INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REVIEW ARTICLE PHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031

Vitex negundo: - A Chinese Chaste Tree

Arora Vimal*, Lohar Vikram, Sandeep Singhal, Bhandari Anil Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, India

ABSTRACT Vitex negundo (Nirgundi) is one of the widely studied and used medicinal plants amongst those mentioned in ancient books. The name “Chinese Chaste tree” is derived from one of its therapeutic activity, which depresses the sexual desire. The long list of thesaurus is result of its wide distribution throughout the world. It’s important constituents are Vitexin, Nishindaside and Negundoside. A number of experts have worked on this plant for its different therapeutic uses such as: antiandrogenic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, anxiolytic and mosquito repellant potential etc. Key Words-Chaste tree, Negundoside, Nishindaside, Nirgundi, Vitexin

1. INTRODUCTION The medicinal plants with time tested female reproductive system and healing properties are now in vogue. An decreasing sexual desire. This plant is urgent need is therefore being felt for widely found in Mediterranean countries their proper identification and utility. The as well as central Asia. In past two main older literature reveals that the study of herbalists Pliny and Dioscorides have plants was not that exhaustive, in fact, the done great work on it and they mentioned study of larger magnitude was not its use as antipyretic and its property to necessary. Today the scenario has stimulate perspiration, urination and changed with quality consciousness, many more. The usefulness of this plant ethical considerations, legal requirements is mentioned in De Materia Medica and and commercial benefits. Under such also reported from time to time by many conditions it is apparent that archival workers in terms of its anti-inflammatory, knowledge should be revived and antiandrogenic/antifertility and analgesic [1-12] reaffirmed. The information available in activities. literature is compiled and made available 1.1 Plant History to those concerned. In Sanskrit word Nirgundi can be used Plant Vitex negundo, popularly known as for plant or any substance, which protects Nirgundi belongs to family Verbenaceae. the body from the diseases, and it is the It is a well known plant because of its two main properties i.e. its use in female *Corresponding Author disorders specially disorders linked with Vimal Arora

