OUTLINE OF METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR INTEGRATED REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING: UR~AI'~ FUNCTIONS IN RUl{AL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
by
DENNIS A. RONDINELLI Graduate Program in Development Planning The Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Syracuse Un i vers.i ty
1981 1
Basic Principles of Methodology Selection: 1. Create an ongoing planning process as well as production of a spatial development plan.
2. Design spatial analysis and development plan to be policy and problem oriented and adjunctive in nature.
3. Use applied research methods and analytical techniques easily performed by rural planners and easily understood by policy \ makers. \
4. Use as much existing data as possible; limit new data collection to areas where significant "information gaps 11 appear.
5. Use a combination of analytical techniques. research methods, and sources of data collection; and rely heavily on staff knowledge of the area under study.
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Analytical Methods and Planning Procedures
1. Regional Resource Analysis and Baseline Study: An overall regional resource analysis and socio-economic and demographic profile of the region to serve as a data inventory for planning purposes and as a "baseline 11 study for monitoring and evaluation. 2. Spatial System Analysis: Analysis of existing spatial structure, describing elements of the settlement system, functional complexity and centrality of settlements, the hierarchy of central places, distribution of and patterns of association among functions within the region. 3. Linkage Analysis.: Uescription and analysis of the major socio-economic, organizational, and physical linkages among settlements within the region and between them and centers located in other regions of the country: a. Physical linkages such as road networks, river and water transportation channels, rail networks, and systems of ecological. interdependency;. b. Economic linkages reflected in market patterns, raw material and intermediate goods flows, capital or trade flows, production linkages among industries, consumption and shopping patterns, income and commodity flows. c. Population movement linkages including pennanent and temporary migration patterns, journey-to-work patterns, seasonal traffic floHs, etc. d. Technological linkages as reflected in telecommunications, energy or irrigation networks. \ e. Social interaction linkages reflected in visiting pattern$, community based kinship patterns, marriage areas, tribal or social group interaction. f. Service delivery linkages of credit and financial institutions, education, training or institutional services, health services, and transport services. g. Political, administrative and organizational linkages as represented by structural relationships among different levels of government, budgetary flows, formal and informal decision-making procedures and inter-jurisdictional transaction patterns. 3
4. Analytical Mapping: Mapping of information obtained from functional complexity, settlement hierarchy and spatial linkages analyses to determine "areas of influence" or service areas of various centers within the region.
5. Uelineation of Unintegratcd or Poorly ~~rved Areas: Identification of areas within the region where linkages are weak or nonexistent and of marginal areas that are not served by central place functior1s or in which rural populations have ·poor access to toHn-based services and facilities that are crucial for rural deve l opr11ent. 6. Identification of Functional "Gaps": Cowparison of information from the regional resources survey, and settlen~rtt system, linkage and functional distribution analyses with regional development plans and objectives to: a. Uetermine the adequacy of central places and the appropriateness of their distribution for meeting development needs and facilitating the implementation of an equitable growth policy; and, b. Identify major "gaps" in the existence of functions needed to promote rural development, integrate the spatial system or serve significant numbers of people living in rural areas. 7. Formulation of an Investment Strategy: Translation of'the spatial analyses into an investment strategy that identifies the~projects and programs that will be needed to ameliorate major development problems, strengthen and articulate the regional settlement system and extend access to important central place functions. 8. Identification of Investment .,Packages": Integration of projects identified through spatial and functional · analyses into spatially and functionally coordinated "investment packages" for different locations within the region, and the combination of investment packages into priority-ranked investment programs and appropriately sequenced investment budgets for the development of the reyion over a yiven period of time. ' 9. Evaluation and Monitoring: Creation of an evaluation system for monitoring the implementation of projects and programs and for assessing the substantive results of investments on regional development. 4
10. Institutionalization of Procedures and Planning Methods: Institutionalization of planning procedures in local and regional public agencies charged with investment decision-making and with revising the spatial analysis and development plans at appropriate intervals.
