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Evolution of the Southwest Australian Rifted Continental Margin During Breakup of East Gondwana: Results from IODP Expedition 369

D L. Harry

M L. G Tejada

E Y. Lee

E Wolfgring

C C. Wainman

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Publication Details Citation Harry, D. L., Tejada, M. L., Lee, E. Y., Wolfgring, E., Wainman, C. C., Brumsack, H., Schnetger, B., Kimura, J., Riquier, L., Borissova, I., Hobbs, R., Jiang, T., Li, Y., Maritati, A., Martinez, M., Richter, C., Tagliaro, G., & White, L. T. (2020). Evolution of the Southwest Australian Rifted Continental Margin During Breakup of East Gondwana: Results from IODP Expedition 369. Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: Part B. Retrieved from https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers1/1779

Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Evolution of the Southwest Australian Rifted Continental Margin During Breakup of East Gondwana: Results from IODP Expedition 369

Abstract International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 369 drilled four sites on the southwestern Australian continental margin, in the deep water Mentelle Basin (MB) and on the neighboring Naturaliste Plateau (NP). The drillsites are located on continental crust that continued rifting after seafloor spreading began further north on the Perth Abyssal Plain (PAP) between magnetochrons M11r and M11n (133‐132 Ma), ending when spreading began west of the NP between chrons M5n and M3n (126‐124 Ma). Drilling recovered the first in‐situ samples of basalt flows vo erlying the breakup unconformity on the NP, establishing a magnetostratigraphically constrained eruption age of >131‐133 Ma and confirming a minimal late Valanginian age for the breakup unconformity (coeval with the onset of PAP seafloor spreading). Petrogenetic modeling indicates the basalts were generated by 25% melting at 1.5 GPa and a potential temperature of 1380‐1410 °C, consistent with proximity of the Kerguelen plume during breakup. Benthic foraminiferal fossils indicate that the NP remained at upper bathyal or shallower depths during the last 6 Myr of rifting and for 3‐5 Myr after breakup between India and Australia. The limited subsidence is attributed to heat from the nearby Kerguelen plume and PAP spreading ridge. The margin subsided to middle bathyal depths by Albian time and to lower bathyal (NP) or greater (MB) depths by late Paleogene time. Periods of rapid sedimentation accompanied a westward jump of the PAP spreading ridge (108 Ma), rifting on the southern margin (100‐84 Ma), and opening of the southern seaway between Australia and Antarctica (60‐47 Ma).

Publication Details Harry, D., Tejada, M., Lee, E., Wolfgring, E., Wainman, C., Brumsack, H., Schnetger, B., Kimura, J., Riquier, L., Borissova, I., Hobbs, R., Jiang, T., Li, Y., Maritati, A., Martinez, M., Richter, C., Tagliaro, G. & White, L. T. (2020). Evolution of the Southwest Australian Rifted Continental Margin During Breakup of East Gondwana: Results from IODP Expedition 369. G3: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems: an electronic journal of the earth sciences, Online First

Authors D L. Harry, M L. G Tejada, E Y. Lee, E Wolfgring, C C. Wainman, H-J Brumsack, B Schnetger, J-I Kimura, L Riquier, I Borissova, R Hobbs, T Jiang, Y-X Li, A Maritati, M Martinez, C Richter, G Tagliaro, and Lloyd T. White

This journal article is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers1/1779

Evolution of the Southwest Australian Rifted Continental Margin During Breakup of East Gondwana: Results from IODP Expedition 369 D. L. Harry 1, M. L. G. Tejada 2, E. Y. Lee 3, E. Wolfgring 4, C. C. Wainman 5, H.-J. Brumsack 6, B. Schnetger 6, J.-I. Kimura 2, L. Riquier 7, I. Borissova 8, R. Hobbs 9, T. Jiang 10 , 11 12 13 14 15 16 Y-X. Li , A. Maritati , M. Martinez , C. Richter , G. Tagliaro , and L. T. White

1Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80537, USA. 2 Institute for Marine Geodynamics, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2- 15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan. 3Faculty of Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Chonnam National University, 33 Yongbong-no, Bukgu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea. 4Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria. 5Australian School of Petroleum and Energy Resources, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia. 6Institut für Chemie und Biologie Des Meeres (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität

Article Oldenburg, Oldenburg Lower Saxony 26111, Germany. 7Institut des sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP), Sorbonne University, Paris 75005, France.

8Geoscience Australia, Petroleum and Marine Division, GPO Box 378, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia. 9Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom. 10 Department of Marine Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Hongshan Street, Wuhan, P.R. China. 11 School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, P.R. China. 12 Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Battery Point 7004, Australia. 13 Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000 Rennes, France. 14 School of Geosciences, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette LA 70504, USA. 15 Department Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78758, USA. 16 GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth, Atmospheric and LifeSciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia. Corresponding author: Dennis Harry ([email protected])

Key Points: • Continental breakup occurred at 132-133 Ma on the Perth Abyssal Plain and at 126 Ma west of the Naturaliste Plateau. • Volcanism on the Naturaliste Plateau with both plume and midocean ridge compositional affinities accompanied Perth Abyssal Plain breakup. Accepted

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and Perth Abyssal Plain spreading ridge. spreadingPerth andridge. Plain Abyssal subsidence earlyLate limite syn- was post-rift and d by proximity of the Kerguelen of plume bythe d proximity 1987). On the southwestern Onpart margin, the southwestern exte 1987).of the riftstructurestime, this Permian in reactivating along m shelf formed continental basins the beneath thegeomagnetic to modified revisions recentto fit f here (the the GondwanaEastbreakupdiscussion of G riftingLate JurassicEarly Cretaceousthroughas 369. The(IODP) westerDiscoveryProgram Expedition borcontinental frommargin southwestern Australian 1 Introduction Introduction 1 a southwesternrifting andbetween Australia events tothe spreading ridge associated adjustments with present, with 121 the interven betweenand Ma about 12 atIndia Australia and afterseparation of final d kept shallow the atmargin Proximityplume of the enhanced mantlemelting was of the that underlying of the Natbasalts on wasfollowed This by eruption spreadof onset seafloor correlatesmargin with the that a shows widespread stages Drilling rifting. of the magmasubsidenceandorder to better understand 369 drilled four the southweste on Expedition sites Perio Early Cretaceousand during Late Jurassic the marginth formed during TheAustralian southwestern SummaryPlain Language AntarcticaMa). (60-47 of Ma),thesouthern on (100-84 andmargin opening of awestwardjump rapid sedimentation accompanied bathyalgreater (NP) (M Albian timeor and to lower ridge.margin spreadingThe andKerguelen PAP plume The between limitedsubsidence India Australia. and o Myrduring 6 bathyalshallower the last depths or foraminiferal plumefossils during Benthic breakup. GPa and a potential temperature andof GPa1380-1410 a temperature potential indicatesthemodelingspreading).bas Petrogenetic ( theValanginianbreakuplate unconformity age for o constrainedage magnetostratigraphically eruption on breakup overlying the basalt flows unconformity M5n Drilling M3nMa).between(126-124 r and chrons endingwh M11n and Ma),(133-132 M11r magnetochrons the after on further north seafloorbegan spreading Thearedrillsites locate NaturalistePlateau (NP). Memargin,water Australian in the continentaldeep 36 ProgramExpedition InternationalDiscovery Ocean Abstract

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article In this paper, we present present the lanew Inonpaper,constraints we this ° many areas (Hall et al., 2013; Yeates et 2013; et manyal., al., areas (Hall C, consistent with proximityconsistent Kerguelenwith of the C, 6 Ma. The margin subsided to > 1000 m1000 to > depths marginMa.6 subsided The d on continental crust that continued riftingcontinued oncrust continental that d unconformity imaged in seismicthe on in data unconformity imaged Perth between Plain (PAP) Abyssal time scale as discussed in section 2.1). Rift sectiontimeRift 2.1). as scale discussed in ing on the Perth Abyssal Plain at 132-133 Ma.Perth Plain ingatthe on132-133 Abyssal rn Australian rifted continental marginriftedcontinental rn Australianin configuration in the Indian Ocean at 108 Ma,OceanIndian 108 configuration at in the reater India during from separated reaterAustralia f rifting and for 3-5 Myr after breakup afterMyrand rifting f forbreakup 3-5 alts were generated by 25% meltingwere1.5 generated altsat by nsion occurred in the Perth Basin beneathBasin occurred the inthe Perth nsion uraliste Plateau, which wereuralistegenerated from Plateau, which Program ds. International Discovery Ocean nd Antarctica at 100-84 Ma andMa Ma. ndat 60-47 Antarctica100-84 f >131-133 fminimalandMa a >131-133 confirming indicate that the NP remained at indicate upper that remained the NP ost of the western Australian margin during margin of the Australian western ost coeval with the onset of PAP of seafloor coeval with the onset ntelle Basin (MB) and on the neighboringon (MB) and Basin ntelle epths during rifting and for about 3-5 Myr about for 3-5 and during rifting epths B) depths by late Paleogene time. Periods Periods of time. Paleogene late depths by B) by the nearby Kerguelen mantleKerguelen by plume. thenearby is attributed to heat from is the nearby the the NP,a establishing ollows Gibbons et al., 2012, with ages 2012, with al., etGibbons ollows eholes drilled during International drilled Ocean eholes during ing periods of relatively rapid of sedimentation relativelying rapid periods tic behavior of the margin the final of behavior the during tic the southern seaway between Australia and the betweensouthern seaway Australia e breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana supercontinent Gondwana the breakup eof the PAP spreading ridge (108 Ma), riftingMa),(108 the PAP ridge spreading 9 drilled four sites on drilled 9 four the sites southwestern subsided to middle bathyal depths bathyalby to middle depths subsided ecovered the first in-situ samplesofecovered the first in-situ n Australian margin formed as a result of formed margin resultas a Australian n te syn-rift and post-rift evolution of the evolution andsyn-rift te post-rift en spreading began west of the westNP en began spreading Gibbons et al. (2012, 2013). al. etGibbons 2013). (2012, Myr below events that are 3-5 Cretaceous described at Aptian Stage121.5 ±a Ma. stage revised 0.2 The 131.3 ±Stageat HauterivianMa, started Ba 0.2 the 2019)Merle,(Taband al., Olierook,2013; Jourdan, Bod (Aguirre-Urreta et al., chemostratigraphy2019; radio-astrochronolog recentstage agesbyindicated M0r revised he theM11rages with through of chrons LateThechr etscale (2016). al. of Ogg Cretaceous Williamsassigned Theto th ages and (2013). al. et describedp anomaly magnetic identifications in the earlierWilliamset references al., and 2013 found WatsonHall al., al.,2013; 2016; et2012, et 2013; et Direen2014; Aitchison, (e.g.,anomalies Ali and margin southwestern prima constrained Australian is 2 Geological Background Geological2 Background aboveet (Hobbs tectonic al., events2019 described of andmagmatic understand subsidencethehistories the so strata onpost-rift of and syn-riftthe late recordthe sequencevolcanic the first o in-situ of WilliamsWhitee al., 2013; et Veevers, 1986, 2006; Tikku 2001;et al., Sayers and1985; al., Mutteret a from Tasman Antarctica (Cande Ma Rise at45 about that Mapropa about leading by84 toslow spreading Ma event began100 This Antarctica.riftingaround led to openingthe S rifting of Eoceneepisode that ev Olierookculminatinget tectonic The al., 2016). B andPerth Mentelle Basin, westernin the southern of the top breakupof on basalt which lie un flows, Perth Plain breaku Naturaliste Plateau.TheAbyssal nor Plainthe migrated westward alongPerth Abyssal betweenthe Plateau.DuringMyr6-9 the two period Plateauwhenseafloorevent, occurred breakupsprea the Perth breakup second Basin. in The unconformity on Plai Abyssal the Perth spreadingestablished was P to as referAbyssal whichthe ThePerth first, we Au Indiaandculmination of Greater rifting between ma southwesternof the part M3nMa)on the (126-124 thecentralmargin.onspreadi Seafloor of the part andMa)M10N chronPlain(131Abyssalno later than with diachronous,was offshore 1). (Figure Breakup Ba Mentelle shelf continentalwaterdeepand in the

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article The timing of continental breakupofThe continental timingin the northeaste and motionsPlate2.1 spreading seafloor uthwestern Australian margin in order to margin Australian uthwestern n the Naturaliste Plateau and acompletePlateau the and Naturalisterecord n Cande, 1999; Tikku and Direen, and 2008; Cande, Tikku1999; ng did not begin until between chrons M5n ng betweennotanduntil chrons did begin White et al., 2013; WhittakerWhite al., 2016; et al., 2013; et in those papers). In this papers). paperusein those In the this we outhern Ocean between Australia Oceanand outhern between conformity on the Naturaliste Plateau, Naturaliste in the conformity the on breakup when seafloor lain occurred event, ent on the margin was the Cretaceousthe wasmarginent through on the e Cenozoic magnetic chrons are echrons magnetic Cenozoic time from the al., 2017; Gaina et al., 2007; Gibbons et al., al.,etGibbons 2007; al., Gaina 2017; et on ages are from Malinverno Malinverno et ages are from(2012), on al. rremian Stage at 126.1 ±at Stage126.1 the rremianandMa 0.2 ical data integrated with bio-and dataintegrated with ical ; Huber ; al., 2018). et sin and on the Naturaliste furtherNaturaliste Plateauonand sin the late reconstructions of Gibbons etGibbons (2012)al. late of reconstructions nd chron ages imply ages for the ages ndEarly ages implychron p event was followed soon aftereruption by soon event wasp followed n andna widely recognizable produced les 1 and 2). Fromthe these les 2).works, and1 t al., 2013). IODP Expedition 369 obtainedIODP 369 al., Expedition 2013). t on the southern margin of margin western southern Australia, the on asin (Direen et al., 2017; Frey al., et1996; et al., asin (Direen2017; stralia is thus marked by two breakup events.markedby thus two breakup stralia is in et al., 2006; Frau et al., 2006; al., Martinezin et 2018; et seafloor spreading beginning on the Perthon seafloor beginningthe spreading youngerof reconstructions plate in the than ding was established west ofthewest Naturaliste established ding was gated South separation of the eastward until the margin and their relations to the relations the andmargin their rily from seafloor spreading magnetic spreading rily from seafloor breakup ridge events, in the the spreading thern margins Mentelleand ofthern the Basin , which we refer to as the whichwe Naturaliste , to as refer the re to match the Valanginian to Barremian matchto Barremian reValanginian to the rgin, west of the Naturaliste Plateau. Naturaliste Theof rgin, the west between M11r and M11n (133-132 Ma) M11rM11nand (133-132 between nd Mutter, 1982; LawverMutter, al.,nd 1982; 1992; et rn Indian Ocean and on the Indian on and rn Ocean Mutter et al., 1985; WhiteWilliams e al.,et1985; Mutter et al., 2013; timetoC19 C21Ma) (47–42 Antarcticaandby chron o generationseafloorand basaltic spreading of new ma the southern spreadingeastward along propagated Whiteet al., dia 2013) al.,(Direenbegan 2011; et MutterMülleret Mutter,al., 2000; andCande 1982; eithe between Antarctica.ofand Australia period A Indian of the Oceawas accompaniedreorientation by 2012; etMathews al., al., (Gibbons 2012, 2013; et al., 2013; Whittaker(Figure al., 2e).2016) 2013; et al., f these continental jumpedtransferredand westward IndianKnollsattached theBataviaplat remained to M0rMa) (Gibbo (121.8 westward time at anomaly jump marPlateau NaturalisteMentelleand northern Basin Per spreading begunthefurtherThenorth. ridge on c margin of Australian the southwestern portionfor oncontinued extension PlainAbyssalindicates that Mülleret al., (Gibbons 2012; M3n Ma)(126-124 time Pl Naturaliste thewest (theNaturaliste Plateauof Williamsal., 2013) Powell (Figure et al., et1988; M10N M11ntimewasanomaly to byalso underway (Gi (th margin Australian bordering the central western seafwith or by contemporaneous followed soon after etMüller, al., Heine 2012; Gibbons 1989; and2005; toM1M11n wasanomaly margin,byunderway itwhere thePla CuvierAbyssalon began India and Australia WilliamsWhittakeral., al., et2016; 2013; et al., Knolls, Draaklay respectively and to the north sou sm Australian betweenAntarctic and plates.the Two Naturaliste Plateau located of at was the juncture e LawverPowell al.,al., 2013; 1992; etGibbons et (BaMaandAustraliabeginning aboutAntarctica 165 on the western Austral orientednorthwest extension Indiaa ofrotation accompaniedcounterclockwise by Powell1979; 1988 Sclater,andetNorton 1992; al., WestGondwana separate Period and East to began as Plumb,Rift 1979). Jurassic 2004; Periods (Norvick, extensi time,minorMiddle punctuated Jurassic with was followed ofThis by period tectonic aquiescenc V et al., Maritati 2005; (Harrowfieldal., 2020; et branchesbetweenA and aAustralia with rift system