9 | P a g e Volume 1, Issue 5, November₋ December 2011 http://www.ijpi.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REVIEW ARTICLE PHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031 herb, which is mentioned in Ayurveda 1.2 Distribution of Plant with a number of uses. Charaka has Vitex negundo is found in Eastern Africa, categorized Nirgundi as Krmighna- Madagascar to Iran, Burma, Pakistan, Sri anthelmintic and Visaghna-Antitoxin Lanka, China, Taiwan, Japan, (Charaka Samhita). In Ayurveda Afghanistan, India, Philippines, Thailand, Nirgundi is described as a plant with throughout Malaysian region, east to the pungent, bitter and astringent taste palace Islands, Caroline island and the (Rasa), pungent in post-digestive effect Moriana islands. It is also widely (Vipaka) and has hot potency (Virya). It cultivated in Europe, North America and is also mentioned that it alleviates vatta West Indies. In India it is found at the and kapha dosas, but it stimulates or altitude of 1500 m in outer region of increases the pitta dosa. Its antipyretic, Himalayas and some districts of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic Himachal Pradesh. [1-4, 11-12] properties are also mentioned. In the ancient times this drug was known 1.3 Plant Characteristics because of its property to reduce sexual Nirgundi is a tree of length of 8m or a desire and it is recorded that Roman spreading shrub with thin, gray and wives whose husbands were abroad with slightly rough bark. Branchlets are four the legions spread the aromatic leaves on angled, densely white tomentose, 3 to 5 their couches for this purpose. The name foliate opposite leaves, terminal leaflets Monk’s berry or Monk’s pepper is given quite long. Leaves are minutely hairy on to this drug because in ancient times dorsal side, densely pubescent ventrally, monks were used to chew the berries of shallow, blunt toothed margin, long leaf nirgundi to reduce their sexual desire. stalks. Flowers are bluish-white to bluish- Stem of the plant was found to be purple, panniculate raceme. Berry is beneficial because of its actions upon black and is of pea size. Fruits are four pituitary gland, specially its effect on valved, capsulated and rounded like egg production of luteinizing hormone and its shaped. [1, 4, 9, 13-20] reducing effect on prolactin secretion 1.4 Chemical Constituents which in turn may benefit some infertile Fresh leaves yield 0.05 percent essential women as well as women with breast oils. Air-dried leaves yield alkaloid and tenderness associated with premenstrual two new iridoids-glycosides viz – syndrome. Plant may also be used to nishindaside and negundoside. Bark reduce hot flashes due to reduced yields flavone glycosides. Seeds have progesterone production during been reported to yield certain vitamins menopause. It may also be used to and a mixture of unidentified alkaloids. regulate ovulatory cycles. In early times 5 -hydro-8,11,13-abietatrien-6 -ol, the oil obtained from plant leaves was used to treat intense pain due to gout, lanostan-8,25-dien-3 -ol, artemetin, rheumatism and sciatica and general vitexicarpin, -sitisterol, stigmasterol, body ache. [1-5, 9-10, 12] vitexin, isovitexin, casticin, agnuside, 10 | P a g e Volume 1, Issue 5, November₋ December 2011 http://www.ijpi.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REVIEW ARTICLE PHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031 aucubin, luteolin 7-glucoside, -D- 6,7,8,3’,4’-pentamethoxy-(5-O-desmethyl glucoside, orientin, nomoorientin, 5- nobiletin) flavone, 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,4’- hydroxy-3,6,7,3’,4’-pentamethoxy tetramethoxy flavone, 5-hydroxy- flavone, n-tritriacontane, n- 7,3’,4’,5’-tetramethoxy flavone, hentriacontane, n-pentatriacontane, n- isoorientin, neral, bornyl acetate, - nonacosane, -hydroxybenzoic acid, 5- guaiene, - guaiene, -elemene, - oxyisophthalic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic farnesene, caryophyllene epoxide, acid, glucose, vanillic acid, luteolin, nerolidol, caryophyllenol F, farnesol, - methyl ether of leucodelphenidin, eudesmol, -bisabolol, cedrol, 3 - leucocyanidin-7-O-rhamnoglucoside, acetoxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid, 6- glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, 6-C- hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3- glycosyl-5-O- methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-7- rhamnopyranosyltrimethoxywogonin, methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2-naphthaldehyde, acerosin-5-O-glucoside monoacetate, 5- spathulenol, globulol, viridifloral, bis- ’ ’ hydroxy-3,6,7,3 ,4 -pentamethoxy-5-O- (1,1-dimethyl)methyl phenol, abieta- glucopyranosyl rhamnoside, vitexin 7,13-diene, -eudesmol, lagundinin, ’ ’’ caffeate, 4 -O-Me myricetin-3-O-[4 -O- betulinic acid, ursolic acid, rotundial, -D galactosyl]- -D-galactopyranoside, vitexilactone, epifriedelinol. Five -pinene, 3-carene, limonene, compounds were isolated from camphene, -phellandrene, 17-methyl methanollic extract of roots of Vitex heptenone, p-cymene, linalool, 4- negundo Linn and purified by terpineol, -terpineol, citral, crystallization and preparative TLC, caryophyllene oxide, geraniol, these were then identified as 2 , 3 - caryophyllene, terpenyl acetate, geranyl diacetoxyoleana-5, 12-dien-28-oic acid, acetate, benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, 2 , 3 - dihydroxyoleana-5, 12-dien-28- sabinene, -pinene, 1,8-cineole, - oic acid, 2 , 3 -diacetoxy-18- terpinene, 4-(terpinen-4-ol), -elemene, hydroxyoleana-5, 12-dien-28-oic acid, 2’-p-hydroxy benzoyl mussaenosidic vitexin and isovitexin. Roots also acid, furanoeremophilane, acetyl contains oleanolic acid. Structures of oleanolic acid, 6’-p-hydroxy benzoyl some important chemical constituents are mussaenosidic acid, nishindaside, given in Figure 1-12. [1, 3, 5, 9-33] negundoside, 5,3’-dihydroxy –7,8,4’- A new phenyldihydronaphthalene-type trimethoxy flavone, 5,3’-dihydroxy – lignan, vitedoin A, a new 6,7,4’-trimethoxy flavone, 5-hydroxy- phenylnaphthalene-type lignan alkaloid, 3,6,7,3’,4’-pentamethoxy flavone, 3,5- vitedoamine A, and a new trinorlabdane- dihydroxy-3,4,6,7-tetramethoxy flavonol, type diterpene, vitedoin B, were isolated 5,7,3’-trihydroxy flavone, 6,8,4’- from the seeds of Vitex negundo along trimethoxy flavone, 4,4’-dimethoxy- with five known lignan derivatives. Their trans-stilbene, 5,6,7,8,3’,4’,5’ – chemical structures were determined heptamethoxy flavone, 5-hydroxy- mainly on the basis of NMR and MS

