Working Paper No. 2014- 06
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY AND ADAPTATION ACTIONS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR A TYPHOON EVENT IN BULA, CAMARINES SUR, PHILIPPINES
Linda M. Peñalba, Merlyne M. Paunlagui, and Samantha delos Santos
Center for Strategic Planning and Policy Studies (formerly Center for Policy and Development Studies) College of Public Affairs and Development University of the Philippines Los Baños College, Laguna 4031 Philippines
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ABSTRACT
Climate change poses serious challenges to institutions and households in the Philippines. Thus, it is important to determine its impacts on households and the corresponding adaptation actions of government, men and women to determine gender-sensitive measures that can enhance resilience and adaptive capacity of affected sectors.
This research work was done in Bula, Camarines Sur. Gender-disaggregated data collected through interview and focus group discussion with husbands and wives were used to determine the impact of Typhoon Nock-ten, the household’s response strategies and the willingness of men and women to pay for different adaptation options. Data on government response actions were gathered through key informant interviews with the local government staff involved in relief and rescue operations.
Gender lens was used in the analysis in order to elicit the difference between the household decision making patterns, the activities that the husbands and wives undertook, their preparedness and adaptive capacity, and their willingness-to-pay for three different adaptation options that could help them prepare for future hazards. The assistance available to households from various sources was also analyzed to determine its sensitivity to address the different needs of men, women and children.
Results of the study show the gender differentiated roles of husbands and wives in responding to flooding associated with an extreme climatic event. Husbands generally took care of preparedness activities that require physical strength such as reinforcing the house and taking care of belongings and properties left behind when the family took shelter in the evacuation centers. Wives, on the other hand, were in-charge of preparing the things needed by the family while in the evacuation center such as food and clothing.
More wives compared to husbands are willing to pay for disaster insurance, construction of rip rap along the river banks and relocation to other safer places. Social and economic factors such as familiarity with their present place of residence, presence of relatives and employment opportunities are the primary factors that constrained the husbands’ decision to relocate. The impact of typhoon events was found to be greater for husbands than wives largely because more husbands were generally gainfully employed while only a few of the wives interviewed earn wages.
Gender analysis is important to take into account the gender differentiated role, needs, contributions and impacts of extreme climate events on men and women. Mixed method of research is also recommended to ensure that both the qualitative aspects of gender relations and the quantitative valuation of men’s and women’s role, contribution and impacts are addressed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
1.0 Introduction ...... 4 1.1 Rationale ...... 4 1.2. Research Objectives ...... 2 2.0 Research Methods ...... 2 2.1 Study Site Selection ...... 2 2.2 Research Questions ...... 4 2.3 Methods of Data Gathering ...... 4 2.4 Data Analysis ...... 5 3.0 Results and Discussion ...... 6 3.1 Profile of Respondents ...... 6 3.1.1. Socio-Economic Profile ...... 6 3.1.2 Gender Division of Household Labor ...... 9 3.1.3 Assistance needed and potential providers ...... 10 3.2 Gender Disaggregated Analysis of the Impacts of Typhoon Juaning ...... 11 3.3 Vulnerability of Men and Women ...... 17 3.3.1 Economic Indicator ...... 17 3.3.2 Infrastructure Indicators ...... 18 3.3.3 Technology Indicators ...... 20 3.3.4 Social Capital Indicators ...... 21 3.3.5 Knowledge and Skills Indicators ...... 24 3.4 Adaptation Strategies to Mitigate the Impact of Typhoon Juaning...... 27 3.4.1 Adaptation Strategies ...... 27 3.4.2 Household Evacuation Process ...... 30 3.4.3 Assistance from External Sources ...... 30 3.4.4 Perception Toward Future Risk of Typhoon and Flooding ...... 31 3.5 Households' willingness to pay/accept for the adaptation strategies and the factors that influence such behaviour ...... 33 3.5.1 Disaster Insurance Scheme ...... 33 3.5.2 Construction of Riprap ...... 36 3.5.3 Relocation...... 37 3.6 Factors that Affect Respondent’s Willingness to Pay for the Various Adaptation Option ...... 38 3.6.1 Willingness to Pay for a Disaster Insurance Scheme ...... 38 3.6.2 Willingness to Contribute for the Construction of Riprap ...... 38 3.6.3 Willingness to be Relocated ...... 40 3.7 Lessons Learned ...... 41 3.7.1 From Typhoon Juaning and Respondents’ Suggestions ...... 41 4.0 Summary and Conclusion ...... 43 4.1 The Respondents of the Study ...... 43 4.2 Coping Strategies Before, During and After Typhoon Juaning ...... 44 4.3 Adaptation Strategies to Mitigate the Impact of typhoon Juaning ...... 45 4.4 Willingness to Pay/Accept for the Adaptation Strategies and the Factors that Influence Such Behavior ...... 45 5.0 Recommendations to engender climate change adaptation research ...... 46 5.1 Gender as a Unit of Analysis ...... 46 5.2 Gender as Integral Part of a Framework for Action ...... 47 References ...... 49
List of Tables Page
Table 1. Profile of respondents, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 8 Table 2. Distribution of respondents by primary and secondary occupation, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 9 Table 3. Distribution of respondents who mainly perform household activities, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 10 Table 4. Sources of outside help* of respondents, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 11 Table 5.. Extent of damage/loss to households caused by Typhoon Juaning, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 11 Table 6. Average value of damage to agricultural production, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 12 Table 7. Average value of property damage/losses due to typhoon Juaning, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 13 Table 8. Income losses by husbands and wives due to typhoon Juaning, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 14 Table 9. Number of days it took the households to recover from the losses due to Typhoon Juaning, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 15 Table 10. Average annual income by male and female HH members by source in 2010, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 17 Table 11. Involvement of households to different income sources in 2010, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 18 Table 12. Distribution of respondents by value of house, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 19 Table 13. Distribution of respondents by distance of evacuation centers to their houses*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 20 Table 14. Distribution of respondents by source* of weather information, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 21 Table 15. Distribution of respondents by type of community activity performed, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 24 Table 16. Years of schooling attended by the respondents, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011...... 24 Table 17. Sponsors of DRRM trainings attended by the respondents*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 25 Table 18. Distribution of respondents by measures taken in response to typhoon Juaning, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 28 Table 19. Respondent’s sources of assistance received*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 31 Table 20. Respondents’ perception towards future risks of typhoon and flooding, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 32 Table 21. Respondents’ plans to protect themselves from the impacts of typhoon and flooding in the future, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 32 Table 22. Kinds of assistance that households need to cope with the impacts of typhoons and flooding in the future, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 33 Table 23. Reasons why the respondents are not willing to pay for the disaster insurance scheme*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011...... 34
Table 24. Disaster Insurance Premium that the respondents are willing to pay for the insurance scheme, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 35 Table 25. Willingness to buy disaster insurance if such scheme would be available, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 36 Table 26. Reasons why the respondents were not willing to pay for the construction of riprap*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011...... 36 Table 27. Reasons why respondents are not in favor of the relocation, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 37 Table 28. Amount the respondents are willing to accept to be relocated, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011...... 37 Table 29. Factors affecting the willingness to pay for disaster insurance scheme, Bula, Camarines Sur. 2011...... 38 Table 30. Factors affecting the willingness to contribute for the construction of riprap, Bula, Camarines Sur. 2011...... 40 Table 31. Factors affecting the willingness to relocate. Bula, Camarines Sur. 2011...... 41 Table 32. Lessons learned by the respondents after Typhoon Juaning*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 42 Table 33. Distribution of respondents’ suggestions to overcome future risks*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011 ...... 43
List of figures Page
Figure 1. The Philippine Army conducting rescue operations after Typhoon Juaning...... 3 Figure 2. Map of the Study Area ...... 4 Figure 3. One of the houses damaged by typhoon Juaning, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011...... 13 Figure 4. Hectares of land planted to rice became submerged in flood water...... 27 Figure 5. Reason for adopting certain option, Bula, Camarines Sur: 2011...... 29
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY AND ADAPTATION ACTIONS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR A TYPHOON EVENT IN BULA, CAMARINES SUR, PHILIPPINES
Linda M. Peñalba, Merlyne M. Paunlagui, and Samantha delos Santos
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Rationale
Climate change is a reality recognized as the greatest challenge for societies in the 21st century (Vincent, 2007). Tropical cyclone is one of the most destructive natural disasters that affect many countries around the globe and causes tremendous annual losses in lives and property (PAGASA 2009). Many (e.g., UN 1999, PAGASA ) are predicting that if global warming will continue to occur it will cause more and stronger tropical storms, floods and tornadoes in the coming century.
The Philippines, being in the realm of the Pacific Ocean is always subjected to experience tropical cyclones. Every year, an average of 20 typhoons hits the Philippines which result in heavy casualties to human life and destructions to crops and properties (Alegado 2011). As of September 2011, a total of 17 typhoons have entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) for the year. More than half of these typhoons have affected the Bicol Region, the most destructive of which was Typhoon Juaning (Tropical Storm Nock-Ten), which hit the area in July 2011. In Camarines Sur alone, the Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (PDRRMC) estimated the total damage to agricultural crops such as rice, corn, vegetables, and other root crops at PhP242 million affecting 26,488 farmers and 37,770.57 hectares of farm land (Macatangay 2011). The damages continued to rise because weeks after typhoon Juaning was gone, several towns remained submerged under floodwater, including most of palay and agricultural crops.
The hazards associated with tropical cyclones impact all societies; however, it is important to recognize that they have a different effect on ethnic groups, social classes, and age groups as well as on men and women (Carvajal-Escobar et al. 2008). Despite the importance of recognizing gender-related differences, both the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol have not directly addressed the issue (Pandey 2005). Women are also affected by typhoons but the structures and the patriarchal ideology on which the development interventions are based have led to women’s invisibility in most climate change adaptation projects (Lambrou and Piana 2005).
Most studies have limited treatment of gender and rarely use gender analysis. Gender is usually treated only as a variable that is used mainly to classify the sex of the survey respondents. Analysis of the gender relations with respect to the research problem is seldom undertaken. A clear understanding of the nature and extent of the
impacts of typhoons and flooding on men and women and their particular roles in DRRM and adaptation is necessary in crafting appropriate policies and actions.
This study will attempt to seamlessly integrate gender analysis in the valuation of climate change impact and adaptation actions. This calls for a gender disaggregated documentation and analysis of the impacts of typhoons on the households’ livelihood and the adaptation actions taken by household members before, during and after the event.
1.2. Research Objectives
The general objective of the study was to determine the adaptive capacity and the corresponding adaptation actions of the households in Bula, Camarines Sur and recommend gender-sensitive measures to enhance resilience and mitigate impact on people's livelihood.
Specifically, the objectives of the study were to:
1. conduct a gender disaggregated analysis of the impacts and adaptation actions undertaken by the households in response to Typhoon Juaning; 2. compare the factors that affected the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of men and women; 3. identify adaptation strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change in the livelihood activities of the households; 4. determine the households' willingness to pay/accept for the adaptation strategies and the factors that influence such behaviour; and 5. recommend gender sensitive measures to mitigate climate change impact and improve household's resilience.
