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Giuseppe Verdi Scritti Di ACCADEMIA MUSICALE CHIGIANA FONDATORE E PRESIDENTE IL CONTE GUIDO CHIGI SARACINI Ente Autonomo per le Settimane Musicali Senesi GIUSEPPE VERDI SCRITTI DI S. A. M. BOTTENHEIM - MATTEO GLINSKI . AUGUSTO HERMET DYNELEY HUSSEY - PIERRE PETIT - ULDERICO ROLANDI FRANCO SCHLITZER . BENCE SZABOLCSI - ALBERT VAN DER LINDEN FRANK WALKER Raccolti in occasione delle « Celebrazioni Verdiane :. dell' VIII Settimana Musicale 16 -22 SETTEMBRE 1951 CASA EDITRICE TICCI SIENA 1951 Proprietà latteraria riservata ARTI GRAFICHE TICCI-SIENA La serie delle « Settimane Musicali Senesi », che ebbe inizio nel nome di Antonio Vivaldi il 1939 e che dopo l' interruzione per il sopraggiungere dello stato di guerra, fu, nel 1948, ripresa ancora nel nome di quell' insigne musicista, continuò nel 1948 con la cele­ brazione di Baldassare Galuppi e poi con quella dedicata a Domenico Cimarosa. La costituzione dell' Ente Autonomo per le Settimane Senesi, - un mio iniimo e civo desiderio affinchè l' ini­ ziativa della mia Accademia acesse un sicuro prosegui­ mento nel tempo, • è ormai un fatto compiuto. La Direzione artistica affidata all'Accademia per garantire le finalità culturali e la serietà delle manifestazioni, costituisce per me motfoo d'intima soddisfazione, perchè è riconoscimento di quel che è stata la mia opera appassionata e disin­ teressata a favore ed ad onore della Musica Italiana. Per queste ragioni essenziali ancora quest' anno, in occasione del Cinquantenario Verdiano, che si celebra in tutto il mondo, l'Ente Autonomo ha voluto affidare la direzione artistica delle manifestazioni m onore di Giuseppe Verdi all'Accademia, la quale se, in un certo senso, ha derogato dal suo programma fondamentale, ha assunto altresì un impegno che altamente l' onora e di cui io sono lieto e fiero. Questo Numero Unico, dedicato a Giuseppe Verdi, che continua la serie dei precedenti, ha lo scopo di far conoscere agli Italiani Verdi fuori d'Italia,· dell'Italia dei suoi tempi e di quelli che seguirono alla sua morte. Senza aver la pretesa di tracciare un quadro generale della « universalità », cronologica e storica di Verdi e delle sue opere, gli scritti, che qui sono pubblicati, vogliono, almeno nell' intenzione di colui, cui ho affidato la presente raccolta, dare in un certo senso l' avvìo al prose­ guimento degli studi intorno a « Verdi nella storia della cultura mondiale ». Se questa esigenza storico-culturale troverà, oltre l' occasionalità delle Celebrazioni di que­ st'anno, proseguimento negli anni avvenire, oserei affer­ mare che anche i « Numeri Unici», editi in occasione dei Cinquatenari, possono riescire di qualche utilità alla storiografia. Gurno CHIGI SARACINI GIUSEIJ PE VERDI SCRITTI DI S. A. M. BOTTENHEIM - MATTEO GLINSKI . AUGUSTO HERMET DYNELEY HUSSEY . PIERRE PETIT - ULDERICO ROLANDI FRANCO SCHLITZER . BEN CE SZABOLCSI - ALBERT VAN DER LINDEN FRANK W ALKER VERDI E LA CIVILTÀ GERMANICA DI AUGUSTO HERMET Da Bach a Beethoven, e rispettivamente da Vivaldi a Rossi­ ni, la storia della musica itahana e la storia di quella tedesca presentano un'unità che rende affatto superficiale la loro distin­ zione; troppo noto l'intimo rapporto fra Bach e. Vivaldi, così come l'attenzione di Rossini a Beethoven e di questo a Cheru­ bini, senza dire di Mozart che, anche pel fatto contingente di essere austriaco .e vissuto nella italo-germanica cultura viennese, �ppare artista tipicamente emopeo, di quella europeità che si­ gnifica appunto- unità profonda delle due fondamentali diverse tradizioni civili, la tedesca e l'italiana. Due tradizioni che, in musica, nemmen lo scisma luterano, l'antiromano e in ciò antitaliano protestantesimo, r_iesce a ostilmente distanziare l'una dall'altra, sé appunto il protestante Bach è nella sua espres­ sione in gran parte vivo di spirito cattolico•, quasi per l'intimo 1·etaggio di cui dal cattolico-romano Palestrina, considerato ad­ dirittura l'artista della Controriforma, l'arte sua si sostanzia. E' appena col delinearsi del mo,vimento romantico che-, se pur non in via diretta ed essenziale, accentua e alimenta la coscienza di nazionaHtà, è appena con esso che una diversità divergente delle 'due tradizioni comincia ad affermarsi. Se, prima, da quella italiana l'a1·te strumentale e sinfonica trova in quella tedesca i suoi più acuti decisivi sviluppi, mentre in Italia è il melodramma con la monodia a prevalere come la forma musicale assoluta, autori di melodrammi sono pur un Hiindel ed anche il sinfoneta Haydn, e cosi l'espertissimo di ogni pura fmma sti·um.entale, Mozart, che col Flauto Magico 1nira all'avvepto d'un nu,ovo w.elodrapuna tedesco, çomc poi AUGUSTO HERMET 10 col suo Fidelio Beethoven. E' proprio su questo punto del melodramma, che le due tradizioni avvertono l'una rispetto al­ l'altra la loro dualità. Come