11 | P a g e Volume 1, Issue 5, November₋ December 2011 http://www.ijpi.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REVIEW ARTICLE PHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031 data. Compounds showed stronger Ayurveda but also in or modern system antioxidative activity than α-tocopherol of medicine. So this drug can still be using the ferric thiocyanate method. [34-35] explored a lot for the pharmaceutical 1.5 Therapeutic Uses purposes. The therapeutic uses of Vitex negundo are given in Table-1 and Some Important References Chemical Compounds found in the Vitex 1. Chauhan NS. Medicinal & Aromatic genus and its pharmacodynamic Plants of Himachal Pradesh. New properties given in Table- 2. Delhi: Indus Publishing Co.; 1999. p. 436-438. 2 Ayurvedic Preparations Containing 2. Handa SS, Kaul MK. Cultivation & Vitex negundo Utilization of Aromatic Plants. Liv. 52, Pilex, V-Gel, Himcolin Gel, Jammu: RRL; 1997. p. 480-521. Rumalaya Gel, Acne-n-Pimple Cream 3. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian and Muscle & Joint Rub, Nirgundi Kalka, Medicinal Plants. Dehradoon: Nirgundi Ghrita, Nirgundi Kwatha, International Distributors; 1999. p. Varnyasodhna Taila, Visagarbha Taila 1912, 1937-1940. etc. 4. Chopra RN, Nayar BL, Chopra IC. 3 Conclusion Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: NISC; 1999. p. 256-257. From the above discussion it may 5. www.herbmed.com-vitexnegundo- concluded that Vitex negundo is an herb encapsulatedherbalextract-herb dated of great deal and it is used for its various 14-May-2004. 6. Bhargava SK. Antiandrogenic effect properties by a number of pharmaceutical of flavanoid rich fraction of Vitex companies and general people. Still a lot negundo seeds in dogs. Indian of scope is there for research on this drug Drugs. 1999; 37(1). 7. Telang RS, et al. Studies on to explore it further for the well being of analgesic and anti-inflammatory humans. The long list of uses of the drug activities of Vitex negundo leaf suggests that each and every part of the extract. Ind. J. P’cology. 1999; herb can be used in different ailments, 31(5): 363-366. 8. Leopold J, et al. Analysis of the which in turn reflects the importance of essential oils of the leaves of the this herb. A number of pharmaceutical medicinal plants Vitex negundo var. preparations, containing Vitex negundo negundo and Vitex negundo var. purpurescens from India. Acta makes it clear that this herb is Pharm. 1998; (48): p. 179-186. contributing a lot not only in the field of