2.0 Research Methods
2.1 Study Site Selection
Three possible CCA study sites in Camarines Sur were visited for preliminary data gathering. These were Nabua, Baao and Bula, the most damaged municipalities not just by the typhoon but by flooding as well. The Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (DRRMC) Officers were interviewed about the latest climate- induced event, disaster risk reduction plans and problems in their respective municipalities. Also gathered were reports, municipal profiles and other supporting data about the latest climate-induced event and their rescue and relief operations.
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Figure 1. The Philippine Army conducting rescue operations after Typhoon Juaning.
Afterwards, the team decided to focus on Bula, Camarines Sur as the case study site. Among the three municipalities, Bula was the only one at the time of calamity without any DRRM plans, including communication and information dissemination protocols and vulnerability assessments. They also lack information and training about DRRM resulting to low management practice. At the time of the interview, the DRRM Office had just been formed and they were about to start their trainings. In addition, they sustained the most damage in the agricultural sector of PhP 143 Million, exclusive of the damages to infrastructures and properties.
Bula is a 2nd class municipality located between the two cities of Iriga and Naga. Bula covers 19,040.7 hectares of land. More than half (62.10%) of the total land area is devoted to agricultural crop production of which 5,398 hectares are annually planted to rice. The other crops include corn, coconut, banana, sugarcane, sweet potato, mongo, taro and other root crops. Most of the men are farmers and fishermen while women are weavers of guinaras from abaca fibers and sinamay from pineapple. The Municipality of Bula is composed of 33 barangays with a total population of 62,024 in 2007 (NSO 2009) (Figure 1). Seven barangays (Pawili, Sto. Domingo, Fabrica, Causip, San Jose, Sagrada and Salvacion) are located along the Pawili River; four are along Bicol River (San Roque, Ombao Polpog, Sto. Niño and San Ramon) and two barangays are along the Ragay Gulf (Itangon and Caorasan). The remaining six barangays lie next to Lake Baao (Balaogan, Casugad, Fabrica, Palsong, San Jose, and Sta. Elena). While these water bodies are important to the livelihood of the people, these are also considered as risk factors and barriers to faster socio-economic development because the town is often flooded during the rainy season. In the aftermath of Typhoon “Juaning”, 18 out of 33 barangays were submerged and nine barangays were extremely affected. The flood which rose up to 90 centimeters came 24 hours after the typhoon. While it was not raining in Bula, non-stop rains from Albay province drained towards the Bicol River Basin of which Bula is included.
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Figure 2. Map of the Study Area
2.2 Research Questions
The study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What were the impact and the corresponding adaptation actions undertaken by men and women in response to Typhoon Juaning? 2. What factors have affected the vulnerability of men and women? 3. What gender-sensitive adaptation strategies can be formulated to mitigate the impact of climate change in the livelihood activities of men and women? 4. Are men and women willing to pay for the adaptation strategies and what are the factors that influence such behaviour? 5. What gender-sensitive measures can be recommended to mitigate climate change impact and improve households’ resilience?
2.3 Methods of Data Gathering
The study utilized both secondary and primary data. The profile of the municipalities and the selected barangays as well as information about the MDRRMC plans and 4
programs, if any, was obtained from secondary sources. Primary data were collected through key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household survey. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions generated gender disaggregated data on the specific concerns and recommendations to mitigate climate change impact. Separate FGDs was conducted for men and women. Meanwhile, the household survey generated data on the characteristics of the households, impacts of the typhoons and corresponding adaptation actions taken by household members, factors affecting the vulnerability of men and women, willingness to pay for the adaptation strategies and measures to mitigate climate change impact.
The study used a modified questionnaire designed by EEPSEA (Peñalba and Elazegui 2011). Questions that solicit information needed to analyse gender relations and seamlessly integrate gender analysis was added (Annex 1). Husbands and wives were interviewed separately to answer questions pertaining to the impact of the typhoon and the adaptation strategies, willingness to pay and the factors influencing such behaviour.
Two barangays, San Jose and San Miguel, were purposively selected because of their location (Figure 1). From each selected barangay, 25 households were interviewed (a total of 50). For this study, both the husband and wife were interviewed, in order to get both the perspective of the husbands and wives regarding extreme climate events and their chosen adaptation strategies. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were also done in to elicit additional information about the experience of the residents during the Typhoon Juaning.
2.4 Data Analysis
The proposed Engendered ENRE Research Framework was used in analyzing the data. To satisfy the research objectives, the following analytical techniques was applied: 1) descriptive analysis of the characteristics of the households, impact of typhoon and adaptation strategies; and 2) inferential statistics to determine the factors affecting the willingness to pay for the adaptation strategies.
Total monetary loss and reduction of quality of life due to climate-related disaster impacts in the area, the duration of flood and associated costs of damage to properties, agriculture, infrastructure, livelihood or employment, health and safety were assessed to determine the exact value of the typhoon’s impact to the residents of the two municipalities. Impact on children who were not able to attend school, or to household members who got sick due to the typhoon and flooding, was also analyzed. These figures represent the numeraires that valuates climate change impacts (Schneider, et. al. 2000).
The numeraires are expressed in terms of the value of damage to crops, properties, losses in income and cost of illness. Losses to LGU, damage to infrastructure, cost of relief, rescue and rehabilitation was taken from the LGU’s report on the climate change-induced event.
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Gender lens was applied in interpreting the results. Such analyses were achieved by looking at the different themes of the proposed framework from gender as a unit of variable, as unit of analysis and framework of action. These themes include: (a) beliefs and perceptions of the respondents; (b) temporal and spatial allocation of activities; (c) access and control over resources during typhoons; and (d) participation in identifying and undertaking adaptation strategies.
The results of the survey were processed to determine whether the perceptions of men and women differ on the impact of typhoons and the recommended measures to mitigate climate change impact and improve the households’ resilience. Is the impact heavier for women than men because women are in-charge of meeting the household reproductive needs, e.g., what food to eat, where and how to cook during calamities? Temporal and spatial allocation refers to the activities performed by men and women in preparation, during and immediately after the occurrence of typhoon. It is very important to distinguish these activities by men and women so that appropriate adaptation strategies hinge on the contributions of men and women. Who has the final say in the performance of these activities will also be determined. Related to this is who has the access to resources and who makes the final decision in using such resources. Can a wife decide on her own as to how much she can pay or accept for the adaptation strategies to be identified or does she have to consult first her husband? Or is it a joint decision?
The other aspects that will be assessed including the gender sensitivity of the recommended adaptation strategies and adaptive capacity enhancement programs (e.g., whether the men's as well as women’s concerns and experiences are mainstreamed in the adaptation strategies and are the particular concerns of men and women addressed in the adaptation strategies)
3.0 Results and Discussion
3.1 Profile of Respondents
3.1.1. Socio-Economic Profile
The respondents’ socioeconomic characteristics mirror their vulnerability to climate change. They are poor, have limited sources of income, have low level of education, of middle age, have minimal valuable assets, and have limited social networks. The age of the husbands interviewed ranges from 23 years to 85 years, with an average of 48 years while that of the wives ranges from 18 years to 83 years, with an average age of 46 years (Table 1). Majority of the respondents (72%) of the husbands and 82% of the wives) are less than 55 years old. Most wives (74%) have been residing in the barangay for about 38 years while the same proportion of husbands has been residing in the barangays for 35 years.
The proportion of husbands who have elementary education (42%) is higher than the wives (26%) and unequal proportion of husbands and wives have reached but not completed high school (18%). A small proportion (6%) of wives was able to complete college education while about 22% of them were not able to finish elementary
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education. These figures are much higher than the husbands wherein no one was able to finish college while only 16% did not finish elementary.
Households that were interviewed, on the average, were composed of three male members and three female members. The size of the family ranges from two to 13 members in a household. The number of household members who are working and contributing to household income ranges from one to three. On the average, one male and one female members of the household are working. The household dependency ratio is quite high. About 33% of the household members are below 15 years old while about 38.67% of the household members are more than 65 years old.
A greater proportion (44%) of the wives are members of community organizations compared to husbands (18%). Only a few (14%) of these community organizations are involved in disaster risk reduction and management related activities such as rescue and relief operation and early warning information dissemination.
The respondents’ household income is derived from different sources. Farm income is derived from crop production, livestock raising and fishing. Many of the respondents (28% of the husbands and 10% of the wives) work as hired workers either as primary or secondary occupation. The household income of the respondents in 2010 averaged PhP 60,894.00. The income range was very wide, from PhP 4,000 to PhP 288,000 but majority (44%) of them fall within the PhP 10,000 to PhP 49,999 income bracket. The average household income is only half of the poverty income threshold of PhP101,982 for a family of six.
The average value of the respondents’ house is PhP64,947.40 but the range also varies widely, from PhP 4,000 to PhP 500,000. Majority (58%) of them have house valued at PhP 50,000 to PhP 150,000 while 42% have houses built of light materials. About 76% of the respondents use electricity as source of power. Half of the households have piped water connection while the other half draw their domestic water supply from tube wells and hand pumps.
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Table 1. Profile of respondents, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Indicator Husband Wife Average age 47.54 45.7 Average no. of years living in the area 35.60 38.42 Average no. of years in school 7.74 7.78 Membership in Organizations 18% 44% Involved in DRRM activities of their organization 10% 30% Average HH size 6 Average Household Composition Male Members 3.10 Female Members 2.94 Male Working Members 1.28 Female Working Members 0.58 Male Below 15 years old 1.38 Female Below 15 years old 1.14 Male 60 years old and older 0.14 Female 60 years old and older 0.18 Average Household Income (2010) PhP 60,894.00 Average House Value PhP64,947.40 Access to electricity 76% Access to drinking water Piped water 50%, Well 48%
Three of the husbands interviewed have no primary occupations (Table 2). More than half (54%) of the wives are not working for pay or in kind. Fourteen percent (14%) of them were engaged in farming which include rice farming and livestock raising while 16% are self-employed which include sari-sari store owners and as vendors. Other income generating activities in which the wives were engaged in include being a government employee, hired laborer, skilled laborer, hired farm worker, and laundrywoman. Only 6% of the wives have a secondary occupation as hired laborers and laundrywoman.
Most of the husbands are farmers (34%) while 18 percent provide hired labor. Some of the husbands are also fishermen (14%) and tricycle drivers (14%). Other occupations in which the husbands are employed in were skilled labor, hired farm work, government employee, as a security guard, a member of Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit (CAFGU) and as a store owner. Eight percent (8%) of the husbands also have a secondary work as skilled laborers, 6% are hired laborers and 6% are fishermen.
Briefly, Table 1 shows that on the average, a husband is slightly older, more mobile than the wife wives as evidenced by a shorter average number of years living in the area, and more engaged in economic activities than the wife. However, more wives than husbands are involved in the public sphere wherein 44 percent of wives are members of an organization, and three times more involved in DRRM activities.
Data on household composition implies longer life expectancy for females than males. This is evidenced by the slightly higher average number of males aged 15 years old
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and below compared to women of the same age group. On the contrary, the average number of females aged 60 years old and over is slightly higher than males.