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article A change in plate motions occurred at about 100 Ma occurredaboutmotions A at 100 plate change in The difference in ages of breakup west breakupof the Natur The in ages west of difference Opening of the Indian Ocean was preceded by a PermiOcean IndianOpeningpreceded by was the of 2013). Seafloor spreading between Greater spreadingSeafloor 2013). eevers, 2006; Yeates et al., 1987) (Figure 2a).1987) Yeates eevers,et2006; al., ateau breakup event) until anomalyuntil M5n event) breakup to ateau the Indian PlateIndian boundary future and the the chronously between about 84 47and asMa 84 chronouslyabout between 2c). Seafloor spreading was not wasestablished Seafloornot 2c). spreading t al., 2013). t al., 2013). Whittaker 2f). (Figure al., 2016) This 2013; et thwest of the Naturaliste thwest Plateauetof the (Gibbons Naturaliste t al., 1988) (Figure 2b). At this time,this (FigureAtthe t al., 2b). 1988) e Perth Abyssal Plain breakup which event), Plain eAbyssal Perth ceanic crust was underway between crust ceanicAustralia was underway th Abyssal Plain migrated migrated westwardalong Plain th Abyssal the e until about 108 Ma, e when the ridge until again Myr spreading had 6–9 aftera. seafloor was Royerand This 1989). ; Sandwell, the Naturaliste Plateau/Mentelle the Naturaliste Basin r slow seafloor spreading (Ball et al., 2013; al., 2013; seaflooret(Ball r spreading slow ing was renewed during the Middle Jurassic ingrenewedMiddle was Jurassic during the ian margin and minor extension betweenminor margin extension ian and e subsidence andinto extending regional et al., 1985) and/or mantleexhumation etand/or al., 1985) ntarctica and on either side of Indiasideof either ntarcticaon and ragments to the Australian plate (Williams et plate to the ragmentsAustralian (Williams Markl, 1978; Robb et al., 2005). This al., was2005). This Markl, Robb 1978; et Triassicand events onal Early duringthe in bordering the northwestern Australian Australian northwestern in bordering the gins during this period, followed by aperiod, followed by gins during this aller continental blocks, Batavia Guldenblocks, and continental aller resultingAustralia/Antarctica,infrom way loor spreading on the Perth Plain Abyssal the on loor spreading n spreading system and the onset of the and rifting system spreading n rgin (Figures 2g and 2h). Steady state (Figuresand Steadystate 2g 2h). rgin ll et al., 2008, al., ll2011; Direenet 2013; et al., 2000) (Figure 2d).et al., 2000) (Figure (Besse and Courtillot, 1988; Lawver al., 1988; et Courtillot, and (Besse (Direen et al., 2011; Gibbons et al., 2012; al., 2012; al.,etGibbons 2011; (Direen et ns et al., 2012). Gulden andetDraakns Gulden al., 2012). 0N time (132-131 Ma) (Fullerton etMa) (132-131 al., (Fullerton 0N time bbons et al., 2012; Markl, 1974, 1978; et bbons al., 2012; aliste Plateau and on the Perth PlateauPerth aliste on and the as India began to move Indianorthward as to began an extensional episode anthat extensional created pre-rift crust pre-riftthe that Yal thickness on similar to strata)may than(excluding Basin be less post-rift models permit that Olierook et Gravity al., 2016). km 17 in the norther about NaturalistePlateau,and theYallingupkmShelf, beneath craton, 20–25 30–35 sedimenpost-rifttheand the syn- crust (including Direenet al., 2 Perthal., et 1982; (Coleman Basin that outcrops characteristics Basalt to the Bunbury with cappedbasaltic is the basementthe plateau of r marginstheplateau,southern northeasternof and ( SeaProject DeepDrilling at breakup unconformity margins onof south hauls andthe the plateau north al., 2008, 2020) etAntarctica (Figu (Halpin margin orogenonshore the Albany-Fraser-Wilkes the sout on beehave that orthogneiss and metasedimentary rocks but beenthese notstratabut drilled. have stratagrowth2 volcanic/volcaniclastic (Borissova, that dippingaredivergent reflectors with s filled onbeneath basinsthe Naturaliste the unconformity Plateau (Borissova, 20 the further westNaturaliste arebreakup to features that i unconformitysimilar Mentellea easternbut fewer Basin, than faults the (Figures Plateau3 easternof the Naturaliste flank of containskmto 2.7 up 2000–4000 mand depths of as extensionallyBasi faulted, in the heavilyPerth unconfo Strata breakupthe seismically imaged below the wes onlaps and onto the that unconformity thins containsto in water500-2000 upm,slope of depths MeThe 2011).Maloneyeastern2003;et et al., al., age 3) (Figureto be (Bori (Valanginian)of similar similarbreakup to the dril unconformity widespread from the deep water Mentelle Basin (Figure 1). (FigureBasin water1). Mentelle from deep the Shelf)the crust continental(theborders Yallingup On the of southern th etpart (Bradshaw al., 2003). structuralma high PlainAbyssalby a discontinuous andis sub-basins) Zeewyck the Perth (Houtman Basin the al., 1987).Yeateset Song On and 2000; Cawood, s beneathcontinental older Permian the rift system thet weststrata, lies of to Mesozoic Cenozoicand a rift basinBasin, con 1).2006) Perth (Figure The western Fault,bordering structure the a long-lived

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article Extensional structureson ri the Australian westernExtensional andStructure2.2 stratigraphy Basement rocks dredged from the southern Naturalist from rocksBasement southern dredged the Seismic reflection profiles imageSeismica unconfo reflection profiles breakup lingup Shelf or Yilgarn Craton (30-35 km), (30-35the ShelfYilgarnlingup Craton or uggestive of either siliciclastic or either of siliciclastic uggestive n. The western Mentelle Basin lies in in water lies The MentelleBasin western n. b, 3c). The western Mentelle Basin containsBasin Mentelle The 3c). western b, 5 km thick (Johnston et al., 2010). aAssuming al., km 5 et (Johnston thick 017). Gravity modelsGravity017). of indicate the thickness ts) is more the ts)Yilgarn kmis 35thanbeneath taining up to 15 km of late Paleozoic,kmtaining uplate to 15 of bundant volcanic features on top of the top on features volcanicbundant edge of the Archean Yilgarn Craton (Veevers, (Veevers, edgeYilgarn Archean Craton of the west side of the Perth Basin, separating westPerthit side of Basin, the he Darling Fault and follows the trend of Fault the follows andhe Darling maged on seismic data from the main of thepart dataon maged seismic from the crystalline crust in the western Mentelle Mentelle westerncrust the crystallinein the ssova, 2002; Borissova et al., 2010; Bradshaw et al., Borissova 2002; 2010; ssova, e margin, a structural high underlain byunderlain a high e structural margin, onshore and has been drilled in thesouthern onshore in drilled been hasand 02). Seismic reflection riftdataseveral 02). show Seismic reflection 002; Hall al., Maloney 2013; et 002; et al., 2011), rocks that are similar in age and geochemical age and in rocks that are similar ntelle Basin, locatedthebeneathntellecontinental Basin, helf and slope (Harris, 1994; Norvick, 2004; helf1994; slopeand (Harris, espectively) and seismic profiling espectively) shown have seismic and n Mentelle Basin (Direen et Mentelleal., n(Direen 2007; Basin , volcaniclastic strata drilled abovethe volcaniclastic strata, drilled re 1). Mafic clasts recovered from dredge Mafic 1).re clasts from recovered dredge Plateau and in the western MentellePlateau in the Basin western and tern side of the Yallingup Shelf 3a).ternYallingup (Figure side of the 1 km of post-rift sedimentary strata above km1 strataof sedimentary post-rift rking the ocean-continent transition zonetransition rking the ocean-continent led in thePerth beenhas and led in inferred Basin DSDP) Sites 258 and 264 (locatedSiteson 258 264 DSDP) and the centralmargin,sideof westof the part the n correlated with similar rocks exposed in rocks exposed with similar correlated n post-rift strata that onlap cover and the strata post-riftonlap that rmity in the eastern Mentelleare rmitytheBasin eastern in km in the Perth Basin, 18–20 km the on km Basin, in the Perth hern Australian marginhern the conjugateand Australian separated from oceanic crustthe fromPerth onseparated oceanic fted margin lie west of the ftedwest Darling liemargin of the rmity in the Mentelle Basin that is is Mentellethat rmityin the Basin e PlateauMesoproterozoic include corresponding extension extension correspondingfactors are and eastern flank of the Naturaliste (SiteU151 Plateaueasternof the Naturaliste flank 3 Findings from IODP Expedition 369 Expedition Findings3 369 from IODP 2011). et al., amagmaticbeen haveprior Paleogene appears to time and OceanAustralia SouthernOpening between the of in the Early betweenbasalts plumes Cretaceousand EaLate Proterozoicelements during the assembly of mantle al., 2016) Jiang, or (Olierook, lithospheric mantlewith in the asthenosphericdepleted combined enrichedsources int beenhave depletedof both and of et the rocksvolcanic al., distribution (Coffin rising th distinct spatiallysegregated into limbs, Alternatively,Kerg the Storey1991; et al., 1989). antecedent reservoirthat plume-like wasat tapped of theand element mant compositions isotopic trace inc to have beenKerguelen suggested has head plume of contamination also beenthe Regional a proposed. Ind emplaced the petrogenesis around of the basalts al.,Zhu e 2017; et Zhou Storey 2017; et al., 1989; al., al.Kent2002; Ingleet Ingleet et al., 2004; of thesebasalts (Figupaleogeographicdistribution the timeat has of beneathbreakup the lithosphere The apresenceet Whitechurchca. 10 of al., 1992). Frey 2002; al., et 20 (Coffin et al., Duncan, 2002; KentZhuet al., al., Ingle2002; etet al., 2004; B Cona andMaTrapsmarginIndian 118 Rajmahal (the Wallaby( Plateau the the Kerguelenon mantle plume inferredbeen Comeipetrogenetic basalts have to be andsimilarities,thetraceBu andelementisotopic et Liu Zhou2015; al., 2017; al., Comei et basalts; Indian margin, Greaternow present on the conjugate Norvick,Sym Owens2012; Nelson2018; et2004; al., et al., Bradshaw 2002; Wallaby (Borissova, Plateau boundary imagednor ocean-continent near in the the reflectors Mentelle dippingseawardand inte Basin, themostNaturaliste onof the breakup unconformity 2017). Seismic al., reflecti al., Olierook2017; et at to leastbetweenand 131 (Olierook 2016) et al., ( southernPerth the MabetweenBasin 137 to 130 in

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≈ Continental breakup in the eastern Indian breakupwas in the Continental eastern Ocean Kerguelen Plume of Magmatismthe 2.3 role and the IODP Expedition 369 drilled one site at 369 drilled the site IODPwestern one Expedition 3 beneath the central Mentelle Basin (Olierook et (Olierook beneath3 central Mentelle Basin the β

≈ 1.4–1.6 on the Naturaliste Plateau in the the Pert and Naturaliste 1.4–1.6 on , 2002; OlierooketOlierooket al., al., 2016; 2002; , 2008), and Kerguelen Plateau (>119–100 (>119–100 Ma) Kerguelenand Plateau 2008), 2002). Lastly, isotopic data suggesting a mixture mixture suggesting Lastly,a isotopic data 2002). us accounting for the broad irregularandaccountingbroad us the for on data show volcanic edifices and flows atop flows andedifices datavolcanic showon et al., 2019) that was enriched in enriched in incompatible al., 2019) et that was 00; Ingle et al., 2002; Mahoney et Mahoney Ingle al., et 00; 1995; al., 2002; Zhu et al., 2009). Based on spatial proximity on al., 2009).Zhu et Based uelen fragmented have may or plume t al., 2009). However, other models for However, other al., 2009). t nbury NaturalistePlateauand basalts, Basalt, 128 Ma on the Naturaliste Plateau (Direen et (Direen 128 Naturaliste Plateau Mathe on been proposed to account thebroadforaccount proposedbeen to 3), two sites in in the central Mentelle two sites 3), Basin re 2c) (Direen et al., 2017; Frey al., 1996; re et al., (Direen 2017; et 2c) various times and places variousduring timesand(Kent, rifting places 00 km diameter Kerguelen00 plume km head diameter rpreted to be volcanic flows have flows volcanic rpretedbeen to be ian Ocean during rifting andhave breakup ian Oceanrifting during erpreted to indicate derivation erpretedfromderivation indicate sources to ally related to younger basalts youngerproducedally relatedbasalts by to le prior to rifting, perhaps prior creatingto rifting, le an perhaps 2003; Colwell et al., 1994; Goncharov & al., ColwellGoncharov 1994; et 2003; sthenospheric mantle bybroadmantle the sthenospheric eastern Indianremains uncertain.eastern Ocean Plateau and throughout the western andPlateau throughout exposed onshore as the Bunbury Basalt) Bunburyexposed onshore as Basalt) the exposed in in southern(the Ma Tibet 140-130 exposed st Gondwana. Thus, therelationship st Gondwana.Thus, themarginontheand thern Perth of Basin either et sub-lithospheric mantle (Olierook 124 Ma) (Olierook et Ma) eastern (Olierookal., 2015), 124 to the onset of seafloor spreading (Direen spreading(Direen of to the onset seafloor reased the fertility and enriched the fertility reased and the onds et al., 1998). Similar age basalts Similaral.,are1998).et age basalts onds Antarctica in Latethrough Antarctica in Cretaceous asalts) (Baksi, 1995; Baksi1995; (Baksi,al.,asalts) 1987; et al., 2016). al., 2016). edge of the Mentelleabove edgethe the Basin of accompanied by mafic volcanismmafic accompanied by h Basin Basin h throughout the succession cored at Site U1516. coredU1516. Site throughout atthe succession for IIISite unit at U waterII, and bathyal depths m) m)bathyallower(600-1000 bathyal (1000-2000 to IIIIVand succession (units of claystoneand chalk II).IIconformably Unit chalkand (unit claystone claystonePaleocenethe separatesbase (subu the of claystone clayst andAlbian Paleocenesilty through 4).Site IcAt U1516) U1514, Site (Figure lithos at claystonegrades (lithostratigra that into downward to Miocene (lithostratigraphic ooze or Eocene late Drilling atdeepest (Figure bathymetrically bot 1). Ment parts of the the central northern southern and syn-rift strata (Fi of flowsthe the top faulted at where a manifests asthe Mentelle Basin, westernit lithostratigraphic units from between boundary the glauconiti of the that culminatedtop in deposition a on subsiding coast, be nearshore facies deposited Mentelimaged databasins in the eastern seismic on of strat environment the in the partsyn-rift upper IIcinterpreted Unit al., 2020). to is (Wainman et andIIbLate lithostratigraphic (Kia Jurassic unit Cr earliestPalynomorphs dinoturbation. indicate an debris,plantfernclaystone polle containing coal, IIc, whic mbsf376–402 lithostratigraphic unit into glauconite.IIb downward abundant Unit transitions is claystonedistinguishedand from siltstone that IIa unit top,unitIIb.separates its from Atunit IIaunit 2 silty betweenin lithostratigraphic sand surface poorseparates across recoverya detachment th m) (200-600 m) depths in to 200 bathyal to upper (200-20 in bathyal indicate deposition water depths limestone the129 andupper encounteredsequence in upper of Campanian to aor consists Pleistoceneupp Shelfand1 Yallingup Two 3a). lithostrati (Figures Mentelle margin the Basi of of watereastern on the subsidence history of the southwesternm ofAustraliansubsidencethehistory thetheMentelleandBasi NaturalistePlateau on in i and breakupPlain Plateau andevents; Naturaliste the material Natura weathereddeposited on volcanic mantle duringthe thermalrifting;of the stateiii on ofthe the Naturalfirst samples basalts in-situ spanning were recoveryunc the breakup of strata i) (Hobbsal.,Huber2019; 2018 (Siteet et al, U1515) one and in the U1516), easter (Sitessite U1514 and

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article IODP Sites U1514 (water depth 3850 m) and U1516 (26 anddepth IODPm) 3850 U1516 Sites U1514 (water mete drilled ofto a 517 depth IODPHole U1515A was IIb is dominantly sandstone with with interbeddeddominantly is IIb sandstone gure 3c). ) a complete clastic succession containing completea )succession clastic 1514. Bathyal water depths areBathyal indicated water depths 1514. iste Plateau, which provide new constraintsPlateau,which provide on iste 10–325 mbsf. poorm recovery of Ainterval 10 10–325 mmeridgian to Tithonian) age for unit IIcagefor mmeridgian to Tithonian) unit a filling one of several small fault bounded fillingsmall a of one several have been deposited in a fluvio-lacustrinehavea deposited been in n, freshwater algae, and possible ofindicators freshwater andalgae, possible n, unit IIapyriteandof the less presenceby unit h sites encountered up to 400 400 m sites hPleistocene encountered of up to c IIa. prominent in unit sandstonereflector A overlies a Cenomanian through Albian CenomanianAlbian overlies a through tratigraphic unit IIa conformably overlies tratigraphic unit h is an andsandstone is h siltyorganic-rich ). Benthic foraminifera indicate middleforaminifera). Benthic indicate unit I) overlying Eocene to Paleocenechalk to I) Eocene unit overlying elle Basin, is ellewherestructurally and Basin, the basin increasingmarine with near the incursions Igraphic(Figure Unit were 4).identified units n, which provide new constraints on the n, constraints which provide new v) nearly complete successions v) nearly post-breakup phic unit II at Site U1514, and subunits IIIb phicandsubunits Site and at unit U1514, nit Ic) from an underlying Turonian cherty Ic) Turonian nit from an underlying below the basalt undated n unconformity onformity in the eastern Mentelle Basin; ii) Mentelle Basin; eastern onformity in the IIc and IIb at Site U1515 canSitebe IIcU1515 IIb and into traced at of I,with m)outer unit (upmostneritic 00 for ) (Figure 1). Key outcomes of the expedition Keyexpedition outcomesof(Figure )the 1). n, on the continental rise adjacent rise the to the n, continentalon n Mentelle Basin near the Yallingup Shelf YallingupMentelle the n near Basin etaceous (Valanginian or younger)oretaceous (Valanginianage for one (unit III). At Site U1516, Site aIII). onedetachment U1516, (unit At le Basin (Figure 3a). Unit IIb le 3a). (FigureBasin to Unit is interpreted e uppermost part of the unit. Aninterval of uppermostpart unit. eof the across a poorly recovered between acrossboundary recovered a poorly unit I from glauconitic sandstone, sandstone, Iandsand,glauconiticunit from argin. argin. er Santonian dominantly ooze, chalk, chert, er chalk, dominantly ooze, Santonian liste Plateau between the Perth AbyssalthePerth Plateau liste between m of the hole. Benthic foraminifera mofthehole. Benthic water depths for deposition of units Iofunits forand depths deposition water rs below seafloor (mbsf) in 850 850 m in rs (mbsf) below seafloor 75 m) are75respectively m)in located equivalent or nearly equivalent to the Valanginian theValanginian to equivalent equivalent or nearly beThe(2011). seismic can unconformity into traced seismicdata (Fig reflection unconformity in imaged Petr Basalt onBreakup, Analysis: 4 Constraints New ( eruptions with the Bunburycontemporaneous Basalt indic theirfor emplacement, (earliest Hauterivian) M10N VIthe endunitchronpredateflows thus of of 2019 Ma)M0r(Huber al., M10Nn.1nto 121 (131 et to magnet in Unit are basalt VI undated, flowsthe but on by other recovered maficprevious dredging rocks alkaliappear the lowest contents total with to be ratiosand typical ofwt%), tholeiit andZr/Nb Zr/Y samples from Unit VI samples Unit SiOhave from ofunit to deposition hydrothermally altered prior al.,andvolcanic2020).entireTejada The volca et the total butthickness V, below unit isof VI unit fivevolcaniclasticflows least erupti recording at AnV.83unit formthick upper to neritic bathyal in shallowingwate palynomorphsdeposition indicate the structu sedimentary succession.together, Taken paper in this as Va unit referrecent to usage, we al.,(McPhie1993;volcaniclasticetclassification morebut usagerecent (Fisher,Mulder, 2001), 1961; ofsecondaryvo (epiclastic) matchesthe definition nearby materialimm weathered from not (but perhaps 1974).strataare interpreted(DaviesThese al., et ba claystone its with atand a detrital ferruginous Leesimila A(Huber V) al., 2020).al., 2019; et et mineabundant volcanicand fragments, debris, plant earliest i to rangingHauterivian from Aptian early ma beds235 lithic-richthick conformably overlie III,unit 22 anmthick; depths (lithostratigraphic deposi clay claystoneand CenomanianAlbian through III, and waterof deposition units for resp depths II). fora Benthic unit interval (lithostratigraphic mfrom 181 an Cenomanian C through underlyingthick hiatus depositional A (lithostratigraphic I). unit Pleistocene Miocenestrataconsists latethrough of o depth maximumclustered to aextending boreholes, alithostratigraphic compos are identified in units Naturali overlyingmargineasternthe Basin, of the

