Ornithology Anne Geene & Arjan de Nooy
de HEF publishers Giacomo Puccini, ‘Madama Butterfly’, 1904 1 History
1.1 First Photograph of a Bird 11 1.2 Aristotle on Birds 17 1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 43
2 Form and Function
2.1 Camouflage 65 2.2 In Flight 81 2.3 Surface Tension 113 2.4 Velocity 121 2.5 Silhouettes 131
3 Behaviour and Migration
3.1 Bird Geometrics 143 3.2 Migration of a Herring Gull 177 3.3 Symbiosis 189 3.4 Sonograms 193 3.5 Ostrich Policy 203 3.6 Group Dynamics 217 3.7 Territory 237
4 Reproduction and Oology
4.1 Nest 241 4.2 Genetics 257 4.3 Holotype 263
5 Studies and Observations
5.1 Bird Counting 267 5.1.1 Area 269 5.1.2 Fixed Frame 275 5.1.3 One Picture 283 5.2 Reaction Rate 289 5.3 The Blackness of the Crow 293
6 Unresolved
6.1 Unidentified Species 307 6.2 The Whiteness of the Wood Pigeon’s Egg 313 6.3 Unexplained Phenomena 321
Bird Index 330 Bibliography 334 Colophon 335
1.1 First Photograph of a Bird
The relatively slow shutter speed required for good exposure was an evident problem in the nascent days of photography. Even a photograph in direct sunlight required at least a few minutes for success. The restless nature of animals therefore made them poor subjects for the techniques of those times. Consequently, wildlife photos from the period are somewhat rare, excepting those of sedentary, inactive or sleeping creatures.
Correspondingly, the famous first image in which a man is depicted, Louis Daguerre’s ‘Boulevard du Temple’, shows a Parisian street cobbler and his client while the background swims past. The subjects had to stand motionless for minutes in order to be visible in the photo.
We set out to uncover the first picture of a living bird. After an exhaustive search, it was found nestled in Henry Talbot’s renowned ‘An Oak Tree in Winter’ 1841–43. Here we see depicted, a wood pigeon, a bird that happily adheres to moments of stillness.
1.1 First Photograph of a Bird 11 William Henry Fox Talbot, ‘An Oak Tree in Winter’, 1841–43
12 1.1 First Photograph of a Bird 13 1.1 First Photograph of a Bird 14 1.1 First Photograph of a Bird 15 1.2 Aristotle on Birds
Aristotle’s ‘History of Animals’ (Historia Animalium, 4th Century B.C.) is the earliest systematic zoological study handed down from antiquity. It comprises a mixture of philosophical/scientific considerations, assessments and personal observations as well as texts and stories of his contemporaries and would remain a standard in the field for almost two millennia.
Writing extensively on birds, Aristotle’s text could easily be considered as the world’s first tract on ornithology. There follow some notable quotes of Aristotelian ornithology, from the translation of D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1910). Photographs of the mounted birds are of specimens in the collection of the Natural History Museum Rotterdam.
16 17 The cuckoo shows great sagacity in the disposal of its progeny; They say that pigeons can dis- the fact is, the mother cuckoo is quite conscious of her own cow- tinguish the various species: so ardice and of the fact that she could never help her young one in that, when a hawk is an assail- an emergency, and so, for the security of the young one, she makes ant, if it be one that attacks of him a supposititious child in an alien nest. The truth is, this its prey when the prey is on the bird is pre-eminent among birds in the way of cowardice; it allows wing, the pigeon will sit still; itself to be pecked at by little birds, and flies away from their if it be one that attacks sit- attacks. ting prey, the pigeon will rise up and fly away. Book IX, 29, 618a Book IX, 36, 620a
The cuckoo is said by some to be a hawk transformed, because at the time of the cuckoo’s coming, the hawk, which it resembles, is Pigeons have the faculty of never seen; and indeed it is only for a few days that you will see holding back the egg at the very hawks about when the cuckoo’s note sounds early in the season. moment of perturition; if a hen pigeon be put about by any one, Book VI, 7, 563b for instance if it be disturbed on tis nest, or have a feather plucked out, or sustain any other annoyance or disturbance, then even though she had made up her mind to lay she can keep the egg back in abeyance. Pigeon
Book VI, 2, 560b
The pigeon, as a rule, lays a male and a female egg, and gen- erally lays the male egg first... in all connected to the rearing of the young the female parent is more cross-tempered than the male, as is the case with most animals after parturition.
Book VI, 4, 562b
Cuckoo The erithacus (or redbreast) and the so-called redstart change into one another; the former is a winter bird, the latter a summer one, and the difference between them is practically limited to the coloration of their plumage.
Book IX, 49B, 632b
Redbreast Redstart
1.2 Aristotle on Birds 18 1.2 Aristotle on Birds 19 In the same way with the beccafico and the blackcap; these change into one another. The beccafico appears about autumn, and the blackcap as soon as autumn has ended. These birds, also, differ from one another only in colour and note; that these birds, two in name, are one in reality is proved by the fact that at the period when the change is in progress each one has been seen with the change as yet.
Book IX, 49B, 632b
Beccafico Blackcap
The blackheaded tit is said by some to lay the largest number of eggs; seventeen eggs have been seen; it lays, however, more than twenty; it is said always to lay an odd number.
Book IX, 15, 616b
Blackheaded Tit
1.2 Aristotle on Birds 20 1.2 Aristotle on Birds 21 The crake is quarrelsome, clever For the eagle, by the way, ejects the young birds prematurely, at making a living, but in other before they are able to feed themselves, or to fly. It appears ways an unlucky bird. to do so from jealousy; for it is by nature jealous, and is so ravenous as to grab furiously at its food; and when it does Book IX, 17, 616b grab at its food, it grabs it in large morsels.
Book IX, 34, 619b
Crake
Eagle
The horse and the anthus are enemies, and the horse will drive the bird out of the field where he is grazing: the bird feeds on grass, and sees too dimly to foresee an attack; it mimics the whinnying of the horse, flies at him, and tries to frighten him away; but the horse drives the bird away, and when- ever he catches it he kills it.
Book IX, 1, 609b
Anthus
1.2 Aristotle on Birds 22 1.2 Aristotle on Birds 23 Many indications of high intel- With regard to their origin, ligence are given by cranes. nothing is known from ocular They will fly to a great distance observation; the only fact known and up in the air, to command for certain is that they are an extensive view; if they see first seen when a west wind is clouds and signs of bad weather blowing. they fly down again and remain still. Book IX, 28, 618a
Book IX, 10, 614b
The crane, as has been said, migrates from the one end of the world to the other; they fly against the wind. The story told about the stone is untrue: to wit, that the bird, so the story goes, carries in its inside a stone by way of ballast, and that the stone when vomited up is a touchstone for gold.
Book VIII, 12,597b Crane Little Horned Owl
With partridges, by the way, if the female gets to leeward of the male, she becomes thereby impregnated. And often when they hap- pen to be in heat she is affected in this wise by the voice of the male, or by his breathing down on her as he flies overhead; and, by the way, both the male and the female partridge keep the mouth wide open and protrude the tongue in the process of coition.