Table 2. Distribution of respondents by primary and secondary occupation, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Husband Wife
Occupation Primary Secondary Primary Secondary No. % No. % No. % No. %
Farmer 17 34.0 2 4.0 8 16.0 0 0.0 Hired Farm Worker/Laborer 11 22.0 3 6.0 3 6.0 2 4.0 Skilled Labor 3 6.0 4 8.0 1 2.0 0 0.0 Self Employed 0 0.0 1 2.0 8 16.0 0 0.0 Fisherman 7 14.0 3 6.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Driver (PUV) 7 14.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Others 2 4.0 1 2.0 3 6.0 1 2.0 None 3 6.0 36 72.0 27 54.0 47.0 94.0 Total 50 100.0 50 100.0 50 100.0 50 100.0
3.1.2 Gender Division of Household Labor There is a clear distinction between the types of household activities performed by husbands and wives. In general, the husbands are in charge of outdoor activities that require physical strength while wives take care of household chores and nurturance activities which are considered as less strenuous but repetitive. Most of the husbands interviewed mainly performed house repair and backyard maintenance (64%) and farming (44%) while most of the wives were solely in-charge of marketing (82%), cleaning house (48%) and washing and ironing clothes (58%) (Table 3). Activities jointly performed by husbands and wives include food preparation and child care (34%), budgeting and education of children (36%).
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Table 3. Distribution of respondents who mainly perform household activities, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Husband Wife Husband and wife Activities No. % No. % No. % Home maintenance 32 64.0 - - - - Farming 22 44.0 - - - - Food preparation - - 33 66.0 17 34.0 Marketing - - 41 82.0 - - Child Care - - 30 60.0 17 34.0 Child discipline - - - - 35 70.0 Home care - - 29 58.0 - - Budgeting 24 48.0 18 36.0 Laundry - - 24 48.0 - - Education - - - - 30 60.0
3.1.3 Assistance needed and potential providers The respondents identified several kinds of assistance that they need in order to cope with any difficult situations including the effects of extreme climate events (Table 4). In most instances, majority of them (76%) need financial assistance because most of them do not have savings to draw from to meet emergency needs, about 38% expressed their need for relief goods and emergency supplies, about 30% identified medical assistance. On the other hand, a small proportion 16% expressed the need for rescue assistance. This implies that a considerable proportion of the respondents would still be unable to make an autonomous adaptation action in times of disaster and would wait for rescuers to come to their aid.
Majority (70%) of respondents identified government agencies as primary source of source of assistance particularly for relief (34%) and medical (18%) assistance. Other social networks and organizations such as relatives and friends and church organizations were also identified by the respondents as possible sources of financial and medical assistance. Sixty percent (60%), on the other hand, identified their relatives as their source of different types of assistance. In addition, relatives are identified as major source of financial assistance (42%).
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Table 4. Sources of outside help* of respondents, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
. Source of assistance Govern- Local Type of assistance ment government Relatives Friends Neighbor Others agency unit Financial 4 2 21 5 4 3 Relief 17 0 1 0 0 1 Rescue 4 0 3 1 0 0 Medical 9 1 3 1 0 1 Basic necessities 1 1 2 0 0 1 Total 35 4 30 7 4 6 * Multiple responses
3.2 Gender Disaggregated Analysis of the Impacts of Typhoon Juaning
The effect of Typhoon Juaning which brought strong winds and heavy rains affected the respondents differently. While the typhoon itself stayed for only a few hours, the strong winds destroyed several houses with roofs being blown off. The heavy rains which affected the several provinces in the region caused flooding which aggravated the damage to crops, livestock and properties. In Barangay San Jose, the flood which came a day after typhoon Juaning lasted for as long as 18 days when the Pawili River overflowed forcing the evacuation of many residents. About 64% of respondents sought shelter in the evacuation centers or relative’s house. In some portions of Barangay San Miguel, the flood lasted for as long as 30 days. It affected mostly the rice lands along a river channel which prevented the farmers from salvaging their crops that were about to be harvested when the typhoon struck.
Damage to properties, crops and livestock was severe for almost half of the households included in the study (Table 5). The other half experienced slight damage or loss. Only two out of the 50 households included in the interview did not experience damage and loss to property and production.
Table 5.. Extent of damage/loss to households caused by Typhoon Juaning, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
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Extent of damage Number Percent
Severe damage/loss 23 46.0 Slight damage/loss 25 50.0 No damage/loss at all 2 4.0 Total 50 100.0
The heaviest losses were in terms of agricultural production, particularly rice production. On the average, crop production losses amounted to PhP56,311 because it was only days before the palay was due for harvesting (Table 6). For the few
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farmers who were able to harvest rice, their produce was either carried away by flood while the remaining harvested rice was soaked in water which eventually rot. Farmers incurred more damage when they tried to plant rice twice after Typhoon Juaning both of which were destroyed by the succeeding typhoons. According to the respondents, even if there were no typhoons, continuous rain for two days can cause flooding in the study villages. At the outset, these losses did not only affect the loss of productive activities but it also brought hardship among women who have to budget the meager income of the family and had to worry about the creditors because most often, wives are often asked by husbands to get credit.
Table 6. Average value of damage to agricultural production, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Damage/Loss (PhP) Amount No. Damage Repair Crops 56,311 2700 17 Livestock and Poultry 36,667 1000 6 Aquaculture and Fishing 13,000 - 2 Others (irrigation) 3,000 - 6
Damage to house and other properties was also quite significant averaging to about PhP 15, 685. Eighty-six percent of the households live in one-storey house which became easily submerged in flood water which rose to as high as five meters. Thirty- seven houses suffered in various extent of damages, 22% of which were totally demolished. The value of damage is not surprising considering the majority of the respondents’ houses are made of light materials and the value of the house damage ranges from PhP 50,000 to PhP 150,000.
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Figure 3. One of the houses damaged by typhoon Juaning, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011. There were also household appliances and pieces of furniture which were destroyed, the average of which was estimated at PhP3,544 per household. As shared by one of wives who participated in the FGD, the television broke into pieces when she accidentally dropped it on the way to the evacuation center. The others were more fortunate to have their furniture repaired at an average cost of PhP3,000 per household. Some of the wives also reported losses of personal belongings when the family’s clothes were carried away by floods or have to be disposed off when soaked in the mud. Also damaged were water lines and electrical lines, the costs of repair and replacements of which were estimated at PhP1,200 and PhP1,000, respectively.
Table 7. Average value of property damage/losses due to typhoon Juaning, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Amount Damage Replacement Repair No. House 6,375 6,625 5,789 37 Household appliance and furniture 3,544 - 1,200 17 Personal belongings 1,479 3,000 - 16 Vehicle 400 1,200 3 Amenities 300 1,200 1,000 4 Others 4000 - - 5
Typhoon Juaning also affected the respondents’ income. The estimated loss of income ranged from PhP 200 to PhP 40,000. The husbands reported a higher loss in income averaging to about PhP3,898 compared to their wives who reported an average income loss of only PhP 600 (Table 8). This is largely due to the high number of women who are not gainfully employed and at the same time, their sources of income are intermittent unlike the husbands who mostly work daily for wage work 13
or hired labor. It is also possible that women themselves who work in their farm consider themselves as not working; thus, were not counted to have lost income due to flooding. This is also the reason why only two wives, compared to 21 husbands who reported to have lost income due to Typhoon Juaning and the consequent flooding.
Specifically for women sari-sari store owners, flooding also meant lower profit. The cost of transportation to buy supplies from town increased because of added fare in using a combination of boat and tricycle in going to town for supplies. At the same time, there were fewer customers because of the loss of income of the residents due to Typhoon Juaning. Moreover, the risk of operating of the store also went up as more residents buy goods on credit.
Table 8. Income losses by husbands and wives due to typhoon Juaning, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Husband Wife Income Lost No. % No. % Below 1,000 4 19.00 1 50.00 1,000-5,000 16 76.20 1 50.00 40000 1 4.80 0 0.00 Total 21 100.00 2 100.00 Average 3897.62 600.00
There were also respondents who were injured and got sick due to Typhoon Juaning. Although, only two husbands and wives were injured and the cost of treatment amounted to only about PhP 1,000 and PhP 500, respectively.
Typhoon Juaning has also affected the schooling of children. On the average, the children missed school for more than two weeks. The flood prevented the children from going to school but mainly due to the fact that the schools were used as evacuation centers. During Typhoon Juaning, only the school in the barangay was used as evacuation center because the school in the town also got flooded for several days.
When asked how many days did it take for the household to recover from the losses, responses vary widely. About 18% of the respondents were able to recover within a week, 52% took as long as 180 days while others (25%) said they have not yet fully recovered from the impacts of typhoon Juaning (Table 9). This is particularly true for households which have tried planting rice twice after Typhoon Juaning but still failed due to the succeeding typhoons that also hit the study villages in 2011.
In the study area where farming is the most common source of livelihood, it is quite difficult to accurately determine the number of days the farmers and farm workers were absent from work because farm work depends on the schedule of farming activities. During the focus group discussions in December, the participants reported not to have planted rice since Typhoon Juaning struck the Bicol Region in July 2011. These mean that majority of the farmers and farm workers have not been able to work on the farm for the past five months. Only very few farmers, including the Barangay 14
Captain, attempted to plant rice after Typhoon Juaning which were again washed away by flood. Few respondents took various odd jobs like construction work, hired labor in Naga City, and worked in vulcanizing shops for two to three days in a week.
Table 9. Number of days it took the households to recover from the losses due to Typhoon Juaning, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Number of days Number Percent 10 or less 9 18.0 11 – 30 9 18.0 31 – 60 4 8.0 61 – 90 2 4.0 Greater than 90 26 52.0 Total 50 100.0
For those who were self-employed including tricycle drivers and those worked as hired laborers, the number of days absent from work is easier to account. Days absent from work and loss of income can be best illustrated among tricycle drivers. After Typhoon Juaning, it took two weeks for water to recede and the streets became passable to tricycle, the only public means of transportation in the study area. Assuming a daily net income of PhP250, this meant a loss of PhP3,750 for two weeks. However, not only are the tricycle drivers losing income but also the tricycle owners who get PhP100 everyday as boundary1.
Among women, employment opportunities during normal times are already limited. It becomes even more difficult after the flood as households which used to require laundry services became fewer. For instance, a woman who washes clothes three times a week, loses PhP750 a week during and after the flood.
Flooding also brought income earning opportunities for some but additional cost to others. For instance, a couple of boat owners used their boats to ferry commuters. This enabled them to earn as much as 300 per day but transportation cost for commuters increased since the fare was double than the regular tricycle fare. Flooding also enabled some residents to catch fish for about three to four days after the onset of flooding. On the average, their share of the catch was about 1.5 kilos. Of these, half kilo was usually consumed by the household while one kilo which is worth about PhP 100 was sold and the proceeds from which were used to buy rice and other necessities.
The additional cost incurred to prepare basic necessities in case of emergency due to typhoon Juaning was not very high because they only gathered what is available in the house including rice, noodles, and candles and vegetables and root crops from the backyard. Based on their experience, they had to bring everything possible to the evacuation center because supplies are always not enough.
1 Boundary is the amount of money owners of public utility vehicles earn after paying their drivers their daily wage.
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The husbands had to use available materials to shield their houses from Typhoon Juaning. Husbands had to put old tires in the roof to prevent the galvanized iron sheets from being blown by strong wind. Others had to put used sacks and plastic sheets to protect the walls and windows from the rain. Ironically, even with these preparations, the water from the Bicol River and Lake Baao flooded the houses for as high as four to five feet.
