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Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Carbon Stock in Natural Stands of Hyrcanian Lowland Forests: a Case Study, Nour Forest Park, Iran

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Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Carbon Stock in Natural Stands of Hyrcanian Lowland Forests: a Case Study, Nour Forest Park, Iran JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE, 62, 2016 (11): 501–510 doi: 10.17221/49/2016-JFS Horizontal and vertical distribution of carbon stock in natural stands of Hyrcanian lowland forests: A case study, Nour Forest Park, Iran A.A. Vahedi1, A.R. Bijani-Nejad2, A. Djomo3 1Research Institute of Forests & Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran 2Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization, Nowshahr, Iran 3Department of Geography and Planning, Faculty of Arts and Science, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada ABSTRACT: The Nour Forest Park located in the north of Iran is the most important Hyrcanian lowland forest which plays a significant role in the local/national carbon cycle. Since the forest is protectively managed, the distribution of C pools in the forest may give proper information for climate change negotiations. We investigated variations in above- and belowground C pools between three natural stand types that occur in the forest – Alnus glutinosa-Parrotia persica (AI), Acer velutinum-Parrotia persica (MI), and Ulmus glabra-Carpinus betulus (EH). The carbon stocks of trees, herbs and litter were measured in each stand based on a completely randomized design using nested plots. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock was measured at two depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm). The mean organic carbon concentration of 20.61 ± 0.012% and of 31.13 ± 0.024% was directly measured for herbs and litter, respectively. The results of the paired t-test showed that there was no significant difference in SOC between the first depth (0–20 cm) and the second depth (20–40 cm) in AI stand though SOC was significantly different between the two depths in MI and EH stands. The carbon stock of above- and belowground biomass was not significantly different between the three stands, and carbon stock of litter was higher than that of herbs in each stand. Also, there were significant differences in the different carbon pools in each stand type; however, the different stand types did not differ in the proportion of carbon stored in different pools and in total carbon (i.e. C summed across all pools; P > 0.05). The findings in the different forest types showed that there was no high carbon stock variability suggesting that the horizontal and vertical distribution of carbon stocks in the forest could be in a balance, implying that the protective management could be a determining factor for the carbon bal- ance in the forest. Regarding this issue, it is necessary to verify the variation of carbon stocks in non-protective and active forest management. Keywords: above- and belowground biomass; carbon pool; climate change; ecosystem; soil organic carbon With increasing carbon emission and global on a national scale. There are only small remnants warming, there are more interests to estimate car- of lowland forests in the plains of the Hyrcanian bon stock in forest ecosystems. Forests play a ma- eco-region in Iran and Nour Forest Park consti- jor role in carbon uptake from the atmosphere for tutes the largest remaining patches. climate change mitigation. Iran is categorized as Land-use changes in Iran have been more rap- a country with low forest cover, and only 7.6% of id in the last 50 years and are expected to extend its land is covered by forest ecosystems. Hyrcanian and accelerate in the future (Bahrami et al. 2010; forests located in the north of Iran are the mainly Haghdoost et al. 2013). A land-use change in nat- industrial and ecological part of the country which ural ecosystems alters the carbon cycle balance by considerably contributes a majority of carbon pools affecting vegetation covers and soil organic carbon J. FOR. SCI., 62, 2016 (11): 501–510 501 (SOC) stock. The degradation of lowland Hyrcani- decomposition (Jandl et al. 2007). Hence, SOC an forests in the south of the Caspian Sea in Iran is can vary in stands with different composition and one of the land-use changes which occurred more structure. Nour Forest Park has different stands in- than 40 years ago. Deforestation of these forests cluding native tree species such as ironwood (Par- has led to elimination of endemic species diversity rotia caspica C.A. Meyer.), maple (Acer velutinum and agricultural development. Boissier), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus Linnaeus), Carbon stocks of forest biomass and soil have elm (Ulmus glabra Hudson) and alder (Alnus glu- broad geographical patterns and their distribu- tinosa Linnaeus) which are commonly distributed tion is associated with climate and vegetation with various abundances in different stands. There- type (Dixon et al. 1994). The spatial distribution fore, the necessity of the study mainly focused on of biomass and the amount of carbon stock are ecological services looking at carbon stock seems required for forest carbon budgets (Soenen et al. crucial. 