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article IODP Site U1513 is located at 2788 m water depth on at mwaterIODP2788 located Sitedepth U1513 is The basalt flows of lithostratigraphic unit VI at S at VI unit The of basalt lithostratigraphic flows drift record the Stratigraphic 4.1 rift trans to of 2 contents (43.7–52.5 wt%), total alkali contents (2 wt%),contents total alkalicontents (43.7–52.5 minifera indicate bathyal middle indicate and miniferabathyal associated with a hardground separates unit I unit separatesassociated a hardground with d unit IV,mclay claystoneandThe 187 unit dthick). to be primarily deposits of comprisedepiclastic to on episodes (lithostratigraphic unit VI) unit lies episodes (lithostratigraphic on at encountered Sitenearby was se, 258 DSDP volcanogenic clastic, or simply an epiclastic an epiclastic clastic, volcanogenicor simply IIbyunderlain mthicka ectively.is 209 Unit less altered than either the less eitherBunburyalteredor Basalt the than undetermined (Figure 4) (Huber et al., 2019; al., 2019; et(Figure(Huber 4) undetermined ite stratigraphic section created from five itecreatedfrom stratigraphic section Manville et al., 2009). Following the moreFollowing Manville al., the 2009).et r lithostratigraphic unit, rich involcaniclithostratigraphic clasts unit, rich r IV, but the least (weakly to moderately) alteredtheIV, leastbutto moderately) (weakly interval of interbedded basalt flows intervaland basalt of interbedded nogenic clastic interval (units VI was V) and(units nogenic interval clastic ating that the flows were likely were atingthe flows that n age that contains glauconite, pyrite, shell pyrite,glauconite, shell age n that contains lcaniclastic deposits used by many authors many by lcaniclastic used deposits dominantly calcareous ooze ooze calcareous dominantly breakup unconformity encountered at Sitebreakup encounteredunconformity Unit ic flows5a,VI The basalts (Figures b). ste Plateau (Figures 1 and 3c). ste (FiguresSix Plateauand 1 clayey siltstone and sandstone interval clayey sandstone and siltstone ostratigraphic age of unit Vchrons spans unit ostratigraphic ageof res, trace fossils, benthic foraminifera, and benthicres, traceand foraminifera,fossils, ure 3c), as envisioned by Maloney etas envisioned al. ure 3c), has excluded epiclastic deposits from the deposits epiclastic excluded has ral grains and clasts (lithostratigraphic unitgrainsand clasts ral(lithostratigraphic Mentelle the where Basin eastern is it n.1n. This gives a This Ma n.1n. ageminimumof 131 the Naturaliste Plateau the (Figuresc).TheNaturaliste 5a, r depths downward in the fromsection depths in rdownward f 774 mbsf (Figure 4). The upper 65 mTheupper mbsffof 4). 65 774 (Figure 130-137 Ma; Olierook et al., al., 2016).Ma; Olierooket 130-137 ediately local) volcanic sources.volcanic V ediately local) Unit ition on the Southwest Australian margin onmargin Australian the Southwest ition ted in middle bathyal to bathyal ted in middle to bathyal water ; Lee; underlyinget al., basalt 2020). The ampanian calcareous ooze and ampanianchalk calcareous ogenesis, Extension, and Subsidence Subsidence Extension, and ogenesis, ite U1513 lie on top of the breakupof the top ite on U1513 lie the the edgewestern Mentelle of the .11–2.38 .11–2.38

estimated using OBS1 (Kimura and Kawabata, 2015). E Kawabata,and (Kimura2015). estimated OBS1 using equivalent to mantle potential temperatures mantle1380 potential equivalentof to and low low andTiO magmatic temperatures of 1369-1413 magmatic of temperatures at (appr GPaa1.5 source25% lherzolite of melting m primary forsterite Fo= This 92%. olivine content compositi magmaa primary Ariskin, 2014), indicates sample,leastPRIMACALC_2.10 alteredhigh-MgO using mo rocks. NaturalistePetrogenetic Plateau volcanic constraints wt%)8 melting theon first c > provide andof degrees fractionation low degrees melting of indicated by the seafloor spreading anomalies). spreading anomalies). byindicated the seafloor ev breakupNaturaliste Plateau (TableMa thefor 1) ( M3randnear between M5n is 3 chrons the boundary u V marineandof of deposition unit the claystones w least subsidence at followed middleby bathyal to to seafloor indicate neritic deepening of from the et and al., material bioturbation, (Hubervolcanic 2) corresponding and3) claystoneto silty (subunit with a upw conformable associateevent breakup this of the up during deposition breakup event) occurred event and emplacement of the Site U1513 basalts. eventand U1513basalts. the Site emplacement of age o narrowly approximately and coeval constrained U1513IODPmustchron Siteatunconformitypredate 3, in section Asthe Ma,basalt noted flo 1). Table et breaku then al., 2005), Plain Robb 1974; (Markl, M11n as If anomalyis seafloor the accepted oldest inter keeping with previous Perth in Plain,Abyssal associatinterpreted is the thus basalt to be flows al.,un 1974). The breakup et (DaviesSiteDSDP 258 v made plateau.the was Ainterpretation of similar migrated centerwestw Perth Plain Abyssal spreading bat marineworkedin shallow to upper deposited and the NaturalistefurtherPlateauon or south perhaps grainsfragments to mineralinterpreted lithic and Ma). epiclastic The M3n(126-124M5n overlying and ofthe spreading onsetbefore west of the seafloor magnetochr Plain between Perthbegun Abyssal the on partthis southwestern margin, onof Australian the flows eruptedbeento haveinterpret nea the basalt subaerial(H to nearshore environment watershallow presentsomeand structures U1515. flows Pillow in

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article Several of the basalt flows fromre haveSiteflows Several the U1513 basalt of melting Natur on Constraints 4.2 thefor conditions The onset of seafloor spreading west Natural The spreadingof of onset seafloor the 2 wt%)(0.31–0.60sug that are respectively contents ° C (Figure 6, Table 3). These magmatic Tabletemperaturesmagmatic 3).(Figure These 6, C ed with spreadingof the onsetseaflooron with the ed 2019; Lee foraminifera 2019; et Benthic al., 2020). ws encountered the breakupws above upper bathyal depths during this upperinterval,this depths bathyal during be eroded from volcanic rocks on the rocks on be eroded from volcanic Naturaliste Plateau between Naturalistemagnetochrons between Plateau r sea level during the last stages of extension stages extension duringof sea r last level the decreases in the abundance of fossils, of fossils, in the decreasesabundance conjugate Antarctica margin, which were re- conjugatemargin, which were Antarctica onditions andfor primary magma onditions composition olcaniclastic at strataencounterednearby immediately after seafloor spreadingimmediately seafloor had after pretations (Borissova, 2010; Hall etHall al., 2013). pretations2010; (Borissova, nit IV. The transition between subunits 2 and2 IV.subunits between transition nit The p must have occurred after chron M11r(133 have chron mustp after occurred spreading anomaly on the Perth Abyssal Perth spreading the anomaly on oximately 50 km depth), with modeled with oximatelykm 50depth), . These primitive composition basalts (MgO These .primitive composition deling based on majordeling elementtheondatabased from ent (in agreement with the the age range ent with (in agreement -1410 -1410 ater depth during Aptian timebetween Aptian ater during depth agma can be generatedfromapproximatelyagmacan be per part of lithostratigraphic unit V. We per V. unit part of lithostratigraphic oxidation of most flowsof in a suggesteruption oxidation ard transition from clayey siltstone (subunit (subunit ard from clayeysiltstone transition hyal conditions (Lee et the al., 2020) et as (Lee conditions hyal We2019a;Tejadaetet al., al., 2020). uber conformity imaged on seismic below conformity data on imaged ard along the northern marginthe ardof northern along the on with Mg# = 0.77 and equilibrium with Mg#on and = 0.77 f 132-133 Ma for the PerthforMa breakupBasin the f 132-133 Lee et al., 2020), indicating anLeeage al., 126 2020), et of indicating ons M11r and M11n (133-132 Ma)(133-132M11rM11nbutandons M10Nn.1n (131 Ma). This aM10Nn.1n implies (131 sequence of unit V contains volcanic of Vsequence unit xcept for the mostfor (LOI altered the xcept samples ° with COMAGMAT3.72 (Kimura and(KimuraCOMAGMAT3.72 with aliste basalts Plateau iste Plateau (the Naturaliste Plateau (thePlateauNaturaliste iste C, with a nominal valueof 1400 nominal with a C, latively high MgO (8.7–11.8 wt%) MgOlatively(8.7–11.8 high gestive ofgestiverelatively high ° are C, are IfMentelle is attributed thinningentirely Basin. 12 Mentelle by and theBasin, western Site U1513 in that suggests crustthe the pre-rift crus thickness et Takin al., 2016).al.,(DireenOlierook 2007; et is similarthe Shelf crust the to beneath Yallingup Readingal.,2003; al., 2016; Olierook 2011; etet asmaykm,thickbetween locally be 32as and to 38 thethe crustthickness functionshow inof studies Perth betweenMentelleBasins. andGr that lies the ofonshore, the Perththe Yilgarn Basin Craton east unknown, likely is is si been extension but to have kmrespSites least U1515,kmat U1513 and 14 5and so the amount of crustal thinning by extension give extension crustal by the amountso thinning of beneath thesouthwest oferosion the pre-rift crust is ofsignificantmagmatic unli the crust inflation mafields potential associatedhighs with typically Mut (e.g., crustintrusion magmatic wasby inflated Falvey,(e.g.,A 1974). the earlyrifting stages of thinningofli crustwas Specifically,portion some riftin thinning, during extensional occurred likely alteneed recognizedthat additionalHowever, it be determined from the present depth of the breakup un of thedepthbreakup determined the present from of the equilibrationthe rifted lithosphere, minimu elevation a 1999). pre-rift Airy Assuming isostasy, flat relativelyi Australiana peneplain wasmargin water (1000 kgwaterm (1000 strata thickness above the unconformity (~800 mand stratathicknessthe (~800 unconformity above at WD Sites (2788 850 mand mdepth where is water basalts. WeWeisFrey,infe 2002).and etWallace al., 2002; Indian andKerguelen Ocean de Southeast Ridge plume The originFiguresthe Site (e.g., of and 1 5b 5c). encountere thecompositionalof basalts with fields wt%),5 and thecompomajor element > trace element Naturaliste Plateau, although they estimate theyNaturalistePlateau,althoughhigher by1.4–1.6, al. were etestimated = (2016) Olierook densities of the mantle (3300 kg m kgof densities the mantle (3300

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article β atto 1.8 1.5 U1513andSite = ∆ = = ∆ zi from Paleodetermined detrital patterns drainage thinning the distributio amount andCrustal 4.3 and -3 ) (e.g., Lee indicates that the This al., ) 2019). et (e.g., + + -3 ), crust (2800 kg),m crust (2800 β to 1.21.1 amount Siteof Similar exte = at U1513.

t has been thinned a minimum of 33 to 44% at to 44%of minimum t 33 beenhas a thinned dditionally, it is possible that the base of the that the base is of possible the dditionally,it to extension, the correspondingfactorsextension, extension to kely. The amount and spatial distribution of anddistribution kely. spatial amount The 140 basalts has been interpreted to be mixing to be of basalts beenhas 140 interpreted g the extremes (30 and 43 km) as indications of thegkm)extremes43and as indications (30 g and affected the isostatic state of the margin.of isostatic the stateaffected and g the that of the craton, ranging kmfrom of ranging the craton, 30-35 that ern Australian marginal basins is is unknown,marginal basins Australianand ern Saygin and Kennett, 2012). ofThe 2012). Sayginthickness Kennett,and m amount of thinning of the crust, the crust, mof thinning amount of the western Yilgarn Craton typically ranges the western Craton Yilgarn gmatic underplating or intrusion, and so gmaticorintrusion, underplating kely accommodated by erosion during in kely by erosion uplift accommodated n Early Jurassic time (Sircombe and Freeman, Earlynand(Sircombe Jurassic time milar to the unextended crust beneath either milar crust to the unextended values (values at sea level, and post-rift thermalsea andre- atlevel, post-rift d at ODP Site 1140 on the KerguelenPlateau atd SiteODP the on 1140 rations of the crust thickness, beyondrationsthickness, of the crust or the relatively unextended Yallingup Shelf or Yallingup the relatively unextended n above may be over-estimated. over-estimated. may aboven be marginet theter largeThe al., 1982). lacks for the southern Perth Basin theandBasin forPerth the southern avity, seismic refraction, receiverandrefraction, avity, seismic r a similar origin for the Naturaliste Plateau the Naturaliste for aorigin r similar 43 km (Dentith et al., 2000; al., Kennett 2000; etet 43 al., km (Dentith conformity: to 16% at Site U1515 in theeasternat in to 16%Site U1515 335 and335 m), ectively. The thickness of thecrust priorof to ectively.thickness The U1513 and U1515, respectively), ST U1515, U1513 and is respectively), sitions of the Site U1513 basalts theoverlapSite of U1513 sitions -3 pleted mantle sources (Dosso mantleet(Dosso al., 1988; pletedsources ), post-rift strata (2300 kg m kg(2300 ), stratapost-rift β rconsthe western indicate that n ofn extension = 3) in in the central = 3) Mentelle Basin. crust has beenby at thinned has crust ρ m , , ρ c , ρ s , and, ρ w are the are the ∆ -3 H, can be can H, ),and nsion, (1) (1) β

where T loading (Steckler and Watts, 1978): loading and (Steckler to the baseof the fromuni in the change depth the foraminifera indicate water depths increased only s increased water foraminifera only depths indicate PlainN andPerth timeAbyssal interval between the bet 250 m (Figuredeposited This was 7). unit thick Mentelle VSite abov at U1513 in the Basin, western using the densities above, the previouslyestimated usingabove, thedensities more tha McKenzie predicts (1978)thinningof model tectonic subsidence during mof moreabout 630 than basalts atV). Theunitof the upper un top of part Pla the Naturaliste followingMyr depths to 5 3 for between breakup remained the two depths neritic at ∆ bathyal (Lee et al., 2020). Thetectonic(Lee bathyalamount etof al., 2020). are unknown. are unknown. of the possibly lithos the thinning base of thermal breakup of prior is the also likely lithosphereto tecton crustalmostextensional thinning of this to waswith most coeval likely eventandPlain breakup U15 Siteofatthe thinningWe 50-75% conclude that th onamount estimated occurredto havethinning of Pla Plain andPerth betweenNaturaliste Abyssal the amount of caselithosphere), crus cool the (warm or estimates mucho coolerm)but largermodel, the as simi crust)in a results (representingmore mafic a km thick pre-rift lithosphere and a mantlea km lithosphere potentia pre-rift thick and mantle, sediments, and respectively.water,mantle, and sediments, accordingly lower mantle density of 3100 kg mkg mantle density of accordingly 3100 lower co basalts VIsuggestestimatedhotterfor the unit t Plain ridge and Abyssal plumespreading Perth and re- thermal representativeafterthe lithosphere of ( mthinning crustal correspondsof to 3030 to1650 633 m to of equation tectonic indicates 2 333 subsi Usi bathyal). lowermostupper neritic(innermost to bath the andmidpointsneritic between of upper the depth that occurred during deposition of the unit, theoccurredunit, depth of during that deposition was migrating westward along the northern margins o margins along thenorthern waswestward migrating Plateau th heatflow tolateral from of (southward) in syn-rift early approximately and 570 mdeficit p