Book V, 5, 541a
The partridge lays not less than ten eggs, and often lays as many as sixteen. As has been observed, the bird has mischievous and deceitful habits. In the spring-time, a noisy scrimmage takes place, out of which the male-birds emerge each with a hen. Owing to the lecherous nature of the bird, and from a dislike to the hen sitting, the males, if they find any eggs, roll them over and over until they break them in pieces; to provide against this the female goes to a distance and lays the eggs, and often,under the stress of parturition, lays them in any chance spot that offers; if the male be near at hand, then to keep the eggs intact she refrains from visiting them.
Book IX, 8, 613b
It is a great rogue of a bird, The fact is that, when she stands to windward an within scent of and is a capital mimic; a bird- the male, she conceives, and becomes useless for decoy purposes: catcher will dance before it for, by the way, the partridge appears to have a very acute sense and, while the bird is mimick- of smell. ing his gestures, the accomplice comes behind and catches it. BookVI, 2, 560b
Book VIII, 12, 597b
Eared Owl Partridge
1.2 Aristotle on Birds 24 1.2 Aristotle on Birds 25 Of herons there are three kinds: the ash coloured, the white, and the starry heron (or bittern). Of these the first mentioned submits with reluctance to the duties of incubation, or to union of the sexes; in fact, it screams during the union, and it is said drips blood from its eyes; it lays its eggs also in an awkward manner, not unattended with pain. It is at war with certain creatures that do it injury: with the eagle for robbing it, with the fox for wor- rying it at night, and with the lark for stealing its eggs.
Book IX, 1, 609b
Ashcolored Heron
Of the other two species-for The speckled heron, which is there are three in all-the nicknamed ‘the skulker’, is white heron has handsome plum- said in folklore stories to age, unites without harm to be of servile origin, and, as itself with the female, builds its nickname implies, it is a nest and lays its eggs neatly the laziest bird of the three in trees; it frequents marshes species. and lakes and Plains and meadow land. Book IX, 18, 617a
Book IX, 18, 617a
White Heron Speckled Heron
1.2 Aristotle on Birds 26 1.2 Aristotle on Birds 27 The hoopoe usually constructs The jay has a great variety of its nest out of human excrement. notes: indeed, one might almost say it had a different note for Book IX, 15, 616a every day in the year.
Book IX, 13, 615b
Hoopoe Jay
The kite has been seen to drink, but he certainly drinks The halcyon is the most rarely very seldom. seen of all birds.
Book VIII, 3, 594a Book V, 9, 542b
Halcyon
Kite
1.2 Aristotle on Birds 28 1.2 Aristotle on Birds 29 The nightingale, when the hills The bird called sitta is quar- are taking on verdure, sings relsome, but clever and tidy, continually for fifteen days and makes its living with ease, and fifteen nights; afterwards it for its knowingness is regarded sings, but not continuously. As as uncanny; it has a numerous summer advances it has a dif- brood, of which it is fond, and ferent song, not so varied as lives by pecking the bark of before, nor so deep, nor so trees. intricately modulated, but sim- ple; it also changes its colour, Book IX, 17, 616b and in Italy about this season it goes by a different name.
Book IX, 49B, 632b
A mother-nightingale has been observed to give lessons in singing to a young bird, from which spectacle we might obvi- ously infer that the song of the bird was not equally congenital with mere voice, but was some- thing capable of modification and Nightingale Sitta of improvement. The so-called goat-sucker lives Book IV, 9, 536b on mountains; it is a little larger than the owsel, and less than the cuckoo; it lays two eggs, or three at the most, and is of a sluggish disposition. It flies up to the she-goat and sucks its milk, from which habit it derives its name; it is said that, after it has sucked the teat of the animal, the teat dries up and the animal goes blind.
Book IX, 30, 618b
Goat-sucker
…of this bird, by the way, the story goes that he was orig- inally born out of a funeral pyre.
Book IX, 1, 609b
Oriole
1.2 Aristotle on Birds 30 1.2 Aristotle on Birds 31 There is enmity also between the owl and the wren; for the latter also devours the owl’s eggs. In the daytime all other little birds flutter round the owl-a practice which is popularly termed ‘admir- ing him’-buffet him, and pluck out his feathers; in consequence of this habit, bird-catchers use the owl as a decoy for catching little birds of all kinds.
Book IX, 1, 609a
The parrot which is said to have a man’s tongue, and after drinking wine, the parrot becomes more saucy than ever.
Book VIII, 12, 597b
Owl Parrot
Pelicans that live beside rivers swallow the large smooth mus- sel-shells: after cooking them inside the crop that precedes the stomach, they spit them out, so that, now when their shells are open, they may pick the flesh out and eat it.
Book IX, 10, 614b
Pelican
1.2 Aristotle on Birds 32 1.2 Aristotle on Birds 33 And, by the way, it is owing to Storks, and all other birds, when they get a wound fighting, the distress occasioned by the apply marjoram to the place injured. bulkiness of its body that the bird quail alway screams while Book IX, 6, 612a flying: for the labour is severe.
Book VIII, 12, 597b
Quail
Stork
The reed-warbler makes its liv- ing as easily as any other bird, sits in summer in a shady spot facing the wind, in winter in a sunny and sheltered place among reeds in a marsh; it is small in size, with a pleasant note.
Book IX, 16, 616b
Reed-warbler
1.2 Aristotle on Birds 34 1.2 Aristotle on Birds 35 The sea-eagle is very keen-sighted, and before its young are fledged tries to make them stare at the sun, and beats the one that refuses to do so, and twists him back in the sun’s direction; and if one of them gets watery eyes in the process, it kills him, and rears the other. It lives near the sea, and feeds, as has been said, on sea-birds; when in pursuit of them it catches them one by one, watching the moment when the bird rises to the surface from its dive. When a sea-bird, emerging from the water, sees the sea-eagle, he in terror dives under, intending to rise again elsewhere; the eagle, however, owing to its keenness of vision, keeps flying after him until he either drowns the bird or catches him on the surface. The eagle never attacks these birds when they are in a swarm, for they keep him off by raising a shower of water-drops with their wings.
Book IX, 34, 620a
Sea-eagle
1.2 Aristotle on Birds 36 1.2 Aristotle on Birds 37 Some declare that the male spar- In a general way in the lives row lives only a year, point- of animals many resemblances ing to the fact that early in to human life may be observed. spring the male sparrow has no Pre-eminent intelligence will black beard, but has one later be seen more in small creatures on, as though the blackbearded than in large ones, as is birds of the last year had all exemplified in the case of birds died out; they also say that the by the nest building of the females are the longer lived, on swallow. the grounds that they are caught in amongst the young birds and Book IX, 7, 612b that their age is rendered mani- fest by the hardness about their beaks.
Book IX, 7, 613a
Sparrow Swallow
The tree-creeper is a little bird, of fearless disposition; it lives among trees, feeds on caterpillars, makes a living with ease, and has a loud clear note.
Book IX, 17, 616b
Tree-creeper
1.2 Aristotle on Birds 38 1.2 Aristotle on Birds 39 Some birds have a peculiar habit of making a noise at their hin- der quarters, as, for instance, the turtle-dove; and they make a violent movement of their tails at the same time that they produce this peculiar sound.