2010). Aboveground biomass contributes the ma- This study aims: i( ) to estimate the carbon stock jority of carbon biomass and is highly important of above- and belowground pools in each stand type for carbon inventory in most mitigation projects of the forest, (ii) to compare the total carbon stock under the Kyoto Protocol (Taghavi Bayat et al. among the studied stands in Nour Forest Park. The 2012). Allometric equations or regressions includ- results of this study may help better understand- ing stem diameter and tree height are the common ing the contribution of Nour Forest Park (and of models used in forest ecosystems to quantify bio- lowland Hyrcanian forests more generally) to the mass and carbon sequestration estimation (Basuki carbon budget and may provide reasons for their et al. 2009; Djomo et al. 2010; Taghavi Bayat et protection against deforestation and degradation. al. 2012). Belowground carbon is attributed to be- lowground biomass and SOC. Measuring below- ground biomass is usually hard and expensive, so MATERIAL AND METHODS root to shoot ratios are commonly developed to convert above- to belowground biomass (Green et Study area. This study was conducted in the Nour al. 2007). Forest ecosystems store more than 70% Forest Park (36°32'–36°36'N and 52°08'–53°02'E) of all SOC (Jandl et al. 2007), and the soil carbon which has 3,600 ha in the Nour county in Mazan- pool is determined by the balance between carbon daran province, in northern Iran (Fig. 1). The forest input by litterfall and the release of carbon during area is generally flat and is located at 20 m below Fig. 1. Location of Nour Forest Park (36°32'–36°36'N, 52°08'–53°03'E) in the Hyrcanian region in the north of Iran 502 J. FOR. SCI., 62, 2016 (11): 501–510 sea level. Meteorological parameters were directly cal laboratory for their carbon concentration. Soil measured between 1985 and 2014 at Nowshahr organic carbon concentration is received after oxi- meteorological station which indicated that mean dation with a dichromate-sulphuric acid mixture, annual precipitation and temperature of this stud- heated at 120°C (Walkley, Armstrong Black ied area were 1,293.5 mm and 16.1°C, respectively 1934). Bulk density was determined by excavating (Vahedi 2016). Surface soils are alluvial, deep and with a cylinder (MacDicken 1997). not well drained with clay loam texture. The soils Analysis of tree biomass and carbon estima- were developed from the same parent material tion. The allometric relation of Ponce-Hernan- in the whole forest. The natural stands ofAlnus dez et al. (2004) was used for estimating above- glutinosa-Parrotia persica (AI), Acer velutinum- and belowground biomass in each natural stand. Parrotia persica (MI) and Ulmus glabra-Carpinus In order to estimate the tree aboveground biomass, betulus (EH) are commonly broadleaved mixed- trees were sorted according to their morphology species stands in the Nour Forest Park. There are including the stem and crown form (Fehse et al. native tree species in each stand in a mixture with 2002; Haghdoost et al. 2013). To estimate stem other ones which are ash (Fraxinus excelsior Lin- biomass, basal area (BA) and stem volume (Vs) of naeus), Caucasian walnut (Pterocarya fraxinifolia each tree were calculated (Eqs 1 and 2): Lamarck), Persian poplar (Populus caspica Lin- naeus), oak (Quercus castaneifolia Linnaeus) and BA = (π/4) × DBH2 (1) common fig (Ficus carica Linnaeus). Vs = BA × h × Ffa (2) Sampling method. Three stand types of AI, MI and EH were used for collecting samples in the where: Nour Forest Park. Five nested sampling quadrats h – tree height, were established based on a completely random- Ffa – average form factor. ized block design in each stand type. There were Based on the tree species architectures in the five replications for each stand type in the forest Hyrcanian forests, the average form factor of 0.5 though five plots were randomly allocated in each was considered in Eq. 2 (Namiranian 2003). stand. Quadrats of regular shape with dimensions To calculate crown volume (Vc), Eq. 3 was used of 20 × 20, 1 × 1 and 0.5 × 0.5 m in turn were used (Ponce-Hernandez et al. 2004; Haghdoost et as plots for measuring tree biomass, vegetation and al. 2013): litter (Barnes et al. 1998; Kirby, Potvin 2007; 2 Singh et al. 2011; Haghdoost et al. 2013). The Vc = [(π × Db )/12] × CF <=> Db = (L + W)/2 (3) inventory of all tree species was performed in the where: entire plot (20 × 20 m), and all vegetation was as- Db – average diameter of the crown, sessed in subplots of 1 m2 that were located at the CF – correction factor reflecting the proportion of corners and centre of the plots. In each plot, tree branches and foliage within the crown volume, height, DBH, crown diameter in two perpendicu- L – crown length, lar directions (length and width crown diameters W – crown width.
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