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Patriotes D'autrefois Et À Ceux D'aujourd'hui; Merci Aux «Hommes Debout)>, Ils Se Reconnaîtront Sans Doute

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Patriotes D'autrefois Et À Ceux D'aujourd'hui; Merci Aux «Hommes Debout)>, Ils Se Reconnaîtront Sans Doute DERNIÈRES LETTRES DE CHEVALIER DE LORlMlER (1839). ÉDITION CRITIQUE ET COMMENTÉE Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de 1'U niversité Laval pour l'obtention du grade de maître ès arts (M.A.) Département des littératures FACULTE DES LErrRES UNIVERSITÉLAVAL Décembre 2000 O Marie-Frédérique Desbiens, 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 ofan, du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your file Vofre réference Our fi& Natre refdrence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence ailowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfichelnlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. (<Toute notre histoire, tout notre passé, la voix de Papineau, la tombe de de Lorimier, les mots de St. Eustache, nos malheurs et nos gloires, nous crient: 'Nationalitén. Serions-nous sourds à ces appels? Ces fiers accents n'auraient-ils plus d'échos dans nos âmes dégénérées?, (Hector Fabre, Esquisse biographique sur Chevalier de Lorimier, 1856) «Enfonçons des portes ouvertes: l'Histoire est une fiction, une production de ['esprit. Elle n'existe pas ailleurs que dans le ciel des idées. Vivre hors de l'histoire, c'est tout bonnement ne pas participer au roman historique.» (Jacques Godbout, Le Sort de I'Arnérnue, 1997) REMERCIEMENTS La rédaction de œ mémoire a bénéficié de l'appui et des commentaires généreux de plusieurs personnes que je voudrais ici remercier chaleureusement. Ma gratitude va d'abord à Madame Marie-Andrée Beaudet dont l'enthousiasme, la disponibilité, la patience et l'ouverture en ont fait une directrice exceptionnelle. Je ne lui serai jamais assez reconnaissante de m'avoir fait découvrir, si brillamment, la littérature intime du XIXe siècle québécois et, bien sûr, les dernières lettres de Chevalier de Lorimier. Son enseignement m'a permis de trouver ma voie (voix) dans le vaste champ des études littéraires. Je souhaite également exprimer mes plus sincères remerciements à Monsieur Denis Saint-Jacques ainsi qu'à toute l'équipe du Centre de recherche en littérature québécoise (CRELiQ) pour les nombreuses connaissances et l'expérience inestimable qu'ils m'ont permis d'acquérir. J'ai été accueillie au septième étage du De-Koninck par un groupe de chercheurs (enseignants et étudiants) dont l'érudition et le talent n'ont d'égal que la générosité intellectuelle. Sur ma route, s'est trouvé un autre conseiller extraordinaire dont je ne peux passer sous silence la rigueur, l'intelligence et le dévouement, Monsieur Réal Ouellet. En plus de porter une attention particulière à mon travail, il a favorisé d'heureuses rencontres et des échanges on ne peut plus fructueux. Il m'a rassurée souvent quant à mes aptitudes, m'entraînant amicalement sur ce terrain inconnu qu'était pour moi ['édition de textes. Je tiens à remercier le docteur ~eorges-&tienneCartier qui a eu l'extrême gentillesse de me faire parvenir une copie de la lettre autographe de Chevalier de Lorimier à Sir Georges Cartier, lettre tirée de sa collection personnelle. Mille mercis à Monsieur Georges Aubin pour la précieuse documentation qu'il m'a fournie. mais surtout pour le respect et la confiance qu'il m'a accordés au long de cette aventure. et audelà. je l'espère. Je dois aussi une fière chandelle à Chantal Saint-Louis qui a bien voulu partager avec moi les résultats préliminaires de sa recherche sur Chevalier de Lorirnier. Le dossier qu'elle m'a permis de consulter a été le point de départ de cette étude. Et que dire du soutien de ma famille et de ma belle-famille? Merci à mon père, Réal Desbiens, pour les discussions historiques et politiques que nous avons entretenues et qui ont sans cesse fait progresser ma réflexion. Merci à ma mère, Ciaudette Savard, pour l'amour des belles lettres qu'elle m'a transmis dès mon plus jeune âge et pour la tendresse sans pareille qu'elle me confère toujours. Merci à mon frère, Pierre-Luc, qui m'a laissé toute la place dont j'avais besoin et plus encore. Merci à Michelle et Serge Boivin qui, constamment, m'ont fait part de leurs encouragements. Une grande partie de ma reconnaissance va ensuite à mes amis les plus chers, Martin Beaulieu, Marianne Thibeault et Melanie Otis, pour leur écoute, leur authenticité, leur présence simplement. C'est à eux qu'est