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9. www.arcbc.org.com

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27. Singh V, Dayal R, Bartley JP. 35. Masateru O, Yoichiro N, Chikako Volatile constituents of Vitex M, et al. Lignan derivatives and a negundo leaves. J. Med. Aroma. norditerpene from the seeds of vitex Plant Sci. 2003; 25(1): 94-98. negundo. J. Nat. Prod. 2004; 67 28. Ganapaty S, Vidyadhar KN. (12): 2073–2075. Phytoconstituents and biological 36. Sathiamoorthy B, Gupta P, Kumar activities of Vitex. Journal of natural M, et al. New antifungal flavonoid remedies. 2005; 5(2): 75-95. glycoside from Vitex negundo. 29. Ravishankar B, Nair R, Bhaskaran Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry C, et al. Pharmacological Letters. 2007; 17(1): 239-242. Evaluation Vitex negundo 37. Ohyama K, Akaike T, Imai M, et al. (Nirgundi) Leaves. BMEBR. 1985; Human gastric signet ring 6(1): 72 - 92. carcinoma (KATO-III) cell apoptosis 30. Tandon V, Gupta RK. Effects of induced by Vitex agnus-castus fruit Vitex negundo on oxidative stress. extract through intracellular Indian J Pharmacol. 2005; 37(1): 38- oxidative stress. The International 40. Journal of Biochemistry & Cell 31. Fai YM, Tao CC. A review of Biology. 2005; 37: 1496-1510. presence of Oleanolic acid in 38. Alam MI, Gomes A. Snake venom Natural Products. Sample Review neutralization by Indian medicinal for Natura Proda Medica. April plants (Vitex negundo and Emblica 2009:41. officinalis) root extracts. Journal of 32. Dutta PK, et al. Studies on indian Ethnopharmacology. 2003, 86: 75- medicinal plants-part lxxv. 80. Nishindaside, a novel iridoid 39. Patel J, Shah S, Deshpande S. glycoside from vitex negundo. Evaluation of the antiasthmatic Whednm. 1983; Vol 39 (No. 19.): activity of leaves of vitex. Asian 3067-3072. Journal of Pharmaceutical and 33. Lokhande PJ, Verma JK. Clinical Research. 2009; 2: 81. Quantification of Negundoside in 40. Banerjee A, Vaghasiya R, Vitex negundo Linn. Leaf by high Shrivastava N, et al. Endometrial performance thin layer membrane response in Mus chromatography. Journal of Planer musculus during implantation by Chromatograhy. 2009; 22(9): 225- Vitex negundo Linn. Anim. Reprod. 228. 2007; 4: 46-50. 34. Cheng-Jian Z, Bao-Kang H, Ting 41. Lucks BC. Vitex agnus castus Han et al. Nitric Oxide Scavenging essential oil and menopausal Lignans from Vitex negundo Seeds. balance: a research update. Journal of Natural Products. 2009; Complementary Therapies in 72 (9):1627-1630. Nursing and Midwifery. 2003; 8: 148-154. 14 | P a g e Volume 1, Issue 5, November₋ December 2011 http://www.ijpi.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REVIEW ARTICLE PHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031

42. Lucks BC, Sorensen J, Veal L. Vitex its use in PMS. Journal of agnus-castus essential oil and Ethnopharmacology. 2006; 106: menopausal balance: a self-care 216-221. survey. Complementary Therapies in 50. Sarikurkcu C, Arisoy K, Tepe B, et Nursing and Midwifery. 2002; 8: al. Studies on the antioxidant activity 148-154. of essential oil and different solvent 43. Lin S, He Z, Chen R, et al. extracts of Vitex agnus castus L. Treatment for premenstrual fruits from Turkey. Food and syndrome with Vitex agnus castus: A Chemical Toxicology. 2009; 47: prospective, randomized, multi- 2479-2483. center placebo controlled study in 51. Khokra SL, Prakash O, Jain S, et al. China. Maturitas. 2009; 63: 99-103. Essential oil composition and 44. Prilepskaya VN, Ledina AV, antibacterial studies of Vitex Tagiyeva AV, et al. Vitex agnus negundo linn. extracts. Indian castus: Successful treatment of Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. moderate to severe premenstrual 2008; 70(4): 522-526. syndrome. Maturitas. 2006; 55S: 52. Adnaik RS, Pai PT, Sapakal VD, et S55-S63. al., Anxiolytic activity of Vitex 45. Mary RA, Villasenor M. negundo Linn. in experimental Comparative anti-hyperglycemic models of anxiety in mice. potentials of medicinal plants. International Journal of Green Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Pharmacy. 2009; 3(3): 243-247. 2006; 104: 129-131. 53. Kulkarni RR, Virkar AD, D'Mello 46. Adnaik RS, Pai PT. Laxative activity Priscilla. Antioxidant and of vitex negundo linn. Leaves. Asian antiinflammatory activity of Vitex J. Exp. Sci. 2008; 22(1): 159-160. negundo. Indian Journal of 47. Jarry H, Spengler B, Wuttke W, et Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2008; al. An In vitro assay for bioactivity- 70(6): 838-840. guided isolation of endocrine active 54. Nair AM, Saraf MN. Inhibition of compounds in Vitex agnus-castus. S. antigen and compound 48/80 Maturitas. 2006; 55S: S26-S36. induced contractions of Guinea pig 48. Saberi M, Rezvanizadeh A, trachea by the ethanolic extract of Bakhtiarian A. The antiepileptic leaves of Vitex negundo linn. Indian activity of Vitex agnus castus extract Journal of Pharmacology. 1995; on amygdale kindled seizures in 27(4): 230-233. male rats. Neuroscience Letters. 55. Tandon V, Gupta RK. 2008; 441: 193-196. Histomorphological changes 49. Wang ZJ, Farnsworth NR, Webster induced by Vitex negundo in albino DE. Activation of the μ-opiate rats. Indian Journal of receptor by Vitex agnus-castus Pharmacology. 2004; 36(3): 176- methanol extracts: Implication for 177. 15 | P a g e Volume 1, Issue 5, November₋ December 2011 http://www.ijpi.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REVIEW ARTICLE PHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031