Book IX, 49B, 633b
Some birds live on the sea- shore, as the wagtail; the bird is of a mischievous nature, hard to capture, but when caught capable of complete domestica- tion; it is a cripple, as being weak in its hinder quarters.
Book IX, 12, 615a
Turtle-dove Wagtail
The wren lives in brakes and crevices; it is difficult of cap- ture, keeps out of sight, is gentle of disposition, finds its food with ease, and is something of a mechanic. It goes by the nickname of ‘old man’ or ‘king’; and the story goes that for this reason the eagle is at war with him.
Book IX, 11, 615a
Wren
1.2 Aristotle on Birds 40 1.2 Aristotle on Birds 41 1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis
Here we find a representation of the entire bird population of the Mauritshuis as observed on 17 April 2015. The Mauritshuis has a compact collection of Dutch paintings from the Golden Age, one highlight being ‘The Goldfinch’ by Carel Fabritius, which we also spotted that day.
42 43 Hendrick Avercamp, ‘IJsvermaak’
Hooded Crow Hooded Crow Hooded Crow Unidentified Hooded Crow Hooded Crow
Hooded Crow Unidentified Hooded Crow Hooded Crow Unidentified
Abraham Bloemaert, ‘Theagenes ontvangt de erepalm van Chariclea’
Grey Heron Unidentified
Paul Bril, ‘Berglandschap met de heilige Hieronymus’
Goldfinch Goldfinch Nuthatch Nuthatch Magpie Magpie
Jan Brueghel de Oude, Hendrik van Balen, ‘Krans van vruchten rond een voorstelling met Cybele die geschenken ontvangt van personificaties van de vier jaargetijden’
Woodpecker Woodpecker Woodpecker Unidentified Unidentified (variety) (variety) (variety)
Jan Brueghel de Oude, Hans Rottenhammer, ‘Christus in het voorgeborchte’
Unidentified Unidentified
Jan Brueghel de Oude, Hans Rottenhammer, ‘De rust op de vlucht naar Egypte’
Green Unidentified Blue Tit Grey Heron Grey Heron Goldfinch Woodpecker
Bullfinch Goldfinch
1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 44 1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 45 Jan Brueghel de Oude, Peter Paul Rubens, ‘Het aardse paradijs met de zondeval van Adam en Eva’ Left: 2× Great Tit Red-and-Green African Grey Pied Flycatcher Rose-ringed Pheasant Macaw Right: Parrot Parakeet Pied Flycatcher
Barn Owl Teal Indian Mute Swan Mute Swan Blue-and-yellow Peafowl Macaw
White-throated Barn Rüppell’s Toucan Goldfinch Goldfinch Swallow Starling Unidentified
Wild Red-headed Kingfisher Great Bird-of- Teal Surf Turkey Lovebird paradise Scoter
Right: Ruff Goldeneye Grey Heron Western Sturnidae Great Spotted Left: Swamphen (variety) Woodpecker Curlew (variety)
White Stork Nuthatch Unidentified Turtle Dove Tawny Owl Northern Goshawk
Hoopoe Bullfinch Flycatcher Eagle-owl Magpie Red (variety) Junglefowl
Golden Oriole White-throated Blue-and-yellow Unidentified Magpie Hoopoe Toucan Macaw
1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 46 1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 47 Unidentified House Great Bird-of- Unidentified Unidentified Spotted Sparrow paradise Redshank
Great Spotted Unidentified Unidentified Woodpecker Ostrich
Jan van de Cappelle, ‘Schepen voor de kust’
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Aelbert Cuyp, ‘Ruiterportret van Pieter de Roovere’
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Aelbert Cuyp, ‘Boeren en vee bij de Merwede’
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Gerard David, ‘Boslandschap’
Great Tit Unidentified
Karel Dujardin, ‘Italiaans landschap met een jonge herder, spelend met zijn hond’
Unidentified
Carel Fabritius, ‘Het puttertje’
Goldfinch
1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 48 1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 49 Jacob van Geel, ‘Gefantaseerd boslandschap’
Unidentified
Jan van Goyen, ‘Riviergezicht met kerk en boerderij’
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Willem van Haecht, ‘Apelles schildert Campaspe’
Yellow-crowned Indian Red Junglefowl Indian Indian Mute Swan amazon Peafowl (Pulli) Peafowl Peafowl
Left: Grey Partridge Greylag Geese Red Junglefowl Blue Tit Goldfinch and Red (variety) Right: Junglefowl Unidentified (variety)
Jan van der Heyden, ‘Gezicht op de Oudezijds Voorburgwal met de Oude Kerk in Amsterdam’
Mute Swan Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Pauwels van Hillegaert, ‘De prinsen van Oranje met familieleden te paard, uitrijdend vanaf het Buitenhof, Den Haag’
Mute Swan Magpie Unidentified
Meindert Hobbema, ’Boslandschap met boerenhoeven’ Left: Red Junglefowls Red Red Unidentified Unidentified Western Marsh Right: Junglefowl Junglefowl Harrier Greylag Geese
Unidentified Pelegrine Falcons
1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 50 1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 51 Hans Holbein the Younger, ‘Portret van een edelman met havik’
Northern Goshawk
Hans Holbein the Younger, ‘Portret van Robert Cheseman (1485–1547)’
Pelegrine Falcon
Melchior d’ Hondecoeter (possibly), ‘Dode haan, hangend aan een spijker’
Red Junglefowl
Melchior d’ Hondecoeter, ‘Kippen en eenden’
Red Junglefowl Greylag Geese Rock Dove Teal Domestic Duck Domestic Duck (variety)
Red Red Domestic Duck Domestic Duck Junglefowl Junglefowl Wigeon Domestic Duck (pullus) (pullus) (variety) (variety)
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Melchior d’ Hondecoeter, ‘Ganzen en eenden’
Unidentified Greylag Goose Greylag Goose Greylag Goose Domestic Duck Unidentified (pullus) (pullus) (pullus)
Wigeon Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Magpie
1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 52 1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 53 1 Greylag Goose Rock Dove Greylag Goose Greylag Goose Domestic Duck (pullus) (variety) niet groot gennoeg
Jacob Jordaens, ‘Nimfen knippen de baard van Pan af’
Unidentified Unidentified Barn Swallow Unidentified
Alexander Keirincx, Cornelis van Poelenburch, ‘Boslandschap met figuren’
Great Tit Unidentified Snipe Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Quinten Massys, ‘Maria met kind’
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Gabriël Metsu, ‘De jager’
