IL LAGO DI VICO E L'area DEI CIMINI Considerazioni Su Alcuni Parametri Ambientali

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IL LAGO DI VICO E L'area DEI CIMINI Considerazioni Su Alcuni Parametri Ambientali Donata Castagnoli * IL LAGO DI VICO E L'AREA DEI CIMINI Considerazioni su alcuni parametri ambientali Summary The health of Lake Vico water is considered an essential condition for the environmental balance of the entire Cimini mounts territory. Here there is a protected area and a "comunita' montana" that operate for the local preservation. The population is increasing, thanks to the environmental skills. The wony is related to the agricultural economy and to people movements, that could pollute the waters of the lake. The article analyses, in a geographical view, the recent studies on lake water quality, compared with the problems due to human presence. Sommaire La santé de l' eau du lac de Vico est fondamentale pour l'équilibre environnemental de tout le territoire collinaire des Cùnini: Depuis longtemps, une réserve naturelle et les activités de la "Comunità montana" assurent la conservation du milieu nature!. Les qualités de vie de ce territoire agricole entrafnent un développement des lieux habités: on se demande à quel point l'agriculture, liée à une pression anthropique croissante qui culmine avec la présence touristique, contribue à une dégénération des qualités environnementales locales. Une étude est menée sur la base des relevés hydrologiques les plus récents dont 017 dispose pour le lac de Vico. Sommario La salute delle acque del lago di Vico viene assunta in questo contributo come condizione determinante l'intero equilibrio ambientale dell'area vicana e cimina; su di questo si vigila da tempo con la presenza di una riserva naturale e con l 'operato della comunita' montana dei Cimini. Le qualita' insediative dell'area ne fanno un territorio agricolo in evidente espansione abitativa: ci si domanda quanto le pratiche agricole, associate ad una crescente pressione antropica, che è massima in concomitanza dei flussi turistici domenicali ed estivi, siano elementi che contribuiscono ad una degenerazione delle qualita' ambientali locali. Una verifica di ciò viene effettuata sulla base dei più recenti rilevamenti idrologici a disposizione sulle acque del lago di Vico. 1. PREMESSA Il congestionamento delle aree urbane che ha inizio con i atmosferico riscontrabili nei principali ambiti urbani (Are­ processi di industrializzazione di massa ed è già maturo an­ na, 1986; Id. , 1989; Palagiano, 1986; Id., 1989). che nel nostro Paese dopo un ventennio, dunque nei primi Il processo di diffusione territoriale, esprimibile come con­ anni '70, ha condotto ad un decadimento della qualità della trotendenza insediativa è inizialmente definita da B.J.L. vita metropolitana, fenomeno che si è espresso nei suoi a­ Berry come controurbanizzazione (Berry, 1976); il fenome­ spetti di difficoltà insediative (indaguatezza residenziale, no non comporta tuttavia una vera e propria fuga dalla città' costi elevati delle abitazioni) e in un generale peggioramen­ ma si tratta, con più precisione, di una dilatazione dell' inse­ to delle condizioni di salute, intese sia come si tuazioni di diamento, di un 'appropriazione di nuovi e più estesi spazi, affaticamento e stress che di patologie vere e proprie quali localizzati funzionalmente e a macchie irregolarmente di­ le malattie cardiocircolatorie e le allergie, queste ultime di­ stribuite sul territorio peri urbano ed extraurbano (Cori, rettamente correlate agli elevati tassi di inquinamento 1983; Dematteis, 1983; Id, 1985). * Posl-doltorato di Ricerca in Geografia dell'Ambiente - Università di Roma "La Sapienza". 31 La dinamica è ben evidente per molte aree urbane italiane In Italia la mancanza di una adeguata pianificazione urbana già negli anni '70, come emerge dal confronto dei dati della non ha permesso fino a tempi recenti la preservazione di popolazione rilevati dall'ISTAT alle diverse scadenze cen­ "polmoni verdi" periurbani con funzioni di contenimento suarie. Ne emerge nell'ultimo decennio un mutato atteggia­ dell' espansione insediativa, e ciò è particolarmente evidente mento nei confronti del binomio città-campagna, fino allora nel caso di Roma. considerato come costituito da due componenti antitetiche, Nel 1993 è pubblicato il Piano regionale dei parchi e delle la prima dominante sulla seconda. riserve del Lazio (del. G.R. Lazio 8098/92), che tenta di Il cosiddetto continuum rururbano è dunque ancora una colmare una lacuna in fatto di programmazione ambientale, volta espressione della città', ma quest' ultima ha modifica­ che ha ancora come unico riferimento nel Lazio una legge to nel tempo recente i suoi connotati, acquisendo un rappor­ quadro che risale al 1977 (L.R. n. 46 "Cosliluzione di un si­ to più positivo con lo spazio non urbanizzato, e riconoscen­ stema di parchi regionali e delle