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Source: D.A. Rondinelli. Spatial Analysis for Re~ional Development: A Ca se Study in the lHcol River Basin of the Ph1lippines, Resource Systems Theory and MethOdOlogy Series, No. 2 (Tokyo: United Nations University Press. 19HO). 5
Thr Rkul Rlvtor R11aln and thl'l Phlllpplnea. The ln11e~t to dw rilhl ah11w1 thr lol·atlon of tht &tudy area within tht Phllllpplm· INiantls (scale: approx. 1:369210)
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IDA V lallway·Sn Vloante 81DA II ~~;1; ;u~:~~~~=~=lllnll, Bulan, Mttnoo VI Oulnlll IDA Projtol 1 I Llillmllnln·CibUIIO lOA l'rojaol (AID Loan) VII Agro·lndutlrlal Dtvlllopmant Artl IIOA Ul C11lguran, Oubll, l'rltlo Diu, lulu11n anf laroalona II I'IIIIDA VIII 81poool Otl Otlltgo IDA A lull lilA II l'ro)tOI (AID Loin) I)( Parlhlu II>A MULTII'LI IDA COYIIIAQI I Olll•r 1'111 )( Caramoan IDA (Camarlnta Sur I Albay Provlnoll) Ill lllnaona Source: D.A. Rondinelli, "Applied Policy Analysis for Integrated Regional Development Planning in the Philippines, .. Third World Planning Review, Vol. 1, No. 2 (1979): 150-17u. 6 Exhtb1t 1 Oocupetlon Ouottentt, Selected Munlclpalltlet In Camarlnet Sur "ovlnoe Compered to lllcol Rlwr latin ArH Municipality Experienced Workers by Occupation Group I f Professional, technical, Farmers, fishermen, Craftsmen, production· Service, commercial. managerial, and miners, and process workers, and and related administrative related workers labou'rers workers Naga City 1.31 0.81 0.73 1.08 Bomb on 0.58 0.89 1.29 1.48 Bula 0.49 1.42 0.46 0.71 Calabanga 0.91 1.06 1.01 0.81 c·... Camaligan 1.12 0.65 1.36 1.16 Can aman 0.61 1.16 1.24 0.82 Galnza 1.78 1.07 0.64 0.33 Magarao 1.32 0.86 1.06 1.64 Milaor 0.67 1.13 1.09 0.88 Minalabac 0.66 1.48 0.38 0.29 Pamplona 0.09 1.44 0.61 0.31 Pasacao 0.16 1.46 0.20 0.67 Pill 1.09 1.12 0.69 1.09 San Fernando 0.37 1.48 0.49 0.32 Camarines Sur Province compared ... to Bicol River \ ... Basin :"' 1.03 1.12 0.71 1.01 M1/M LO •-- Ri/R where Mj • employment in industry i In municipality M • total Industrial employment in municipality Rj • employment In industry I In the region R • total industrial employment in the region Source: D.A. Rond1nellt. S atial Anal sis for Re 1onal Develo ment, TokYo: UNU Press. 1980 • 7 Exh1.btt 2 Soclo«emomic Profile of Municipelltl" In Bicol River a..in, the Philippines, 1970. Per cent Developing Less-developed or Underdeveloped distribution municipalities transitional and peripheral of: (N = 6) municipalities municipalities (N -=10) (N • 38) Population 22.4 26.4 51.2 Educational attainment High school graduates 31.2 26.3 42.4 College graduates 44.8 23.2 32.0 Dwelling units of strong construction 32.6 26.9 40.4 Municipal revenues 44.5 18.6 36.9 Financial institutions 48.1 13.4 38.2 Deposits and loan assets of financial institutions 86.9 4.7 8.4 Agro·processing, Storage and commercial establishments 24.9 31.4 36.7 Rice and corn mi lis 23.9 32.8 43.3 Warehouses 36.5 33.0 30.4 .... Agro-supply stores \ :~oi. , 41.7 30.6 27.7 Farm machine and tool stores 64.5 9.7 25.8 Menufacturlng, commercial 1nd service establishments 46.4 29.8 24.8 Health facilities Hospitals 51.2 26.5 23.8 Hospital beds 58.9 11.7 29.3 I~ Source: Government of the Philippines, National Cenaue and Statistics Office, unpublfehed reportt, 1170. 