Rock Dove
Isack van Ostade, ‘Reizigers voor een herberg’
Unidentified Unidentified Red Junglefowl Unidentified
Nicolaes Pietersz Berchem, ‘Jan Baptist Weenix, De roeping van Mattheüs’
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Indian Peafowl
Paulus Potter, ‘De Stier’
Magpie Herring Gull Herring Gull Herring Gull Herring Gull Herring Gull
1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 54 1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 55 Herring Gull Herring Gull Herring Gull Herring Gull Unidentified Magpie
Skylark
Roelant Roghman, ‘Berglandschap met waterval’
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Unidentified
Jacob van Ruisdael, ‘Gezicht op kasteel Bentheim’
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Jacob van Ruisdael, ‘Gezicht op Haarlem met bleekvelden’
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Unidentified
Salomon van Ruysdael, ‘Gezicht op Beverwijk vanaf het Wijkermeer’
Unidentified Unidentified
1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 56 1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 57 Salomon van Ruysdael, ‘Riviergezicht met kerk en veerpont’
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Mallard Unidentified Unidentified
Salomon van Ruysdael, ‘Meergezicht met zeilschepen’
Herring Gull Herring Gull Herring Gull Herring Gull
Pieter van Santvoort, ‘Duinlandschap met een landweggetje’
Unidentified
Hercules Seghers, ‘Rivierdal’
Unidentified Unidentified
Frans Snijders, ‘Stilleven met een dode reebok’
Yellow-crowned Amazon
Jan Steen, ‘Portret van Jacoba Maria van Wassenaer (De Hoenderhof)’
Rock Dove Rock Dove Rock Dove Rock Dove Rock Dove Rock Dove (variety) (variety) (variety) (variety) (variety) (variety)
Rock Dove Red Red Red Red Red (variety) Junglefowl Junglefowl Junglefowl Junglefowl Junglefowl (variety) (variety) (variety) (variety) (variety)
Red Red Red Red Red Red Junglefowl Junglefowl Junglefowl Junglefowl Junglefowl Junglefowl (variety) (variety) (variety) (variety) (pulli) (variety)
1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 58 1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 59 Red Red Red Red Red Junglefowl Junglefowl Junglefowl Junglefowl Junglefowl Rock Dove (pullus) (variety) (variety) (variety) (variety)
Red Rock Dove Pheasant Mallard Junglefowl Wild Turkey Wild Turkey (variety)
Domestic Duck Domestic Duck Domestic Duck Red Indian Peafowl Mute Swan Junglefowl
Mute Swan Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Jan Steen, ‘Soo voer gesongen, soo na gepepen’
Scarlet Unidentified Macaw
David Teniers, ’Keukeninterieur’
Wild Turkey Mute Swan Unidentified Kingfishers Pheasant Grey Partridge
Adriaen van de Velde, ‘Strandgezicht’
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Esaias van de Velde, ‘Winterlandschap met boerderij’
Rock Dove Unidentified Rock Dove (variety) (variety)
1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 60 1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 61 Willem van de Velde, ‘Schepen op de rede’
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
Willem van de Velde, ‘Schepen op de rede’
Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified
David Vickboons, ‘Boerenkermis’
Greylag Unidentified Goose
Arie de Vois, ‘Zelfportret als jager’
Grey Unidentified Partridge
Jan Baptist Weenix, ‘Italiaans landschap met herberg en antieke ruïnes’
Unidentified Unidentified
Rogier van der Weyden (and studio), ‘De bewening van Christus’
Mute Swan Mute Swan Mute Swan
Adam Willaerts, ‘Schepen bij een rotsachtige kust’
Grey Heron Grey Heron Unidentified Unidentified Herring Gull Unidentified
Unidentified Unidentified
1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 62 1.3 The Population of the Mauritshuis 63 2.1 Camouflage
64 65 66 2.1 Camouflage 67 2.1 Camouflage 68 2.1 Camouflage 69 2.1 Camouflage 70 2.1 Camouflage 71 2.1 Camouflage 72 2.1 Camouflage 73 2.1 Camouflage 74 2.1 Camouflage 75 2.1 Camouflage 76 2.1 Camouflage 77 2.1 Camouflage 78 2.1 Camouflage 79 2.2 In Flight
2.1 Camouflage 80 81 82 2.2 In Flight 83 2.2 In Flight 84 2.2 In Flight 85 2.2 In Flight 86 2.2 In Flight 87 2.2 In Flight 88 2.2 In Flight 89 2.2 In Flight 90 2.2 In Flight 91 2.2 In Flight 92 2.2 In Flight 93 2.2 In Flight 94 2.2 In Flight 95 2.2 In Flight 96 2.2 In Flight 97 2.2 In Flight 98 2.2 In Flight 99 2.2 In Flight 100 2.2 In Flight 101 2.2 In Flight 102 2.2 In Flight 103 2.2 In Flight 104 2.2 In Flight 105 2.2 In Flight 106 2.2 In Flight 107 2.2 In Flight 108 2.2 In Flight 109 2.2 In Flight 110 2.2 In Flight 111 2.3 Surface Tension
2.2 In Flight 112 113 114 2.3 Surface Tension 115 2.3 Surface Tension 116 2.3 Surface Tension 117 2.3 Surface Tension 118 2.3 Surface Tension 119 2.4 Velocity
From the shape of the droppings, it can be deduced whether and how quickly the bird was in motion. A classification is shown for speed, increasing from 0–60 km/h, or from wood pigeon to mallard.
2.3 Surface Tension 120 121 122 2.4 Velocity 123 2.4 Velocity 124 2.4 Velocity 125 2.4 Velocity 126 2.4 Velocity 127 2.4 Velocity 128 2.4 Velocity 129 2.5 Silhouettes
2.4 Velocity 130 131 132 2.5 Silhouettes 133 2.5 Silhouettes 134 2.5 Silhouettes 135 2.5 Silhouettes 136 2.5 Silhouettes 137 2.5 Silhouettes 138 2.5 Silhouettes 139 2.5 Silhouettes 140 2.5 Silhouettes 141 3.1 Bird Geometrics
2.5 Silhouettes 142 143 144 3.1 Bird Geometrics 145 3.1 Bird Geometrics 146 3.1 Bird Geometrics 147 3.1 Bird Geometrics 148 3.1 Bird Geometrics 149 3.1 Bird Geometrics 150 3.1 Bird Geometrics 151 3.1 Bird Geometrics 152 3.1 Bird Geometrics 153 3.1 Bird Geometrics 154 3.1 Bird Geometrics 155 3.1 Bird Geometrics 156 3.1 Bird Geometrics 157 3.1 Bird Geometrics 158 3.1 Bird Geometrics 159 3.1 Bird Geometrics 160 3.1 Bird Geometrics 161 162 163 3.1 Bird Geometrics 164 3.1 Bird Geometrics 165 3.1 Bird Geometrics 166 3.1 Bird Geometrics 167 3.1 Bird Geometrics 168 3.1 Bird Geometrics 169 3.1 Bird Geometrics 170 3.1 Bird Geometrics 171 3.1 Bird Geometrics 172 3.1 Bird Geometrics 173 3.1 Bird Geometrics 174 3.1 Bird Geometrics 175 3.2 Migration of a Herring Gull