riserve naturali"); si è oggi do alla campagna una sua vitalità che per la prima volta tra­ in trepidante attesa dell'approvazione della nuova legge re­ valica il ruolo strettamente economico, che aveva condan­ gionale, attuativa in parte della delibera anzidetta (Casta­ nato ad un ineluttabile declino molte aree agricole collinari, gnoli, 1994). scarsamente produttive, rivitalizzabili dunque solamente in Il sistema dei parchi dovrebbe configurarsi come una pre­ prospettiva di una rendita d'attesa. senza pianificatoria e gestionale nelle zone non urbanizzate, La rivalutazione delle aree rurali emerge anche nella lettera­ con pari dignità rispetto alle aree economicamente portanti. tura degli anni '80, periodo in cui il fenomeno descritto è Nell'ottica di un complessivo miglioramento della qualità dunque ormai acquisito anche come categoria mentale della vita è importante tutelare e sviluppare con attività e­ (Keyes, 1980). conomiche ecocompatibili, quali le pratiche agricole tradi­ La popolazione rurale extragricola subisce generalmente un zionali, quelle aree che non hanno caratteristiche urbane ma visibile incremento (Marengo, 1991). che risultano in qualche modo inglobate nei flussi pendolari Questo nuovo criterio di occupazione dello spazio residen­ a raggio medio-breve: nel caso di Roma si può notare come ziale, se da una parte conduce ad un decongestionamento la presenza di ampi spazi agricoli abbia opposto in qualche degli ambiti urbani più interni, può generare in una fase di misura un freno all'espansione urbana che si è comunque sviluppo avanzata nuovi problemi ambientali in aree parti­ realizzata seguendo alcune direttrici prevalenti. colarmente sensibili, non ancora pronte ad accogliere i nuo­ Nel caso dell'area cimina non solo Roma ma anche Viter­ vi flussi insediativi. bo, Orte, Civitavecchia ed i comuni minori del viterbese ac­ Nel Lazio il processo di diffusione delle attività economi­ colgono i movimenti lavorativi giornalieri, che presentano che, che altrove ha connotato il processo di redistribuzione una certa vivacità in ogni direzione. della popolazione sul territorio, e ha dato vita a nuovi mo­ Tutela ed incentivazione delle pratiche agricole tradizionali delli produttivi basati su piccole imprese variamente corre­ sono fattori che si inseriscono quindi come corollario ad at­ late in una rete di centri di limitate dimensioni, è stato osta­ tività economiche più redditizie ma sono necessarie per il colato da ragioni in prevalenza di ordine storico, che hanno mantenimento di un territorio vitale e vivibile, e non relega­ perpetuato nel tempo il gigantismo romano, accentrando bile ad area-dormitorio. nella capitale le funzioni amministrative e religiose in pri­ Negli ultimi anni il rapporto tra protezione ambientale e a­ mo luogo, esse stesse generatrici di flussi commerciali e gricoltura si va facendo sempre più stretto (Roelants du Vi­ terziari in genere. vier, 1989). Basti pensare alle enormi dimensioni del comune di Roma Inoltre, con i recenti regolamenti dell'Unione Europea 2078 (150.760,54 ha al 1991), che non hanno permesso di coglie­ e 2080 del 1992 si è voluto assegnare agli agricoltori una re se non negli anni '80 dell'avvenuto processo di diffusio­ specifica funzione, intesa in una partecipazione attiva nella ne insediativa, mascherato nel corso del precedente decen­ conservazione del proprio territorio, prevedendo una serie nio da un movimento centrifugo volto sì verso aree agricole di misure atte ad incoraggiare la pratica di colture tradizio­ ma pur sempre ubicate entro i limiti amministrativi comu­ nali e a rimboschire il terreno agricolo di scarsa redditività. nali. Ancor più recente è la dilatazione dell' agglomerato Infine, i finanziamenti volti a favorire l'agricoltura biologi­ verso nord, successiva alla fusione avvenuta con i centri ca, recepiti dalla Regione Lazio con L.R. 51/89, ben si as­ della cintura orientale e sudorientale (Banini, 1995). sociano qui ad altre politiche comunitarie legate a particola­ ri settori quali - per il caso che qui ci interessa - la frutta a guscio. 2. IL RUOLO DELLE AREE PROTETTE E DELL'AGRICOLTURA 3. L'AREA DEI CIMINI E IL LAGO DI VICO: Fatta questa breve premessa si vuole porre l'accento sul ESPRESSIONE DEL BINOMIO TUTELA­ ruolo sempre più importante tenuto a svolgere da parte dei AGRICOLTURA parchi naturali e delle aree protette in genere, non ultimi i parchi urbani, nell' organizzazione globale del territorio, in Nel territorio del comune di Caprarola è presente fin dal vista del fenomeno di "dilatazione" dei centri abitati e dun­ 1982 la Riserva Naturale del Lago di Vico, istituita con leg­ que per la loro specifica funzione riequilibratrice. ge regionale n. 47, che si estende per 3.000 ha su gran parte 32 dell'ambito amministrato, con la sola evidente eccezione della riserva giungono le folaghe e le anatre selvatiche,
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