8 Exhibit 3 Outtmen bte of F unctlonel Complexity of Muntclpelltlft In Cemerln11 Sur Province, Blcol River Satin, 1975 "•nk Munlclpillty Sc•l• score Scale ttep Number of Percentage of functions N Condensed functions In municipality relative to discrimineted number of functions in In scele most "developed" municipality 33 Gelnr1 28 19 32 Otl Gellego 48 32 2' 2' 31 Lupl 63 35 3 2 30 Tln1mb1C 66 38 4 2 29 Balat1n 56 38 ' 4 2 28 Minalabac 57 38 6 2 27 Pa~tcao 59 39 8 2 26 Bula 61 40 7 2 26 Bomb on 63 41 8 2 24 Camaligan 63 41 8 2 23 Cabusao 65 43 9 2 22 San F ern1ndo 66 43 10 2 21 Milaor 66 43 10 2 20 Ocampo 67 44 11 2 18 Magar1o 68 45 12 2 18 Can a man 70 46 13 2 17 San gay 71 47 14 2 18 San Jos4 73 48 15 2 15 Lagonoy 74 49 16 2 14 Pamplonl 81 53 17 3 13 Aagay ... 88 58 18 4 93 19 5 12 Bato ' :.: ( 61 , Slpocot 96 63 20 5 10 Cal a benge 97 64 21 5 8 8110 99 65 22 6 __J .. 0 8 Buhl 104 68 23 8 7 Tigaon 109 72 24 8 8 Nabua 111 73 25 8 6 Libmanan 117 77 26 7 4 Pili 119 78 27 7 3 Goa 122 80 28 7 2 lriga City 134 88 29 8 ' Naga City 152 100 30 9 Source: S. Aoco, Jr., end F. Lvnoh, "Development Level1ln llooi,.IYer l•ln,.. SSitU lf....n:lt lftlf/HIIf '-''•· MI. ''· unpubllehed d,.ft, 1875. 9 \ Exhibit 4 taopleth Map of Development Levels of Municipalities in Camarlnes Sur Province, Bicol R~ver Basin ------~---' 10 I" l Methods of Manu~l Scalogram Analysis 1. ·oata Require~ents: 1. • list of all settlements In the aru under study (h1mtett, villages, market towns, sm1ll cities, l1rger urb1n centrn); b. population size of all settlements in the area or region; c. a map pinpointing the location of all settlements in the study area; and d. an Inventory showing the presence or absence of functions (services, organizations, facilities, establish· ments, or other activiti1s) in each settlement. 2. Procedures for Constructing .! Sea~ ogram: 1. On the left side of a worksheet, list settlements 11 rows in descending order of their population; b. across the top of the worksheet, Iist the functions found in the region in their descending order of ubiquity (frequency of presence); c. draw row and column lines so that the worksheet becomes a matrix in which each cell represents a function that may appear in the settlement; d. fill in with a dark colour all cells in which a function is actually found in a settlement, leave cells for which 1 function does not appear in a settlement blank; 1. reorder the rows and columns so as to visually minimize the blank cells appearing in the dark pattern found in the upper left sectfon of the matrix; f. the scalogram i~ ~omplete w~en no shifting of a settle· ment row or function column can reduce the number of blank cells in this pattern; g. the final order of settlement rows Identifies a ranking of settlements which can be interpreted as an ordinal centr1lity score. J, 'Potential Planning Uses for Scalogram: 1. It can be used to categorize settlements into levels of functional complexity and d~termine the types and diversity pf services and facilities located in central places at various levels of a hierarchy. b. The scalogram shows rough associations among services 1nd facilities in specific locations 1nd potential linkages 1mong them. 11 c. The ~e~fogr1m Jndlc1te1 the Hquence In which settle· ments