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3.3 Vulnerability of Men and Women
Vulnerability is said to be a function of risk, exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. All the respondents live in the same locality and are considered to have the same level of exposure to their risk of typhoon and flooding regardless of sex. On the other hand, adaptive capacity is determined by several socioeconomic factors which would characterize the individual’s and household’s resilience and ability to recover from typhoon and flooding impacts. The adaptive capacity indicators used are: economic, technology, infrastructure, knowledge and skills and social capital.
3.3.1 Economic Indicator
Majority (94%) of the husbands draw income from various sources. Only 6% of them are not employed. On the other hand, majorities (54%) of the wives interviewed was not engaged in any income generating activity and are housewives. The sources of income for the households interviewed are agriculture (crops and livestock), aquaculture, off farm income, non-farm income and other sources which include pension and remittances (Table 10).
Table 10. Average annual income by male and female HH members by source in 2010, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Average Income (PhP) Source Male Female Total Farm 20,830.00 Aquaculture 19,512.50 Off farm 13,608.82 7,466.67 21,075.49 Non farm Business 27,350.00 46,362.50 73,712.50 Employed 34,045.00 24,300.00 58,345.00 Others 20,750.00 25,675.00 46,425.00
Thirty-two percent of the households rely on farm income as a source of living, and most of them (14%) earn between PhP 5,000 – PhP 15,000. On the average, they get an annual income from farming of PhP 20,830. The smallest amount earned was PhP 1,200 and the highest amount was PhP 80,000 in 2010. In most households only one male and one female were involved in farming.
Twenty-two percent (22%) of respondents derived income from aquaculture. Most of them (16%) earn less Php 15,000 from fishing in 2010. Six percent are actually earning between PhP 35,001 to Php 45,000. On the average, the households earn PhP 19,512.50 from fishing in 2010.
Many of the husbands (34%) and wives (28%) interviewed are also engaged in off farm and non farm work. On the average, the male members earn an income of PhP 13,608.82 from off-farm work, almost twice the amount the female members earn which is PhP 7,466.67 in 2010. A respondent reported that one male member of their household earned PhP 52,000 while another respondent reported that a female
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member of their household earned PhP 33,800 in 2010. The lowest amount that the males received for this type of work was PhP 600.00 only whereas the females received PhP 1000.
Table 11. Involvement of households to different income sources in 2010, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Source Household N % Farm 16 32.0 Aquaculture 11 22.0 Male Female N % N % Off farm 17 34.0 9 18.0 Non farm 19 38.0 18 36.0 Business 12 24.0 8 16.0 Employed 19 38.0 11 22.0 Others 8.00 16.0 10.00 20.0
About nineteen out of fifty households (38%) have their male members involved in non-farm work, where 12 households (24%) also have business. On the average, they earn PhP 31,712.90 in 2010. The lowest amount of non farm income earned by male members in 2010 was PhP 300 while the highest amount earned was PhP 240,000 which came from non farm work. On the other hand, only 36% of households have a female member who earned from non-farm sources, which average to about PhP33,589.47, where 2% of the households are involved in both business and wage labor. The minimum amount that they earned was PhP 3,600.00 and the maximum amount the female workers were able to earn was PhP 96,000.00. Non-farm income includes wage labor, self-employment and business operation.
Some households also received income from sources like pension money and remittances. Households with male members who earned or received income through other sources was 14% and households with female members receiving income through other sources was 22%. The smallest amount that the male members received was PhP 500.00 in 2010 and the highest amount was PhP 144,000.00, averaging at PhP 20,750.00. On the other hand, the female members received an amount of PhP 500 to PhP 144,000.00 annually, averaging at PhP 25,675.00 per annum.
3.3.2 Infrastructure Indicators The average value of the respondents’ house was PhP64,947 and range from PhP 4,000 to PhP 500,000 (Table 12). The earliest year of acquisition of house was 1947 and the latest was just within 2011. Nine respondents do not own the house they live in (rent-free). Twenty-six percent of the households live in houses made of permanent materials, 32% live in semi-permanent houses and 42% still live in houses made of temporary or light materials. Most of the houses they live in (86%) were just one-storey, while 8% live in two-storey houses and 6% live in houses that have elevated ground floors. The type of housing material and the structure of their construction make them susceptible to the impacts of typhoon and flooding. The residents who depend on tube wells and pumps for their domestic water supply are also sensitive to the effects of flooding. Floods would submerged the pumps and 18
render them non functional and the water drawn from these wells are prone to contamination.
Table 12. Distribution of respondents by value of house, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Value (Php) Number Percent
Below 50,000 19 38.0 50,000 – 99,000 13 26.0 100,000 – 140,000 5 10.0 Above 140,000 4 8.0 Not applicable 9 18.0 Total 50 100.0 Average Value PhP 64,947.40
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3.3.3 Technology Indicators
3.3.3.1 Access to Shelters
There were five available evacuation centers to the community identified by the respondents (Table 13). These include the barangay hall, school building, gym/covered court/multi-purpose hall, church building and an NGO facility. Among the five types of evacuation centers, most of the respondents (42%) identified their barangay hall as the most accessible one because of its distance from their houses which is less than one kilometer. The second nearest evacuation center to the respondents was school building (40%). Most households were less than a kilometer away from their barangay hall (as close as 5 meters). The farthest available was a relative’s house and a barangay hall which were at a distance of more than seven kilometers from the respondents’ residence.
Not all of the identified evacuation centers are located within the barangay. There were 22% respondents who stated that some of the evacuation centers, particularly the barangay hall and school building, are four to six kilometers away from their houses while 34% from them stated that these evacuation centers are one to three kilometers away from their houses.
Table 13. Distribution of respondents by distance of evacuation centers to their houses*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Evacuation center
Gym/ Total Distance Brgy. Hall School Bldg. Covered Church Bldg Others (Km) Court/ MPHall N % N % N % N % N % N %
Less than 1 12 24.0 3 6.0 0 0.0 5 10.0 7 14.0 27 54.0
1-3 8 16.0 6 12.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 17 34.0 4-6 1 2.0 10 20.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 11 22.0 Total 21 42.0 20 40.0 1 2.0 6 12.0 8 16.0 56 112.0 * Multiple responses
During the typhoon, 68% of the households said they opted to walk to the evacuation center since it is only a short distance away from their houses. On the other hand, about 24% had to take the boat because it is the only means of transportation available when the flood level has risen and the roads are no longer passable. Still 18% said there was a tricycle and pedicab available for them if they needed to evacuate. About 6% of the respondent households had to be evacuated using off road vehicles because roads have become impassable to ordinary vehicles.
The location of the evacuation centers exposes the wives to hazards from snake bite to being drowned to other dangers while walking. They are responsible for carrying
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their belongings and to look after the security children on their way to the evacuation center because the husbands are left to look after their house and the animals left.
3.3.3.2 Source of Weather Information
Respondents had identified four sources of weather information, namely: media (i.e. radio, TV, newspaper), local government, relative/friend, and neighbor (Table 14). A higher proportion of the husbands (52%) were the first to learn about the incoming typhoon compared to the wives (30%). The proportion of husbands and wives who received the weather information together (38%) was also high. This could be because the most common source of information to all is the media (i.e., radio, TV, newspaper) (86%) and in most instances, the family watches the news together. Moreover, the husbands who often times stay outside the house have greater access to other information sources compared to the wives who are usually busy with household chores and do not have time to listen to the news or associate with neighbors. In fact, the husbands were able to get information from all the identified sources while no one from the wives got the information from her neighbor.
Table 14. Distribution of respondents by source* of weather information, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Husband and Total Husband Wife Sources Wife No. % No. % No. % No. % Radio/TV/Newspaper 16 32.0 12 24.0 15 30.0 43 86.0 Local government 4 8.0 2 4.0 4 8.0 10 20.0 Neighbor 4 8.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 8.0 Relative/Friend 2 4.0 1 2.0 0 0.0 3 6.0 * Multiple responses
3.3.4 Social Capital Indicators Social capital, expressed in terms of non-formal community relations, was observed to be high in the study villages. Only few of the respondents, regardless of sex, are members of formal community organizations or were engaged in organized collective actions. However, the level of trust and confidence among the community members is high. The peace and order situation in the villages is good and the incidence of crime against property is low. Both the female and male respondents help their neighbours during social occasions such as preparing for weddings and birthdays.
3.3.4.1 Membership in Organizations
Only 18% of the husbands were part of an organization in their community. Four percent of the husbands belonged to exclusively male organizations, including farmers’ association and men’s organization in the barangay. On the other hand, 14% of the husbands are members of groups comprised by male and female members. These groups or organizations include farmers’ association, political groups, non- government organizations, parents’ groups and senior citizens’ association.
The wives were more active than the husbands in participating in community organizations. Forty-four percent of the wives were members of organizations in their
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barangay, where 4% are members of at least two organizations. Of the 50 wife- respondents, 38% were members of women’s organizations and 10% were members of mixed membership organizations. These mixed membership organizations include farmers' association, cooperatives, political groups, and senior citizens’ organizations. The organizations where the respondents belonged were also active in disaster risk reduction management activities. Only 10% of the husbands and 14% of the wives said that their organizations did not participate in any DRRM activity. The organizations where the male respondents belonged in were active in rescue and relief operations as well as early warning information dissemination. Most wives participated in relief operations, especially those who were members of women’s organizations. They also participated in giving early information warnings, rescue operations and clean up after the event. However, only a few of the respondents participated in these operations during Typhoon Juaning mainly because they were also severely affected and were busy taking care of their household needs.
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3.3.4.2 Collective Actions in the Barangay
During typhoon Juaning, there was minimal collective action undertaken by the respondents and in most cases, the male members (adult) of the household were the ones involved (Table 15). This was reflected in the answers of the households on their participation in bayanihan events, particularly in rescue operations, relief operations and watching over neighbor’ house. About 60% of husbands and wives said their household participated in collective actions done in their barangay, and 40% husbands and wives said that they did not participate. Thirty-eight percent of the husbands said that they were busy with individual household activities, and it prevented them to participate in collective actions done in their barangay. Only one respondent answered that the people were prepared for the upcoming typhoon.
Thirty-six percent of the wives also answered that they were busy with individual household activities, thus preventing them from participating in collective actions in their barangay.
Survey results show that the husbands contributed a minimum of half man-day up to 10 man-days or an average of 2.3 man-days in order to accomplish a certain type of community activity. Family members helped their neighbors evacuate and in barangay cleanup activities during and after typhoon Juaning. The husbands were involved in about ten types of community activities. The most commonly participated of these activities is barangay clean-up (38%) the most time-intensive activity while volunteering in an NGO’s relief and rescue operations. In Barangay San Jose, the activity which the husbands participated in was in unclogging the bridge with fallen trees and debris. As noted in the report, the blocked bridge worsened the flooding in Barangay San Jose.
The wives also gave a minimum of 2 hours up to 8 man-days or an average of 2.5 man-days in order to participate in community activities in their barangays. A total of five community activities were participated in by the wives during typhoon Juaning. They also participated in cleanup activities (12%) and one wife volunteered to work for eight days to assist people in evacuation center.
Activities joined in by both the husbands and wives include participation in clean-up activities (14%) and help in evacuating/assist in evacuation centers (8%). Helping assess the situation as basis for relief and repair/reconstruction of damaged dwellings were the most time intensive among the six types of community activity done by both husbands and wives. They devoted an average of 3.29 man-days in performing these types of activity.