3.1 Bird Geometrics 176 177 1 2
12
16 3 13 18
10 4
7 9
15
8 5 14
6 17
11
178 3.2 Migration of a Herring Gull 179 1 Alesund 3 Devon Norway UK
2 Baltic Sea 4 Bretange France
3.2 Migration of a Herring Gull 180 3.2 Migration of a Herring Gull 181 5 Barcelona 7 Venice Spain Italy
6 Calpe 8 Rome Spain Italy
3.2 Migration of a Herring Gull 182 3.2 Migration of a Herring Gull 183 9 Venice 11 Fuerteventura Italy Spain
10 Étretat 12 Borkum France Germany
3.2 Migration of a Herring Gull 184 3.2 Migration of a Herring Gull 185 13 Brighton 15 Tuscany UK Italy
14 Rome 16 Scheveningen Italy The Netherlands
3.2 Migration of a Herring Gull 186 3.2 Migration of a Herring Gull 187 17 Kreta 3.3 Symbiosis Greece
18 Brighton UK
3.2 Migration of a Herring Gull 188 189 190 3.3 Symbiosis 191 3.4 Sonograms
192 193 194 3.4 Sonograms 195 3.4 Sonograms 196 3.4 Sonograms 197 3.4 Sonograms 198 3.4 Sonograms 199 3.4 Sonograms 200 3.4 Sonograms 201 3.5 Ostrich Policy
3.4 Sonograms 202 203 204 3.5 Ostrich Policy 205 3.5 Ostrich Policy 206 3.5 Ostrich Policy 207 3.5 Ostrich Policy 208 3.5 Ostrich Policy 209 3.5 Ostrich Policy 210 3.5 Ostrich Policy 211 3.5 Ostrich Policy 212 3.5 Ostrich Policy 213 3.5 Ostrich Policy 214 3.5 Ostrich Policy 215 3.6 Group Dynamics
3.5 Ostrich Policy 216 217 218 3.6 Group Dynamics 219 3.6 Group Dynamics 220 3.6 Group Dynamics 221 3.6 Group Dynamics 222 3.6 Group Dynamics 223 3.6 Group Dynamics 224 3.6 Group Dynamics 225 3.6 Group Dynamics 226 3.6 Group Dynamics 227 3.6 Group Dynamics 228 3.6 Group Dynamics 229 3.6 Group Dynamics 230 3.6 Group Dynamics 231 3.6 Group Dynamics 232 3.6 Group Dynamics 233 3.6 Group Dynamics 234 3.6 Group Dynamics 235 3.7 Territory
3.6 Group Dynamics 236 237 238 3.7 Territory 239 4.1 Nest
The wood pigeon is known for its untidy nests, seemingly thrown together from loosely arranged twigs, insecurely woven. These are found, platform-like in bushes or in large trees in wooded districts. Nevertheless a complete nest still appears to comprise a significant level of organisation. This is a reproduction of a nest after the young had flown.
240 241 242 4.1 Nest 243 4.1 Nest 244 4.1 Nest 245 4.1 Nest 246 4.1 Nest 247 4.1 Nest 248 4.1 Nest 249 4.1 Nest 250 4.1 Nest 251 4.1 Nest 252 4.1 Nest 253 4.1 Nest 254 4.1 Nest 255 4.2 Genetics
4.1 Nest 256 257 258 4.2 Genetics 259 4.2 Genetics 260 4.2 Genetics 261 4.3 Holotype*
The cuckoo does not build her own nest, but uses the nest of varies hosts. The look of the egg is tailored depending on the selection of the host. Therefore, the typical cuckoo’s egg simply does not exist. In order to propose its holo- type, all of the cuckoo eggs from the collection of the Natural History Museum Rotterdam have been digitally combined.
* A holotype is a term used in biological nomenclature. The term is assigned to a single physical example (or illustration, or several of such), which best represents the species (or lower ranked taxon). Every living organism on earth has such a designation, usually by the discoverer, in an original description of the species.
4.2 Genetics 262 4.3 Holotype 263 264 4.3 Holotype 265 5.1 Bird counting
Enumerating birds is an interesting problem of movement in time and space. Not only does the identification of the species present difficulties, but also the determination of the approximate number in a given space can be problematic.
For example, is it better to arrive at the correct number by investigating a defined fixed frame over time (stationary counting) or is it better to be self-moving? Should you add birds you only hear and increase the risk of double counting? Should you count alone or in teams? Photography can offer tools useful in solving this problem, with various methods being distin- guishable therein.
266 267 Sorghvliet Park, The Hague
268 5.1.1 Bird Counting Area 269 Great Spotted Woodpecker Great Spotted Woodpecker Treecreeper Blackbird Great Tit Blue Tit
Treecreeper Mallard Mallard Blue Tit Herring Gull Blackbird
Great Tit Mallards Wood Pigeon Blackbird House Sparrow Great Spotted Woodpecker
Wood Pigeon Blue Tit Blackbird Great Spotted Woodpecker Blue Tit Blackbird
Herring Gull Coots Blackbird Song Trush Wren Rose-ringed Parakeet
5.1.1 Bird Counting Area 270 5.1.1 Bird Counting Area 271 Blue Tit Herring Gulls Great Spotted Woodpecker Carrion Crow Blackbird Great Tit
Great Spotted Woodpecker Magpie Egyptian Goose Blue Tit Blue Tit Blue Tit
Marsh Tit Rose-ringed Parakeets Rose-ringed Parakeets Blue Tit Blue Tit Willow Warbler
Rose-ringed Parakeets Rose-ringed Parakeets Wood Pigeon Willow Warbler Wren Wood Pigeons
Wood Pigeon Wood Pigeon Wood Pigeons Robin Robin Robin
5.1.1 Bird Counting Area 272 5.1.1 Bird Counting Area 273 Pied Avocet: 1 Mallard: 1
Pied Avocet: 2
Pied Avocet: 3
Pied Avocet: 1
274 5.1.2 Bird Counting Fixed Frame 275 Pied Avocet: 3 Pied Avocet: 3
Black-winged Stilt: 2 Pied Avocet: 2
Pied Avocet: 2 Pied Avocet: 1 Black-winged Stilt: 1
Pied Avocet: 4 Pied Avocet: 6 Spotted Redshank: 1 Mallard: 1
5.1.2 Bird Counting Fixed Frame 276 5.1.2 Bird Counting Fixed Frame 277 Pied Avocet: 7 Pied Avocet: 5 Ruff: 1
Pied Avocet: 7 Pied Avocet: 2 Spotted Redshank: 1 Ruff: 1 Spotted Redshank: 1
Pied Avocet: 2 Pied Avocet: 1 Spotted Redshank: 1
Pied Avocet: 2 Pied Avocet: 3
5.1.2 Bird Counting Fixed Frame 278 5.1.2 Bird Counting Fixed Frame 279 Pied Avocet: 2 Pied Avocet: 5
Pied Avocet: 8 Pied Avocet: 2
Pied Avocet: 3 Pied Avocet: 1
Pied Avocet: 1 Pied Avocet: 3 Black-tailed Godwit: 1
5.1.2 Bird Counting Fixed Frame 280 5.1.2 Bird Counting Fixed Frame 281 23 × Mallard (male) 12 × Mallard (female) 25 × Coot 22 × Black-headed Gull 01 × Egyptian Goose
282 5.1.3 Bird Counting One Picture 283 5.1.3 Bird Counting One Picture 284 5.1.3 Bird Counting One Picture 285 5.1.3 Bird Counting One Picture 286 5.1.3 Bird Counting One Picture 287 5.2 Reaction Rate
Herring Gulls: 118
5.1.3 Bird Counting One Picture 288 289 290 5.2 Reaction Rate 291 5.3 The Blackness of the Crow
Photographic exercise on making a black crow white.