accumulate functions and the Implications for Mquenclng complementary or catalytlcal investments. d. By reading any column the ubiquity of a service or facility, and Its distribution among settlements, can be easily seen. ' · The array of items in the scalogram, analysed In D conjunction with a map showing locations of functions and their distribution and with population-service criteria, can be used to make determinations about the adequacy of services and facilities in the region. f . "Missing" or unexpectedly absent functions are clearly identified and investigations can be made into the reason that settlements at that scale level do not have the services or facilities, and decisions can be taken about the appropriateness of investing in those functions. g. Unexpectedly present functions are also identified, and the reason for the appearance of services and facilities In those settlements can be determined. h. Rough indicators of population threshold size needed to support various services and facilities can be determined from scalograms that show the population sizes of settlements in which functions currently appear. 1.. The scalogram can be used to make decisions about appropriate "packages" of investments for settlement• at different levels in the spatial hierarchy.' Source : 12 Exhib1.t 5 ,.•pulorlon (000•) lt•gnplfl>araga · 91.4 Nat(i fl'amallgan 87.4 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••D•••••••••••••••••• I rig• H .'l ••••••••••II•••••••••••••••••LI ••••••••••• Tah••·n (Publal'inn) H .'l •l l ••••••••••••••ti •••••••••••IHI•••••I 1•••• liu41 (l'ub.) 7. 1 • 11 •••••••••••••• •• •••••••••111111 ••1 II II 1••1 1•1 I Tlg~un (l'ub.) 2,'1 • 11 ••••1 1••1 1•••••••1 1•••1 111 ••1 1• 1 II 111!111111 1••••1 II I Pili (Pub. ) S.'l ••••••••••••1 1•••••••••JJ • 11 •••11•1 lll •• i 1••1 1•• N1bua (Pub.) 7.t. •••••••••••••••••• ••1 1• 1lrJ •I III • UrJ ••••••••I ILJ Kaau (Pub.) s.t. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••11•11•••••1 11 1••un Sipo<'ol (i'ob.) &.t. ••t 1••••••••••••1 1•••••11 •••1JCI • U •I 1••1 1• 1 1• 1 ILlO Guinuho~ t a n (Pob.) 1.1 •••••••••••11 •••1 l • ll•••llfiii• LI ••t-lllllll • ll • lli!IID • l.ihmo~nan (i'ob.) ·s.s •••••••••••••1 1•••11 ••••••••1 1••••1 I••••IILJL1 • ('anulig (l'ub.) l.2 •••u•••••••••••l 1111 1•••1 I•••IILI • LJ ••III Jll • IIIJDD • Ois ( l'ob.) 12 .8 • • • 1JUO • LI • 1 I • • • • • • • 1 IIJ • • JJ • JJUDLJ • u • u •LJLI • LJDOLJO Tinamha•· (Pub.) 3.'1 0 • • • • • o • • • • • • 1 I • • • • 11 • • U • • t JlJOUOllOClO • • lJDOOO Lagunuy (Pub.) u •11•o ••r J•••u •••r l ••••rJ • I-I •••r ID • DOOOOUI]OOOOO Tiwi (Pub,) 2.0 • • • • • • • • • • 1 I• • • • • • I J • • • • • • LIDO •1 JODDODODOOO • l'alahanga (Pub.) 9.1 ••••••IJ •••tJ ••••• •••••rIIJII •t IODlJODD • DDLlD •no. l'iu Duran (Pub.) 7. 1 • •U• • • • UIJ! J • • 1 II J• • • 1 1• • • 1JLJ ••1 IDDODDDODDDO •oo Ra!!"Y (l'ub.) 2.7 ••ll•••ll••••••ll••ll • ll•••nDIJ•lJODOODDOOD •DDD Buhi (Pub.) '1.8 • • • • • • • l I • • • • • • • • I II 1• • • • •I JO •1 J • DDDDDLl •LJOOO • Ot · o~rnpu (l'ob,) 2.1 •••••••••••••1 1• 1 ILifl •••IJnLJUUOlJODD • DDDOOOOO Pna•·au (l'oh.) 4.4 • 1 1•••••••••••••1 Ill[ 1•••1 111Ll •llOOODOCl0DrJDDD•D Stu. Dumillt(u (l'ub.,.. S.b • 11 ••••••••••••••1 1••1 1• 1 I•IILJ •I JLJ D • LJ •IIOOLJLJDUO l>t•l lio~ll•·gu Source: D-A~ Rondinelli, "Applied Poli:. cy Analysis for Integrated Reg1onal Uevelop111ent Planning in the Philippines " Third World Planning Review, Vol. 1 No. 2 {1979); 150-178. Exhibit 6 PORTIONOF PRELIMINARYSCALOGRN4 FOR THE DEPARTMENTOF POTOSI, BOLIVIA-· ..: ., 0 0 ~ ., ~ ~ ., u ~ - ~ • - c ~ ._ 0 ~ - c: .a • -a U ~~~ ~~~ ._ U ..