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Accepted ArticleandSL The highest sedimentation Theencounteredrates highest in the Subsidence 4.4 sedimentation history and Despite 14 km cumulative thinnin Despitemore crustalof 14 or u is the uncompacted thickness of the unit (273 m:L (273 of is the the unit uncompacted thickness ∆ = SF respectively are the changes in eustatic seaeustaticlev changes respectively in are the SF ∆ − ∆ + ∆ SF is nominally estimated to be 300 m nominallydistance be 300 SF(the estimated to is -3 to have occurred due to erosion at and the top to have to erosion due occurred

and a higher crust densityma of kg 2900 higher and crust it V erupted near the seafloor V and erupted no underwent the seafloor it near equilibration. The proximity of the Kerguelen Thethe equilibration. proximityof ism, but we note that non-extensional thinning non-extensional we ism, but that note phere. The amounts of these these typesthinning phere. ofamounts of The nditions atan the time of nditions Assumingbreakup. and and lar amount of tectonic subsidence (315amount larof tectonic to 615 t after correcting afterfor water and t sediment subsidence, S e Perth Abyssal Plain spreading ridge, spreadingwhich Perth Plain eAbyssal l temperature1300l of ost-breakup subsidence on the Naturalisteost-breakup subsidence on extension factor extension of depositionthe teauevent(during breakup dence during deposition of unit V,unit dencewhich of during deposition lightlyfromtime, during to neritic this ween 131 to 121.8 Ma, 121.8 ween encompassing 131 the to equation 1). The densities used are equationThehere 1).densities ng the densities from the ngprevious section, fromthe densities the yal ranges),ma of maximum with 600 depth tal thinning inferred to have occurredthinning tal to have inferred f crustal thinning (3612 to 6762 In m).eitherto 6762 f(3612 thinning crustal teau breakup events is less than the total than is teau less the total events breakup events on the margin and atthe marginbathyalonupperevents and aturaliste Plateau breakup events. Benthic Plateauaturaliste breakup e margin in the previous section (14 km).section (14 e margin in the previous he he relativelymelting temperature high extension in the Perth Basin. We in thePerthattribute extension Basin. e the eastern flank of the Naturaliste Plateau ethe Naturaliste Plateau flankthe easternof this time. The one-dimensional pure shear pure time.this shear one-dimensional The 13 took place prior to thePerth tookAbyssal 13 prior to place ρ f the Mentelle Basin and Naturalisteand the Mentelle f Basin n 1200 m of subsidence at Site U1513 subsidence at m 1200 n of m , ρ boreholes areunitboreholes in lithostratigraphic s , and, g, U1513 Site at the seafloor ee et al., 2020 supplemental ee al., data), 2020 et el (60 m; Haq, 2014) seafloorm; (60andHaq, el t , during this periodestimated is this during , ρ w are the densities of densities the are the β = 1.9, = a assuming and 125 ° C. WeC. the attribute -3 2 upper

followed, during which time the western Australian Australian westernwhich followed,the during time (Veevers,relativeA of extension period tec 2006). basins striking to north-northwest that rift north to openingriftingeasteCretaceous ofled the that F in marginsummarizedcontinental is schematically 5 Discussion: Implications for Rifting Rifting and Magmatis for Discussion:5 Implications more globallyanddramatic observed2004), (Molnar, Sitesslightly sedimentationatU151increased rate Epo theOligocene Australia-Antarctic seaway during a establishment strong offollowing non-deposition LuyendyktheDavi NaturalisteandPlateau, which on with Miocen an uppersedimentationcorrelates rates m Miocene This ofOligoceneendthroughEpoch).the 15 the MaU1513 and low Sites until U1514 atuntil decreasedrates again opened. accumulation Sediment ocean changing productivity,byinfluencedperhaps Paleoge margin the rates during the southwestern on We84 more Ma.was at it consider establishedabout Antarctic and becauseplates presuma Australian the a subsidence pr result direct sedimentationof were considerHowever,unlikely Ma 42it 2f).we(Figure s seafloorfromto normaltransition spreading slow of onsettheMa latter The episodto 32 7). (Figure Ma U1514 between Site rapid 60–55 sedimentation at (FigureMa southernonmargin exhumation the 84 by theto transition with Ma, approximately coinciding Sedimentation slo rates Antarcticaand (Figure 2f). theonsetrifti approximately with of corresponding may begunlate phase have sedimentation as of rapid Whittaker et al., al., 2016 Plate2012; et (Gibbons Knolls GuldenMa Batavia and Draak that transferred at Site U1513 approxim phase sedimentation of rapid 82Ma 110 atand about least sedimentation between the margin cooled and subsided to to middlede bathyalthe cooledmargin subsided and Myrapproximately20 zero werefollowing or for low that Plain of Abyssal beenspr the Perth to similar its sobreakup,thermal margin the Australian after T rifting.elevated keptmargin may during the have (orAlternatively in addiPlateau during time. this

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article The tectonic, stratigraphic, and magmaticTheand tectonic, evolution stratigraphic, subsidence Tectonic5.1 and evolution The post-rift depositional hiatus at Site at U1513 hiatus was The depositional post-rift Slow sedimentation continued through the through Paleogene, Slow sedimentation continued initially formed during early to middleearlyPermianformed to initially during rn Indian Ocean followed the trendIndianolderfollowed the Oceanof rn tion), heat fromplume the nearbyKerguelen tion), eading ridge. Sedimentation atrates U1513 eadingSiteSedimentation ridge. ; Williams(Figuresecondal.,The 2013) et ; 2e). e of rapid sedimentation e coincidesthe of rapidwith sedimentation effect on the margin effecthave the would on time through 3 and U1514 after about 15 Ma, as 15 afterand3 been has about U1514 tonic quiescence and slow thermal subsidence thermalquiescenceand tonic slow oduced by extension on the southern oducedon margin, by extension wed at Sites U1514 and U1516 U1516 88after aboutwed atU1514 and Sites ng on the southern margin between ngmargin Australia the southern on preading on the southern margin preading 47–the southern on between slow seafloor spreading and/or mantle seafloormantle slow and/or spreading circumpolar current after openingthe aftercurrent of circumpolar he plume moved southwestward awayheplumefrom moved southwestward margin remained near sea level, asremainedmargin near level, sea e unconformity at DSDP Sites 258 andDSDP at264 Sitese 258 unconformity after becameslow spreading bly decoupled ne are a result of changes in carbonateof changesresult are in a ne circulation patterns as Ocean circulationthe Southern patterns that either of the Paleogene periods of Paleogene periodsrapid either the of that of present time (increasing slightly presentslightly time after (increasing the as 105 Ma at Sites U1514 Ma andSites U1516, atU1514 as 105 pths (Figure pths 7). igure 8. The Late Jurassic TheEarly through igure 8. likely that changes in the sedimentation changes in likely that Ma (Figure 7). The beginning of 7).the second beginning (FigureMa The ately with at the ridge 108 jump coincides es (1974) attributed to seafloorand to erosion esattributed (1974) ch (Kennett et al., 1972). Theet ch (Kennett al., 1972). to the Australian from Plate Indian the ally at Site U1516 (Figure allyat7). U1516Site after about 32 Ma and remained32after aboutand Ma relatively the Naturaliste Plateau breakupPlateau event as the Naturaliste 2g). 2g). and at Sites U1514 and U1516 betweenSites U1516 U1514 and and47 at iddle Mioceneof low interval iddle m on the Southwest Australian Margin Australianm Margin onSouthwest the followed by a second phase of rapid of phase a rapid followed bysecond of the southwestern Australian southwestern of Australian the interrupted by periods ofrelatively interruptedby periods breakup and the onset of seafloor spreading on the the seaflooron breakup spreading of onset and the eastern marinein Mentelle the Basin transgression upward marineat into U1515transition strata Site La 8b).2003) et(FigureThe al., breakup (Bradshaw Perth duestrata missing in the syn-rift are Basin (SitheAustralian marginform beneath basement the from the within Proterozoi dominantly local sources syn-ri of of zircons detrital the in the part lower Crostella etBackhou and al., Borissova 2002; 2010; fla unconformity breakup the faulton the blocks by coevalfaulting uplift with filling of and the sub- one stratathat fault-bounded filledseveral of the unit fluvio-lacustrine(lithostratigraphic sequence Wepaper). this and interpr (Olierook 2016, et al., the Perth Basin, where the crust was thinned by fac the Perthcrustthinned by was Basin, the where easter the within centralandmostfocused strongly the breadth of the faultingsou normalspanned that Jurassic Earlythrough that (Figure indicating 3), al., et (Borissova, Borissova Mentelle2002; Basins t on breakup faultsabundant unconformity below the etreactivated (Bradshaw al., on 200 faults Permian fluvial deltaicandearliest st Cretaceous syn-rift a time,Middleaccompanied and Jurassic faultingby Yeateset2006; Norvick, al., 1987) Veevers, 2004; c Triassic deposits, Early Jurassic through deltaic byBasin PerthevidencedEarly Triassic shal in the deposited in the volcanogenic clastic succession on clastic deposited in the succession volcanogenic thetheatopb volcanicMa, with deposited sequence volcanicamargin (FigureThefrom transitioned 8d). (Gibbo MaBarremian atPlateau early 126 during the andMa133-132 the duringato Valanginian late the margin the onse the southwesternbetween Australian 2010),et consiste (Borissova, al., Borissova 2002; in the Mentelle B western profilesmany show faults theonsetspreading Plain, Abyssalpreceded of but Ma; 2017) Direenetwere(132-128 synchronous al., f the dredgedmafic rocks and SiteMa), U1513 (>131 neritic depths following the Perth Abyssal Plain Abyssal br depths Perthneritic following Plain the at Site overlying that U1513 show flows the basalt foraminiferaand PerthBenthic sedim Plain.Abyssal margina nearlevel southwestern sea Australian was and(Crostella Basin unconformityPerth Back in the the recovery ofIIb Siteunit similar and at U1515, marineshallowacros depositionfrom to terrestrial

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article Shallow water and/or subaerial emplacement of the b Shallow water the subaerialand/or ofemplacement Basi inthe Perth Emplacementof Basalt the Bunbury ft strata in the Perth Basin, which which indicate Basin, stratain the Perthft rata within half-grabens, many of which formed manyhalf-grabens,of rata within basins is indicated by 1) erosional truncationindicated of is erosional by basins 1) sub-basins within the emergent rift. Regionalthe within emergent sub-basins to Early Cretaceous erosion at the time Early Cretaceous of erosion to Cretaceous extension was accommodatedextension Cretaceous by IIc) at Site U1515 to be part of the syn-rift IIc)Site at of U1515 to be the part syn-rift oal measures, and red beds (Hall et al., red2013; and oal beds measures, et the Late Jurassic to earliest CretaceousLatethe etto earliest Jurassic shallow water upper Jurassic strata below the watershallow Jurassic upper nt with ongoing extension on this portion of portion this on with ongoingextension nt s the stratal equivalent of theinunconformity ofs the stratal equivalent eakup event at 133-132 Ma, and atMa,at eakup 133-132 upper event (units IIb and IIa), indicating subsidence andIIa),indicating IIb(units and subsidence n Mentelle Basin and in theoutboardpartsof MentellenandBasin in low marine beds grading upward upward to Early low marinegrading beds thwestern Australian margin. Extension was thwesternmargin.Extension Australian Perth Abyssal Plain at 132 Ma Perth 8c).Plain (Figure at 132 Abyssal 3; Norvick, 2004). Seismic profiles show show Norvick, profiles 2004). 3; Seismic beginning in late Valanginian time following beginningtime Valanginian in late west Plateau.Seismicof the west Naturaliste the Naturaliste the remained nearatPlateau or tors of tors the Naturaliste Plateau the(FigureNaturaliste Plateau 3c). 2010; etHall 2010; al., 2011)al., Maloney 2013; et (Figure 8a). Extension wasExtension renewed8a).(Figure during nks of the rift basins (Figure 3) (Figure(Borissova, rift nks basins 3) of the se, 2000; Hall et al., 2013); and 2) et Hall the 2000; ages al., se, 2013); c Pinjarra and Albany-Fraser orogens that that orogens c Pinjarra Albany-Fraser and reakup unconformity being erodedand beingre- reakup unconformity andactive 132 126 to inactive between lly asin extend upward into Barremianupward into asin extend strata te Jurassic syn-rift fluvio-lacustrine deposits deposits Jurassicfluvio-lacustrine syn-rift te nset of spreading west of the Naturaliste west nset of spreading t the time seafloor spreading began on the the thetimeon tbegan spreading seafloor house, 2000) indicate that the the entire that indicate house, 2000) entary features in the epiclastic featuressectiontheepiclastic entary in ccumulation of Late Jurassic throughLate Jurassic ccumulation of rcombe and Freeman,1999). The rcombe upper and he Naturaliste Plateau and in the he Perth and Naturaliste with seafloor spreading on the Perth Perth seaflooron spreading with the t of spreading on the Perth Abyssal ofPlainspreadingtPerth on Abyssal the ns et al., 2012; Williams etns al., 2013) al., et2012; rom the margins of the Naturaliste Plateau marginsNaturalistePlateau ofromthe the β

≈ asalts at Site U1513, the transition thetransition at U1513, asalts Site n (137–130 Ma), the at (137–130 n basalt Ma),flows the 1.7–3 1.7–3 andrespectively 1.2–1.6, broad bathyal depth range in early Albian time. in early rangebroad Albian time. depth bathyal l and U1516)U1514 centralMentelle (Sites Basin is MentelleBa west seawaysubsiding byand tothe the from prevented reaching wouldt Australia been have Sediment from the pote subsiding terranes.volcanic in t reduction andof the plateau the corresponding sedimentation in rate Weaf attribute the reduction middle bathyalPlateau at reached depths had least time,marinea IV atasclaystones the this of unit We al., (Gibbonsthat infer margin2012). therma et Basin Perthwestward jump coinciding of a the with Plateau occurred strata(unit V) the Naturaliste on the rift at the time of breakup. thethe timerift at breakup. of U1513 the supports pres basalt Site compositions at lower bathyal to abyssal (>2000 (>2000 m)water lower depths (Fi to abyssalbathyal sincelate deposition experienced marginlittle has o southernpart in the 250 of m aboutcarbonates of Australia occurred opened between seawayas the new fromcolumn resulted theproductivitywater that in changes in sedimenta of subsidence. post-Aptian The and th so strata carbonatethe post-Aptian rich are with tectonic correlateMaevents Ma, Ma,and 47 60 Ma). of The60-55 rapid sedimentation perio between Antarcticaand (this was occurredAustralia between spreadin seafloorwhen normal beganMa, at47 about rapid sedimentation in the intervalc of relatively d spreading plates as Australian slow Antarctic and andmay aboutU1516,atMa ind which 88 Sites U1515 bymargin.supported the is latter possibility The mayor itsub from input rift, reflect the southern Greater and after marginbetween Australia breakup may ref duringperiodthis high sedimentation rates Maatonset spreading 108 with of ridge and the rif periodcoinciden was of of this rapid sedimentation Ma andbetweenU1516) 110-100 to beginning lasting (SiteU1513) Plateau an occurred the Naturaliste on approximately 1400 approximately 1400 moving wasthe awayplume, from which southwestward between the Naturaliste Mentelle PlateauandBasin migr which was Perth ridge, Plain Abyssal spreading andstages canriftingafterward immediately be of Theongoing lack events, in spite ofof extension. mmore no 630 margin of abouttecton than underwent Myr3 theNat followingbathyalfor least depths at

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article Following the depositional hiatus at Site U1513 a p at hiatusSite Following U1513 adepositional the The onset of a depositional hiatus and ofthe endand d Thehiatus of onset a depositional ° C mantle potential temperature byC indicatedtemperature mantle potentialpetroge sidence related to extension on the southern on sidencerelatedto extension entral Mentelle Basin (Sites U1514and U1516)Mentelle (Sites Basin entral t Site U1513 indicate that Naturalistethe eastern U1513indicateSitethat t modest sedimentation afterrates decrease in ickness changes are not necessarily indicative indicative changes ickness necessarily are not at chron M0r time (Lee et M0r chronal., 2020),atet time (Lee greater ofamounts final subsidence during the Oligocene time as it subsided to its modern to its Oligocene subsided as it time ter deposition of unit V to to the increasedof V deposition unit ter depth he supply of clastic sediments weathered weathered from he sedimentssupply clastic of uraliste Plateau breakup event at 126 Ma.event 126 uralisteat The breakupPlateau ting on the southern Australian margin. TheAustralian tingthe southern on by early Albian time (110 Ma)by 8e). (110 (Figure Albian time early attributed to attributed to the proximity the of i) either f the central Mentelle Basin (Site U1516), the (SitefU1516), the central Mentelle Basin changes in ocean circulation patterns that inocean circulation changes lect ongoing thermal subsidence on the subsidence on ongoingthermallect eveloped on the southern margin.Another evelopedthe southern on Indianofthe westward with a Ocean t jump l subsidence of the Naturaliste began Plateausubsidence l Naturaliste of the ence of a warm buoyant plumebeneath ence buoyant warm head a of d in and in the dcentralMentelle (U1514Basin ntial distal sources in Greater Indiasources ntial distal in Greater and 132 MaMa, the Kerguelenii) 132 124 and or gure 8f). gure8f). intervalby Sitepreceded aat U1514 short oosely constrained to have been within the the ooselywithin been have to constrained spreading ridge away from the Australian fromtheawayAustralian spreading ridge India, increased sediment with possibly on the southern margin, but webut that notesouthernon margin, the sin to to the Thesineast. in the water depth ating westward along the northern edges ofalong the edges northern westward ating he Naturaliste Plateauopenedby the newly he Naturaliste tion rate may be due to to increasedmay ratedue tion be ds of rapid sedimentation beginning of atds rapid sedimentation 100 gfinal establishedseparation was and n and Antarctica. Except for accumulation andn Except Antarctica. ic subsidence between the two breakup ic the two subsidencebetween at least 82 Ma (Figure 7). The 7).beginning(Figure Ma at82 least icate decreased coupling between coupling decreasedthe icate margin during this time. The marginthis during eposition of the clasticvolcanogenic eposition eriod of relatively rapid sedimentation eriod of rapid relatively netic modeling of the netic to most siliclastic rocks, whichfr rocks, range typicallyto most siliclastic velocities in this kminterval average6 velocities in this abouts et al.,Valanginian (Borissovaunconformity breakup interprete stratapreviously syn-rift that been has by be basalt produced fl amplitudecould reflectors Men westernthe centralandbreakup in unconformity the thick strati reflectors within undrilled imaged sy evidenceearlierofBickle,Possiblesuch 1988). centralMentellextendedparticularly in the highly and Stanley, 2003). Assuming a basalt velocity of 6 velocityaStanley,Assuming andbasalt of 2003). 2005; Presnall et al., 2002), although global avera2002), globalPresnallalthough2005; al., et McKeKimuraKawabata, 2015;Presnall,2005; and and (approximately 50 km depth) and a mantle potential mantlekm a and depth) (approximatelypotential 50 melting generated from U1513 were approximately 25% ° temperaturepotential moderately inferr mantle high n geographicallyahas small widespread, relatively latep IODP early Site and syn-rift U1513 represent or alimbs with 1989), multiple fragmented from or Olierook 2017;et et Period al., (Direen Cretaceous headKerguelendiameter the beneath northeast plume meltinga conditions McKenzie, WhiteandThe 1995). pl expecteda plume,for broad the within range but compared to the global average, which typically ran average,which typically comparedglobal to the 1985). The seismic velocity of basalt typically1985). of seismic velocitybasalt ran The breakup. The estimated mantle temperature mantleis temperature breakup. estimated The an seemsof temperature the presence indicative of Putirka et suggestedhaveal., 2007; (Herzberg been the western Australia rifted margin. This is consis is rifted the margin. westernThis Australia magmatism immediately breakuthat occurred prior to Naturalis Mentelle and Basin basalts of the western SiteInU1513.IODP interbeddedat VI unit flows of as is hydrothermal observed cementation, in the vol inif the high velocitybemayunconformity implied marginPerth stratafurthereastBasi the theon in theimagedthose Mentelle with Basin western within estimated primary magma temperaturesfrommagma 1 rangingestimated primary than 6.5 km6.5thans Substantiallyto 100%) (up ofvolumes basalt larger a below the central Valanginian in the unconformity volume sugge or of averagingsills), the velocities