5.2 Reaction Rate 292 293 294 5.1 The Blackness of the Crow 295 5.1 The Blackness of the Crow 296 5.1 The Blackness of the Crow 297 5.1 The Blackness of the Crow 298 5.1 The Blackness of the Crow 299 5.1 The Blackness of the Crow 300 5.1 The Blackness of the Crow 301 5.1 The Blackness of the Crow 302 5.1 The Blackness of the Crow 303 5.1 The Blackness of the Crow 304 5.1 The Blackness of the Crow 305 6.1 Unidentified Spiecies
5.1 The Blackness of the Crow 306 307 308 6.1 Unidentified Spiecies 309 6.1 Unidentified Spiecies 310 6.1 Unidentified Spiecies 311 6.2 The Whiteness of the Wood Pigeon’s egg
The eggs of the wood pigeon are pearly white, and relatively conspicuous. Such eggs are produced mostly by birds which remain in their nest during breeding or make their nests in cavities. Wood pigeons often leave the nest and are sloppy nest builders (see Chapter 4.1). Consequently the lack of pigment in their eggs is puzzling and to date, no one has proposed an undisputed explanation.
6.1 Unidentified Spiecies 312 313 314 6.2 The Whiteness of the Wood Pigeon’s Egg 315 6.2 The Whiteness of the Wood Pigeon’s Egg 316 6.2 The Whiteness of the Wood Pigeon’s Egg 317 6.2 The Whiteness of the Wood Pigeon’s Egg 318 6.2 The Whiteness of the Wood Pigeon’s Egg 319 6.3 Unexplained Phenomena
6.2 The Whiteness of the Wood Pigeon’s Egg 320 321 322 6.3 Unexplained Phenomena 323 6.3 Unexplained Phenomena 324 6.3 Unexplained Phenomena 325 6.3 Unexplained Phenomena 326 6.3 Unexplained Phenomena 327 6.3 Unexplained Phenomena 328 329 A Accipiter gentilis 45, 46, 52, 53 Coturnix coturnix 34, 35 Acrocephalus scirpaceus 34, 35, 197, 201 Crake, see Water Rail African Grey Parrot, Psittacus erithacus 46, 47 Crane, Grus grus 24, 25, 145 Agapornis pullarius 46, 47 Crow, see Carrion Crow Agelaius xanthomus 261 Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus 18, 19, 263, 265 Alauda arvensis 56, 57 Cuculus canorus 18, 19, 263, 265 Alcedo atthis 46, 47, 60, 61, 260 Curlew, Numenius arquata 46, 47 Alopochen aegyptiacus 272, 283 Cyanistes caeruleus 44, 45, 50, 51, 78, 109–112, 270–273 Amazona ochrocephala 50, 51, 58, 59 Cygnus atratus 323 American Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber 212, 262 Cygnus c. Bewickii 292 Anas crecca 46, 47, 52, 53 Cygnus olor 46, 47, 50, 51, 60, 61, 210 Anas penelope 52, 53 D Delichon urbicun 94, 97 Anas platyrhynchos 58, 59, 100, 120, 121, 166, 270, 275, 277, Dendrocopos major 46–49, 261, 270–272 283, 324, 325 Domestic Duck, Anas platyrhynchos domesticus 52–55 60, 61 Anas platyrhynchos domesticus 52, 53, 60, 61 E Eagle, see Lesser Spotted Eagle Anser albifrons 100, 101, 158, 159 Eagle-owl, Bubo bubo 46, 47 Anser anser 52–55, 62, 63, 213, 221 Eared Owl, Asio otus 24, 25 Anthus, see Meadow Pipet Eastern Bluebird, Sialia sialis 260 Anthus pratensis 22, 23 Egyptian Goose, Alopochen aegyptiacus 272, 283 Aquila pomarina 22, 23 Erithacus rubecula 18, 19, 273 Ara ararauna 46, 47 Evening Grosbeak, Hesperiphona vespertina 261 Ara chloropterus 46, 47 F Falco peregrinus 50–53 Ara macao 60, 61 Feral Pigeon, Columba livia domestica 18, 19, 73, 83, 87–89, 91–96, 98, 99, 102, Ardea alba 26, 27, 262 103, 106, 151, 164, 216, 219, 224, 226, 227 Ardea cinerea 44–47, 62, 63, 216, 224, 229 Ficedula hypoleuca 46, 47 Asio otus 24, 25 Forpus conspicillatus 328 Athene noctua 32, 33 Fulica atra 77, 115–120, 169, 207, 211, 221, 270, 283, Atlantic Canary, Serinus canaria 260, 262 324, 327 Aythya fuligula 172–174 G Gallinula chloropus 327 B Balearica regulorum 205 Gallus gallus 46, 47, 50–55, 58–61, 67, 231, 239 Barn Owl, Tyto alba 46, 47 Gallus gallus domesticus brisson 206 Barn Swallow, Hirundo rustica 38, 39, 46, 47, 54, 55 Garden Warbler, Sylvia borin 20, 21 Beccafico, see Garden Warbler Garrulus glandarius 28, 29 Bewick’s Swan, Cygnus c. Bewickii 292 Goat-sucker, see Nightjar Bittern, Botaurus stellaris 26, 27 Golden Oriole, Oriolus oriolus 30, 31, 46, 47 Black-headed Gull, Goldeneye, Bucephala clangula 46, 47 Chroicocephalus ridibundus 171, 232, 235, 283 Goldfinch,Carduelis carduelis 43–51, 93, 261 Black-headed Tit, see Marsh Tit Great Bird-of-paradise, Paradisaea apoda 46–49 Black Kite, Milvus migrans 28, 29 Great Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo 107, 176 Black Swan, Cygnus atratus 323 Great Egret, Ardea alba 26, 27, 262 Black-tailed Godwit, Limosa limosa 281 Great Spotted Woodpecker, Dendrocopos major 46–49, 261, 270–272 Black-winged Stilt, Himantopus himantopus 276 Great Tit, Parus major 46–49, 54, 55, 85, 262, 270, 271, 273 Blackbird, Turdus merula 71, 83, 85, 86, 88, 270, 271, 273 Great White Pelican, Pelecanus onocrotalus 32, 33 Blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla 20, 21 Greater Rhea, Rhea americana 215 Blue-and-yellow Macaw, Ara ararauna 46, 47 Greater White-fronted Goose, Anser albifrons 100, 101, 158, 159 Blue Tit, Cyanistes caeruleus 44, 45, 50, 51, 78, 109–112, 270–273 Green Woodpecker, Picus viridis 44, 45 Botaurus stellaris 26, 27 Grey Crowned Crane, Balearica regulorum 205 Bubo bubo 46, 47 Grey Heron, Ardea cinerea 44–47, 62, 63, 216, 224, 229 Bubulcus ibis 161 Grey Partridge, Perdix perdix 24, 25, 50, 51, 60–63 Budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus 259 Greylag Goose, Anser anser 52–55, 62, 63, 213, 221 Bucephala clangula 46, 47 Grus grus 24, 25, 145 Bullfinch,Pyrrhula pyrrhula 44–47 H Halcyon, see White-throated Kingfisher C Caprimulgus