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Table 15. Distribution of respondents by type of community activity performed, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Husband Wife Husband & Wife Collective adaptation options Contribution Contribution Contribution No. % No. % No. % Help evacuate people/assist in evacuation 13 26.0 1 2.0 4 8.0 Participate in clean-up activities 19 38.0 6 12.0 7 14.0 Monitor the situation 1 2.0 1 2.0 Helped assess the situation as basis for relief 1 2.0 1 2.0 Repair/reconstruct damaged dwellings 6 12.0 2 4.0 Disseminate early warning 1 2.0 1 2.0 Participate in reinforcing dikes, sandbags, etc. 3 6.0 Help people to reinforce and harvest crop 2 4.0 Cut branches 1 2.0 Participate in rescue operation/helping people be 4 8.0 safe Organize and provide necessities at evacuation 1 2.0 centers Helped neighbors to secure/recover lost belongings 1 2.0 Distribute relief goods/disaster assistance for 3 6.0 affected people
The incidence of burglary or stealing of properties rarely happens according to 42% of the respondents while 32% said it never happened in their barangay. This indicates high level of social capital in the community.
3.3.5 Knowledge and Skills Indicators
3.3.5.1 Level of education
The level of education of the respondents is generally low. Most of the respondents (54% of husbands and 46% of wives) received only four to six years of education (Table 16). Sixteen percent of the husbands and 10% of the wives received less than six years of schooling. A few of the husbands (14%) and wives (14%) were able to receive tertiary education but only 6% of the wives were able to complete the 14 years of schooling. On the average, the husbands received seven years of education and the wives received eight years.
Table 16. Years of schooling attended by the respondents, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011.
Husband Wife Years of schooling Number Percent Number Percent Less than 4 2 4.0 1 2.0 4 – 6 27 54.0 23 46.0 7 – 10 14 28.0 19 38.0 11 - 14 7 14.0 7 14.0
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3.3.5.2 Training on disaster response and management
Only 24% of the households received training about disaster preparedness in the last five years and 76% of the households have not yet attended any such forum. Among the households who have not received any training, 70% answered that the there should be training programs provided for them and only 6% said there is no need for any such training.
Of the 12 respondents who were able to receive training, 91.7% received training regarding disaster risk reduction and management while 8.33% received training about climate change. The husbands were more active in participating in these training programs as they comprise 66.7% of those who attended respondents compared to the wives who comprised only 41.66%.
The husbands attended trainings on disaster, disaster preparedness and rescue operations. The same kind of training was attended by the wives.
Most of the training programs that were attended by the respondents were provided by the local government units of which 33.3% was about disaster preparedness, 16.66% was related to disaster risk reduction and management, another 16.66% on rescue operations and only 8.33% was about climate change (Table 17). Other organizations that provided training programs to the respondents include NGOs, church or religious organizations and the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG).
An average of 12.5 hours was devoted by the respondents for the disaster preparedness training. Of the 12 respondents who attended the training programs, 33.3% attended an 8-hour training programs. Attendance in training on rescue operations varied widely. One husband attended the training for two hours while another husband attended a training that lasted for 80 hours.
Table 17. Sponsors of DRRM trainings attended by the respondents*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Sponsor Training Program Total NGO LGU Church DILG Climate change 0 1 0 0 1 Disaster Risk Reduction Management Training 0 2 0 0 2 Disaster preparedness (flood, typhoon, fire, etc.) 2 4 1 1 8 Rescue operation 0 2 0 0 2 Total 1 9 1 1 13 * Multiple responses
The respondents were asked to rate the usefulness of the training that they attended in responding to disaster. About sixty-seven percent of the respondents think that the training programs on disaster risk reduction and management and disaster preparedness was very useful. While 25% said that the training they received on disaster risk reduction and management and disaster preparedness was useful. Only 8.33% answered that the training program on climate change was somewhat useful.
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Majority of the respondents (75%) of the respondents said that the knowledge on disaster preparedness useful. Meanwhile, 58.33% found the knowledge on rescue operations to be useful. Other information that they found useful were knowledge on alternative livelihood and social responsibility.
3.3.5.3 Indicators used to signal evacuation
Among the 50 households interviewed, 56% considered the level of flood and 54% consider the heavy rains and strong winds as a basis for evacuation. Typhoon warning signal are also helpful for them in considering whether they will evacuate or not as stated by 10% of the respondents. If there is already an advice for evacuation, 10% of the households already consider evacuating. Other signs that the respondents use as a basis are the following: if the water from the river overflowed, if the sky is already dark, when the red ants are starting to climb the walls and when the branches of the trees are falling which is rather dangerous, particularly for women and children when moving to safer grounds or evacuation centers.
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3.4 Adaptation Strategies to Mitigate the Impact of Typhoon Juaning
3.4.1 Adaptation Strategies
The husbands and wives, either separately or jointly, performed a number of measures to secure the family and their properties and mitigate the impact of typhoon Juaning. Despite these preparedness measures, however, many of the respondent households still suffered severe losses because they did not anticipate the wind speed and rainfall brought by the typhoon. Furthermore, floods were not anticipated because rainfall was not heavy in the study sites. But since it is in the flood plains, the effect of flood waters rampaging from the surrounding highlands cascaded into the villages.
Figure 4. Hectares of land planted to rice became submerged in flood water. From the respondent’s individual accounts, it appears that the husbands did more than their wives before, during and after typhoon Juaning. A total of 13 adaptation measures were undertaken by husbands, seven by wives and eleven jointly by husbands and wives (Table 18). Most of the husbands reinforced their house (52%) and repair or reconstruct houses (23%). On the other hand, most wives conducted buying food and other basic necessities (46%) and queue for typhoon or flood relief goods (50%). For some of the respondent households, moving family members to safer places (44%) and buying food and other basic necessities (38%) were undertaken jointly by both the husbands and the wives. Activities that were commonly done by the husbands, wives and husbands and wives were the following: move family member to a safe place, secure properties and belongings, buy food and other necessities, and queue for relief goods.
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Table 18. Distribution of respondents by measures taken in response to typhoon Juaning, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Husband and Husband Wife Measures Wife No. % No. % No. % Move family members to safe place 8 16.0 4 8.0 22 44.0 Secure properties/belongings 20 40.0 7 14.0 17 34.0 Buy food and other basic necessities 9 18.0 23 46.0 19 38.0 Reinforce house 26 52.0 0 0.0 7 14.0 Cut and trim trees near the house 6 12.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Harvest harvestable crops etc. 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 10.0 Stay in shelters 9 18.0 0 0.0 14 28.0 Monitor status of typhoon and flood 4 8.0 5 10.0 6 12.0 Help injured neighbors evacuate to safer places 7 14.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Queue for typhoon/flood relief goods 7 14.0 25 50.0 4 8.0 Repair/reconstruct houses 23 46.0 0 0.0 9 18.0 Repair damaged properties 7 14.0 0 0.0 4 8.0 Recover damaged agricultural produce and repair 3 6.0 0 0.0 3 6.0 paddy fields Look for other source/s of income outside the 4 8.0 2 4.0 0 0.0 community Seek government support 0 0.0 5 10.0 0 0.0
Household decision making patterns are reflected in the kinds of adaptation measures performed by either husband or wife or both. For instance, husbands generally took charge of activities that will require physical strength such as reinforcing the house before typhoon Juaning came, bundling firewood, securing animals, and repair damaged houses and other properties, . On the other hand, wives generally performed activities inside the house – to provide food and secure the family belongings, prepare materials they would need in case they evacuate, such as clothes and cooking utensils. The wives also bring the medicine and other necessities. Notably, queuing for relief goods and looking for assistance were generally performed by wives.
Most of the wives (72%) stated that they received warnings less than a day before the typhoon came. In the case of husbands, 48% received warnings a day before the typhoon came. Given the limited resources that they have, they were able to respond immediately by securing their properties and storing food in case of emergency. The fact that they have been exposed to flooding and the disaster management practices undertaken by the local government helped them react and respond to the weather information that they received.
The husbands and wives agree that they chose a certain adaptation option because they are copying what others are doing and for safety reasons (Figure 5). However, there are other reasons which more wives preferred than their husbands including those adaptation needs to be done, to prevent further damage to property and for food security. On the other hand, the husbands chose an adaptation option because it was cheap.
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Figure 5. Reason for adopting certain option, Bula, Camarines Sur: 2011.
250
200 Wife Husband 150
100
50
0
Both husbands and wives see their lack of income as the main problem for not being able to prepare before Typhoon Juaning. As such, their recommendations to overcome the adaptation barriers leaned more on livelihood opportunities other than farming. Close examination of the responses on their recommendations to overcome the adaptation barriers, however, indicate that the recommendations of husbands are more detailed than the wives. For instance, one suggestion of the wife is to seek assistance from the government compared to husbands’ recommendations of provision of agricultural technology and equipment, housing program, adopt waste management practices, and adjust the agricultural cropping period. This is a reflection wherein despite the higher percentage of women involved in DRRM activities, the husbands are more exposed to outside activities because of farm work and other economic activities.
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3.4.2 Household Evacuation Process
Among the 50 households, 64% evacuated to safer places during typhoon Juaning. About 46% of the household respondents evacuated everyone in their family while there were some households (14%) where the wives and their children evacuated first, and then after making sure that their house is safe to be left behind, the husband and other male members of the household followed in the evacuation center. Only 4% of the households said that their husbands did not leave their house even when everybody has already evacuated. On the average, those who evacuated stayed in the evacuation center for 12 days. There were a few families who stayed in the evacuation center up to 37 days. The rest of the household respondents (44%), however, did not see the need to evacuate even if their area is already flooded.
3.4.3 Assistance from External Sources
Assistance received by the respondents from external sources before, during and after typhoon Juaning were relief goods from different sources (e.g. rice, canned goods, noodles, clothes and water), financial assistance, construction materials and other assistance they needed (e.g., mosquito net, medicine, household items). Many of the respondents received relief goods more than once while they were staying in the evacuation center. In barangay San Jose, relief goods were provided even to households that did not evacuate or went to the evacuation center. All respondents said they received assistance from the local government at the time of the calamity. Twenty-two percent of the husbands were able to receive assistance from the national government when some politicians distributed relief goods while 28% of the wives were able to receive assistance from the church (Table 19). According to the husbands, they also received assistance from the church (20%), their relatives and friends (18%) and non-government organizations (14%). The wives also mentioned having received assistance from these sources. The differences in the number of respondents who reported having received assistance from various sources indicate who between the spouses received such assistance.
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Table 19. Respondent’s sources of assistance received*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Respondents Average Source of Assistance Husband Wife No. % No. % No. % National Government 11 22.0 9 18.0 10 20.0 Local Government 50 100.0 50 100.0 50 100.0 Relatives/Friends 9 18.0 11 22.0 10 20.0 NGOs 7 14.0 12 24.0 9.5 19.0 Church 10 20.0 14 28.0 12 24.0 Others - - 3 6.0 1.5 6.0 * Multiple responses
Most of the household respondents received assistance after typhoon Juaning. As expected the assistance provided to the affected households was far greater after the event than before or during the event.
3.4.4 Perception Toward Future Risk of Typhoon and Flooding
The male and female respondents have generally the same perception about the cause of disastrous typhoon and flooding. Majority of husbands (42%) and wives (48%) believed that extreme typhoon or flooding is an act of God that cannot be controlled. On the other hand, the six to 16% from both respondents believed that these weather events are aggravated by human induced factors such as deforestation and improper waste disposal.