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Acceptedhave melt thickness should asuggests of C)larger Article Petrogenetic modeling suggests that the most primit that modelingthe Petrogenetic suggests syn-rift of basalPetrogenesis and5.2 distribution The Bunbury Basalt and the basalt flows encountered the basalt andThe Basalt Bunbury Alternatively, little belbasalt (potentiallylittle Alternatively, none) -1 , although this seems unlikely given the similarity seems this although, unlikely ≥ -1 100 100 (Maloney et al., 2011), which is high is al., 2011),compared et which (Maloney d to fill the the fillfaultbasins bounded below the to rift d om about 2.5 to 5.0 kms5.0 about om to 2.5 fied interval below the lowermost (Valanginian) n (e.g., Borissova et al., 2010). (e.g.,nal.,Borissova 2010). et sts 67-88% of the material material filling 67-88% rift of basins the sts the ge potential temperatures as temperatures ge high as 1420 potential tent with the the model tent (2016), ofwith al.Olierooket ges from about 5.2 to 6.5 kmges s to 6.5 5.2 from about e Basin (whereBasin e n-rift magmatism are n-rift magmatism seismic high-amplitude ows interbedded within the Lateowsinterbedded the within Cretaceous al., 2016; Olierook et al., 2017; Storey2017; al., al., al., Olierook2016; etet et thickness for plume-related volcanism. The volcanism. thickness plume-related foret active or recently active plume atof active the time active or recently ume head (Campbell and Griffiths, ume1990; (Campbell head and te Plateau minorterepresent may late-stage ost-rift magmatism that, although ost-rift magmatism that, , 2005). The relatively high potential high 2005).relativelypotential , The may be implied if the basalt basalt velocity the is if lower be implied may caniclastic sediments in unit V and V unit in the caniclasticin sediments .5 .5 km s been produced during earlier stages of rifting, earlierrifting, been during stages of produced ed from the basalts (1400 Naturaliste Plateau ed dismembered plume (Coffin et dismembered al., 2002). plume (Coffin ges1250 from clasticthe to is syn-riftdue sediments ° nd western Mentelle Basin could be Mentelle couldBasin western nd basaltic. such a case, the Bunbury Basalt and the a case, Basalt the Bunbury such temperature of about 1400 oftemperatureabout 1400 2010; Maloney et al., 2011). Seismic al., Maloney2010; et C lower than expected for the axis offor a the axis expected lower C than Permian Jurassic sedimentaryandsyn-rift telle Basin (Figure 9). Thesehigh- (Figure 9). telle Basin ern during Oceanthe IndianEarly p on an otherwise amagmatic segment of amagmatic an otherwise on p re thus consistent with with re eitherconsistentlarge thus a ow the Valanginian breakup the breakup Valanginian ow 369-1413 369-1413 nzie and Bickle, 1988; McKenzie et McKenzieal., Bickle,and 1988; nzie of a lherzolite source at 1.5 GPa at of GPa a1.5 source lherzolite ts and relation to the Kerguelen relationPlume and to the ts -1 iveatbasaltsrecovered IODP Site (appropriate for low low porosity(appropriate for flows in the western Mentelleat theBasin western in of the deep reflections in the reflections deep of the ° β C). This temperature is temperaturehigh is This C). ° > 3) (e.g., > McKenzie3) and C to 1350 C to 1350 -1 (Castagna et al, ° C (Gudfinnsson (Gudfinnsson C ° -1 C (with C (Christensen ° C C GPa and with a mantle potential temperaturemantle1400 andaGPa of potential with formed indicates these approximately basalts 25% by the that first time forin-situ wereduring sampled basalt the overlain Valanginianby is unconformity InMentelle M11n Ma). the (133-132 M11rwestern and Perth Plain, seafloorwhic on Abyssal spreadingthe Vala continental margin The shelf. the late beneath f Basin, which extends present inthe Perth that is to be Basin equivalent inthe Mentelle westernand theDrillingseismicallydeposits. bre imaged shows penetratedof the the through post- Mentelle Basin, marineunit (Albian)claystone Cretaceous post-rift Mente located Sitesin the central U1516,U1514 and immediatelyth lie above that volcaniclastic layers penetratedNaturaliste Early Plateau,drilling into Mente Site margin. in the Atwestern U1513, located 6 Summary 6 plume li or plume mantle warm head sub-lithospheric be maycentral extendedMentelle Basin western and metasomatized adomainsmantle, lithospheric within moderately southern Bunbury in the extended Basalt fav from This aplume. influence indicates hot some mantle temperat Bunbury high the Basalt, relatively may fertilemeltingHowever, although components of pr that werethemselves thedomainsmantle upper in froriginated that suggested whothe Bunbury Basalt deposited after breakup. deposited afterbreakup. afault in bound fluvio-lacustrine strata deposited Late from as upward conformable transition a rapid at SiteIn Mentelle Basin easternU1515, Basin. the the Bu contemporaneousPerthwith Plain Abyssal and with) after synchronous immediately132-133(or Ma, flows encounte that the M11rimplies Ma).(133 This Pe the spreading haveon whenseafloor began formed (131 unconfo Ma). ofTheM10Nn.1nend chron breakup th overlyingstratamagnetostratigraphy the show of suggest involv trendsalso geochemistry meltingand atof OceanIndian bre beneaththe eastern time the for is the temperature mostpre by easilyaccounted Perth Abyssal Plain.uppermost PerthThe of the part Abyssal volc at depths shallow for NaturalistePlateau remained Th local edifices. volcanicpresumably from sourced depths abun that contains shelfdeposited mostly at

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article IODP Expedition 369 drilled four sites on the south369 on drilled IODP four sites Expedition At Site U1513, the basalt flows Siteareby At flows U1513, a the overlain basalt 2 Cretaceous interbedded basalt flows andCretaceous flows basalt interbedded ed rift basin into transgressive marinestrata transgressive ed into rift basin IODP Expedition 369.modeling IODPPetrogenetic Expedition or 1000 km along the western Australianwestern along or kmthe 1000 ebreakupseismically imaged unconformity. akup, although the trace akup, element the trace although dant weathered volcanic materials, materials, dant weathered volcanic rift sequence and into late syn-rift lacustrine lacustrine rift sequencesyn-rift late into and 3-5 million years3-5following breakup the million on . edgeSiteeasternDrillingnearat U1515, the nginian unconformity markstheonset of nginian unconformity senceKerguelen plume a head large of breakup on the Perth PlainbreakupAbyssalmanifestsPerth the on to thelate Valanginianto unconformity breakup flows and flows volcaniclastic interlayeredbeds akup unconformity on the Naturaliste Plateau NaturalistePlateau the akup onunconformity h is inferred to have begun betweenchrons inferred have is h begun to at the basalt flows at Site U1513predateatflows the at the basalt Site anogenic epiclastic strata contains marine anogenicstrata contains epiclastic ure inferred from the Site from ureU1513 basalts theinferred om decompression melting of fertile om decompression ors a hybrid interpretation, in which hybrid in the ors interpretation, a Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous syn-rift syn-rift Cretaceous Jurassic to earliest ement of a mid-ocean ridge component. ridgemid-oceanementThecomponent. a of ese strata demonstrate that that the easternese strata demonstrate oducts of older metasomaticepisodes. oducts of older lle Basin above lle flank the eastern of Basin the

lle Basin, penetrated into penetratedan Early Basin, lle into red at Site U1513 were Siteemplaced between U1513 were red at Perth Basin is a result ofofa fertilemelting result is Basin Perth melting of a lherzolite mantle source at a melting1.5 mantle source lherzolite of whereas the more the highly basalts of products of decompression melting a products of of decompression ° mb. mb. the onset of the onsetseafloor spreading the on rth Abyssal Plain, nochron earlierAbyssal rth Plain, than be a sufficient explanation for theexplanation a sufficient be nbury Basalt found in found nburyin the southern Perth Basalt C. This moderately highmantle This moderately C.potential Basin/Naturaliste PlateauBasin/Naturaliste (Site U1513), rmity below the basalts is interpreted is the basalts to rmity below 35 m 35 sequence epiclastic thick western Australian continental western continental Australian this paper are available from Geoscience Australia frompaperAustralia this are Geoscience available http://publications.iodp.org/proceedings/369/369tit et al. Hobbs files:Huberetand information (2019) International throughfollowingOcean Discover the geochemicaland geophysical,d geological,Downhole DataStatement Availability OpenResearch manuscript. greatly improved this for anreviewer anonymous Direen, Hopper, and John C.W., A IODP(ANZIC) funded whoZealand Consortium award to RWH;financiand Expedition (NE/R012261/1) M O’NeillBrian J.to E.Y.L.; (2017H1D3A1A01054745) Scienc ofKRFMinistryand byFisheries the program K-IO M.L.G.T.; Drillingto Consortium EarthScience AwResearch Post-Expedition Support ScienceProgram 369 were IODP participation in provided Expedition 071241)Supp repositories. Core No. Center (Request IOD by are the facilitated cruise descriptions core R JOIDES of Wecrewsciencethe andthank staff the Acknowledgments Australia. fo acirculation establishmentpatternnew of ocean increaseddue carbonate the to Paleogenearelikely s seafloor the on establishmentspreading of normal of Aust riftingrespectively with between the onset Ma)again andLate occurred (100 in the Cretaceous to middlesubsided bathyalU1516) (Sites U1514 and asMa thebetweenNaturalistePlateau on to 110 121 or ofhiatus period depositional KerguelenA plume. Mentellebetween 132 Basin andNaturalistePlateau migrated which Perth ridge, Plain Abyssal spreading lateearly subsidence syn-rift during postthis and periodMyr 3-5 the bathyal during afterthe depths India with GreatertheMa) wes and breakup to final betweenMyr during Pe on period 6-9 breakupthe the Nat the PerthThespreading on Plain. began Abyssal southwestern water,Australian the indicating that Mentelle(SiteU15 andPlateau in the Basin western west of the Naturaliste Plateau. thewest Naturaliste Plateau. of Indiafrom Austr of marked Greater separation final secodeposited after of sequence, the post-rift the depositedin upperclaystonesilty bathyal that was

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article Pillow structures and oxidation show that that the showbasal Pillow structures oxidation and nd breakup event on the margin at 126 Ma 126 that atmargin on breakup the nd event -rift period is attributed periodattributed to heat -rift from is the nearby P curators and staff at Gulf Coast and Kochiand PatandCoast curators Gulf staff margin was near sea level whenseafloor level margin sea near was depths. This is interpreted to beinterpreted to is the part depths.lower This ralia and Antarctica and with with breakup raliaandandand Antarctica final breakup event. The lack of greaterfinallack event. of Thebreakup al. (2019a), available online at (2019a),al. online available le.html. Seismic reflection le.html.profiles shown Seismicin reflection llowing fromseparation of Antarctica National Offshore Petroleum Information OffshorePetroleum National from that margin resulted productivity the on outhern margin. High sedimentation rates in outhern margin. sedimentation High alia and the onset of seafloorthealia spreadingof the onset and to t (124-126 Ma), and subsided to only Ma), to uppertand (124-126 subsided slow sedimentation occurred at Site at slow U1513 sedimentation occurred 13) were erupted subaerially or in shallow in shallow were 13) erupted subaerially or Program publications and theirand supplemental Program publications the plateau and central Mentelleand the plateau central Basin in Paleogene time (47 Ma), in Paleogenecoinciding (47 time margins of the the northern westward along uraliste Plateau remained depths at uralisteshelf remained Plateau to 124 Ma, and to proximity of the to124 Ma,to proximityof and the by the following agencies: agencies: United followingStatesby the ort for this research and the the authors ortresearch and for this rth Abyssal Plain to (132-133 to the north rth Plain Abyssal esolution for a successful cruise. aesolution forsuccessful Post- deposition of rapid Periods depths. e and ICT through the NRF of Korea ofe the ICTNRFand through DP by the Ministry of Oceans andof Oceans Ministry the by DP thoughtful and informative comments comments that informativeandthoughtful atasets used in this research areaccessible atasetsresearch this used in ard 70(GG009393) to to DLH; ard Japan 70(GG009393) al support from the AustralianNewandal the support from emorial Scholarship to E.W.; to Post- UKScholarship emorial t flows ont flowsthe eastern Naturaliste .M., and L.T.W. WeL.T.W. andthank Nicholas .M., Ridge. (h) Paleogene - normal seafloor spreading be Paleogene -Ridge.spreading seafloor normal (h) vo KerguelenMa.Continued ca.Australia 85hotspot Mantle-and/or Cretaceousexhumation slow seafloor P the centralKerguelen on Antarcticavolcanism and ofInditheSoutheast northward reorientation after Whittaker(117 al.Ma; onet andKnoll Draak Gulden 118 Indiantheconjugateon(Rajmahalmargin Traps, KerguelenPlateausouthern underway (118–119 the on theAuKnolls Batavia and Draakto transfersGulden WallabyvolcanismMa;Olie (124 with the Plateau on between shortlyGre begins afterspreading seafloor Zh Basalts; Comei Ma (140-130 marginIndianGreater Ma (128Naturaliste Plateau on and to 132 Basin the in the transition n 2016), ocean-continent near the Australia. in the (1 VolcanismsouthernBasin Perth PerthAbyss inthe andbetween India Antarctica and the Permian (c) alongrenewed rift trend. extension margins G Eastalong the Permian the extension - of offrKerguelen plume of India location Greaterand a al.of etGibbons basedmodel (2013)the plate on Figure 9. NNW) shown (trending in ofFigure seismic locations p show in 3. Blue lines redm). line (contour Thick indicat = 1000 interval lig NCThin = Northampton Complex. Leeuwin Complex; drilling - Basalt (U15xx) triangles Bunbury sites; I and (2xx) Project Drilling redSea Deep circles - gray after line) (thin (Bor lines)other and faults Willi al., line) 2013; (Hall (brown etdashed after (Boriss Plateau edgethe eastern Naturaliste of the Shelf, t Yallingup that a includes andpartwestern aneasterninto pa subdivided The Mentelle is Basin with isochron modi etGibbonsnames and (2012), al. Fractureseafloorisochr spreading Basin. and zones Figure Captions Figure Captions websitePANGEA(doi:https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/ recove datasamples for volcaniclastic and volcanic Management(https://nopims.dmp.wa.gov.au/nop System align at edges as indicated bylines to form aligndottedas edges indicated at A stratigraphic of characteristics the southwestern