europaeus 30, 31 Halcyon smyrnensis 28, 29 Carduelis carduelis 43–51, 93, 261 Haliaeetus albicilla 36, 37 Carrion Crow, Corvus corone 84, 89, 92, 95, 101, 156, 261, 262, 273, Herring Gull, Larus argentatus 54–59, 62, 63, 74, 99, 104–106, 156, 177, 293–306 180–188, 195, 224, 232, 235, 270–272, 284–288 Cattle Egret, Bubulcus ibis 161 Hesperiphona vespertina 261 Certhia familiaris 38, 39, 270 Himantopus himantopus 276 Chicken, see Red Junglefowl Hirundo rustica 38, 39, 46, 47, 54, 55 Chroicocephalus ridibundus 171, 232, 235, 283 Hooded Crow, Corvus cornix 44, 45, 112 Ciconia ciconia 34, 35, 46, 47 Hoopoe, Upupa epops 46, 47, 228, 229, 262 Circus aeruginosus 50, 51 House Martin, Delichon urbicun 94, 97 Coconut Lorikeet, Trichoglossus haematodus 32, 33 House Sparrow, Passer domesticus 38, 39, 48, 49, 68, 69, 76, 153, 154, 222, Collared Dove, Streptopelia decaocto 70, 75 223, 271 Columba livia 52–55, 58–61, 151, 191 I Indian Peafowl, Pavo cristatus 46, 47, 50, 51, 54, 55, 60, 61, 209 Columba livia domestica 18, 19, 73, 83, 87–89, 91–96, 98, 99, 102, J Jay, Garrulus glandarius 28, 29 103, 106, 151, 164, 216, 219, 224, 226, 227 K Kingfisher,Alcedo atthis 46, 47, 60, 61, 260 Columba palumbus 11, 13–15, 80, 87, 92, 121, 241–257, 270, 272, Kite, see Black Kite 273, 291, 313–320 L Lamprotornis purpuroptera 46, 47 Coot, Fulica atra 77, 115–120, 169, 207, 211, 221, 270, 283, Larus argentatus 54–59, 62, 63, 74, 99, 104–106, 156, 177, 324, 327 180–188, 195, 224, 232, 235, 270–272, 284–288 Copsychus saularis 202 Lesser Spotted Eagle, Aquila pomarina 22, 23 Corvus cornix 44, 45, 112 Limosa limosa 281 Corvus corone 84, 89, 92, 95, 101, 156, 261, 262, 273, 293–306 Little Horned Owl, Otus scops 24, 25 Corvus monedula 84, 90, 110, 111 Little Owl, Athene noctua 32, 33
Bird Index 330 Bird Index 331 Luscinia megarhynchos 30, 31, 79 Serinus canaria 260, 262 M Magpie, Pica pica 44–47, 50–57, 262, 272, 324 Sialia currucoides 260 Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos 58–61, 100, 120, 121, 166, 270, 275, 277, Sialia sialis 260 283, 324, 325 Silkie, Gallus gallus domesticus brisson 206 Marsh Tit, Poecile palustris 20, 21, 272 Sitta, see Nuthatch Meadow Pipet, Anthus pratensis 22, 23 Sitta europaea 30, 31, 44–47 Melanitta perspicillata 46, 47 Skylark, Alauda arvensis 56, 57 Meleagris gallopavo 46, 47, 60, 61 Snowy Owl, Nyctea scandiaca 262 Melopsittacus undulatus 259 Song Thrush, Turdus philomelos 271 Merganser, Mergus merganser 168 Sparrow, see House Sparrow Mergus merganser 168 Speckled Heron, see Bittern Milvus migrans 28, 29 Spectacled Parrotlet, Forpus conspicillatus 328 Monk Parakeet, Myiopsitta monachus 67 Spotted Redshank, Tringa erythropus 276, 278, 279 Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus 327 Starling, Sturnus vulgaris 90, 91, 97, 98, 100, 101, 146, 147, 149, Motacilla alba 40, 41, 72 152, 153, 162, 163, 236 Mountain Bluebird, Sialia currucoides 260 Stork, see White Stork Mute Swan, Cygnus olor 46, 47, 50, 51, 60, 61, 210 Streptopelia decaocto 70, 75 Myiopsitta monachus 67 Streptopelia turtur 40, 41, 46, 47 N Nightingale, Luscinia megarhynchos 30, 31, 79 Strix aluco 46, 47 Nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus 30, 31 Struthio camelus 48, 49, 203–216 Northern Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis 46, 47, 52, 53 Sturnus vulgaris 90, 91, 97, 98, 100, 101, 146, 147, 149, Numenius arquata 46, 47 152, 153, 162, 163, 236 Nuthatch, Sitta europaea 30, 31, 44–47 Surf Scoter, Melanitta perspicillata 46, 47 Nyctea scandiaca 262 Sylvia atricapilla 20, 21 O Oriental Magpie-robin, Copsychus saularis 202 Sylvia borin 20, 21 Oriole, see Golden Oriole T Tawny Owl, Strix aluco 46, 47 Oriolus oriolus 30, 31, 46, 47 Teal, Anas crecca 46, 47, 52, 53 Ostrich, Struthio camelus 48, 49, 203–216 Treecreeper, Certhia familiaris 38, 39, 270 Otus scops 24, 25 Trichoglossus haematodus 32, 33 Owl, see Little Owl Tringa erythropus 276, 278, 279 P Paradisaea apoda 46–49 Troglodytes troglodytes 32, 40, 41 Parrot, see Coconut Lorikeet Tufted Duck, Aythya fuligula 172–174 Partridge, see Grey Partridge Turdus merula 71, 83, 85, 86, 88, 270, 271, 273 Parus major 46–49, 54, 55, 85, 262, 270, 271, 273 Turdus philomelos 271 Passer domesticus 38, 39, 48, 49, 68, 69, 153, 154, 222, 223, 271 Turtle Dove, Streptopelia turtur 40, 41, 46, 47 Pavo cristatus 46, 47, 50, 51, 54, 55, 60, 61, 209 Tyto alba 46, 47 Pelecanus onocrotalus 32, 33 U Upupa epops 46, 47, 228, 229, 262 Pelegrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus 50–53 W Wagtail, see White Wagtail Pelican, see Great White Pelican Water Rail, Rallus aquaticus 22, 23 Perdix perdix 24, 25, 50, 51, 60–63 Western Jackdaw, Corvus monedula 84, 90, 110, 111 Phalacrocorax carbo 107, 176 Western Marsh Harrier, Circus aeruginosus 50, 51 Phasianus colchicus 46, 47, 60, 61 Western Swamphen, Porphyrio porphyrio 46, 47 Pheasant, Phasianus colchicus 46, 47, 60, 61 White Heron, see Great Egret Philomachus pugnax 46, 47, 279 White Stork, Ciconia ciconia 34, 35, 46, 47 Phoenicopterus ruber 212, 262 White-tailed Eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla 36, 37 Phoenicurus phoenicurus 18, 19 White-throated Kingfisher,Halcyon smyrnensis 28, 29 Phylloscopus trochilus 273 White-throated Toucan, Ramphastos tucanus 46, 47 Pica pica 44–47, 50, 51, 54–57, 262, 272, 324 White Wagtail, Motacilla alba 40, 41, 72 Picus viridis 44, 45 Wigeon, Anas penelope 