High proportions of husbands (70%) and wives (62%) believe that future risks of typhoon and flooding will become more severe than what they have experienced. The proportion of husbands who believe this is higher compared to wives. Few had said that future risks will be the same or less severe. An almost equal proportion of husbands and wives were uncertain about the severity of future risks. They did not offer any opinion as to whether future risk will become more severe or less severe.
For those who stated that future risks will be more severe, most stated that this will be due to overexploitation of natural resource (47%) (Table 20). Higher proportion of husbands (50%) believed that this is the cause relative to wives (44%) who identified the same reason. In addition, husbands identified more reasons compared to wives. Four percent of the husbands added that it is due to the historical trends that they foresee future risks will be more severe.
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Table 20. Respondents’ perception towards future risks of typhoon and flooding, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Respondents
Husband Wife Average Perception No. % No. % No. % More severe than what we experienced 35 70.0 31 62.0 33 66.0 About the same as what we experienced 4 8.0 5 10.0 4.5 9.0 Less severe than what we experienced 1 2.0 3 6.0 2 4.0 Not sure 10 20.0 11 22.0 10.5 21.0 Total 50 100.0 50 100.0 50 100.0
About 76% of the husbands and 80% of the wives have plans to mitigate the impacts of typhoon and flooding in the future (Table 21). The husband identified five plans they want to perform while four on the part of wives. Most of them stated that they plan to improve or renovate their existing house. Higher proportion of wives (62.5%) plan to do this compared to husbands (55.2%). Other plans stated include resettling to other areas, adapting appropriate technology and finding job somewhere else/alternative livelihood.
Table 21. Respondents’ plans to protect themselves from the impacts of typhoon and flooding in the future, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Respondents Average Plan Husband Wife No. % No. % No. % To improve/renovate existing house 21 55.2 25 62.5 23.0 58.9 To resettle to other areas 11 29.0 8 20.0 9.5 24.5 To find job somewhere else/alternative 4 10.5 5 12.5 4.5 11.5 livelihood To adopt appropriate technology 1 2.6 2 5.0 1.5 3.8 Others 1 2.6 - - 1 2.4 Total 38 99.9 40 100.0 39 100.0
The respondents were also asked about the kinds of assistance that they need in order to better cope with typhoon and flooding (Table 22). For both husbands and wives, alternative livelihood is number one. As reported earlier, farming and work-related to farming, the most common forms of employment available in the area are heavily affected by typhoons and flooding. Albeit slightly higher for wives than husbands, they both agree that building hard structures to prevent the impact from typhoon and flooding should be the second type of assistance to be provided by government and non-government organizations. They both see the need for an evacuation center that could not only withstand strong typhoons and heavy flooding but could also correspond to their needs, e.g., more and separate toilets for men and women and should also be well-ventilated. The third type of assistance pertains to building houses with better design. During the focus group discussion, wives in particular, wished that if they only have the resources to build two-storey house they would do so. Majority of the houses in the area are one-storey structures made of temporary materials which could be easily flooded and destroyed by strong winds. Assistance for basic
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necessities and financial assistance are the fourth and fifth types of assistance mentioned by husbands and wives during the survey.
The other types of assistance mentioned by both husbands and wives include insurance against typhoon and flooding, diversified farming technology, information on how to cope with climate change, house repair assistance, medical assistance, boats for rescue operation, and educational assistance for children. Among the above- mentioned types of assistance, the preference of husbands than wives on boats for rescue operation is quite clear. Fourteen percent of husbands compared to only four percent of wives reported the need for boats for rescue operation. Traditionally, husbands are more involved in public sphere or participate more in community activities than wives who are more involved in the private sphere or of the affairs or activities in the household.
Table 22. Kinds of assistance that households need to cope with the impacts of typhoons and flooding in the future, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Husband Wife Assistance No. % No. % Alternative Livelihood Source (Economic Indicator) 25 50 26 52 Building hard structure to prevent the impact from typhoon & flooding 12 24 14 28 Building with better housing design (technology indicator) 10 20 13 26 Assistance for basic necessities (food, clothes, household items) 9 18 9 18 Financial assistance 5 10 7 14 Set up the insurance market against typhoon and flooding 2 4 5 10 Diversified farming technology (Technology indicator) 3 6 5 10 Provide technology/knowledge/information how to cope with CC 4 8 5 10 Construction materials and house repair assistance 2 4 4 8 Medical Assistance 4 8 3 6 Boats for rescue operation and evacuation 7 14 2 4 Educational assistance for children 1 2 1 2
3.5 Households' willingness to pay/accept for the adaptation strategies and the factors that influence such behaviour
This section presents the different adaptation options that husbands and wives would be willing to choose to protect their livelihood and properties. There are three options: 1) a disaster insurance scheme with an annual fee of PhP6,000 payable in 12 installments of PhP500 per month; 2) construction of riprap to prevent flooding and contribute a one-time amount of PhP450; and 3) relocation.
3.5.1 Disaster Insurance Scheme
Husbands, more than the wives, are willing to pay for a disaster insurance scheme. Only one-third of the wives are willing compared to a half of the husbands who are willing to pay for a disaster insurance scheme. The husbands and wives who were not willing to pay explained that they are not earning enough money to pay for the insurance premium (Table 23). Other reasons for their unwillingness to have a 33
disaster insurance scheme are: disaster insurance is not necessary, there are other expenses that should be paid, and only those households from higher income groups should pay for the disaster insurance.
Table 23. Reasons why the respondents are not willing to pay for the disaster insurance scheme*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011.
Husband Wife Reason No. % No. % Disaster insurance is not necessary 5 10.0 6 12.0 Do not have enough money to pay the 21 2.0 31 62.0 disaster insurance Only those from higher income groups 1 50.0 33 66.0 should pay for this Not applicable/Willing to pay 25 10.0 17 34.0 * Multiple responses
There are also those who are willing to pay for a disaster insurance scheme but for a lower amount of premium. This time, more wives (91%) than husbands (72%) are willing to pay for a disaster insurance scheme. The average premium that a husband is willing to pay for disaster insurance is slightly higher at PhP1,204 compared to PhP1,066 of a wife (Table 24). It should be noted that the amount varies from PhP20 to PhP3,000. The slight difference in the amount of premium between husbands and wives can be due to the fact that the wives are more aware of the household budget and the difficulty of allocating limited budget compared to the husbands. As discussed earlier, 82% of the wives were in charge of budgeting and marketing or buying food and other domestic needs. When asked what finally convinced them to pay for a disaster insurance scheme, the most common response was that with the insurance, their properties will be protected meaning that once damaged, the properties could be replaced. The money that can be collected from the insurance could also be used as capital in starting a business. In trying to determine what characteristics of an insurance scheme that would improve the acceptability of the proposal, husbands and wives were asked separately on the desired characteristics using a likert-scale of one to ten. Among husbands, the most preferred characteristic is that there is a transparency and accountability about the insurance scheme (9.08), the process must be facilitative when claims are being filed (8.73), and that more information should be provided to the public (8.92). Among wives, an improved insurance scheme should possess characteristics, such as facilitative processing of claims/system (8.54), transparent and accountable about collection (8.78), and realistic valuation of damage (8.66).
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Table 24. Disaster Insurance Premium that the respondents are willing to pay for the insurance scheme, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Husband Wife Amount (PhP) Number Percent Number Percent Below 500 5 20.0 11 33.3 500 – 1,000 3 12.0 4 12.1 1,001-1,500 5 20.0 7 21.2 1,501-2,000 1 4.0 0 0.0 2,001 and more but below 6,000 4 16.0 8 24.2 Not applicable 7 28.0 3 9.1 Total 25 100.0 33 100.0 Mean PhP 1,204 PhP 1,066
If the preferred characteristics have been met by such an insurance scheme, the willingness to buy is again higher for husbands than wives. Seventy percent of the husbands are very sure to buy the insurance scheme compared to 54 percent of wives (Table 25).
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Table 25. Willingness to buy disaster insurance if such scheme would be available, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Husband Wife Extent of willingness Number Percent Number Percent Very sure 35 70.0 27 54.0 Somewhat sure 11 22.0 14 28.0 Not very sure 2 4.0 5 10.0 Not sure at all 2 4.0 4 8.0 Total 50 100.0 50 100.0
3.5.2 Construction of Riprap
More than two-thirds of husbands and wives are willing to contribute PhP450 for the construction of riprap to control flooding. For husbands who are not willing to contribute, their main reason is the lack of money to pay for such option (70%) (Table 26). For wives, it is a combination that the riprap is not effective to reduce the risk (38.5%) and not having enough money to pay (34.6%). Additional proportion (24%) each of husbands and wives are willing to contribute for the construction of riprap for amounts lower than PhP450. With this, there are only 10% of the husbands and 14% of the wives who are not willing to contribute to such construction. More than half of these additional husbands are willing to contribute a one-time payment of PhP 100. On the average, the husbands and wives are willing to contribute PhP 101.67 and PhP 108.33, respectively.
Table 26. Reasons why the respondents were not willing to pay for the construction of riprap*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011.
Husband Wife Reason No. % No. % Riprap is not effective to reduce risk 4 23.5 10 38.5 Riprap construction is not a priority of the household 1 5.9 4 15.4 Financial constraints 12 70.6 12 36.2 The LGU should shoulder the expenses 1 5.9 2 7.7 Others - 2 7.7 * Multiple responses
Husbands (87%) and wives (72%) were convinced to pay for such construction since it will serve its purpose of protecting their properties and crops from future flooding. Other characteristics mentioned include an honest leader who will lead the construction and enough information about the project.
More information that would enlighten the public about the nature of the construction appears to be the most compelling reason for both husbands and wives to contribute as they rated this characteristic, through the use of likert-scale, with an average of 9.10 and 8.91 respectively.. Transparency and accountability in the collection comes as a second most important characteristic for husbands (9.04) while it is affordability for wives (8.60). 36
3.5.3 Relocation
When asked if they are willing to be relocated, more wives (68%) than husbands (58%) said yes. For those who do not want to leave their place of residence despite the frequent occurrence of typhoons and flooding, several reasons were cited. For husbands, they do not want to be relocated because their livelihood is in their current place of residence (Table 27). They are also worried that there will be no employment or available job for them in the place where they will be transferred. Social concerns like being accustomed to where they live and the presence of relatives (40%) is the main reason why wives are not willing to be relocated. Similar with their husbands, wives are also concerned about their property and livelihood that would be left when relocated but at the same time worried about the uncertainty of economic activities in the relocation site.
Table 27. Reasons why respondents are not in favor of the relocation, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Husbands Wives Reason Number Percent Number Percent Uncertainty of livelihood source in relocation site 13 26.5% 8 15.4% No money for relocation - - 1 1.9% They grew up here, used to the place and their 6 12.2% 6 11.5% relatives live here. We prefer to stay here unless the whole - - 2 3.8% community relocates with free housing. Not applicable 30 61.2% 35 67.3% *Multiple responses
Majority of the husbands (37%) and wives (42%) are willing to be relocated if they will be paid between PhP 60,000 to PhP 100,000. Table 28 also indicates that about 5% of husbands and 19% of wives are willing to be relocated even without cash payment. The data also show that the amount acceptable for the respondents to be relocated is higher for husbands (26.8%) than the wives (18.6%). In fact, seven of the 41 husbands are willing to be relocated if given PhP1,000,000. The average amount that is acceptable to husbands is PhP 441,020 compared to PhP 157,831 of wives.