56. Gupta M, et al. CNS activity of 62. Gautam LN. Chemical constituents petroleum ether extract of Vitex from vitex negundo (Linn.) of Negundo Linn in Mice. Indian nepalese origin. Scientific World. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2008; 6: 6. 1997; 59(5): 240-245. 63. Azhar-ul-Haq Malik A, Anis I, Khan 57. Jana U, Chattopadhyay RN, Badri SB, et al. Enzyme inhibiting lignans PS. Preliminary studies on anti- from Vitex negundo. Chem. Pharm. inflammatory activity of Zingiber Bull 2004; 52:1269–1272. officinale Rosc., Vitex negundo Lin. 64. Hoberg E, Meier B, Sticher O. and Tinospora cordifolia (willid) Quantitative high performance miers in albino rats. Indian Journal liquid chromatographic analysis of of Pharmacology. 1999; 31(3): 232- casticin in the fruits of Vitex agnus- 233. castus. Pharmaceutical Biology. 58. Das S, Parveen S, Kundra CP, et al. 2001; 39: 57-61. Reproduction in male rats is 65. Suksamrarn A, Sommechai C, vulnerable to treatment with the Charulpong P, et al. Ecdysteroids flovonoid-rich seed extracts of Vitex from Vitex Canescens. 1994; 0031- negundo. Phytother. Res. 2004; 18 9422, 00712-8. (1): 8-13. 66. Suksamrarn A, Promrangsan N, 59. Biswal S, Murthy PN, Sahu J, et al. Chitkul B, et al. Ecdysteroids of the Biological activities of Vitex Root Bark of Vitex Canescens. PII: negundo Linn- An overview. 1997; SOO31-9422, 00102-7. Pharmbit. 2008; 17(1): 17-25. 67. Ono M, Sawamura H, Ito Y, et al. 60. Diaz F, Chavez D, Lee D,et al. Diterpenoids from the fruits of Vitex Cytotoxic flavone analogues of trifolia. Phytochemistry. 2000; 55: vitexicarpin, a constituent of the 873-877. leaves of Vitex negundo. Journal of 68. Rahman E, Hossain MM, Paul N, et Natural Products. 2003; 66(6): al. Antibacterial activity of Vitex 865-867. trifolia. Fitoterapia. 2001; 72: 695- 61. Maurya R, Shukla PK, Ashok K. 697. New antifungal flavonoid glycoside 69. Leit G, Tereza C, Santos D, et al. from vitex negundo. Bioorganic and Ecdysteroids from two Brazilian Medicinal Chemistry. 2007; 17:239- Vitex species. Fitoterapia. 2001; 72: 242. 215-220.