52, 53 Pied Avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta 275–281 Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo 46, 47, 60, 61 Pied Flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca 46, 47 Willow Warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus 273 Pigeon, see Feral Pigeon Wood Pigeon, Columba palumbus 11, 13–15, 80, 87, 92, 121, 241–257, 270, Poecile palustris 20, 21, 272 272, 273, 291, 313–320 Porphyrio porphyrio 46, 47 Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes 32, 40, 41 Psittacula krameri 46, 47, 108, 271, 272 Y Yellow-crowned Amazon, Amazona ochrocephala 50, 51, 58, 59 Psittacus erithacus 46, 47 Yellow-shouldered Blackbird, Pyrrhula pyrrhula 44–47 Agelaius xanthomus 261 Q Quail, Coturnix coturnix 34, 35 R Rallus aquaticus 22, 23 Ramphastos tucanus 46, 47 Recurvirostra avosetta 275–281 Red-and-Green Macaw, Ara chloropterus 46, 47 Red-headed Lovebird, Agapornis pullarius 46, 47 Red Junglefowl, Gallus gallus 46, 47, 50–55, 58–61, 67, 231, 239 Redstart, Phoenicurus phoenicurus 18, 19 Reed-warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus 34, 35, 197, 201 Rhea americana 215 Robin, Erithacus rubecula 18, 19, 273 Rock Dove, Columba livia 52–55, 58–61, 151, 191 Rose-ringed Parakeet, Psittacula krameri 46, 47, 108, 271, 272 Ruff,Philomachus pugnax 46, 47, 279 Ruppell’s Starling, Lamprotornis purpuroptera 46, 47 S Scarlet Macaw, Ara macao 60, 61 Sea-eagle, see White-tailed Eagle
Bird Index 332 Bird Index 333 – Bernard Acworth, ‘The Cuckoo and other Bird Mysteries’, Eyre & Spottiswoode, Ornithology Anne Geene & Arjan de Nooy London 1946 – Hubertus von Amelunxen, ‘Die aufgehobene Zeit-Die Erfindung der Photographie Photography and text: Anne Geene & Arjan de Nooy durch William Henry Fox Talbot’, Nishen, Berlin 1988 – Aristotle, ‘Historia Animalium’ (‘History of Animals’, translated by D’Arcy Graphic design: Jeremy Jansen Wentworth Thompson), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910 – W. Geoffrey Arnot, ‘Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z’, Routledge, Publisher: Uitgeverij de HEF publishers London/New York 2007 – Tim Birkhead, ‘De wijsheid van vogels - Een geïllustreerde geschiedenis van Printing: Drukkerij Tielen, Boxtel de ornithologie’, De bezige bij, Amsterdam 2008 – Robert Burton, ‘Vogels over de vloer’, Bosch en Keuning, London 1990 Binding: Hexspoor, Boxtel – Matthias Depoorter, ‘Vliegwerk - Vogels in de kunst’, Athenaeum-Polak & Van Gennep, Amsterdam 2015 Special thanks: Larry J. Schaaf, Kees Moeliker (Natural History Museum – John Falconer, Louise Hide, ‘Points of View - Capturing the 19th century in Rotterdam), Marc Tinnemans, Mischa Poppe (Stroom Photographs’, The British Library, London 2009 Den Haag), Johan Deumens (Johan Deumens Gallery), – Gustave Flaubert, ‘Bouvard en Pécuchet’, Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers, Charlie Smelt (Tandartsenpraktijk Rijnsburgersingel), Amsterdam 1988 Petra Cardinaal (Pennings Gallery), Charles Brosens – Joan Fontcuberta, Pere Formiguera, ‘Fauna’, Photovision, Utrera 1999 (Vogelrevalidatiecentrum Zundert), Teunie de Brouwer, – Helmut Gernsheim, ‘The Origins of Photography’, Thames and Hudson, New York Quentin Buvelot (Mauritshuis), Kevin Rooney, Ruud Vlek, 1982 Anne Mieke Backer & Arij de Boode (Uitgeverij de HEF – Frank B. Gill, ‘Ornithology’, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York 1995 publishers). – Stephen Gill, ‘A Book of Birds’, SUPER LABO, Kanagawa 2010 – Jan Hanzák, ‘Birds’ Eggs and Nests’, Hamlyn Publishing Group, London 1971 All images of the Mauritshuis paintings were kindly – H. Heinzel, R. Fitter, J.F. Parslow, provided by the Mauritshuis, The Hague. ‘Elseviers gids van de Europese vogels’, Tirion Baarn 1987 – Carrol L. Hendreson, ‘Oology & Ralph’s Talking Eggs’, University of Texas ©2016 Anne Geene & Arjan de Nooy Press, Austin 2007 – Harri Kallio, ‘The Dodo and Mauritius Island: Imaginary Encounters’, Dewi www.annegeene.com Lewis Publishing 2005 www.arjandenooy.com – Jochen Lempert, ‘Coevolution’, edited by Eva Schmidt, Museum für Gegenwartskunst Siegen, Cologne 2006 Uitgeverij de HEF publishers, Rotterdam, – Jochen Lempert, ‘Phenotype’, Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, Köln 2013 The Netherlands – Killian Mullarney, Lars Svensson, Dan Zetterström & Peter J. Grant, ‘ANWB Vogelgids van Europa’, Tirion Uitgevers, Baarn 2009 www.dehefpublishers.nl – Luc Pauwels, ‘Visual Cultures of Science’, Dartmouth College Press, Lebanon 2006 ISBN 978-90-6906-049-1 – R.T. Peterson, G. Mountfort, P.A.D. Hollom, ‘Petersons vogelgids’, Elsevier Amsterdam/Brussel 1979 This publication was made possible with generous – Salvo, ‘The Sneezing Man’, Periodical for Photography No. 2, The Hague/ support of Stroom Den Haag and the Mondriaan Fund Amsterdam 2013 – Larry J. Schaaf, ‘The Photographic Art of William Henry Fox Talbot’, Princeton University Press, Princeton/Oxford 2003 – P. Staffeleu, ‘Preparing and Mounting a Starling, Step by Step’, Uitgeverij Èlvé en De Vestwal, Leiden 1992 – Erwin Stresemann, ‘Ornithology From Aristotle to the Present’, Harvard University Press, Cambridge/London 1975 – Harald Stümpke, ‘The Snouters’, The Natural History Press, New York 1967 – Michael Walters, ‘Birds’ Eggs’, Dorling Kindersley, New York 1994 – ‘Vogeleieren Atlas’, Meulenhoff, Amsterdam (date unknown)
Bibliography 334 Colophon 335