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article Figure 2. Figure 3 Figure 1. . Portions of seismic reflection profile S310-05 sh of S310-05 seismic Portionsreflection profile . Opening of the southeastern Indian Ocean. reOcean. PlateIndian southeastern Opening of the Naturaliste Plateau (NP), Perth Plain Plateau(PAP) (NP), NaturalisteAbyssal issova et al., 2010; Hall et al., 2013). Labelled2013). Hall etal., etal., 2010; issova ams et al., 2011). Darling Fault(heavyblackDarling amset al., 2011). a single profile, with 60 km gap(a)km 60betweensingle a with profile, outcrops; AFO – Albany-Fraser Orogen; LC = outcrops; AFOOrogen; Albany-Fraser – orthern Perth Basin, in orthern in the Mentelle Perthwestern Basin, nternational Discovery Program Ocean transition ovaal., 2010).et Ocean-continent he deep water basin and a portion overlying ahe and waterdeep basin ustralian continental margin. Seismic sections an Ridge. Extension between andan Australia Ridge.Extension es location of seismic profile S310-05 es of shown location seismic profile rofiles S310-03 (trending WSW)S310-17 (trending S310-03 rofilesand late Valanginian - seafloor Valanginianspreadinglate begins - seafloor nd geomagneticTable 1. nd time in Extent scale red at IODP Site U1513 IODPareSite at red U1513 availablethe at ons (gray lines) from Borissova et (2002)al. (gray from Borissova ons lines) ater India Naturaliste Plateau, coeval ater the and 30–137 Ma Bunbury Basalt; Olierooket 30–137 Maal., Basalt; Bunbury om Gibbons et al. (2012). (a) MiddleetGibbons om (2012). al. central and that overliesrt western the gins between Australia and Antarctica. Antarctica. andAustralia gins between ondwana continents. (b) Late Jurassic (b) – continents. ondwana ; Direen et al,, 2017), and the conjugateeton al,, 2017),Direen ; al Plain between Greater India Greater andPlain between al lateau and Broken Ridge begins. (g) Late Late (g)andbegins. lateau RidgeBroken stralia-Antarctica plate. Volcanism wasVolcanism stralia-Antarctica plate. fied to use more recent notation (Table moretouse notation fied1). recent lcanism begins to construct lcanism the construct Ninetyeast begins to Ma; Ingle et al., 2004; Kentet al.,al., Ma;2004; Ingle 2002) et and spreading Antarctica begins between move India begins-, (f) 2016).Albian to rook et al., 2015). (e) aAlbian -ridgeet jump (e) rook al., 2015). Ma; Coffin et al., 2002; Duncan, Ma;2002),et al., Coffin 2002; ou etearly (d)ou al., 2017). -Barremian PANGAEA.924535). PANGAEA.924535). ims). X-ray fluorescence spectrometry fluorescenceims). X-ray spectrometry ht gray lines show bathymetry gray lines show ht owing structural and owing structural constructions from GPlates constructions , Mentelle Basin, and Mentelle Perthand Basin, , temperature at the termination of meltingattemperature the (T termination modelingfor shows IODPbasa Sitebox results U1513 locatfor OBS1 models show Kawabata,Symbols 2015). petroge picritesfrombasalts and the OBS1 obtained melting degree andmid-oceanbasalts, for of ridge Gray circles and vertical bars indicate correspondi bars Gray indicate vertical circles and lines indicating range. (b) Modeled mean melting prmean Modeled lines indicatingmelting (b) range. Plateau basalts. High-MgO basalts areused forbasalts Plateau High-MgO petr basalts. labelled PM2 indicate labelled TPM2 indicate OBS1model the meanmeltingestimated from pressure illustrate correlations within tectonic ( settings.correlationsillustrate within arranged from west to east indicates(white to east reco arrangedno from west U1515(Huber al., al., 2019b). 2019a) et and the Expedition in conversionstime-depth published modified (2013),al. with is et Hall updated after Management (https://nopims.dmp.wSystemInformation 1. fromAus Seismicis Geoscience availableprofile depth othermeters;water indicate numbers in depth projection) struc this are U1513 onalong projected SiteDSDP U1513 IODP andSite Plateau.ofLocations Mente ofedge the seismiccrossing western profile, Mentel waterdeep seismicwestern crossing profile, (romantext lithostratigraphicn discussed in units Hole with verticalcolored U1515A,Solid line shows and Shelfcrossing Mentelle Basin eastern Yallingup P (b) (c).betweenand and km(b) and (a) overlap 7 indicate nominal ranges. indicate Thickindi rednominal curved line Asimow, theandin etfor al., 2007) Herzberg 2008; composition, showingcomposition, pl RidgeIndian Kerguelen Southeastand between the Plate Kerguelen U1513 andSite showing composition, Leet after al., Bas rocks(classification diagram alkali vs. showi silica, Frey,and (a) total 2002). FreyKu2000;et al., et basalts (Doucet al., 2005; FreyOli1996; (Direen al., etBasalt et al., 2017; Ford, 2017; Maho Direenet1975; 1982; etal., al., basaltic data dredged for Shown comparison are for from volcanic IODP dikes Site at VI recoveredunit

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article Figure 6 Figure 4. Figure 5 . Modeled potential temperature (TModeledpotential . . Major element binary and element Major element rati . trace plots Stratigraphic columns for IODP boreholes in theMe in IODPforcolumns Stratigraphic boreholes

overlap with Kerguelen Plume, Southeast IndianSoutheast Kerguelen Ridg Plume, overlap with p and T m at the olivine liquidus estimated at liquidus using PRIMELTS2 the olivine mt ) as a function of mantle potential a(Ttemperaturemantlefunctionas )of potential c) Mean melt fraction as a function of T as Mean fraction c)a function melt ng basaltic composition of maficbasaltic Sitengcomposition U1513 erook et al., 2016), and Kerguelen and al., Plateau2016), et erook 1986). (b) Representative trace element(b)trace Representative 1986). IODP Expedition 369 drilling usingIODP 369 results the Expedition rnosov et al., 2003; Wallace et al., 2002; WeisWallaceet al., et 2003; rnosov al., 2002; umerals). (b) Portion of the centralpartof Portion (b)the of the umerals). ng mantle solidus mantle(Ttemperatureng solidus ney et al., 1995; Storey et Bunbury al., 1992),et etney al., Storey 1995; ocean island basalts, and oceanic oceanand plateau basalts, island tural strike from 20 km to the south. WDsouth. to the turalkm 20strike= from very). Compiled from Hobbs et very).(2019). al. Hobbs Compiled from catesT ortion of the eastern part of the profile of the of ortion part the eastern lle Basin and eastern flank of the Naturaliste easternandBasin Naturaliste lle flank of the ogenetic modeling as described in the text. in the text. asmodelingogeneticdescribed tralia National Offshore PetroleumtraliaNational Offshore dicated eruptive centers. areasShaded dicatedcenters. eruptive below seafloor. Locations shown in Figure shown in belowLocations seafloor. thewestern (c)of lePortion part Basin. of U1513 (data from(dataal.,Huber 2019). et U1513 essure as a function of Tof as a essure function 369 Proceedings for Sites U1513 (Huber etProceedingsU1513 (Huber Sites 369 for netic model (adapted from Kimura andmodel Kimura (adapted from netic rocks from the Naturaliste Plateau (Coleman Naturaliste rocksfrom the showing location of IODP Site locationshowingU1515.IODP of p bars indicating boundaries betweenbars indicating boundaries ) vs. melting temperature, meltingmeltingtemperature, ) pressure, vs. ume(c) Major element basalts. lts (this study).Modeledmelting lts (this (a) au basalts to lie mixingtrendalong to a au basalts 258 (not distinguishable from Site(notdistinguishable from 258 s. Horizontal and vertical red lines vertical red ands. Horizontal ions indicatedions green in the Thelegend. a.gov.au/nopims). Seismic interpretation a.gov.au/nopims). m -T p correlation curve, with thin redthin with curve, correlation o plots for plotsorocksand volcanic ntelle Basin. Basin. areBoreholes ntelle e, and Kerguelenand e, p . Shaded. bars m ) at ) the (Herzberg p . . p ). intervals of rapid sedimentation with with numbers intervals of indic rapid sedimentation belowGreen indicate of ages depth lines seafloor. Table Table 2. (2015). mixingtren outlines Symbols indicate red melt with to the modern datum (Haq et al., 1987). SFS = onset al., 1987). = et to the modern(Haq SFS datum Curv shown poorduenot age U1515 resolution. to is Jurassic post-rift strata cover syn-rift strata filsyn-rift Jurassic stratacover strata post-rift Middle Jura e f. (a) and southward in (out of page) northwe direction is NaturalistePlateau.Extension Perth acrossBasin edgethe eastern southern of the gravitycrust basedonsummarized studies primarily (Figur S310-05profile upperon seismic crust based Table Table 3. Table Table 1. Table Captions Management(https://no System Petroleum Information Figure from profiles available Seismic shown in 1. marksinter redPlain. Abyssal line dashed Vertical toward that dip the showingocean-contin reflectors furthertransition PlainAbyssalocean-continent no associatedand volcanic/intrusive tha complex flows WSWtrending basalt (a) acro flows. Profile S310-17 boundary. boundary. moderntheNeogene,Antarctica producing the during the centralMentelle followed of Basin the onset se spreading of the the south seafloor onsetnormalon greater pr mid-bathyaldepths marginor to subsided breakup betwe LateCretaceousto (immediately prior and followedredistrib afterweathering breakup,by Last NaturalistePlateaueruptions volcanic begins. India separ PlateauGreater andbreakup). Australia below thein rift basin sills (red) unconformity ar in the Mentelle westernPlateau the and Naturaliste v by Plain accompaniedbasaltic (north of profile), of Plainbreakup). ValanginianOnset (Perth Abyssal of fault-bounded rift uplift, bybasins, formation Onsetof(earlyrifting Late Jurassicbe syn-rift).

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article Figure 7 Figure 8. Figure 9. Revised Hauterivian and lower Barremian Chron andAges. lower Hauterivian Barremian Revised Petrogenetic Modeling Input Parameters and Parameters Results. Inputand Modeling Petrogenetic Cretaceous Geomagnetic Time Scales and AgesScalesSeaf GeomagneticTime Cretaceousand of . Ages of strata recovered in IODP boreholes in the IODP inrecoveredboreholes Ages of .strata Evolution of the southwest Australian rifted margiAustralian southwestrifted of the Evolution Seismic reflection profiles showing high amplitude profiles high showingSeismic reflection ling older Middle and Early Permian rift basins. (bbasins.Permianand rift older Middle ling Early tween Greater India and Australia, IndiaAustralia, accompanied Greater andtween and erosion west of the Darling Fault. the west Darling erosion (c) and late of e hypothetical. (d) hypothetical.(NaturalisteBarremian earlye olcanismPerth onin the and southernBasin of key tectonic events. of tectonic areaskeyrepresent Shaded ssic (pre-rift). LateEarlythrough ssic (pre-rift).Permian on the Naturaliste Plateau the occur Naturalisteon immediately st (to left and into page) in in c d, andand andleft st page) (to into afloor spreading between andAustralia afloorbetween spreading the Yallingup Shelf, Mentelle Basin, and Basin, and Mentelle Shelf, the Yallingup section of the two profiles. Profilelocations ofsection the two profiles. rth. (b) Profile S310-03 trendingS310-03rth.NNW, Profile(b) Basin, where extension continues. Flows and wherecontinues. Basin, extension ern margin. (f) Rapid post-rift subsidence of post-rift ern Rapid margin. (f) ate and seafloor spreading west of the westand spreading of seafloorthe ate Geoscience Australia National Offshore National Geoscience Australia ution of basaltic material nearof level.basaltic ution seamaterial (e) ent boundary at the south edge of the Perth ofedge ent the boundary the south at ating sedimentation rates (mMyr atingrates sedimentation ior to rapid subsidence immediatelyior to rapid beforesubsidence ds asKimuradsdiscussedKawabatabyand e 3). Right column - schematic entirecolumn-viewe of 3). schematic Right t lies along strike of the Perth along Basin/Perth the lies t strike of ofseafloor spreading. in text. The profile crosses westwardfromprofile The crosses intext. seafloor spreading on thePerth Abyssal seaflooron spreading e at top shows globalrelativesea level at(SL)shows e top ss the Mentelle showing the Basin, probable ss en Australia and Antarctica). Most the Antarctica).en and Australia of bathymetry. CMB = = crust-mantle bathymetry. CMB pims.dmp.wa.gov.au/nopims). pims.dmp.wa.gov.au/nopims).

loorSpreading Anomalies. functionMentelle as Basin a n. Left column -of view n. reflectors interpreted to be interpreted reflectors -1 ). Site ).

) doi:10.1016/0012-821X(82)90190-X doi:10.1016/0012-821X(82)90190-X and between Antarctica.anomaliesAustralia (1982), revised identi Mutter,A Cande, J.C. S. C., 821X(90)90072-6 ofbasalts. flood W.ImplicatiR. (1990), I.Campbell,Griffiths, H., 2003/03 GeoscienceRecord Australia s on and the southern basins frontier for framework Basin. Basin. Australi opportunities the southwest exploration on S J., C. E., Nicholson, I.,B. Borissova, Bradshaw, Record2002/20 I.(2002),Borissova, basalt. offerro-basalti model simulating fractionation for modeling equilibriain Phase (1999).Ariskin A. A. ResearchBasin J.C. Aitchison, India’sGreater(2014), J.R., Ali, Research Gondwana TethyantheValang from the and areas Andean in the A.-L., Interhemispheric(2019),H. Pälike, radio-as P.F., H., Rebou Concheyro,V.A., Ramos, A., Rawson, M.,M.,Lesc Schmitz, Martinez, Aguirre-Urreta,B., References Bradshaw, B. E., Rollet, N., Totterdell,J. Bradshaw,M.,N., E., Bor Rollet, B. northeasternIndia. Petrogenesisand vol timing (1995),Baksi,K.ofA. 0273(99)00022-0 evolution of strain during the separation of Austra during of the evolution separation strain K., McClay, C., TottP.,Eagles,Ball, G., Ebinger, Chemical Geology India:geochemicaleasterndata basalt volcanismin Farrar,Paul,R., D., E. T. ( Baksi,K.,A. Barman, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.09.030 Palaeogeography, burial phosphorus Palaeocli rates, Faraoni The(2006), Hauterivian oceanic late anoxic Föllmi, K.S., Godet, J., A., Vermeulen, Bodin, B., doi:10.1029/JB093iB10p11791 ocean Jurassic. the early since m V. Paleogeographic(1988), Besse, Courtillot, J., Geosystems

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article TheJournal APPEA Journal of Volcanology and ofVolcanologyand GeothermalResearches Journal , 14, 2771-2799. doi:10.1002/ggge.20160 doi:10.1002/ggge.20160 2771-2799. 14, , , 26, 73-84. doi:10.1111/bre.12040 73-84. 26, , , 44 pp., Geoscience Australia, Canberra. Canberra. Geoscience Australia, 44 , pp., Earth and and SciencePlanetary Letters Earth , 63, 133-141. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(87)90080-5 doi:10.1016/0009-2541(87)90080-5 133-141. 63,, Chemical GeologyChemical , 70, 104-132, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.01.006 doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.01.006 104-132, , 70, Geological framework of the Naturaliste Plateau, Ge Plateau, of the frameworkNaturaliste Geological , 50, 47-58. doi:10.1071/AJ09004 47-58.50, ,doi:10.1071/AJ09004 Journal of Geophysical ResearchGeophysical of Journal

, 121, 73-90. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(94)00124-Q doi:10.1016/0009-2541(94)00124-Q 73-90. 121, , , 43 pp., Geoscience Australia, Canberra. pp., Canberra. Geoscience43 , Australia, Earth and Planetary Science Letters and SciencePlanetary Earth northern margin prior to its collision with Asia. with Asia. collision marginits prior northern to 1987), Widespread Cretaceous1987),flood Early issova, I. (2003), issova, c magmas and the genesishigh-alumina magmas of the c and lia Antarctica.and lia ons of mantleevolution forstructure the plume erdell, J. M. (2013), The spatial spatial temporalandM. erdell, The (2013), J. truckmeyer, H. I.M., New (2010),D. H. Payne,truckmeyer, fication of the oldest sea-floor spreading ofsea-floor thefication oldest trochronological calibration ofthetime trochronological calibration scales Arnaud, H., Strasser, A., Fiet, N., Strasser,Adatte, Arnaud, A., H., T. aps of the continents bordering the Indian the bordering aps continents of the an an - marginfrontier Mentelle deep-water igneous petrology: use of COMAGMAT igneousofuse COMAGMAT petrology: from the Rajmahal-Bengal-Sylhet traps. traps. the Rajmahal-Bengal-Sylhet from canism in the Rajmahal flood basalt canismprovince,flood in the Rajmahal outhwestern Australian continental margin, Australian outhwestern continental margin, matology, Palaeoecology, 235, 245-264. matology, 235,Palaeoecology, event in the western Tethys: eventTethys: westernEvidence from in the ano, M., Omarini, J., Tunik, M.,Kuhnert, M., Omarini, ano, Tunik, J., , 99, 79-93. doi:10.1016/0012- 79-93.99, , inian–Hauterivian (Early Cretaceous). (Early inian–Hauterivian let, S., Noclin, N., Frederichs, T., Nickl, N., S., Noclin, let, , 90, 115–162. doi:10.1016/S0377- 115–162. 90, , , 93, 11791-11808. , 11791-11808. 93, A revised structural structural revised A Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geochemistry, oscience Australia , 151-160. 58, of Earth Sciences of Earth Igneousrol Kerguelen its ofLarge and the province Plat Naturaliste (2017), Halpin,J. A. and Crawford Frey,F.J. Maas,A. R. E. Cohen, Direen, G., B. N. London. Societydoi:10.1144/SP282.12 London, of Journal of Earth Sciences of Earth Journal rifted margins: new insights fromthenewExmouth-Gasco riftedmargins:insights P.M. A., Col Symonds,J., H. Direen, G., Stagg, N. Site 258. Site 258. D.,Thierstein,H.R. Horvath, R., Hyndman, J.,G. Kem K. P.,Rodolfo, S.,B. Davies,Luyendyk, T. A., Australia, Perth. Report 57 Australia, western Perth southern Basin, Crostella, A., and J. Backhouse (2000), J.A., Crostella, and Backhouse GeologyGeophysics and 282 Lithosphere ExtenContinental and Mapping, Modeling Plateau,SW cent andthe Naturaliste Australia, the along A the the ocean-continentsouthern transition M.I. Stagg, Direen, J.H.G., B. Borissova, J. N. 1951(00)00119-0 Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, Yilgarn Craton, (2000) M. J. Dentith,F., Drummond, V. B. Dent,C., doi:10.2973/dsdp.proc.26.111.1974 Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, Engineering Seismology, Earthquake and Handbook of Plateau and other igneous Aus provincesand Plateau of other the igneous west (19 P. Symonds,A. B., A., J. Crawford, Colwell, J. doi:10.1080/00167618208729228 457-468.29, from Implications dredgedOcean:Indian basalts. Michael, J.(1982P.P. Coleman, C. Mutter, J., J., 1121-1139. 43, doi:10.1093/petrology/43.7.1121 Gahagan, L. A. (2002), Kerguelen hotspot magma outpKerguelenmagma Gahagan, (2002),L.A. hotspot F.,A.,M.GladzS.,M.Pringle,R. Coffin, Duncan, 6142(03)80278-4 C.P. Kanamori,Kisslinger, Jennings, 1587-1594 pp. Christensen, N. L., Seismic(2003), D. vel N. Christensen, Stanley, Precambrian Research Assembling (2008),Aus S.,Korsch,J. P. Cawood,R. 10.1190/1.1441933 inclastic silicate wave andvelocities shear-wave L.(19 M.L.,Eastwood, P., R. Castagna, J. Batzle,