revenue la lourde tâche de calmer mes folles angoisses et de m'arracher parfois au «lugubre cachot et à l'échafaud politique». Un merci particulier à ma première lectrice, Fannie Godbout, celle que j'ai rencontrée dans d'antre du savoir» et qui est vite devenue bien plus qu'une collègue. Une personne encore mérite toute ma gratitude: mon guide, mon confident, mon compagnon, Yannick Boivin. Comme si ce mémoire aurait pu exister sans lui! Merci enfin à tous ceux qui de près ou de loin ont rendu possible ce travail (archivistes. bibliothécaires, techniciens, préposés). Merci aux Patriotes d'autrefois et à ceux d'aujourd'hui; merci aux «hommes debout)>, ils se reconnaîtront sans doute. À la mémoire de Julie Dufour * * .S. RESUME.. .........................................................................................-..III REMERCIEMENTS.. ............................................................................. --iv .-. TABLE DES MATIERES.. ..................................................................... --VIII * ABREVIATIONS. ................................................................................... -xi .- AVANT-PROPOS.................................................................................. .XII INTRODUCTION.. ................................................................................... 1 1. Contexte historique.. ......................................................................... -1 1.1 Les événements de 1837-1838.. ..................................................... -1 1.2 L'inscription mémorielle des Rébellions: histoire, littérature et cinéma.. .................................................................................. -3 1.3 Un retour aux sources: éditions et r&ditio_ns des écrits de Patriotes.. .............................................................................. -8 2. François-Marie-Thomas Chevalier de Lorimier ....................................... 9 3. La correspondance de Lorimier.. ........................................................ 11 Fortune des «dernières lettres»: du North American aux éditions Comeau 6 Nadeau.. ................................................................... ..Il Notre édition critique.. ................................................................ -19 3.2.1 L'établissement du texte.. ..................................................... 19 3.2.2 L'appareil critique.. ............................................................. .27 Les udernières lettres): documents historiques ou œuvre littéraire?.31 ANNEXE 1: Lettre de Chevalier de Lorimier à un ami de Plattsbutgh......... 133 ANNEXE II: Photocopie de la lettre autographe de Chevalier de Lorimier à R.=A..R. Hubert................................................................................. 135 INDEX DES NOMS PROPRES... ...........................................................-138 ANQ-Q: Achives nationales du Québec (centre de Québec) ANQ-M: Archives nationales du Québec (centre de Montréal) ANC: Archives nationales du Canada ASTR: Archives du Séminaire de Trois-Rivières DBC: Dictionnaire biographique du Canada AVANT-PROPOS Exécuté le matin du 15 février 1839, Chevalier de Lorimier laisse une trace indélébile dans l'Histoire du Québec: On donnera le nom de Lorimier, en 1883, à la rue qui aboutÏt à la prison du Pied- du-Courant et qui s'était jusque-ià malencontreusement appelée Colborne. On rappellera le nom de Lonmier au Cimetière de la Côte-des-Neiges, à Saint-Denis, a Saint-Eustache. On le lira chez les historiens, les archivistes, les mémoriaIistes, les préfaciers, les chroniqueurs1. Très tôt, Lorimier est considéré comme un héros de la nation. Le 15 févBer 1856, dix-sept ans jour pour jour après les pendaisons publiques, Hector Fabre prononce une conférence hagiographique sur lui devant les membres de l'Institut canadien de Montréal, consacrant ainsi son statut héroïque. L'«Esquisse biographique, de Fabre met en scène <<undes martyrs de notre cause nationalex C'est donc, mesdames et messieurs, pour raviver en nous tous le souvenir béni de nos mawrs politiques, et pour déposer mon modeste témoignage, rehaussé par votre concours, sur leurs tombes, ue j'ai écrit la vie et la mort d'un des meilleurs de ces bons, Chevalier de Lorimie?. Reprenant et amplifiant l'image du «modèle national», Laurent-Olivier David, dans son ouvrage de 1884, écrira de Lorimier qu' «il était de cette éternelle famille des martyrs qui meurt, depuis que le monde existe, pour toutes les saintes causes, la religion, la patrie, la liberté,
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