Table 28. Amount the respondents are willing to accept to be relocated, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011.
Husband Wife Amount (PhP) Number Percent Number Percent
Less than 50000 4 9.8 7 16.3 60000-100000 15 36.6 18 41.9 100001-300000 9 22.0 2 4.7 300001 and above 11 26.8 8 18.6 Total 41 100.0 43 100.0 Average Php 441,020 PhP 157,831
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3.6 Factors that Affect Respondent’s Willingness to Pay for the Various Adaptation Option
3.6.1 Willingness to Pay for a Disaster Insurance Scheme Three separate regression runs were conducted, two regressions separately for husbands and wives and another one for combined husbands and wives to determine the factors that influence the respondent’s attitude towards the three adaptation options cited above. The gender variable was omitted for the separate regression runs for husbands and wives. The results showed that it was only in the regression for the wives where attendance to training has significant effect on the probability that the wives are willing to pay for a disaster insurance scheme. This suggests that for wives their attendance to training enabled them to gain knowledge on disaster preparedness; thus, lowers the probability of their willingness to pay for a disaster insurance scheme (Table 29). The value of the training coefficient is 0.3865 and is statistically significant at 10% level of significance which indicates that if a wife has attended the training on disaster risk reduction and management, the probability that she will pay for a disaster insurance scheme will decrease by 0.3865. The signs are consistent for the regression for the husbands and for both husbands and wives, although the coefficients are not significant.
Table 29. Factors affecting the willingness to pay for disaster insurance scheme, Bula, Camarines Sur. 2011.
Husband Wife Both sexes Variable Coefficient Marginal Coefficient Marginal Coefficient Marginal Effects Effects Effects Gender dummy -.9999139 -.0814897 Years of Residence in -.0180141 -.0020598 -.0131753 -.0032877 -.0090869 -.0007946 the barangay Household Size .1422984 .0162706 .1773021 .0442437 .0234298 .0020487 House ownership -.4926864 -.0512343 -1.285196 -.2945484 .5705573 .0578399 Permanency of .1973799 .0217156 -.0918002 -.0229233 .7052667 .0531595 housing materials Attendance to training -.5725914 -.0752418 -1.673725* -.3865153 -.6757293 -.0711407 Foregone income of .000146 .0000167 .0038308 .0009559 .0001791 .0000157 husbands Total damage of .0000153 4.03e-06 -1.75e-06 -4.37e-07 .000044 3.85e-06 typhoon Juaning Income of household .0000352 1.75e-06 .0000117 2.91e-06 .0000172 1.50e-06 Amount .0006582 .0001642 Constant .485607 -.1269701 Log likelihood -12.572166 -27.508247 -17.784719 Pseudo R2 0.0699 0.1722 0.1150 * significant at 10% level; **significant at 5%; ***significant at 1%
3.6.2 Willingness to Contribute for the Construction of Riprap
For the three regression runs; the number of years of residence in the barangay, household size, house ownership, permanence of housing materials, and attendance to training have significantly influenced the probability that the respondent will 38
contribute for the construction of riprap in order to further prevent river bank erosion. In Barangay San Jose, the distance of the barangay hall to the river bank has decreased from 50 to 10 meters due to river bank erosion.
The negative sign for the “number of years residing in the barangay" variable indicates that the probability that both husbands and wives will contribute for the construction of the riprap diminishes the longer they have been residing in the barangay (Table 30). This probably indicates that the longer they are living in the barangay, they are already used to the situation that they feel they are no longer threatened.
The positive sign of the household size implies that the probability that they will contribute for the construction of riprap will increase with the increase in the number of household members and this implies that for both the husbands and the wives the security of household members is important and that they are willing to pay for this security. For big households, it is not easy to seek shelters in evacuation centers. Meanwhile, if the respondents own their house, the probability that they will contribute more to the construction of the riprap increases. Similar pattern was observed if the house is made of permanent materials. Attendance to training also increases the probability of the respondents to contribute for the construction of riprap.
Among these factors, owning a house has the highest influence on both husbands’ and wives’ decision to contribute to the construction of riprap. For example, if the respondent is a wife and if they own a house, the probability of contributing for the construction of a riprap will increase by 0.98 while for the husband, owning a house will increase the probability by 0.74.
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Table 30. Factors affecting the willingness to contribute for the construction of riprap, Bula, Camarines Sur. 2011.
Variable Husband Wife Both Coefficient Marginal Coefficient Marginal Coefficient Marginal Effects Effects Effects Gender -.3444233 -.0639418 Years of residence -.0902982** -.0094855 -.276042** -.0159197 -.0460933** -.008562 in the barangay Household size .5728138 ** .0601719 1.032497** .0595456 .2421706** .0449843 House ownership 4.183607*** .7439505*** 9.19609** .9800068** 1.901893** .4190532 Permanent housing 2.595793 ** .1868441 4.401099* .1685474 .2050567 .0370896 materials Attendance to 2.906177 ** .2036953 5.052452** .1783619 2.044645*** .287018 training Foregone income .0007811 .0000821 .0005481* .0001018 Total damage -.0000212 -2.23e-06 -3.21e-06 -1.85e-07 -.0000149 -.000000278 Income of 8.38e-06 8.80e-07 .0000292 1.69e-06 .00001 -.000000187 household Amount .000458 -.0008284 -.0008284 -.0001066 Constant -4.565674 .0000481 -4.012735 -1.276814 -.00000198 Log likelihood -17.70282 -12.1761 -48.062689 Pseudo R2 0.4062 0.5808 0.2134 * significant at 10% level; **significant at 5%; ***significant at 1%
3.6.3 Willingness to be Relocated
Among the variables included in the analysis, only the household size affected the willingness of both husbands and wives and husbands alone to be relocated (Table 31). This means that as family size increases the willingness to be relocated increases. Again, this shows the importance being accorded to by both husbands and wives in protecting the family members. The lack of significance for other factors could be due to the fact that the respondents would really want to stay in their barangay because of concerns for their sources of livelihood and have been used to living with their relatives, neighbors, and friends. Moreover, the respondents, particularly the husbands, are worried about the employment opportunities in the relocation site.
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Table 31. Factors affecting the willingness to relocate. Bula, Camarines Sur. 2011.
Male Female Variable Marginal Marginal Marginal Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient Effects Effects Effects Gender -.6334109 -.1372914 Years of Residence in -.0088071 -.0020042 -.006477 -.0014404 -.02229569 -.0050015 the barangay Household Size .2555762* .0581601 .19268 .0428497 .1782459* .0388336 House ownership .5046452 .1191167 .4963927 .1149468 -.3188705 -.0668502 Permanency of .5331782 .1158139 .2701233 .0587209 -.1370982 -.0302152 housing materials Attendance to training .4656309 .1018164 .4821145 .1022986 .4098363 .0857943 Foregone income of .0000974 .0000222 .0000744 .0857943 husbands Total damage of 7.86e-06 1.79e-06 9.32e-06 2.07e-06 6.30e-06 .0000162 typhoon Juaning Income of household .0000137 3.12e-06 0000107 2.38e-06 7.37e-06 1.37e-06 Amount -.0001808 -.0000411 .0000352 7.82e-06 -.0003936 1.60e-06 Constant -2.196792 -1.598131 .686666 -.0000857 Log likelihood -26.82101 -26.74184 -27.508247 Pseudo R2 0.1425 0.0869 0.1425 * significant at 10% level; **significant at 5%; ***significant at 1%
3.7 Lessons Learned
3.7.1 From Typhoon Juaning and Respondents’ Suggestions
The number one lesson learned not only from Typhoon Juaning but also from other typhoons is that the people must be always prepared in terms of adding support or putting up barriers to lessen the damage to their house like blocking the windows and gaps with plastic sheets, tying the house posts in a nearby tree, and putting the appliances and smaller furniture on top of the table or others (Table 32). Preparedness also means storing canned food and other non-perishable items to be brought to the evacuation centers. Other lesson includes having enough savings they could utilize in times of emergencies. Surprisingly, another lesson learned is to socialize and help neighbors which is considered as a social investment which they can draw from in times of need. This perception follows the common principle that those who help other community members can expect help in return. In times of emergencies, however, there were instances when cooperation and community support are abandoned. For instance, in one of the communities, galvanized sheets blown during the typhoon had to be redeemed for a fee which could not have happened if social capital was high.
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Table 32. Lessons learned by the respondents after Typhoon Juaning*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Husband Wife Lessons learned No. % No. % Always be prepared and alert 36 72.0 26 52.0 Arranged personal belongings before the event comes 6 12.0 4 8.0 Reinforce house before the event comes 5 10.0 9 18.0 Store enough food and basic necessities before the event comes 13 26.0 9 18.0 Others 4 8.0 5 10.0 * Multiple responses
After the respondents have experienced several calamities, Typhoon Juaning in particular, they offered several suggestions to mitigate the impact (Table 33). The most common suggestions for husbands included fair distribution of relief goods to all the residents (20%), availability of rescue boats and life jackets for rescue operations (12%), more relief goods, particularly food and water, availability of a quick rescue plan (6%), and availability of evacuation facility within the barangay (4%). The respondents in one study area explained that they did not get water supply during their stay in the evacuation center. This is particularly difficult for women who had to worry where to get clean and safe water for drinking and cooking. The water from artesian wells in the barangay was contaminated by flooding.
Similar suggestions from wives were also noted from the data collected during the survey with the addition that relief goods must be distributed before, during, and after the typhoon. The wives also put emphasis on that the LGU should monitor the occurrence of health problems, particularly in the evacuation areas where children and old people can easily be affected. These suggestions highlight the difficulties faced by women wherein they have not only to ensure that children and older persons are safe before going to the evacuation centers but also fed, dressed and properly cared while at the evacuation center and immediately upon returning home.
There was also the suggestion to build houses on stilt instead of the more common one-storey house. The other suggestion was to always listen to the news. There is also the recommendation to plant trees which could be an indication of an increasing awareness on the importance of planting trees to control erosion thereby limiting the siltation of the Pawili and the Bicol Rivers.
The husbands gave few suggestions compared to the wives but they were similar to the wives’ except that some of the husbands thought of prioritizing children during rescue operations and evacuation. Men and women should also learn to discipline themselves during such times to help others. The husbands unanimously suggested that relief goods must be distributed fairly to all affected families. They also suggested that there should be additional relief including food and water. Some husband also stated the importance of rescue boats and life jackets they can use during rescue operations. Other suggestions include: the relief must be given at once, and there must be a quick response and rescue process.