-o >EO fG --~~o-- c~~ ~ ~ ~-- ..-eea ~ NcmbreCentro NlJTlero de ~~~~E ---~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~o~.. ._ ~--~o~--o~~ ~----~~~o~-- ~u--~ ~ Numero de Rango Pob1ado Habitantes -~~~~~-- ~00>~0~~-~>~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~---~~o-~o~cc~o~oo~ 0~ Funciones (de 1.000 Hb. ~u~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~u~---~ ~> u~~~~~-o~~~~u~--~~u-co~~~ Cit._ Ade1ante) ~-~m~oooo~o~-oe~c-~~o~~c ~c: WWU<~UUU~~U~ Cuidad de Potosi 75.000 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 33 1 . l Tupiza 11.000 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 29 2 L1a11agua 24.000 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 25 3 Uyuni 8.500 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 23 4 Vi11azon 12.000 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 22 5 Uncia 7.500 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 21 6 Sig1o XX 11.000 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 18 7 Catavi 7.500 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 18 7 Atocha 4.600 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 17 8 L1ica 1.000 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 17 8 • • . • . . .• • . .• . . Santa Ana 1.300 X X X X X X X X X X 10 13 Rosario Tazna 3.300 X X X X X X X X X X 10 13 Santa Barbara 2.600 X X X X X X X X 9 14 Tatasi 2.400 X X X X X X X X X 9 14 Ravelo 1 .100 X X X X X X X X X 9 14 Buen Retiro 2.000 X X X X X X 7 15 Ca1aca1a 1.200 . X X X 4 16 I Total Nr-r-r-0~~~~~~~~~0~~~~~~~~~MMMMM""'Nr-r-r--r-r-r-- ··~~ Rango ------~~~~~~~MN~~--o~~~~~~~~~~··N~ -w ~' 14 Calculation of Threshold Levels of Functi~ns and Centrality of Settlem~ 1 . Procedure: a. Construct a table with a rank listing of centers according to population, a corresponding list of population data and the presence or absence (1) or (0) of every function in each of the centers listed: C.ntr1l place• In deecendlng order ftopulatlon function of rank Size 1 2 3 A 10,000 1 1 1 8 i •. 8,000 g_ 1 1 c 6,000 0 1 1 D , 6,500 0 0 1 E 3,000 0 .Q. 1 F 2,700 1 1 g G 1,900 0 1 1 H 1,700 0 0 0 b. Apply Marshall's rule and identify each functfon's population threshold: "the threshold is that size of center which divides the ranked list of centers in such a way that the number of centers lacking the function above the division is eq~aJ to the number of centers possessing the function below the division ... c. Apply Marshall •s supplementary rule and disregard functions eliminated by the process: "Once a threshold has been determined, this threshold and the function to which it applies will subsequently be disregarded unless at least half of all centers above the threshold size possess the function in question." 