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Mise En Page 1 Albanie POLYPHONIES VOCALES DU PAYS LAB Ensemble vocal de Gjirokastër Albania VOCAL POLYPHONIES FROM LABERIA Gjirokastër vocal ensemble ENSEMBLE VOCAL DE GJIROKASTËR / GJIROKASTËR VOCAL ENSEMBLE Arjan Shehu, Mehmet Vishe, Roland Çenko, Kastriot Çenko, Adriatik Çenko, Ramiz Braja, Mevlet Meleqi, Kastriot Vishe. Collection INEDIT fondée par Françoise Gründ et dirigée par Pierre Bois Enregistrements effectués le 22 novembre 1994 à la Maison des Cultures du Monde. Prise de son et notice, Pierre Bois. Traduction française des poèmes, Afrim Asllani. Traduction anglaise, Judith Crews. Illustration de couverture, Françoise Gründ. Photographies, Isabelle Montané. Prémastérisation, Frédéric Marin. Mise en page, Morvan Fouillet Imprimeurs. © et OP 1995-2010 Maison des Cultures du Monde. INEDIT est une marque déposée de la Maison des Cultures du Monde (fondateur Chérif Khaznadar • direction Arwad Esber). –2– Albanie POLYPHONIES VOCALES DU PAYS LAB Ensemble vocal de Gjirokastër l« y a une quinzaine d’années, alors que le nazie participèrent à l’émergence de tout un Ipublic occidental célébrait la renaissance du répertoire épico-historique, véritable martyro- cantu corsu et applaudissait le chant a tenore loge du peuple albanais. sarde, les polyphonies d’Albanie demeuraient Parmi les diverses musiques pratiquées en injustement méconnues. D’ailleurs, jusqu’à la Albanie, les polyphonies du pays lab méritent fin des années quatre-vingts et la parution en un intéRêt tout paRticulieR. LeuR RicheSSe France d’un premier disque 1, que savait-on contRapunctique, leuRS haRmonieS Souvent des musiques albanaises ? diSSonanteS, le camaïeu de leuRS couleuRS Pouvait-on imaginer que cinq siècles d’occu- sonores et leur profonde nostalgie en font pation ottomane et près de cinquante années l’un des genres musicaux les plus fascinants de communisme laisseraient s’épanouir sur de cette région. un si petit territoire tant de musiques origi- Semi-pRofeSSionnelS, leS chanteuRS de nales, monodiques dans le nord et polypho- l’Ensemble Vocal de Gjirokastër pratiquent niques dans le sud ? Nul doute que le relief encore leur art dans un cadre traditionnel, montagneux, Rendant leS communicationS c’est-à-dire lors des fêtes familiales et villa- difficiles, eut sa part à cette diversité en confi- geoises. Leur répertoire, qu’ils ont reçu de nant les communautés villageoises dans leurs leurs parents, témoigne des heurs et malheurs vallées ou sur leurs montagnes ; mais on doit d'un peuple longtemps livré aux secousses de compter aussi avec un peuple, amateur d’épo- l'Histoire et qui dut attendre 1912 pour pro- pées, qui sut exprimer tant par le verbe que clamer son indépendance. par la substance sonore sa souffrance et sa Pourtant, les Albanais peuvent s’enorgueillir révolte 2. Plusieurs enregistrements présentés de racines très anciennes puisque c’est au VIIe ici montRent comment deS événementS siècle av. J.-C. (fin de l’âge du bronze) que majeurs tels que l’insurrection de 1847 ou la leurs ancêtres Illyriens s’établissent dans la lutte contre l’Italie fasciste et l’Allemagne Région. Pendant pRèS d’un millénaiRe, la 1. Polyphonies d’Albanie, collection CNRS/Musée de l’Homme, Le Chant du Monde. 2. Le dossier H, roman d’Ismaïl Kadaré, illustre parfaitement l’importance de l’épopée et l’isolement des villages dans la campagne albanaise. –3– culture illyrienne est successivement soumise obtient un mandat sur l’ensemble du pays et à l’influence de la Grèce, à la domination du il est question de remettre Korçë et Gjirokastër royaume d’Épire puis à celle de Rome. Lors du à la Grèce. L’Albanie conserve cependant un paRtage de l’empiRe Romain au IVe Siècle, gouvernement établi à Tirana ; celui-ci par- l’Illyrie intègre l’empire d’Orient. Après la vient à se faire admettre à la Société des chute de l’empire et les invasions barbares Nations et obtient en 1920 sa reconnaissance puis slaves, elle est absorbée dans l’empire de en tant qu’Etat souverain. En 1925 Ahmed Byzance qui aura une influence incontestable Zog Se fait nommeR PRéSident de la sur sa musique, particulièrement dans le sud République puis, grâce à une révision de la du pays : polyphonie, usage du bourdon constitution, roi des Albanais en 1928. Il (ison). ouvRe le payS aux capitaux étRangeRS et À partir du XIe siècle, l’Albanie subit les inva- notamment à l’Italie qui lui impose bientôt sions normandes, le passage des croisades, la un pacte d’amitié et de sécurité, prodrome de domination de Charles d’Anjou qui se pro- l’invasion et de l’annexion de l’Albanie en clame Rex Albaniae, les visées expansionnistes 1939. Toute la période de la deuxième guerre de l’empire serbe et enfin la colonisation otto- mondiale est marquée par la résistance des mane qui durera jusqu’en 1912 et s’accompa- partisans albanais contre l’occupant italien gnera aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles de l’islamisa- puiS allemand, RéSiStance dont leS acteS tion deS tRoiS quaRtS de la population héroïques et les martyres sont encore chantés albanaise. A plusieurs reprises, les Albanais aujourd’hui (plages 5 et 17). tentent de secouer le joug turc. Les deux plus En 1945, le gouveRnement albanaiS diRigé paR grandes insurrections sont celle menée par EnveR Hoxha obtient la ReconnaiSSance de Skanderberg à la fin du XVe siècle et celle de l’Albanie danS SeS fRontièReS de 1913 et entRe- 1847 dont les hauts faits alimenteront tout un pRend Sa ReconStRuction SuR le modèle Stali- pan du répertoire épico-historique albanais nien. La Suite de l’hiStoiRe de l’Albanie eSt une (plages 2, 11, 13, 15). SucceSSion d’allianceS et de RuptuReS avec SeS En 1912, profitant du chaos provoqué par les alliéS communiSteS (RuptuRe avec la guerres balkaniques, les Albanais proclament YougoSlavie en 1948, avec l’URSS en 1960, leur indépendance. Vlora, ville côtière du avec la Chine en 1977) qui conduiSent à Son pays Lab devient le siège du gouvernement iSolement total. En 1992, Soit un an apRèS l’ef- provisoire. Mais un an plus tard, la conférence fondRement de l’URSS et Sept anS apRèS la moRt de Londres impose la création d’un royaume d’EnveR Hoxha, de gRaveS RévolteS libèRent le dont l’existence ne sera qu’éphémère. À la fin payS du pouvoiR communiSte et annoncent de la pRemièRe gueRRe mondiale, l’Italie Son ouveRtuRe à la voie démocRatique. –4– De tous les pays d’Europe, l’Albanie est un de cultures albanaises traditionnelles, les groupes ceux qui a le mieux conservé ses traditions professionnels, plongés dans une situation musicales. Elle le doit à la prédominance d’un d'incertitude culturelle, tendant à satisfaire mode de vie rural dans des montagnes d’accès aux nouvelles exigences d'un goût corrompu difficile et probablement à près d'un demi- par la variété internationale. siècle de politique isolationniste. Mais elle le ConScient de ce dangeR, l’EnSemble vocal de doit aussi à la passion que les Albanais vouent Gjirokastër se démarque de bien d’autres à leur musique, lui accordant lors des fêtes enSembleS de la Région tant paR la RigueuR de Son une place d'honneur qu'on pourrait croire tRavail que paR une conScience tRèS pRofonde de dévolue aux fiancés ou aux mariés. L'usage Son appaRtenance à la cultuRe lab. AuSSi, tout en idéologique que le régime d'Enver Hoxha fit Se pRoduiSant danS leS feStivalS albanaiS et étRan- du chant populaire, qui se traduisit par une geRS, il peRpétue une pRatique tRaditionnelle récupération de la tradition épico-historique danS un contexte communautaiRe. et l'organisation de grandes manifestations Cet ensemble est né en 1978 de manière spon- nationales, n'est point parvenu à le dénaturer tanée. Un petit groupe d’amis décida de suivre et les répertoires ne nécessitent guère qu'un la voie tracée par leurs parents et de se réunir « dépoussiérage ». régulièrement pour chanter. En deux ans, le En Revanche, la Situation économique et groupe se constitua sous sa forme définitive : sociale de l’Albanie depuis trois ans représente huit chanteurs dont quatre voix solistes et un un danger évident pour la pratique du chant chœur. dans son contexte traditionnel. La course à la Les principales fêtes auxquelles les chanteurs survie et la mise en place difficile d'un nou- sont invités à participer sont les naissances, veau système économique font rejaillir des les fiançailles et les mariages (les funérailles flux migratoires comparables à ceux qui sai- n’étant accompagnées que par les lamenta- gnèRent le payS à l'époque ottomane. tions des femmes). Touchant toutes les catégories sociales y com- ApRèS une naiSSance, leS paRentS oRganiSent pris le milieu rural, l'exode vers l’Italie, la une fête au couRS de laquelle l’enfant Reçoit Son Grèce et la Macédoine — pour ne citer que les nom. Un gRand dîneR Réunit paRentS et amiS. pays voisins — entraîne une désagrégation ASSiS SuR deS tapiS, paRmi leS platS de viande et des ensembles amateurs et semi-profession- de légumeS, leS jatteS de yaouRt, leS coRbeilleS nels, porteurs d’une tradition vivante. De de fRuitS et leS bouteilleS de Raki, leS chanteuRS plus, l’accès enfin possible aux media étran- Se confondent avec leS invitéS danS une atmo- gers et la boulimie qui en résulte provoquent SphèRe tRèS infoRmelle. EntRe leS conveRSationS, une impoRtante RemiSe en queStion deS leS toaStS (gezua !) et leS plaiSanteRieS d’uSage, ilS –5– entonnent leuRS chantS auxquelS Se mêlent leS à l’occasion de la fête de l’indépendance (28 autReS conviveS. Le RépeRtoiRe eSt laRge, maiS novembre 1912) et de la commémoration de évidemment ce Sont leS chantS conSacRéS à la la libération de Gjirokastër (18 septembre naiSSance qui dominent, chantS de louange et 1944). Les chanteurs, payés par la Maison de de SouhaitS (plage 8).
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