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Bearded Vultures in Northwest Europe Christopher Mcinerny and Andy Stoddart, on Behalf of BOURC and BBRC

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Bearded Vultures in Northwest Europe Christopher Mcinerny and Andy Stoddart, on Behalf of BOURC and BBRC Bearded Vultures in northwest Europe Christopher McInerny and Andy Stoddart, on behalf of BOURC and BBRC Abstract Over the last 25 years more than 70 Bearded Vultures Gypaetus barbatus have been seen across northwest Europe, many far from their mountain breeding ranges in the Alps and the Pyrenees. It is highly likely that all such extralimital Bearded Vultures originate from reintroduced Alpine populations, which are increasing but not yet considered self-sustaining, rather than from natural populations in the Pyrenees or elsewhere. The species has been placed in Category E (and therefore not part of national bird lists) in all northwest European countries where birds have been seen, apart from Norway where one record is in Category D. This article explains the background to these decisions. World and European range and The Alpine population of Bearded taxonomy Vultures declined substantially during the Bearded Vultures Gypaetus barbatus are nineteenth and twentieth centuries as a result restricted to mountainous regions of the of human persecution, and finally became Palearctic and Africa (del Hoyo et al. 1994; extinct (Mingozzi & Estève 1997; SPB 2018). Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001; BirdLife In the 1980s and 1990s this situation was International 2017). The nominate sub- addressed through coordinated reintroduc- species breeds in southern Europe and north- tion programmes in various Alpine countries west Africa, and from Turkey through the including Austria, France, Italy and Himalayas to northeast China and Mongolia; Switzerland. Birds were first released in 1986 the subspecies meridionalis breeds in the and successful breeding occurred in 1997 western Arabian Peninsula, northeast Africa (Schaub et al. 2009; Schwarzenberger et al. and East Africa, with an isolated population 2013). The numbers involved remain small in South Africa. The species is capable of but over 100 young have now been reared in wandering large distances in search of the the wild and the populations are increasing. carrion and bones on which it feeds, but During 2017 there were 45 breeding terri - rarely strays into lowland habitats (Gil et al. tories, up from 34 in 2015; of these, 20 pairs 2014; Margalida et al. 2016). were in Switzerland, 13 in France, nine in At the western edge of the species’ range, Italy and three in Austria (Vulture small numbers are found in Europe (fig. 1). Conservation Foundation 2018). In total, up In the Pyrenees there are about 100 breeding to 220 Bearded Vultures are currently pairs, and this population is now thought to thought to be present in the Alps (SPB 2018). be stable or slowly increasing following pro- The reintroduced Bearded Vulture popu- tection (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001; lations are not yet considered self-sustaining, Vulture Conservation Foundation 2018). however. Seddon (1999) defined three Two reintroduction projects in Spain, in criteria to judge whether a reintroduced pop- Andalusia and the Cantabrian Mountains, ulation could be regarded as self-sustaining: have increased numbers, and the total the survival of the released generation; Spanish population was estimated at 117 breeding by both the released generation and pairs in 2012 (BirdLife International 2015). their offspring; and the long-term persistence 26 © British Birds 112 • January 2019 • 26 – 34 Bearded Vultures in northwest Europe © Fluke Art © Fluke Fig. 1. European distribution of Bearded Vultures Gypaetus barbatus, illustrating the breeding range of natural populations in the Pyrenees (orange) and reintroduced populations in Andalusia, the Cantabrian Mountains and the Alps (green). Extralimital records of wandering birds from the Alpine reintroduction programmes are indicated, either as marked individuals (tags or bleached feathers; white) or unmarked individuals (black). Not all locations for wandering individuals are shown and the records are not exhaustive, but are mapped to illustrate the large numbers and wide distribution of extralimital birds that have been seen in northwest Europe. Extralimital records are derived from sources cited in this paper and breeding ranges from BirdLife International (2017). of the reintroduced population. So far, these birds, the fact that Bearded Vultures do not criteria have been only partially fulfilled. breed until about ten years of age (del Hoyo Although the released generation has sur- et al. 1994; Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001) vived, and statistical modelling of the Alpine means that more time will be required before populations suggests that the birds have been second-generation young produced in the secure since 2006 without the need for more wild can be confirmed. releases (Schaub et al. 2009), continued pro- The entire European population was esti- tection and long-term monitoring remain mated recently at 580–790 pairs with necessary to confirm their long-term persis- an overall decreasing trend (BirdLife tence (Schwarzenberger et al. 2013). International 