2. Weighted Centrality Indexing: a. Reproduce the largest Guttman scale in an inverted order with cases arranged vertically and items horizontally; b. Total each row and column; c. Assuming that the total number of functional attributes in the entire system has a combined centrality value of 100, determine the weight or "location coefficient .. of the functional attribute by applying the formula: - - ~---·------' 15 C = t/T Where: C• weight of functional attribute t t• combined centrality value of 100 T= total number of attributes in the system d. Add one block to the table and enter the weights computed; e. Reproduce another table similar to that 1n step (a) displaying the ~~eights calculated in step (c) and the total centralitY. values; then, f. Sum the weights of each row to produce the indices of centrality. \ ~-~·· - .. ------16 Exh1.b1t ·7 Calculating weights ofJunaloru Places Functions 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 tO Total A t tO 8 t 0 t 0 8 c 0 0 0 0 6 D t 0 t 0 0 7 E t 0 0 0 0 0 5 F t 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 G 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Total Functions 8 8 8 6 5 4 2 2 2 46 Total Centrality too 100 too too tOO tOO tOO tOO tOO tOO Weights 12 .5 t2 .5 t2 .5 t6.6 20.0 25.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 tOO.O ~ :~( ., Calculating centraiJt_y Jnde1~1 , Places functions 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 tO Total A t2 .5 t2 .5 t 2.5 t6.6 20.0 25.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 tOO.O 349.1 8 't2.5 t2 .5 t2 .5 t6.6 20.0 25.0 50.0 50.0 l99. t c 12.5 12.5 12 .5 t6.6 20.0 25.0 99,1 D t2.5 t2.5 t2 .5 16.6 20.0 25.0 50.0 149.1 E t2 .5 t2 .5 t2.5 t6.6 20.0 74.t . F t2.5 t2.5 t2 .5 t6.6 54.t G t2 .5 12 .5 t2 .5 37.5 H t2.5 t2 .5 t2 .5 37.5 Total Centrality . tOO 100 100 tOO tOO 100 tOO tOO 100 tOO 1ooo.o• • Total doH not adtl due to roundlni· Source: D.A.Ronc.linelli', "Appliec.l Policy Analysis for Integrated Regional Development Planning in the Philippines," Third World Planning Review, Vol. 1, No. 2 (1979):150-178. ( ------~~-~----~~~-...-·· ···----·- ____L_ 17 Exhibi.t 8 DlJtrlbutJon ofjunctJons amona settlements In Blcol P.lvrr !asin, Rangt> of Scttlt•mf'ntR Numbrr of Typ~ of Function• with fum·tlon11 function• (Pt'r n·nt of St•ttlt•mt'ntll with fum·tlon) 40-59% 1 Agro-Processing Facility (41.1) 20-390/o 3 Farmers Association (38. 9) Cottage Industry (26. 7) Civ!c Organisation (26.7) 16--190/0 3 Sports ANsodation (13.6) Paved Rashtball Court (13.5) Pipt>d Watt·r Supply ( 12. 5) s. 9.90/o 2 High Sl'hool (7.8) Agri<'ultural l:xtt•nHion Station (6. 1) 2 4,9'y0 18 Photo Stu(llo (4.H) Mini11try uf Lm·al Profe1111ional Organi11a- liovt·rnnwnt Oilier (4.1) tlon (4.1) Animal Imlu11trie11 Extt>nsion Plant lnduHtrh•s Extt·nsion Of'fit·e ( 3, 9) Oflice (4 . 3) Auto Rt•pair Shop (4.1) Private Medical Clinic (3.8) Cockfighting Pit (3.6) Farm Supply-Agro-Chemical Construction Supply Store (3.4) Store (3.4) Regular Public Market (3.2) Hardware Supply Store (3. 1) Farm Equipment Repair Playground with Facilities Shop (2. 9) (2 .9) Rural Hank (2 .8) Housing Subdivision (2 .8) Labour Union (2, 3) Cooperative Organisation (2 .2) 19 DrugHtort• (I. H) Pulit•t• t'onsto\bul.uy Station Rt•lltaurant (1.8) ( 1.8) Crt• I I. Source: D.A. Rondinelli, "Applied Policy Analysis for \ Integrated Regional Development Planning in the Philippines, .. Third World Planning Review, Vol. 1, No. 2 (1979): 150-178. r 18 Exh1b1t 9. \ \ FunctloruJI compl11dt) tY. ler~l1 of rettlemenrs In llcol 1\J~er &11111, Level of Functional Numb~r of Rang" of P«-r cent of P«-r c~nt of AvC!ragl'l Hierarchy Charact~riatica s~ttl~menta Settlem~ntJ Function• All Settl~rnenta Basin Population Population SIM Provincial 2 Naga-Camaligan Service Lagaspi-Daraga 60--61 0.1. 