeço também ao Decanato de Pós-Graduação da UnB pelo auxílio à pesquisa e a FAPDF (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal) pelos auxílios de visita técnica. vii SUMÁRIO Folha de rostro .............................................................................................................. ii Página de aprovação ..................................................................................................... iii Dedicatória .................................................................................................................... iv Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................ v Sumário ......................................................................................................................... vii Lista de Figuras ............................................................................................................ viii Lista de Tabelas ............................................................................................................ xi Resumo .......................................................................................................................... xiv Abstract ......................................................................................................................... xv Introdução Geral .......................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo 1: Morphological inaccuracy in distylous Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae): comparisons between populations and species ............................ 15 Capítulo 2: Esterilidade masculina e sucesso reprodutivo feminino em espécies distílicas de Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae): variações espaciais e temporais ......... 47 Capítulo 3: Especialização sexual está relacionada com compensação reprodutiva? uma investigação com espécies distílicas de Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) .......... 80 Considerações finais ..................................................................................................... 110 viii LISTA DE FIGURAS Capítulo 1: Morphological inaccuracy in distylous Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae): comparisons between populations and species. Figure 1. Flowers of Erythroxylum studied in the Cerrado of Central Brazil, showing L- and S-morph of E. campestre (A, B), E. deciduum (C, D), E. suberosum (E, F) and E. tortuosum (G, H) .................................................................................... 38 Figure 2. Schematic representation of the relative position of stigmas and anthers in S- and L-flowers of Erythroxylum species studied and the flower traits measured. Letters in parentheses correspond to the initials used for each type of organ in the analysis of reciprocity. For clarity, only four of 10 stamens per flower are drawn (two per whorl) ........................................................................................................... 38 Figure 3. Geographic distribution and variation in morph ratio in populations of four Erythroxylum species studied in 11 Cerrado areas of Central Brazil. Black and gray segments indicate the proportions of the L- and S-morph, respectively. Numbers correspond to the code of each area: 1 - Parque Nacional; 2 - APA do Paranoá; 3 - RECOR; 4 - Pasto do Pedrinho; 5 - Fazenda Pé do Morro; 6 - Pires Belo; 7 - PESCAN; 8 - Clube Caça & Pesca Itororó; 9 - Estação Ecológica do Panga; 10 - Ribeirão dos Infernos; 11 - Pedra da Baleia ......................................................... 39 Figure 4. Variation in anthers (♦: S-morph anthers and lower L-morph anthers; ▲: upper L-morph anthers) and stigmas height (○) in flowers of different populations of Erythroxylum campestre and E. deciduum in the Cerrado of Central Brazil. Flowers are arranged in order of increasing stigmas height to illustrate the reciprocity between corresponding sexual organs. Sampled area of each population are showed in parenthesis ........................................................................................... 40 Figure 5. Variation in anthers (♦: S-morph anthers and lower L-morph anthers; ▲: upper L-morph anthers) and stigmas height (○) in flowers of different populations of Erythroxylum suberosum and E. tortuosum in the Cerrado of Central Brazil. Flowers are arranged in order of increasing stigmas height to illustrate the reciprocity between corresponding sexual organs. Sampled area of each population
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