le è toccato per la musica stru­ mentale e per quella vocale polifonica, ad analoga sorte am­ bisce per il melodramma la tradizione tedesca. E' ben nella orbita monteverdiana Gluck, sempre più inteso alla espressività drammatica della monodia rilevata sul movimento Ol'chestrale, di froµte alla prevalente liricità del canto piccinniano; ad una prevalenza lirica, di virtuosismo cano,ro, il melodramma ita­ liano, i!ll contrasto con le sue prime, teorizzate, origini, è via via più orientato fino a considerare il dramma e la sua poesia un pretesto per la libera liricità. In avversione a un'altra li­ bera liricità, la monodia e quindi il melodramma erano sorti, alla liricità del polifonismo che finiva col considerare il testo verbale un occasionale p1·étesto a se stessa; ora appunto nel suo vittorioso avversario questa lii'icità, in nuovo aspetto, tornava a trionfare. Nella tradizione tedesca assieme al sinfonismo il polifonismo vocale aveva avuto ulteriore sviluppo; di vendi,­ carsi d'essere stato vinto dal monodismo attraendo questo nel­ l'orbita della propria assolutezza lirica, qui non aveva ragione; fuOl'i da ogni posizione polemica, di un teatro musicale tedesco era storicamente logico l'avvento. I due musicisti romantici, anzi musicisti del romanticismo, Schumann e Weber, a tale avvento sono impegnati1. Il primo è attraverso la musica strumentale, è dall'intima esperienza di questa, come, in questa stessa, da un'intima personale espe­ rienza drammatica - espxessa nelle figure in cui si articola la sua individualità (Florestano Eusebio • Maestro Raro) - ed esperienza rappresentativa ( con le Scene infantili e il Carne­ v,ale), è da ciò che una concezione scenico-musicale in lui con oxganica coerenza si forma, concretandosi in un'opera, Geno­ ·veva, dove la poesia di due poeti, Tieck e Hebbel, o anzi di tre se contiamo pure un breve momento heiniano, diventa in virtù della sua musica poesia sua, d'un unico poeta. L'appro­ fondimento del rapporto fra poesia e musica, in un reciproco tendere dell'una ·all'altra fino ad un risolversi dell'una nell'altra VERDÌ E LA CIVILTA' GERMANICA il ed originarsi dell'una dall'altra, è motivo essenzial� dello, spi,­ rito romantico,· della coscienza artistica romantica, preannun­ ziato da Beethoven, da Schiller, da Goethe e da Mozart. Nel medesimo spirito e pe1· la medesima formazione, ma con più immediata esigenza drammatica-teatrale, W eber sente e consi­ dera poesia e musica, e con esse ogni altra arte inerente alla compiuta opera scenica, come elementi d'espressione destinati a rimanere l'uno nell'alt1·0 assorti, a « sparire ll come tali - sono sue parole - per la creazione, con ciò « d'un nuo,vo uni­ verso ll. Nè musica nè poesia nè altro, dunque, ma per esse, in_ virtù del loro sacrificio, questo nuovo universo, più certo e vero, - a sostituire l'universo abituale ai confusi sensi passivi e all'illusa o disperata attività dell'intelletto, e che di questo nuovo non sarà più che l'ombra. Così di tutta l'esperienza spirituale tedesca il musicista romantico tocca un limite estremo: con Santa Ildegarda visio­ naria e musicista ( e proprio per visive forme drammatiche), quindi con · Eckhart metafisico-mistico, esperienza cominciata nell'orbita religiosa. L'universo, l'abituale universo dato, nella interiore meditazi,one eckhartiana è realtà d'un metafisico nulla, come l'in sè impensabile assoluto essere, pensabile quale crea­ tore e risolutore finale dell'universo, è per ciò anche realtà di assoluto non-essere. Pare fin troppo logico che ancora nell'orbita religiosa la tradizione tedesca s'affermi con la sua prima profonda totale esperienza d'arte, in Bach, nel credente, nel meditatore anche esso dell'impensabile essere assoluto, ed è attivo sinonimo di musica la sua mèditazione; Bach che del testo di poesia, della sostanza di poesia nelle intime fibre,moti e nessi del linguaggio verbale ( v. P,assione secondo S. Giovanni) ha acume d 'intelli­ genza sensibile. Vivide analogie e rispondenze con quella tedesca incon­ triamo nella tradizione italiana. San Francesco, che per serafica ebrietà dà in improvviso canto immaginandosi di avere, con due hastoncelli, a sonare una viola accompagnatrice, esalta poi in precisa forma di poesia e musica l'universo in nome di quel- 14 AUGUSTO HERMET 'esauriente esemplarità: nel « bel canto JJ anche il sentimento profano, la. passione, è, agostinicamente, inteso come manife­ stabile « senza limiti di sillabe JJ. Per la decisiva esperienza poetica dantesca la tradizione italiana non può non avvertire il conseguente impegno· della musica nei riguardi della poesia, ma essa è altresì memore del santo po.eta che cantando libe­ ramente suona un immaginario strumento improvvisato. Per la decisiva esperienza musicale bachiana, la tradizione tedesca non può non avvertire
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