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article , edited by G. D. Karner, G. Manatschal and L. M. P Manatschal Karner,L. M.and editedbyG. , D. G. Deep Sea Drilling Project Initial ReportsProjectSea Initial Deep Drilling , , 64 (7), 851-869. doi:10.1080/08120099.2017.1367326 doi:10.1080/08120099.2017.1367326 851-869. (7), , 166, 1-38. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.08.006 1-38.166, doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.08.006 , , 15, 137-15615, , , 55, 341-363. doi:10.1080/08120090701769472 doi:10.1080/08120090701769472 341-363. 55, , Tectonophysics Geology and petroleum exploration of of the ancentral exploration petroleum and Geology Colwell, and P. A. Symonds P.of(2007),andColwell, Symonds A. Nature rocks, ), The origin of the Naturaliste Plateau,SE The originthe Naturaliste ), of Journal of the Geological Society of the Journalof AustraliaGeological 85), Relationships betweencompressional- 85), Relationships ral Great Australian Bight sectors, in in sectors, ralAustralian Bight Great , 26, 359-414.26,, ocities and densities of ocities densitiesrocks, and in M. Whittaker, M. F.Meffre,Whittaker,A. J. M. M.S. Coffin, Herb, R. C., Boltovskoy, E., Doyle, P.E., Herb, (1974), Boltovskoy, C., R. , eau: constraints on the the timingeau: evolution onconstraints and ustralian continental margin: a comparison of amargin: continentalcomparison ustralian 94), The nature of the Wallaby (Cuvier) (Cuvier) Wallabynature 94), ofThe the enko, T. P., Storey, M., Müller,M., P.,D., R. T. Storey, enko, , 85 pp., Geological Survey of Western pp., Geological 85Survey , of well, J. B. (2008),B. well, ArchitectureJ. of volcanic e in Gondwana breakup, e in Gondwana breakup, 325 tralian margin. margin. tralian , Deep crustal structure in thesouthwestern, crustal in Deepstructure pe, D. R. C., McKelvey, B. C., Leidy,McKelvey,R. D., C., B. pe,R. D. C., , doi:10.1016/S0074- Elsevier, Amsterdam. tralia: tralia: aProterozoiccontinent. building of yneWestern Australia, margin, ut ut since 130 Ma. sion and Breakup, Special Publication Special and Publication Breakup,sion Volume 81BVolume , doi:10.1016/S0040-227-255., unheiro, pp. 239-263, Geological 239-263, pp.unheiro, Geophysics AGSO Journal of Australian Australian of Journal AGSO , 50(4), 571-581. doi: doi: 571-581. , 50(4), , edited by W.byLee, edited , H. Journal of of Petrology Journal Australian Journal Journal Australian International International Australian Australian Imaging, d d , , , , Ridge. timeconstruction frameAfor Duncan, (2002), A. R. doi:10.1029/2004GC000806 the Kerguelen Archipelago. stud Hf-Pb-Sr-Nd KerguelenA mantle plume: isotopic Weis,Scoates, S., Doucet,A. J.Giret, D., S., and doi:10.1016/0012-821X(88)90045-3 structure of the South-East Indianstructure South-East Ridge. of the L.,P., J.-Y. Beuzart,Calvez,Dosso, H., Bougault, Geophysics, Geochemistry, Geosystems ma conjugate Antarctic Eastand southern Australian P.M. A., Col Symonds,J., H. Direen, G., Stagg, N. leg 28. P rocksNaturaliste Volcanic Ford,of A. (1975), B. 7606(1961)72[1409:PCOVSA]2.0.CO;2 Societyof America Bulletin of classificationvol Proposed Fisher, R.V. (1961), APPEA Journal development continenta Falvey,The(1974), A. of D. Ocean. KerguelenPla theprovince: submarine large igneous Reusch,PrinJ.,P. Teagle, N., D. Saccocia, A., D. Weis,Wallace,F., F.P.D M. J.,Frey, A., Coffin, 821X(96)00150-1 evolution of the eastern Indian Ocean adjacent to n Oceanto adjacentof evolution Indian the eastern W., W.D. L.Sager, Fullerton,Handschumacher, G., lithosphere? lithosphere? Western BunburyinteractionAustralia: betw Basalt, N.F. Dunc Nelson, R., J., D. McNaughton, Frey, A., Stratigraphy litho- ofand the bio-, alternative interpretation candidateatGSSP Aptian Lanteaume, The (2018), C. L.G.,Delanoy, Frau,Moreno-Bedmar, Bulot, G., C., M., Müller, R. D. (2012), the ConstrainingJurassic Müller, M., (2012), D. R. P A denU., van .D., Gibbons, Bogaard, Barckhausen, Scale. m Kent, Source(2007), ofS., Gee,oceanic V. D. J. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03450.x IndiaAntarctica.spreadingand between Ishihara, Brown, T., B., D., Müller, Gaina,R. C., Research

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This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article Marine Geophysical Researches Geophysical Marine Extensional during rifting direction Geology prdirection rifting and Extensional during Earth and Planetary and EarthSciencePlanetary Letters Geology Australian Journal of Earth Sciencesof Earth Journal Australian , 29, 587-590.29,, doi:10.1130/0091- ,129, 917-928, Ocean Drilling Program, DrillingStat CollegeOcean917-928, ,129, Geochemica et Cosmochimica etActa Geochemica , 5, 225-247. doi: 5, 225-247. , , 6, Q05L08. doi:10.1029/2005GC000915 doi:10.1029/2005GC000915 Q05L08. , 6, , 440, 20-32. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.008 doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.008 ,20-32. 440, , Canberra Geoscience Australia, , G., Southby, C., Grosjean, E. and Mitchell, C. Mitchell, E. andC. Grosjean, G., C., Southby, , -mud volcanism beneath the Porcupine Basin, the Porcupine -mud volcanism beneath Pre-breakup continental extension in East in extension continentalPre-breakup ombe, K., Faser, G., N.ombe,Nelson, Timms, E., K., G., , I., Perez-Gussinye, M. (2001), M.Detachment(2001), I., Perez-Gussinye, , ene plate tectonic reconstructions in the ene reconstructions plate tectonic (2002), midGeneration(2002), of lich, R. lich,(Eds.), ge the magmatism geochemistryon and of ), Toward a Greater Kerguelen large igneous Kerguelen largea), Toward Greater igneous t Hawaii, Iceland, andIceland, Hawaii, the midt 2003), Seismic structure of the Yilgarn Seismic structure 2003), nce for thermally driven mantleplumes. ncethermally driven for r spreading history of the eastern Indian r eastern spreadingof the history nd around the Indian ndOcean.Indian around the e-examinationmagnetic ofof the lineations s, N. E., Kusznir, N., Muhling, J. R. (2016),Muhling,R. J.N., Kusznir,s, E., N. ening of the Indian the eningof Ocean. ralia. ndian Ocean. Ocean. ndian st vestiges of the Kerguelen mantleKerguelen of st vestiges the ralia. 10.1007/BF00305562 Earth Science Reviews Science Earth ospectivity of the northern Houtman Houtman northern ospectivity of the Geophysical Journal International Journal Geophysical , , 50 Proceedings of of the OceanProceedings Tectonophysics (3), 427-438. 427-438. (3), , 66, 2073-2090. 66, , ‐ ocean ocean ridge

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This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article Earth and Planetary SciencePlanetaryLetters and Earth Geology Journal of GeophysicalJournal Research , 27, 879-882. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0879: 879-882. 27,, The Sedimentary Basins of Western Australia 2ofWestern Australia Basins The Sedimentary Journal ofGeophysicalJournal Research Nature , 338, 574-576. doi:10.1038/338574a0 ,574-576. 338, Tectonophysics , 41, 1-13. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(78)90036-5 doi:10.1016/0012-821X(78)90036-5 1-13. 41, , Geological SocietyBulletinof AmericaGeological , , 117 the East Central Indian Ocean, with emphasis on Indianemphasis Ocean, with the CentralEast U1513, IODP369, in R.W. Expedition U1513, Hobbs, central Great Australian Bight, centralAustralian in Great n the Perth Basin associated with theMesozoic with then Perth associated Basin L., Norry, M. J., Thirlwall, M.F.,M.P., L.,Leat, Thirlwall, J., Norry, ture of Australia from ambient tureseismicnoiseambient of from Australia Journal of Geophysical Research of GeophysicalJournal (1998), Volcanic evolution of the Western of evolution the Volcanic(1998), for basin development, in P. G. Purcell, R. andP. for Purcell, G. development, in basin . L., Riquier, L. Wainman, C. C. (2020),C. C.DataWainman, L.,. L.Riquier, the eastern IndianLate thesince easternthe ocean the Perth basin and denudation of the Yilgarnand the Perth denudation basin the Atlantic-type continentalthe New Atlantic-typeoffmargin , G. (2001), G. the ,continent–ocean Nature of Science , B01304, doi:10.1029/2011JB008403B01304,, of London, London.London, of iscovery Program, 369: College Station, TX Station, CollegeProgram,iscovery 369: tic anomalies in the Australian-Antarctic anomalies tic m (Eds.), Geological Society of London Geological Society ofm(Eds.), entists, Australia Cretaceous Climate andCretaceousAustralia Climate entists, of detrital zircons on the WesternAustralia zircons on of the detrital on of Landof Evidence and onSea from 79/iodp.proc.369.202.2020 79/iodp.proc.369.202.2020 or Australian-Antarctic orPlateAustralian-Antarctic on of Indian Ocean asthenosphere by the asthenosphere Ocean Indianby of on , 317, 55-72. 317,doi:10.1016/S0040- ,55-72. , 321, 490. 321, ,490. O;2 O;2 , 104, 661-677. 104, ,661-677. , p. 33-54, Petroleum p. 33-54, , PODZOT>2.3.CO;2 PODZOT>2.3.CO;2 , 94, 13,755-94,, , 85, 683- 85,, Non- , R. C. L.C. R. , Ma) from magnetic and seismic data at the the and magneticcontinent Ma) at from seismic data andJ. Veevers, Ant Breakup(1986),J. Australia of Cretaceous sediments in the pre-breakup section of pre-breakupof in the Cretaceous section sediments 369 Science Expedition Evidence andf Party (2020), W.L.Ho Harry,D. Wainman, I.C., R. C. Borissova, Research Gondwana J. (Permian-Cr Veevers, Gondwana Updated (2006),J. Letters processes and plateauprocessesand subsidence. (ODP implicationsSite Plateausource re for 1140): in submarinebasal Wallace, P. Volatiles (2002), J. SciencesEarth spreading during formation of spreadingOcea Indian the early during formation theinflu and Wyman, drivers Tectonic (2016), A.D. WilWhittaker,J. M., A., S.Halpin,Watson, J. J., 43(7), 1105-1108. doi:10.1093/petrology/43.7.1105 KerguelenandarchiRidge Kerguelen Plateau, Broken Weis,F.Frey,M.F Wallace, D., P.Coffin, A., J., doi:10.1093/petrology/43.7.1311 Results PlateauKerguelen basalts, agesof central Montigny, Storey, Whitechurch,J., H., Sevigny, R., Research Plain. byMesozo spreadingrevealed newlyhistory detected Whittaker,M.,Müll Williams, Granot,J. S. R., E., PlanetaryLetters and Earth Science microcontinent Oceanform (2016),Indian R. Eastern W Williams, A., Halpin,M., J. S.Whittaker, E.,J. SocietyPetroleum1-16, pp. Australi of Exploration Margin,in S. M.West MossKeep, and Australian J. TectonicMüller,R., N. Evolution and (2013), D. R. Williams, J.M.,H A., E., Whittaker,S. Halpin, J. reconstructions of eastern Gondwana: Bringing geolo Gondwana:reconstructionseastern Bringing of Lister,S.M., G. Gibson, White,(2013), L.G. T., of PetrologyJournal India Kerguelen betweenSoutheast Plumethe the and F. SubmarineFrey, Weis,basalts of (2002), A. D., doi:10.1016/j.gr.2016.03.009 White, R. S., McKenzie, D. (1995), Mantle plumes anMcKenzie, Mantle(1995),D. S.,White, plumes R. Research

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article Journal of Geophysical ResearchGeophysical of Journal , 77, 91-99. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(86)90135-4 ,doi:10.1016/0012-821X(86)90135-4 91-99.77, , 120, 71-77. Ocean Drilling Program,71-77. DrillingStati120,Ocean , College , 100, 17543-17585. doi:10.1029/95JB01585 100, ,17543-17585. , 24, 984998. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.06.009 984998.24, ,doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.06.009 , 67, 89-105. doi:10.1080/08120099.2019.1627581 doi:10.1080/08120099.2019.1627581 89-105. 67,, , 43, 1287–1310. doi:10.1093/petrology/43.7.1287 1287–1310. 43,doi:10.1093/petrology/43.7.1287 , , 9, 231-260. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2005.11.005 doi:10.1016/j.gr.2005.11.005 231-260. , 9, Journal of Petrology of Journal , 454, 203-212., doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.019 203-212., 454, , , 118, 3275-3284. doi:10.1002/jgrb.50239 doi:10.1002/jgrb.50239 ,3275-3284. 118, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Scientifi of the OceanProgram Drilling Proceedings liams, S. E., Milan, L. A., L.Daczko, S.R., Milan,N. A., E., liams, ., (2002), Origin and evolution ofthe (2002),evolution and Origin ., all, L.Kobler,Daczko, M.S.,all, E., Gardner, R., A reassessment ofApaleogeographic reassessment ild, T. J., Stilwell, J. F., D., Stilwell,Jourdan, Daczko, T. J., ild, tic glassesKerguelentheticNorthern from er, R. D. (2013), Early India-AustraliaD.er,R. Early (2013), the Northern Kerguelen Plateau: theNorthern Kerguelen interaction arctica estimated as Mid-Cretaceousas arctica(95+5 estimated the the Mentelle Basin. gion magmaticshallow compositions, a, Perth M., Salters, V. (1992), K-Ar and 40Ar-39Ar Salters,K-Ar(1992), M.,and V.40Ar-39Ar Continental FragmentationoftheSouthern Continental n. n. al margin. ence of the Kerguelen plumeenceKerguelen seafloor the on of (Eds.), West Symposium, Basins (Eds.), Australian or non-marine Jurassic to earliest to or Jurassic non-marine bbs, D. J. Mantle, A. Maritati, E. Y. Lee,Y. Mantle,Maritati, E. A. J.D. bbs, gy the equation. into back ation driven by plate motion motion changes. plate by driven ation ic magnetic anomalies in the Perth in the icAbyssal anomalies magnetic n Ridge revealed at ODP SiteODP at 1140. Ridgen revealed d flood basalts. flood d pelago: Editorial, Journal of Journal Petrology, pelago: Editorial, Gondwana Gondwana Research etaceous) earth history of etaceous)Australia.historyearthof . 43, 1311-1326.43,. on, TX TX on, Earth and Planetary Science and Planetary Earth Journal of Geophysical of Journal Australian Journal of Journal Australian , 35, 97-114. 35, , Gondwana Gondwana c Tibet: Implicationsactivityof Tibet: the initial for the mafic Petrogenesis (2017),rocksfrom of and felsic Wang,Liao,Liu, Z., Y., G.-C., Q., Zhou, Lai, Z., A. B A. Wagga, N.S.W.,Wagga 199-213, Tethyspp. 2, K.McKenzie Australian(Ed. Tethys,link G. in with M. M., Mulholland,Yeung, J. (19 M., S. Totterdell, M., Bra Yeates,M. T.,N., Bradshaw, Dickins, J. A. conjugate Australian Whittaker,M., (2 D.Williams, Müller,J. S.R. E., eastern Greater India lithosphere? Indiaeastern Greater lithosphere? InteractionTibet: TethyanHimalayabetwee in south Earlymafic Petrogenesis of the earliest Cretaceous Shi, G.,Dong,Zhao, Pan, Z., Zhu, G., D., Mo, X., Bulletin Tibet andTibet Australia. southwestern large 132 Ma remnan province: igneous Comei-Bunbury N S.-L., Zhao,Mo, Z.-D., Zhu, Chung,X.-X., D.-C.,

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article , 130, 811-824. doi:10.1130/B31653.1 ,doi:10.1130/B31653.1 811-824. 130, ‐ Antarctic margins. Antarctic Geology Lithos , 100, 147-175. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.06.024 doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.06.024 ,147-175. 100, Tectonics , 37, 583-586. doi:10.1130/G30001A.1 doi:10.1130/G30001A.1 583-586. 37, , Kerguelen plume. Li, Y.-X., Wu,Wang, Li,S., Qing, C.-S. J.-Y., Y.-X., 011), Full-fit, palinspastic reconstruction of reconstruction Full-fit, 011),the palinspastic Y., Liao, Z., Wang, L., Zhou, C. (2008),Wang,C. Liao, Zhou, Y.,Z., L., rocks from the Cona area of the easternCona the rocksfrom area the of the Comei large igneous province, Southigneous large theComei , 30, TC6012. doi:10.1029/2011TC002912 doi:10.1029/2011TC002912 TC6012.30, , 87), The Westralian 87), an The superbasin: kel, A. T., Exon, N. F.,Langford, N. P., kel, R. T., A. Exon, ), International Shallow ), on symposium iu, Y., Song, B., Yang, Y.-H. Yang,iu, TheB.,(2009), Y., Song, n the incubating Kerguelen plume andKerguelen plume the thenincubating alkema, Rotterdam ts identified in present-day southeastern identified in present-day southeastern ts Geological Society of America SocietyAmerica of Geological a Cretaceous GeomagneticTimeScales andof AgesSeaf Table1 biostratigraphicdata ofFrau etal. giving(2018), showninTable 2. The ofbase chron M0r isassigned (2019)complemented with cyclostratigraphyBodin of Chron agesfromChron geomagnetic time scaleof Ogg etal Valanginian ------Hauterivian Hauterivian Barremian Chron Barremian Apt Age ------ian

M11r M11n M10Nr M10Nn.3n M10Nn.2r M10Nn.2n M10Nn.1r M10Nn.1n M10r M10n M9r M9n M8r M8n M7r M7n M6r M6n M5r M5n M3r M3n M2n M1r M1n M0r C34n

128.34 128.07 127.79 127.49 127.23 127.11 126.91 126.57 125.67 - 124.05 123.55 123.19 121.00 (Ma) Begin (2007) &Gee Kent GeologicTimeScales 131.91 131.50 130.84 130.49 130.24 130.22 129.95 129.91 129.63 129.25 128.93 128.62

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131.50 130.84 130.49 130.24 130.22 129.95 129.91 129.63 129.25 128.93 128.62 128.34 128.07 127.79 127.49 127.23 127.11 126.91 126.57 125.67 124.05 - 123.55 123.19 121.00 120.60 (Ma) End

anage that corresponds youngestthe to ageassess 129.11 - 128.66 128.32 126.30 125.93 (Ma) Begin (2016) al.Ogget 136.29 135.92 135.32 135.00 134.78 134.76 134.51 134.48 134.22 133.88 133.58 133.30 133.05 132.80 132.55 132.27 132.04 131.92 131.74 131.43 130.60

to middlethe of lastthe ammonite zone ofthe Bar

. (2102)adjustedfit tostageand ammonite zonebo et al.(2006) et from M1n toM0rof and Martinez eta loorSpreading Anomalies.