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Table 33. Distribution of respondents’ suggestions to overcome future risks*, Bula, Camarines Sur, 2011
Husband Wife Suggestions No. % No. % Fair distribution of relief goods 10 20.0 11 22.0 Consideration of the needs of all sectors affected 4 8.0 9 18.0 Timely distribution of relief goods 4 8.0 8 16.0 Availability of rescue boats and life jackets in the barangay 6 12.0 10 20.0 Discipline and cooperation among people in the community 4 8.0 1 2.0 Quick response and rescue operations 4 8.0 3 6.0 Availability of an evacuation area in the barangay 2 4.0 2 4.0 Better evacuation facilities 0 0.0 2 4.0 Medical assistance 2 4.0 3 6.0 Additional government support 1 2.0 1 2.0 *multiple response
4.0 Summary and Conclusion
To achieve the objectives of the study, a total of 50 households were randomly selected in Barangays San Jose and San Miguel, Bula, Camarines Sur. Husbands and wives were interviewed separately to determine the gender-differentiated impact and the corresponding adaptation strategies before, during and after the typhoon, and their willingness to pay for disaster insurance scheme, contribute to construction of riprap/river levees, and relocate. On the other hand, husbands and wives were interviewed together to gather data on socio-demographic characteristics, income, and access to utilities and services by the households.
Tables, graphs and frequency distributions were used in analyzing the data. Logistic regression was used in determining the factors that influenced the willingness of husbands and wives to pay for alternative adaptation options such as disaster insurance scheme, contribute to construction of riprap/river levees, and relocation.
4.1 The Respondents of the Study
Husbands are slightly older, have lived longer in the study area, and have attended fewer years of formal education than the wives. None of the husbands have completed a degree compared to wives who have finished college. Majority of the husbands are farmers (34%) and are hired workers (18%). Twenty-one percent of the husbands have secondary occupation. On the other hand, more than half of the wives are not gainfully employed but full time housewives who are in charge of maintaining and ensuring that the needs, e.g., food, clean clothes, clean house, of the family are kept clean and well-cared for. Only about six percent of the wives reported to have secondary occupation as laundry woman and hired labourer.
The average household size is six, three males and three females. This is one unit higher than the national average. The household size ranges from two to thirteen. Farming is the source of income for 32 percent of the households with an average annual income of PhP20,830. The households (24%) which rely on fishing and 43
aquaculture activities reported slightly lower annual income of PhP19,512. More husbands (54%) compared to the wives (36%) derived income from non-farm sources such as construction work for the husbands and hired worker in business establishments for the wives. There are also other sources of income like pension and remittances.
Families mostly (82%) own their house, majority (74%) of which are made of semi- permanent and temporary materials while only 26% are made of permanent materials. Most of the families (86%) have one-storey house. The remaining houses have second floor (8%) or have elevated ground floor (6%).
Electricity is the main source of power for the majority (76%) of the households. Half of the households have access to drinking water through piped water or community faucets. The other half of the households rely on tube wells and hand pumps as drinking water. These sources get easily contaminated when flooding occurs.
There were women organizations in the community so more wives than husbands are members of a community organization. Some of these organizations have participated in training programs related to disaster risk reduction and management. The damage to properties, crops and livestock was severe for almost half of the households included in the study. Agricultural production, particularly rice production suffered the heaviest losses.
The husbands reported higher income losses compared to the wives largely due to the high proportion of women who are not gainfully employed. More husbands than wives were wage earners and have regular employment. The estimated income loss reported by husbands was twice (PhP1000) than the estimate reported by wives (PhP500).
On the average, the children missed school for about two weeks not only because the flood prevented them from going to school but also because the school buildings were being used as evacuation centers. On the average, it took 180 days for the households to recover from the losses but there are also those who have not recovered yet from the trauma brought by Typhoon Juaning five months after its incidence.
4.2 Coping Strategies Before, During and After Typhoon Juaning
The barangay hall and the school building are the nearest evacuation centers where the respondents sought shelter during the typhoon. Most of the husbands (52%) have more varied source of information about the forthcoming weather event compared to the housewives whose only source of information is the media
During and after the typhoon, the households sought financial, rescue, medical, clothing, and food assistance and other basic necessities from various sources including the national and local government agencies. Community members participated in relief and rescue operations organized by the local government and in autonomous operations in response to emergencies during the typhoon.
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Both husbands (42%) and wives (48%) perceived that typhoon and flooding are acts of God and cannot be controlled. They also believed that future risks of typhoon and flooding will be more severe which could be due to overexploitation of natural resources. More than three-fourths of husbands and wives have plans to mitigate the impacts of typhoons and flooding in the future.
4.3 Adaptation Strategies to Mitigate the Impact of typhoon Juaning
Typhoon and flooding frequently occur in the area; thus, the local government units conducted training programs on disaster preparedness. However, only 24% of the respondents have attended such training during the last five years.
The husbands were in charge of preparedness activities that require physical strength such as reinforcing the house, clearing the surroundings of objects that could possibly damage the house (e.g. cut down tree branches), harvesting harvestable crops and storing away properties such as boat and farm machinery. On the other hand, the wives bought food and other basic necessities, stored away household items like clothes and appliances and prepared items that they would need in the evacuation centers such as clothes, blankets and cooking utensils. The activities which were jointly done and decided by husbands and wives included moving the family members to a safe place and securing properties and belongings including the animals. More women than men queued for relief goods during and after the typhoon. Relief goods which consisted of rice, canned goods, noodles, clothes, mosquito net and water came from the local and national government units, private corporations, and non- government organizations but are generally generic and do not particularly consider women’s needs. Financial assistance, construction materials and other types of assistance were also extended to the victims of Typhoon Juaning.
Among the household members, the adult males participated in collective action, which was minimal, during and after Typhoon Juaning. Many of husbands (38%) and wives (36%) are busy with their individual household activities which prevented them from participating in community activities, e.g., rescuing other residents, clearing of fallen trees, and clean-up drive after the typhoon.
Husbands (26%) and wives (30%) recommended the provision of alternative sources of livelihood to enhance their resilience and improve their capacity to undertake other adaptation strategies. Other recommendations by more than one-third of the husbands and wives include the construction of river levees, relocation and disaster insurance.
4.4 Willingness to Pay/Accept for the Adaptation Strategies and the Factors that Influence Such Behavior
Two-thirds of the wives compared to half of the husbands are willing to pay for a disaster insurance scheme. The husbands and wives who were not willing to pay explained that they are not earning enough money to pay for the insurance. The average premium that a husband is willing to pay for disaster insurance is slightly higher at PhP1204 compared to PhP1066 of a wife.
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More than two-thirds of husbands and wives are willing to contribute PhP450 for the construction of river levees to control flooding. Others are willing to contribute to the construction of river levees if lower contribution will be accepted. Lack of money was the main reason why respondents regardless of sex are not willing to support the option.
More wives (68%) than husbands (58%) are willing to be relocated. Husbands did not want relocation because their livelihood is in their current place of residence. They are also worried that there will be no employment or available job for them in the place where they will be transferred. Social concerns such as being accustomed to where they live and the presence of relatives (40%) are the main reasons why wives are not willing to be relocated.
Logistic regression was used to determine the factors affecting the willingness to adapt the different adaptation options to protect and secure the livelihood of the household.
The number of years of residence in the barangay, household size, house ownership, permanence of housing materials, and attendance to training have significantly influenced the probability that the respondent will contribute for the construction of river levees in order to prevent erosion of the river banks. Among these variables only the number of years that respondents have been residing in the barangay has negative sign indicating that the probability that both husbands and wives will contribute for the construction of the riprap diminishes the longer they have been residing in the barangay.
On the other hand, only household size affected the willingness of both husbands and wives to be relocated. This means that as family size increases the willingness to be relocated increases. Again, this shows the importance being accorded to by both husbands and wives in protecting the family members. Results of the logistic regression further affirmed the respondent’s willingness to stay in their current place of residence despite the risks of flooding every season due to social and economic reasons. This also imply that on site risk reduction and management are the options preferred by the respondents.
5.0 Recommendations to engender climate change adaptation research
5.1 Gender as a Unit of Analysis
Climate change adaptation studies should be engendered. As a first step, data should be disaggregated before, during and after a disaster, and in this case, Typhoon Juaning.
This study confirms the findings of many studies about the differentiated role of men and women and that there is a need to recognize that men and women have different needs, interests, vulnerabilities, capacities and coping strategies which could be measured only by collecting gender disaggregated data for community vulnerability
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and capacity assessments (WHO 2005). By having the gender-disaggregated data, specific actions addressing the needs of men and women can be done.
Specifically for this study, data on coping mechanism, information on impact of the disaster and the willingness to pay/contribute for adaptations were collected separately for husbands and wives. As discussed earlier, husbands and wives perform different domestic and economic activities which consequently have bearing on the impact of the disaster, e.g., heavy losses on husbands’ economic activities; coping mechanism, e.g., more husbands had to leave the home to look for work outside of the community; and affect their decision to adopt particular adaptation strategies, e.g., more wives willing to pay for a disaster insurance scheme but at a lower premium and to be relocated.
5.2 Gender as Integral Part of a Framework for Action
Women’s needs should be recognized and provided for in the evacuation centers. The distribution mechanisms should recognize women's traditional areas of authority such as the management of the home, food, water, and family health. If these needs are not considered, women's responsibilities for supporting dependants may put them under pressure. For instance, women are the care givers of the sick and elderly; thus, they should be equipped with information on health resources, information about infectious diseases and other medical conditions which require immediate attention and how to respond to diarrhea with oral rehydration therapy (ORT) which often occurs in the evacuation centers.
The inadequacy of income was often mentioned by both husbands and wives as a major concern even without the typhoon. Considering that the wives are in-charge of the reproductive activities; economic interventions should take this into account. For instance, community-based handicraft making which would not take the women away from their homes is a possibility. For husbands, it may be vocational-related skills like vulcanizing or tricycle repair given the number of males engaged in tricycle driving in both barangays. By recognizing, these differences the practical needs, e.g., material needs of women in performing their household chores are satisfied and responded to as well as the strategic needs of women through participating in livelihood activities and community needs are also satisfied.
The distinct activities performed by husbands and wives before, during and after Typhoon Juaning are indications that women are active participants to coping, adapting and mitigating the effects of typhoons and flooding; thus they should just as actively be involved in disaster preparedness programs like training courses, seminars, and planning. These may include environmental protection, health and sanitation and other areas that can save their livelihood, or reduce the adverse effects of disasters. The fact that more housewives than husbands are members of an exclusive or mixed organization should be a cue to the local government units in integrating lectures on disaster preparedness and adaptation options on the activities of the organizations. Moreover, since majority of the wives are engaged in household activities, the schedule of seminars and trainings should take these into account.
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As presented earlier, the recovery period from Typhoon Juaning varies among the respondents. As a response, the national as well as the local governments must design specific gender sensitive interventions to address the psychological, social and economic needs of the affected sectors.
As Walker (2005) suggested, integrating a gender perspective into emergency responses requires different levels of approach which may be formalized in policy guidelines; systematic social and gender analysis in a given context; systems and procedures which are recognized on the ground as good practice; and agreement on minimum standards. The 'bottom line' must be to include women at every level and stage of disaster response.
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References
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Barrameda, T. V. 2010. “Women in the Informal Economy in Times of Typhoons and Flooding: Experiences, Strategies, Challenges and the Need for Social Protection, “ Policy Brief on Climate Change, Gender and Informal Work. http://www.homenetseasia.org/climatechange.pdf
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Walker, Bridget. 1996. Overcoming the Tyranny of the Urgent. Development and Gender In Brief. Issue 4: Integrating Gender Into Emergency Responses. http://www.bridge. ids.ac.uk/go/bridge- publications/briefings/&id=52058&type=Document
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