10.6 89 892 c~ntr~• n Local 11 lriga, Tabaco, 31-s• 0.77 7.3 t t 107 ~rvice Goa, Tigaon, c~ntrea Pili, Nabua, Baao, Guinoba- tan, Libmanan, Ligao Ill Rural .3 37 Poblaciona t(}-28 3.03 10.5 • 196 Service 6 Barangaya Centr~• IV Non-C«-ntral 1 363 2 Poblaciona (}-9 96.06 71.6 922 Placet I 361 Barangaya Source: D.A. Rondinelli, 11 Applied Policy Analysis for Integrated Regional Development Planning in the Philippines," Third World Planning Review, Vol. 1, No. 2 (1979): 150-178. ~ \0 - - (')()% 1400 1 - · 1300 ! SETTLEMENTS - IV . 1200 lEVEl 1100 - 1000 63" . 900 800 .. Settlements. SO% 700 BiSin • River 10 Settlements Setdemeftts 600 of Bicol ~ in Plm:att Number 500 Exhibit function5 - of , , )=-_~ 400 300 Distribution ~ "' SETTLEMENTS SETTLEMENTS SETTLEMENTS ~'! ~n II · Ill '· ' · 200 t " 1)1., ' n""' · ~LEVEll ~LEVEL I t--LEVEL 100 .. r"- • , 1 . ,, ~ ~ , - . . I 1"3" ~ I ~ ! 1 i < - .I J ~ ~ t '·· ', I ·I ~ ~ 1 ' 0 70 60 50 40 0 10 30 20 ~ c: 1: ... 0 :I :I ; ~ ~ z 0 20 \ ,..,...... 21 +o) ' --..0 ' .c: ' ·)( ' UJ . / .// 0 I i I \ '\ \1 ,I \,21 22 I I ---\ - II : s: I I.. .II •. 9 . I. ! § ! I § ~ l I I I 2J ) \ .../ . \ I 24 Methods of Selecting New Service Centers 1. Accessibility-Potential Models 2. Absolute or Relative Partitioning a. Identify the largest and most functionally complex settlement in the region; b. search in all directions for other settlements inside or outside of the region (but not farther outside than the approximate diameter of the region); c. draw lines from the most important place to settlements of approximately equal importance identified in step b, using transport routes if places are connected by reasonably direct links or, otherwise, straight lines; d. bisect each of these lines and construct perpendicular lines at these points of bisection; e. the innermost area formed by the intersection of these perpendicular bisectors delineates the sub-region that will be served from the most important centres with functions not offered by subsidiary centres, and other areas will be served from other central places; f. identify settlements of local importance performing some functions found in higher level centres within the area of this boundary; and g. select subsidiary centres to become lower order service centres from among these places, so that they are dis· tributed approximately uniformly over the boundary area. The selection of subli~ary centres could follow one of three models: settlements at the edges of the boundaries between major centres, at the corners of the boundaries around major centres, or on either side of the boundaries between major centres. Local variations in topography, settlement pattern, transportation, and social interaction should be taken into consideration in applying the criteria for selection. N 01 . • • \ \0 are . :rd. .\. • . • • ., boundaries centres G the • • of . • • centres. subsidiary side C: • 0 • the .,.