128.66 - 128.32 126.30 125.93 84.19 (Ma) End 135.92 135.32 135.00 134.78 134.76 134.51 134.48 134.22 133.88 133.58 133.30 133.05 132.80 132.55 132.27 132.04 131.92 131.74 131.43 130.60 129.11

124.58 - 123.92 123.51 121.54 120.95 (Ma) Begin (2012) Malinvernoet al. 132.99 132.67 132.30 132.01 131.83 131.71 131.47 131.35 131.07 130.76 130.43 130.02 129.67 129.32 129.00 128.54 128.33 128.15 127.98 127.19 126.05

123.92 - 123.51 121.54 120.95 (Ma) End 132.67 132.30 132.01 131.83 131.71 131.47 132.35 131.07 130.76 130.43 130.02 129.67 129.32 129.00 128.54 128.33 128.15 127.98 127.19 126.05 124.58

123.7 - 123.2 123.0 121. (Ma) Begin StudyThis 132.9 132.5 131.9 131.6 131.4 131.3 131.0 130.9 130.5 130.0 129.3 128.8 128.4 128.1 127.7 127.4 127.2 127.1 127.0 126.7 125.

8 8

ed byedOlierook etal.(2019). 131.6 131.4 131.3 131.0 130.9 130.5 130.0 129.3 128.8 128.4 128.1 127.7 127.4 127.2 127.1 127.0 126.7 125. 123.7 123.2 - 123.0 121. - (Ma) End 132.5 131.9

a

remianstage asindicated by chemo- and 8 8 undaryofages Aguirre-Urretaetal.

l. (2013)froml. M10Nn.2n toM11ras M10N M10 M8 M6 M4 M2 M0 C34n Chron (2013) Gibbons et al. SpreadingKey Anomalies M11

131 130.5 128.2 127.2 126.7 124.1 120.4 (Ma) Age 132.1

M10N M10 M8n M6n M5n M3n M0r C34n Chron StudyThis M11r M11n

n

131 130 128 127 126 124 12 84 (Ma) Age 133 132 a

2 - 121

RevisedHauterivian and lower Barremian Chron Ages. Table2 M1r M11n M10Nr M10Nn.3n M10Nn.2r M10Nn.2n M10Nn.1r M10Nn.1n M10r M10n M9r M9n M8r M8n M7r M7n M6r M6n M5r M5n M3r M3n M1n M0r Chron

ooolctm 2.9 1909 2. 189 04 130 0.4 128.93 59%withinPeregrinus BaseFurcillata 129.3 51%withinFurcillata 86%within 129.099 89%withinFurcillata 123.9 40%within Radiatus 129.992 49%within Radiatus within9%Loryi 97%withinLoryi 0.3 Nodosoplicatum 74%within 30%within 123.55 69%withinSayni 11%withinLigatus 63%withinLigatus 123.2 13%within Balearis 42%within Balearis 123.199 57%within Balearis 79%within Balearis 123.999 18%within Ohmi 43%within Hugii Vandenheckii 38%within Vandenheckii 96% Sartousiana 27%within 50%withinSarasini Zone(Ogg etal., 2016) Position in Ammonite within Furcillata Sayni

b

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Accepted Article

Zone(Ma) Ammonite of Age at Base 123.199 122.019 133.393 131.935 131.935 131.935 131.935 131.292 131.292 130.520 130.520 129.099 129.099 128.145 128.145 127.497 127.497 127.497 127.497 126.835 126.079 123.999

Zone(Ma) Ammonite of Age atTop 122.339 121.519 131.935 131.292 131.292 131.292 131.292 130.520 130.520 129.992 129.992 128.145 128.145 127.497 127.497 126.835 126.835 126.835 126.835 126.079 125.539 123.199

Chron(Ma) atBaseof Revised Age 123.0 121.8 132.5 131.9 131.6 131.4 131.4 131.0 130.9 130.5 130.0 128.8 128.4 128.1 127.7 127.4 127.2 127.1 127.0 126.7 125.8 123.7

a

Chron(Ma) atBaseof (2007)Age Gee and Kent 123.19 121.00 131.50 130.84 130.49 130.24 130.22 129.95 129.91 129.63 129.25 128.62 128.34 128.07 127.79 127.49 127.23 127.11 126.91 126.57 125.67 124.05

1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 (m.y.) Difference Age

131.47 131.35 131.07 130.76 130.02 129.67 129.32 129.00 128.54 128.33 128.15 127.98 127.19 126.05 124.58 123.51 121.54 (Ma) of Chron Ageat Base etal.(2012) Malinverno 132.67 132.30 132.01 131.83 131.71 4 1.1 .43 0.7 2

0.5 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 (m.y.) Difference Age

the Sarasinithe Zone. b a using revisedstageages of Aguirre-Urreta etal.( (2012)shownfor comparison. cyclostratigraphyMartinezof etal. (2013) fromM1 Revisedchronages are interpolatedfromposition o The biostratigraphicThe position chron ofM0r was revi M11r

34%withinPeregrinus

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133.393 2019)complemented with cyclostratigraphy ofBodin

0Nn.2ntoM11r. Geomagentic time scales of andGee f chronfrombase of reference ammoniate zoneand a sedinFrau etal.(2018). given ageThe here assum 131.935

132.9

131.91

et al. (2006)from M1n toM3n and es the ofthisbase chron isinthe middleof 1.0 gesofammonite zone et (Ogg2016) al., Kent(2007) and Malinverno etal.

132.99

0.1

Oldenburgon shipboardresidualpowder sample previ a PetrogeneticModeling Input andParameters Results. Table3

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Based onX-RayBased Fluorescenceanalysis usingAXIOS Pl Major Elements Water FeO/Fe ofMg#basalt Fo contentNi of olivine keyOthercompositional indicators SUM P K Na CaO MgO MnO FeO Al TiO SiO D D M mantleModeled potential temperature( Asimow(2008) ( Magma Ariskin((2014) Magma ( Magma meltingModeled conditions

Accepted° Article 2 C) C) egree fractionationof egree meltingof 2 O eltingpressure(G 2 O rsterite 2 O O 2 5 2

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content ( 2

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( a)

wt%

100.00 0.04 0.03 2.31 9.41 11.66 0.16 7.76 18.99 0.54 49.11 Composition(wt %) 67R-01WSample Measured )

( wt%

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Herzbergand andKimura (1999)Ariskin ° C) a

ouslyanalyzedICP-AESby (Huber al.,et 2019a). us(Panalytical) instrumentat University of Modeled Magma 100.00 0.05 0.03 2.32 9.40 11.67 0.15 7.78 18.97 0.53 49.09 Composition (wt %) Chamber Modeled Magma - - 0.00 - - 1296 Chamber Modeled Magma 0.00 0.87 0.73 91.0 0.35 Chamber

Modeled PrimaryModeled 100.00 0.04 0.03 2.15 8.73 14.44 0.15 7.79 17.63 0.50 48.54 Composition (wt %) BasaltMagma PrimaryModeled 10 24.8 1.5 1380 1413 1413 1369 Basalt PrimaryModeled 0.01 0.89 0.77 91.9 0.49 Basalt

-

1410

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article -38 -36 -34 -32 -30 -28

o o o o o o Batavia FZ Batavia 108

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allingup

Shelf 1 Fault Darling 16

A o Craton Yilgarn F O This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article -60° -40° -20° -60° -40° -20° -60° -40° -20° -60° -40° -20° SKP -Southern KerguelenPlateau, WP -Wallaby Plateau CKP Basin, -Central KerguelenPlateau, NR-Ninetyeast Ridge,PB-Perth Volcanic Centers:BB-BunburyBasalt, BR-BrokenRidge,CBComeiBasalt, Seafloor: CAP -Cuvier Abyssal Plain,PAP -Perth Abyssal Plain IND-India,MADMadagascar, NP -Naturaliste Plateau CAL -Central Argoland,GI -GreaterIndia,GKGulden DraakKnoll Continental Crust: AFR - Africa, ANT - Antarctica, AUS - Australia, BK-BataviaKnoll, Volcanic Center Volcanic Plateau (g) 84Ma(LateCretaceous,Campanian) (e) 108Ma(EarlyCretaceous, Albian) (c) 132Ma(EarlyCretaceous,Valanginian) (a) ca.265Ma(middlePermian) MAD AFR RT 80° Exhumed SKP Mantle I N D GK GI 100° Spreading Ridge CB BK Land BR GK WP ANT NP Continental Crust NP NP Submerged CAL 120° BB AUS PB Extinct SpreadingRidge (d) 124Ma(EarlyCretaceous,Barremian) (b) 155Ma(LateJurassic) (h) 47Ma(middlePaleogene) (f) 100Ma(EarlyCretaceous, Albian) 80° Oceanic Crust CKP NR Kerguelen Plume BK WP 100° GK CAP 1000 kmdiameter PAP plume head Rift 120° TWTT (s) TWTT (s) TWTT (s) S S S 6 5 5 4 4 3 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 0 P P P .0 .5 .0 .5 .0 .5 .7 .5 .0 .5 .0 .5 .2 .0 .5 .0 .5 .0 .5 : : : 1 2 4 2 0 8 (b) (a) (c) 3 9 9 Eastern Naturaliste Plateau Western MentelleBasin Eastern MentelleBasin This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected volcanogenic clastic 0 5 5 AcceptedHauterivian-Aptian Article Seafloor Unconformity deposits III, IV Breakup U1513 VI V II I Seafloor TD 774 457 WD=2788 65 248 692 Volcanics 60 kmgap Pre-rift?

L. Jr./E. Cr. Syn-rift Volcanics Faults Post-rift 5 1 2 4 7 6 25 4 3 Post-rift L. Jr./E. Cr. Syn-rift? 5 0 Unconformity Breakup Western MentelleBasin Volcanics WD=850 TD 517 Post-rift 402 210 U1515 Yallingup Shelf IIc IIa,b I Unconformity? Breakup 7 L. Jr./E. Cr.

k Pre-rift? Syn-rift m 2 3 5 2 1 9 9 5 4 0 0 0 Depth (mbsf) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 800 0

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article core recovery Hole A IODP Lithostratigraphic Unit IV III II I D lithology U1513 Hole B Hole E VI II I D Hole D VI V IV III II

Val? Hauterivian Bar A Alb Cen Tur Co-Camp M-Ple Hole A D

Detachment II Ib Ia ooze/chalk nannofossil Clayey ooze/chalk Nannofossil ooze/chalk Calcareous U1514 D Hole C

IIIB IIIA II

Alb C-T Paleo Eocene Oli U Co-Ma M-Ple Unconformity claystone rich clay/ Nannofossil- claystone Clay/ volcaniclastics Basalt/ Hole A

Ia U1516 IC III Hole C

IV II D Ib Ia G G G G G G Ple silty sandstone silty sand/ Calcareous sandstone Sand/ /sandstone Glauconitic siltysand /silty claystone sandstone/siltstone V

olcaniclastic-rich Alb Ce Tur Eocene Oli Miocene Pliocene Paleo Hole A U1515 IIc IIb IIa Ib Ia G G G G G G G G U G G G G Ple Cal-Tith E. Cr D E Oli M-Pli (Val or younger) This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article 10 15 TiO2 (wt%) Zr/Y 10 Na2O + K2O (wt%) 8 3 6 0 4 0 4 5 2 2 0 1 0 0 40 (b) (c) (a) b - T b P a e a s i p c s a h r a o n r l i i t t alkalic 2 t e e T - B 10 b t P r e a a a h p s 50 c s o h a h a n r l y l a i t B t o t t - e n r SiO a a d a B s c e n 4 a a h s d l s y t i e i t a - c a e T s l 2 n t i r i t (wt%) c a d e 20 c e A h s n 60 y i t d e - e 6 s i t MgO (wt%) e T tholeiitic r a c Zr/Nb h D y t 30 a e c 8 70 i t e R h y o l 10 i t e 40 K B N S e u a 12 i r n t t D U U p U U v G C O O ( O S d d d g e U u L b olcaniclastic unit OI <5% l r r i u r E S n n n n a u o k D D l u e e a i e e i i i i s e m s I D r d d t 9 t 7 t 5 t 3 l 50 P P R 1 i l y B u r s s e g g P o e 5 1 1 e a t n P e e e P o 1 2 l r 14 1 1 i s s a i k e n 2 3 n 4 4 , n , s 6 s 0 a l 0 0 l 4 a a a 1 t a , b , g o o t l t 6 t e e u r ) a t a a l l t h a . h u 60 u s 16 s a s l t This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 1200 1200 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 T F T m mean mt PM2 / PrimaryeruptionT 1300 1300 (fraction) MORB MORB 1400 1400 T p Ga Galápagos ( O l C) á pagos 1500 1500 T Ontong Java Ontong Java p Hawaii Kea Hawaii Kea PM2 m ( picrite Gorgona picrite Gorgona O C) 1600 1600 (c) (a) 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 1200 Naturaliste Plateaubasalt(SiteU1513) Mid oceanridge P Shatsk Shatsky mean Oceanic plateaubasalt/picrite N-MORB D-MORB basalt 1300 (GPa) y

R Rise ise Legend 1400 T N 1349 p ( O C) Ocean island 1500 basalt Koola Loihi Mikabu E Mikabu D 1600 u (b) This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article Depth (mbsf) SL (m) -300 300 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0 18 Bight BasinSFS U1516 (42-47 Ma) 20 8 13 40 U1514 detachment 60 15 Age (Ma) 80 Bight Basin slow extension U1513 16 8 100 10 5 120

Naturaliste Plateau SFS (126 Ma)

140 Perth Abyssal Plain SFS (133 Ma) Sea LevelSea (f) Present (f) (e) Late Cretaceous margin (Southern rifting) (d) late Hauterivian (Naturaliste Plateau breakup) (c) middle Valanginian (Perth Abyssal Plain breakup) (b) Lateanduplift) Jurassic (rifting (a) middleJurassic (Pre-rift) W This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected Accepted Article* * Naturaliste Plateau Basalt * Naturaliste Plateau Greater * India * L. Permian. -E. Jurassic * mid to late Cret. Post-rift * * * U1513 * * V.E. =5:1 * * Mentelle Basin * * Australia Permian Post-rift * * L. Jr. -E. Cret. Syn-rift U1515 Yallingup Shelf Darling FaultDarling Permian Syn-rift Bunbury Basalt Bunbury Perth Basin Perth Basin Neogene * * E 100 km W Extension ceased breakup after Extension west ofNaturaliste Plateau Renewed reactivated extension Permian structures Naturaliste Plateau Greater breakup further north onPerth Abyssal Plain north breakup further India Naturaliste Subsidence to mid-bathyal to depthsprior Extension focusedExtension inMentelle Basinafter Plateau Quiescence following Permian rifting Australia/Antarctica breakup extension U1513 West Mentelle Basin extension Mentelle Basin Mentelle Basin V.E. =1:1 Mentelle Basin East Australia U1515 Yallingup Shelf Perth Basin Perth Basin Perth Basin

Perth Basin

CMB CMB CMB CMB 160 Ma 133 Ma 170 Ma 105 Ma 126 Ma CMB CMB 0 Ma E TWTT (s) TWTT (s) S S (b) (a) 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 4.5 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ThisAllarticleis rights by copyright. reserved. protected P P ...... 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 : Accepted: Article 1 6 0 6 (U1513 UnitV) volcaniclastics 0 0 SWM-17 SWM-03 Naturaliste Plateau Perth AbyssalPlain U 0 0 1 1 5 2 6 1 0 4 4 0 0 C 0 1 4 6 0 2

syn-rift (PB/PAP breakup) 0 0

syn-rift 0 volcanics (U1513 UnitV) volcaniclastics 1 SWM-17 6 6 0 0 0 0 SWM-03 0 1 8 5 0 8 marine claystones (IND/NP breakup) 0 0 base ofpost-rift 0 2 (PB/PAP breakup) 0 5 flows? basalt 0 6 10 km 0 0 volcanics post-rift 0 volcanic/ complex intrusive 2 2 5 0 4 0 0 0 10 km 2 4 5 0 flows? 2 basalt base ofpost-riftclaystones 0 0 0 (IND/NP breakup) 2 6 5 0 0 0 post-rift 0 0 2 NNW WSW 8 4 0 8 0 0 flows? basalt 0 4 3 6 0 0 0 0 0