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Brown Bear Management Report of Survey-Inventory Activities 1 July 2000–30 June 2002

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Brown Bear Management Report of Survey-Inventory Activities 1 July 2000–30 June 2002 Brown Bear Management Report of survey-inventory activities 1 July 2000–30 June 2002 Carole Healy, Editor Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Wildlife Conservation December 2003 ADF&G Please note that population and harvest data in this report are estimates and may be refined at a later date. If this report is used in its entirety, please reference as: Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2003. Brown bear management report of survey-inventory activities 1 July 2000–30 June 2002. C. Healy, editor. Juneau, Alaska. If used in part, the reference would include the author’s name, unit number, and page numbers. Authors’ names and the reference for using part of this report can be found at the end of each unit narrative. Funded through Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration, project 4, grants W-27-4 and W-27-5. WILDLIFE Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Wildlife Conservation 907-465-4190 PO BOX 25526 MANAGEMENT REPORT JUNEAU, AK 99802-5526 BROWN BEAR MANAGEMENT REPORT From: 1 July 2000 To: 30 June 2002 LOCATION 2 GAME MANAGEMENT UNIT: 1 (18,500 mi ) GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION: The Southeast Alaska mainland from Dixon Entrance to Cape Fairweather, and those islands east of Clarence Strait from Dixon Entrance to Caamano Point, and all islands in Stephens Passage and Lynn Canal north of Taku Inlet. BACKGROUND Southeast Alaska brown bears inhabit the islands north of Frederick Sound and the coastal mainland. Until recently they were known to coexist with black bears only on mainland portions of the Alexander Archipelago. During recent years there have been scattered reports of brown bears in Units 1A, 1D, and 3. Although extensive brown bear research has been carried out on Admiralty and Chichagof islands in Unit 4 (Schoen and Beier 1989, Titus and Beier 1993), no brown bear research has been undertaken on the region’s mainland. Most of the information we use to assess and manage mainland brown bear populations has come from hunters’ anecdotal information, staff observations, registration permit hunt reports, and mandatory sealing data. Brown bear sealing requirements have been in effect in Alaska since 1961. Hunters have been required to obtain registration permits before hunting brown bears in Unit 1 since 1989 (McCarthy 1991, Larsen 1993). Hunters were previously only required to obtain a license and metal-locking tag prior to hunting. Generally about half of the unit’s annual brown bear harvest comes from Unit 1D (Haines area), located in the northern part of the region. Units 1A (Ketchikan area), 1B (Petersburg area), and 1C (Douglas area) each account for 5–40% of the annual harvest. Nonresident hunters are required to hunt brown bears with a registered guide or a relative within the second degree of kindred. Because of brown bears’ trophy status and because hunters must wait 4 seasons between hunts, hunters (especially residents) often do not select small bears but wait to harvest a large bear. This partly accounts for the relative low success rates noted for resident hunters in Southeast Alaska. 1 The Tongass National Forest (Tongass) encompasses most Unit 1 brown bear habitat, excluding intertidal and Unit 1D state lands, municipal lands, and Native Corporation lands, and is managed under a multiple use concept by the US Forest Service (USFS). The Misty Fiords National Monument within the Tongass on the southern Unit 1 mainland contains large tracts of healthy bear habitat. MANAGEMENT DIRECTION MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES • Maintain an average age of harvested males no less than 6.5 years, and a male to female harvest ratio of at least 3:2. • Maintain a spring harvest of at least 60% males. • Reduce the number of bears killed because of garbage and human food conditioning. METHODS Unit 1 brown bear hunters are required to obtain registration permits prior to hunting. From the permit report we obtain useful information about hunting effort, dates afield, and unsuccessful hunt and/or kill locations. We also collect brown bear harvest data through a mandatory-sealing program. During sealing we record the sex of harvested bears along with the hunt date and kill location. We also measure bear skulls and extract a premolar tooth. At the end of each season, we send all extracted premolars to Matson’s Laboratory (Bozeman, Montana USA) for aging. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION POPULATION STATUS AND TREND Quantitative population data are not available for Unit 1 brown bears. Based on hunters’ anecdotal reports, department staff observations, pilot observations, and sealing records, we believe the population remained stable during this report period. MORTALITY Harvest Season and Bag Limit Resident and Nonresident Hunters 1 bear every 4 regulatory years 15 Sep–31 Dec by registration permit only 15 Mar–31 May USFS Moratorium for Nonresident Hunters. The number of successful nonresident brown bear hunters in Southeast Alaska has increased considerably, raising concerns about 2 sustainable harvest levels. A USFS moratorium issued in summer 2000 limits the level of Unit 4 guide activity (Admiralty, Baranof, and Chichagof islands). Over the past 10 years the number of active Unit 4 big-game guides quadrupled. Because the state has no authority to limit guides, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), requested the USFS to restrict Unit 4 guides to the average of their 1997 and 1998 client levels. When the Unit 4 Brown Bear Management Team (Team) was created in January 1999, concerns were raised that if any Unit 4 restrictions were put in place the likelihood of redirected hunting pressure would impact Unit 1. Unit 4 restrictions became a reality and Unit 1 witnessed an increased effort and higher harvest immediately after the Unit 4 moratorium went into effect. Beginning in spring 2001, big-game guides operating under USFS special use permits will be limited by the number of hunts they conduct annually in Unit 1. At the request of ADF&G, the USFS agreed to limit the number of Unit 1 guided brown bear hunts starting in 2001. ADF&G provided recommendations, population estimates, and historical harvest data to help determine the number of guided hunts each subunit could sustain. Population estimates were based on available bear habitat and brown bear density studies on Admiralty and Chichagof islands. Although Unit 1 density estimates are crude they provide a baseline for conservative management until more accurate information becomes available. Beginning January 2001, Unit 1 brown bear guides hunting on federal lands are held to the mean of the 1998 and 1999 FS Special Use Permit levels. Unit 1D is the only area in Southeast with substantial amounts of state land. Consequently the changes made by the USFS to cap guide-use permits on federal land would not affect Unit 1D guide use. Responding to growing concerns for the sustainability of the increasing harvest (mostly by guided nonresidents) ADF&G biologists submitted proposals to the Board of Game (Board) recommending a more conservative harvest. During their fall 2002 meeting, the Board voted to change the Unit 1D nonresident brown bear registration permit hunt to a drawing permit hunt. This was in response to an increasing nonresident harvest, and was implemented to cap the harvest at the current level. Hunter Harvest. Unit 1D continued to account for the highest proportion of the Unit 1 harvest during the report period (2000–01), 47 and 43%, respectively. During this 2-year report period the proportion of bears killed by subunit (1A, B, C, and D) was 15%, 30%, 11%, and 45%, respectively. The Unit 1 ten-year mean harvest percentage by subunit (1A–1D) was 19%, 21%, 14%, and 47%, respectively. During the past 15 years, the average number of bears harvested has remained evenly split between spring and fall ( x = 14 for both spring and fall), with spring harvests skewed toward males. We suspect this is partly because it is illegal to harvest females accompanied by cubs. As sows with second-year cubs separate at the end of spring, such sows become legal and the proportion of females in the harvest increases substantially during fall. During the past 10 years the fall harvest of female bears has comprised just under half of the total ( x = 47%). The spring harvest of female bears during the past 10 years has consistently been lower ( x = 18%) (Table 2). 3 The mean male skull size during 2000 ( x= 21.7, n= 21) and 2001 ( x=22.6, n=15) was similar to the long-term average ( x = 22.2). The average female skull sizes during 2000 ( x= 20.8, n= 16) and 2001 ( x= 20.1, n= 13) were also similar to the long-term average (20.2 inches) (Table 3). The 2000 mean age of harvested male bears (6.4, n= 19, range 2–18) was lower than past years and is below our management objective of 6.5 years. The 2000 harvest includes 4 two- year old male bears all killed by guided nonresidents in Unit 1D. The mean age of male bears during the subsequent 2001 season was much higher (9.8, n=10, range 3–23). The 2000 mean female age was 6.2 years (n=2, range 2–16) and below the long-term average of 7.5 years. Similar to the higher 2001 male average, female ages were also significantly higher (9.4, n=10, range 3–18) (Table 3). Permit Hunts. Registration permits have been required for Unit 1 brown bear hunters since fall 1989. During the 2000 and 2001 seasons, 344 and 339 registration permits were issued, respectively. Consistent with the long-term average, about 50% of those permittees who registered actually hunted, and 19% of those hunting were successful.
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