2015). This trend is largely the Furthermore, although many first-generation result of unnatural mortality owing to poi- young have been produced by the released soning (both intentional and unintended), British Birds 112 • January 2019 • 26 – 34 27 McInerny & Stoddart shooting and collisions (Margalida et al. inating from the Alpine reintroduction pro- 2008), but habitat loss and disturbance are gramme; other individuals, marked either also thought to be contributory factors with tags and/or artificially bleached feathers, (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001). have also been confirmed as released birds Internationally the species is listed by IUCN (figs. 1 & 2). as Near Threatened (BirdLife International 2017). Germany In Germany, 45 Bearded Vultures have been Extralimital records observed since 1992, including a number of At least 70 extralimital Bearded Vultures have tagged individuals (DAK 2014, 2015, 2017; been seen in mainland northwest Europe in Club300 Germany 2018; Christopher König the past 25 years, many of these far from the pers. comm.; figs. 1 & 3, plate 9). The first, species’ Alpine and Pyrenean mountain named ‘Averell’, was seen in southern Alpine breeding ranges. These sightings in northwest areas in August 1992 and had been released Europe have generated much interest, partic- in France in 1991. It was not until May 1997 ularly given that some wandering Griffon that one was recorded in the north of the Vultures Gyps fulvus have been shown to have country, away from the Alps; this was a a wild origin and have therefore been French bird named ‘Republik 8’, released accepted to Category A of several national during 1996. Other examples of tagged indi- bird lists (for example, see Faveyts et al. viduals from the Swiss and Austrian reintro- 2017). At least ten named Bearded Vultures duction programmes include those named have been recognised and established as orig- ‘Bernd’, ‘Inge’, ‘Kalandraka’ and ‘Kilian’ seen in 2013 and 2014; 12 Bernd was first Britain observed in May– 10 Poland July 2013, when Norway Denmark she was captured 8 Belgium and returned to The Netherlands Switzerland (plates 6 Germany 10 & 11), but 4 returned in Feb - ruary–March 2014 2 (DAK 2014, 2015; SWIS 2018), while 0 Inge returned in 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 April 2015 (DAK Fig. 2. Numbers of extralimital Bearded Vultures Gypaetus barbatus in north - 2017). west Europe, 1990–2017. Records derived from sources cited in this paper. Sightings in Germany have 14 increased since Germany – Alpine 12 2010, the max - imum being ten Germany – non-Alpine 10 records in 2015, in 8 both Alpine and non-Alpine areas 6 (fig. 3); many of 4 these were assigned to birds released in 2 France, Switzerland 0 and Austria. Some 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 of these records Fig. 3. Numbers of extralimital Bearded Vultures Gypaetus barbatus in were based on Germany, 1990–2017 (DAK 2015, 2017; Christopher König pers. comm.). satellite-tracked 28 British Birds 112 • January 2019 • 26 – 34 Bearded Vultures in northwest Europe Jan Weinbecker Jan 9. A 3CY Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus on the Wadden Sea Island of Langeoog, Germany, in May 2015. data of tagged Bearded Vultures that were not Switzerland. A 2CY male named ‘Sardona’, seen in the field. seen on 13th June 2011 at Terneuzen, was Among the individuals that moved across raised in captivity and released on 13th June national borders, an unmarked 3CY bird was 2010 (Ovaa et al. 2012). Another radio- observed in May 2015 in both Germany and tagged 2CY named ‘Schils’, seen on 14th June the Netherlands (Haas & Slaterus 2016; DAK 2015 at Midwoud, Medemblik, was caught 2017) and another unmarked bird moved and returned to Switzerland later that month between Germany, France and the (Haas & Slaterus 2016; www.dutchbirding.nl/ Netherlands from November 2016 to March dbactueel/1022/lammergier_schils_zurck_in_ 2017 (www.birdingnetherlands.com/blog/ die_heimat); it was later seen in southern bearded-vulture-visits-the-netherlands). Germany, on 3rd July 2015 (DAK 2017). The Netherlands Belgium In the Netherlands, 17 have been reported In Belgium, five have been seen, the first in since the first in 1997 (Haas & Slaterus 2017; 1998, and the other four since 2011; at least www.dutchavifauna.nl/species/lammergier? two of these were confirmed as coming from r=31903&all=1#30010; figs. 1 & 2). These the Alpine reintroduction programme (de include both marked and unmarked birds Smet et al. 2004; Faveyts et al. 2013, 2014, and all are presumed to have come from 2016; Vanhove & Raty 2015; figs. 1 & 2). The reintroduct ion programmes (van den Berg et most recent was observed on 9th May 2016 at al. 1997; Wiegant et al. 1999a,b; Haas & Ijzervallei, Oostvleteren (Faveyts et al. 2017). Slaterus 2017; Nieuwstraten 2018). Lacking tags or marks, it was judged to have A 2CY female seen at The Hague on 12th– been reared in the wild but by released birds. 19th May 1998 was identified as ‘Gélas’, a captive-bred bird released at Mercantour Denmark National Park, France, in 1997; remarkably, Five immatures have reached Denmark since within a week it had returned to Mercantour the first, an unmarked immature, in May (van den Berg & Bosman 1999).
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