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31 M.A. PART-II ENGLISH PAPER - V LITERARYTHEORYAND CRITICISM © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Dr. Sanjay Deshmukh Vice Chancellor, University of Mumbai. Dr.AmbujaSalgaonkar Dr.DhaneswarHarichandan Incharge Director, Incharge Study Material, Institute of Distance and Institute of Distance and Open Learning, Open Learning, Universityof Mumbai. Universityof Mumbai. Programme Co-ordinator : Santosh Rathod Asst. Professor-cum-Assistant Director, IDOL, Universityof Mumbai. Course Co-ordinator : Dr. Dinesh Kumar & Course Writer Dept. of English, V.G.Vaze College, Mulund (E), Mumbai. Editors : Dr. Dinesh Kumar & Dr. Sunila Pillai Course Writers : Dr. Pratima Das Dept. of English, Smt. C.H.M. College, Ulhasnagar. : Dr.Sunila Pillai Dept. of English, R. K. T. College, Ulhasnagar. : SoniWadhwa VisitingFaculty,BMM, SIES College, Sion, Mumbai Reprint October 2015 M.A. Part- II, English Paper-V, Literary Theory and Criticism Published by : Incharge Director Institute of Distance and Open Learning , University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098. DTP Composed : Ashwini Arts ipin Enterprises Gurukripa Chawl, M.C. Chagla Marg, Bamanwada, VileTantia Parle Jogani (E), Mumbai Industrial - 400 Estate, 099.Pace Unit Computronics No. 2, "Samridhi"Ground Floor,Paranjpe Sitaram 'B' Scheme, Mill Vile Parle Compound, (E), Mumbai - 57. J.R. Boricha Marg, Mumbai - 400 011 Printed by : CONTENTS Unit No. Title Page No. 1. Basic concepts of Classical Criticism 01 2. Romantic Criticism 08 3. Poetics - Aristotle 15 4. "The Preface to the Lyrical Ballads"-William Wordsworth 28 5. "The function of Criticism" - MatthewArnold 42 6. Formalism 46 7. Marxism and Literature 51 8. "Art as Technique" : Victor Shklovsky 57 9. Marxism and Literary Criticism-Terry Eagleton 62 10. "Ideology and Ideological state apparatuses"- 70 Louis Althusser 11. Basic concepts in Modernism 77 12. Basic conncepts in Postmodernism 82 13. "Notes on the Novel" - Jose ortega Y Gasset 87 14. "Postmodernism and Consumer Society"- 96 Fredric Jameson 15. "Toward a concept of Postmodernism"-Ihab Hassan 101 16. Key concepts in Postcolonial Criticism 109 17. Basic concepts in Feminist Literary Criticism 116 18. Basic concepts in Reader Response Criticism 122 19. "The Pitfalls of National Consciousness" – 126 Frantz Fanon 20. Sexual / Textual Politics - Toril Moi 136 21. "Interpreting the variorum" - Stanley Fish 158 PREFACE This study material is prepared, keeping in focus the syllabus of M.A English Part II, Paper V of the University of Mumbai. However, it could also be used by learners who would like to have a general idea of literary criticism and theory. Terms like Art, Formalism, Postmodernism, Postcolonialism and Feminism have been used in the study material with and without their first letter in upper case. This difference arises as we, the authors, feel that the initial capital letter would indicate the ideology and the terms without the capital letters replicate them as the theorists have used them in various texts. Certain units of this study material can be read as introductory notes to critical approaches and literary theories, while others provide overviews and analysis of selected literary/cultural theories. We wish all the learners a fruitful reading experience in terms, concepts and theories generated by the thinkers, ranging from Aristotle to Toril Moi and Stanley Fish – covering an area from classical literary criticism to Postmodernism and beyond. December, 2010 Authors I Syllabus M.A. Part- II PAPER – V Literary Theory and Criticism Prescribed Texts: A) Classical and Romantic Criticism Aristotle – Poetics William Wordsworth – Preface to The Lyrical Ballads Matthew Arnold – Function of Criticism Key Concepts in Classical Criticism 1. Concepts of order and discipline. 2. The importance of ‘decorum’. 3. View of Reality. Key Concepts in Romantic Criticism 1. The emphasis on Imagination 2. Experimentation with new forms and themes 3. View of reality B) Formalism and Marxism Victor Shklovsky – Art as Technique Terry Eagleton – Marxism and Literary Criticism Louis Althusser – Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses Key Concepts in Formalism 1. Varieties of Formalism 2. Cultural background of American Formalism 3. Cultural background of Russian Formalism Key Concepts in Marxism 1. The concepts of culture, language, literature and ideology 2. Cultural Theory 3. Literary Theory II C) Modernism and Postmodernism Ortega Ye Gasset – The Death of the Novel Ihab Hassan – The Postmodern Turn: Essays in Postmodern Essays and Culture Fredric Jameson – Postmodernism and Consumer Society. Key Concepts in Modernism 1. The modernist concept of the relationship between the self and society. 2. Experimentation in forms and themes – its pervasiveness in the other art forms. 