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Table 1: Therapeutic Uses of Vitex negundo [1, 4, 8-11, 13-20, 25, 29-30, 34-69] Plant Part Uses Powdered Antirheumatic, Hemorrhoid, Demulcent, Worms problem, Skin Roots problems, Dyspepsia and Colic. Tincture from Antirheumatic and Irritable bladder. Roots & Bark Roots and Bitter tonic, expectorant, diuretic and anodyne. Leaves Leaves As poultice in aromatic bath and filled in pillow to relieve headache and catarrh. Crushed leaves as plaster on spleen and in swelling. Leaves decoction is used as febrifuge for wounds and ulcers. Juices from leaves relieve sore throat, cough and discharges worms from the wounds. Ethanolic extract of leaves have significant antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Flowers In Cholera, Diarrhoea, Liver disorders and as Cardiac tonic. Seeds Boiled seeds or its water extract used internally to prevent spreading of toxins from poisonous bites of animals. Whole plant Galactagogue, Emenagogue, Antigastalgic, Antiflatulant, Antiparasitic and Analgesic. Other uses Suppresses sex desire, Increases chastity (sexual morality), Remedy for premenstrual syndrome and menstrual difficulties. Used in endometriosis and fibrocystic breast diseases. Promotes hair growth, used in the eye diseases, leucoderma, bronchitis, asthma, painful teething in children. Oil from fresh leaves is used for about seventy common and complicated diseases. Also used in oxidative stress, antibacterial activity, anxiolytic activity, CNS activity, antioxidant, antiinflammatory activity, laxative action, Snake venom neutralization, antiepileptic activity, and gastric carcinoma.

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Table 2: Some Important Chemical Compounds found in the Vitex genus and its Pharmacological properties [62-69]

S. N Species, Part and Chemical Constituents Source Activity Ref.

1. Vitex negundo Linn Leaves a. 5-hydroxy-3, 6, 7 trimethoxy (3,4dimtoxypheny) Ethanolic extract 4Hchrome-4-on. b. 5, 7-dihydroxy-2-(3, 4 dihydroxyphenyl)-4H- Methanolic extract chromen-4-one. Antifungal c. Agnuside Methanolic and hexane extracts Bark a. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid

b. β-sitosterol Acetoacetate fraction

Seeds a. vitedoamine A 48-50 Roots Methanolic Extract of the Tyrosinase a. lignans (agnucastoside A, B,C and aucubin, flowering stems inhibitory, agnuside, mussaenosidic. Antimicrobial activity and Cytotoxic activity 2. Vitex agnus-castus a. 1, 8-cineole, sabinene, a-pinene, a-terpinyl Water and ethanol Antioxidant acetate, and (Z)-b-farnesene. extracts of fruits activity b. 6b,7b- diacetoxy-13-hydroxy-labda-8,14-diene Hexane extracts of fruits Affinity to the and rotundi-furan Methanol Extract of dopamine-D2- Fruits, receptor 51-55 c. Linoleic Acid Water & Ethanol Extract Estrogenic d. Apigenin , 5-hydroxy -3,6,7,4 - Tetramethoxy- n-Hexane and Ethanol flavone and casticin Extracts Premenstrual e. pinnatasterone 24-O-(pyrrole 2-carboxylate) Symptoms

3. Vitex canescens Ethanol extract of the ------56-57 a. 24-epi-abutasterone root bark and Acetone extract of the fruits. 4. Vitex trifolia Pet. ether and ethanol Activity against a. Vitetrifolin A, B and C, rotun-difuran, extracts both gram- dihydrosolidagenone and abietatriene 3b-ol positive and 58 gram-negative bacteria 5. Vitex cymosa a. Ecdysteroid, 26-hydroxypinnatasterone, Stem barks 20-hydroxyecdysone ------59

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Fig.1 Acubin Fig.2 Agnuside

Fig.3 Artemetin Fig.4 Casticin

Fig.5 Chrysophanol Fig.6 Iso-orientin

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Fig.7 Iso-vitexin Fig.8 Negundoside

Fig.9 Nishandaside Fig.10 Viridiflorol

Fig.11 Vitexicarpin Fig.12 Vitexin

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