__,.._., . major . ' either • • "'- Model the '- - on . model . G • this ·~ • • cen~es In G located Planning between ., • . boundary centres Subsidiary Major [!] 0 Centers -·-Block • • i • / . Legend: . Service I. . centres. the • centres • of • 14 . • Partitioning • • major • • • • the Subsidiary . corners subsidiary •---- • B: • • of 0 the • the Exhibit • cU, .. • ~--: at around n . • Relative • ' Model • (. . \. for . model . • Saini, • located this • .,_ • Using • Planning In N.S. Planning boundaries • are Foundation, • Selection .\. • ( Ford _.--,...-< Rushton, Settlement Oefhi: G. to • 0 • (New • • Fisher, • ~ ., subsidiary Approach the H.B. ., of the . O.Wiopment centres. Banerji, ·~ [!] • Graphical edges S. model A AIW 0 • the • major • this • In the 45---i7. Sharma. Andrade, along -~··"'/. • pp. A. lntllgl'ilted C. 0 A: • • between .r·-· located ) . 10 Model Source: are • • boundaries Planning centres Exhibit 15 ~rrias,jacilir.iesand irifrastrucrure propo~.for each ~r.Jemenr. level. Bicol l{iver Basin General Functions Runl Senice Centres Market Towns and Centres Regional Urban Centres Transport and Surfaced, All-W eathcr Roads ' Aspba1ted, All-Weather Roads Concrete Highway to Major Urban Communications Fann Access Roads Bus T enninal Centres Bus Stop Trucking or Bulk.-Distributing Services Bus Terminal with Major Repair RegularBus or Jeepney Service to Rural Regular Bus or Jeepney Service to Rural Facilities Collection Points Senice and Regional Urban Centres Auto & Machine Repair Shops Gas Station Gas and Service Station Vehicle and Machine Spare Part Shops Tdegraph Sen1ce Auto Spare Parts Rebll Store Regional and Interregional Trucking Postal Servi..:e Telegraph-Radiogram Sen ice and Bus Services Telephone Station Gas and Sen-ice Stations Postal Services Railroad, Port and Air Terminals Telegraph, Telegram, Telex Services and Facilities Telephone Exchanges linked to Major Urban Centres and .Market Towns Postal Distribution Centres Marketing, Trade and Periodic ~ketFacilities Daily Market Facilities Diversified Daily Market Shopping Fann Implements and Agricultural Retail Outlets for Farm Supplies Distribution Outlets and Sales Offices Supply Shop Wholesale Outlets for Farm Implements for Farm Machines Marketing Cooperative Outlet Cold Storage and Warehouse Facilities Farm Supply Wholesalers Storage Facilities Grocery Shops Cold Storage and Warehousing General Store or Sari-Sari Stores Household Goods Retail Shops Agricultural Commodi~·Brokers and Milling Facilities Grading and Bulk. Assembly Facilities Distributers Outlets Diversified Commercial Retail and Wholesale Establishments Retail Outlets for Consumer GOOds, Household Goods · / Consumer Specialty Shops t :1 Industrial and Cottage Industry Bulk. Commodity Process~Facilities Agro-Industry and Agribusiness Manufacturing Small Scale Craft Shops Agricultural Processing Plants Facilities Smal1 Machine Repair Shops and Metal Small Scale Consumer Goods Commodity Processing and Pack.aging Shops Manufacturing Facilities Rural Goods Production and Sm.ill Machine, Implement and Metal Distribution Facilities Shop- Srmll Tool and Implemn~tProduction Facilities N Source: Dennis A. Rondinelli, "Applied Policy Analysis · for Integrated Regional 0\ Development Planning in the Philippines," Third World Planning Review, Vol.l, No. ·2 (1979): 150-178. f.,