3. The value of “wholeness, harmony and radiance” Key Concepts in Postmodernism 1. Incredulity towards all metanarratives 2. Revisioning the concepts of representation, subjectivity and official histories. 3. Text as a “tissue of quotations from various sites of culture” D) Feminism, Postcolonialism and Reader Response Toril Moi – Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory Franz Fanon – Pitfalls of National Consciousness Stanley Fish – Interpreting the Variorum Key Concepts in Feminism 1. Femininity as linguistic ‘construct’ 2. Central theory or playful pluralism, feminist critique and gynocriticism 3. Queer theory – problematising “compulsory heterosexuality” Key Concepts in Postcolonialism 1. Strategies used in postcolonial discourse to subvert the value system of the colonizer which was paraded as universal. 2. Narrating nations (H. Bhabha) and reacting to ‘historical catalepsy’ (A. Memmi) 3. Moving from a re-active to a pro-active position. III Key Concepts in Reader Response 1. Concepts of horizon of expectation, interpretative communities. 2. The ‘performance’ of the reader in the construction of the meaning of the text.’ 3. Multiplicity of meanings due to life-to-text interactions. Recommended Reading: Plato. Republic, Books II & X Alexander Pope. Essay on Criticism S.T. Coleridge. Biographia Literaria – Chapter XIII on Fancy and Imagination Walter Pater. “An Essay on Style” in Appreciations. A.C. Bradley. Poetry for Poetry’s Sake. Cleanth Brooks, “The Language of Paradox” (from The Well- Wrought Urn, London: Dennis Dobson, 1960) T.S. Eliot. Tradition and the Individual Talent. R. Jakobson, “Linguistics and Poetics” “The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles” (both in Lodge, 1988) J. Culler, Structuralist Poetics, (Chap.I) London: Routledges and Kegan Paul, 1975. S. Freud, “Creative Writing and Day-dreaming” (in Lodge, 1972) G. Lukacs, “The Ideology of Modernism” (in Lodge, 1972) Gerard Genette. Structuralism and Literary Criticism. Roland Barthes. The Death of the Author. Jacques Derrida. Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of Human Sciences. Aijaz Ahmed. Orientalism Revisited. M. Bakhtin. “From the Prehistory of Novelistic Discourse” (in Lodge, 1988) J. Kristeva, “The Ethics of Linguistics” (in Lodge, 1988) M. Foucault, “What is an Author?” (in Lodge, 1988) Paul de Man, “The Resistance to Theory” (in Lodge, 1988) J. Mitchell, “Femininity, Narrative and Psychoanalysis” (in Lodge, 1988) C. MacCabe, “Language, Linguistics and the Study of Literature” (in Lodge, 1988) IV F. Jameson, “The Politics of Theory: Ideological Positions in the Postmodernism Debate” (in Lodge, 1988) T. Eagleton, “Capitalism, Modernism and Postmodernism” (in Lodge, 1988) R.C. Holub. Reception Theory: A Critical Introduction, London: Methun, 1984. Stephen Greenblatt. Learning to Curse: Essays in Early Modern Culture, New York: Routledge, 1990. H. Aran Veeser (ed.). The New Historicism, New York: Routledge, 1989. John Brannigan. New Historicism and Cultural Materialism, New York: St. Mortin’s Press, 1998. R.Holub, “Hermeneutics” and “Phenomenology” (both in The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism, Vol. ed. R. Selden, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) M. Heidegger, Poetry, Language, Thought, (trans, A. Hofstadter), New York: Harper and Row, 1971. Devid Lodge, Modern Criticism and Theory, Pearson Longman, 2nd End., 2007. Examination Pattern: Theory paper of 100 marks. Questions 1,2,3, and 4 will be of 25 marks each with three internal options. Combination of texts is possible. 1 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF CLASSICAL CRITICISM Unit structure 1.0Objectives 1.1Introduction 1.2 Notion of Reality in Classical Criticism 1.3 Notion of Decorum 1.3.1 Decorum in Theatre 1.4 Conclusion 11.5 Questions 1.0 Objectives The basic aim of this unit is to familiarize the student with the key concepts of classical literary criticism. It will also try to elucidate certain important terms used in the critical writings of Greek classical writers like Plato and Aristotle. 1.1 Introduction History of literature is almost as old as history of existence and literary criticism is as ancient as literature. In ancient Greece, scholars studying literature had developed literary criticism, a branch of study enabling better understanding and appreciation of literature. The word criticism itself is derived from the Greek root krinei that means ‘to judge’. The Greek term originated around the 4th century and later in English Literature, the term criticism was applied to the study and analysis of literature. The term criticism developed in the 17th century Europe and it was further developed in the 20th century with more branches like literary theory, literary history and literary criticism evolving out of it. Literary criticism has its origin in ancient Greece and Rome.
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