DOCSLIB.ORG

Infection Control of Chronic Human Herpesvirus 8 T Cells Involvement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Infection Control of Chronic Human Herpesvirus 8 T Cells Involvement δγ + T Cells Involvement in Viral Immune Control of Chronic Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection This information is current as Serge Barcy, Stephen C. De Rosa, Jeffrey Vieira, Kurt Diem, of October 1, 2021. Minako Ikoma, Corey Casper and Lawrence Corey J Immunol 2008; 180:3417-3425; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3417 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/5/3417 Downloaded from References This article cites 53 articles, 22 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/5/3417.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on October 1, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2008 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology ؉ T Cells Involvement in Viral Immune Control of Chronic␦␥ Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection1 Serge Barcy,2* Stephen C. De Rosa,* Jeffrey Vieira,* Kurt Diem,* Minako Ikoma,* Corey Casper,† and Lawrence Corey*†‡ Little is known about what effector populations are associated with the control of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection in vivo. We compared T lymphocyte subsets among HIV؊HHV-8؉ and HIV؊HHV-8؊ infected human individuals. ␣␤؉ T cells from HHV-8-infected individuals displayed a significantly higher percentage of differentiated effector cells among both CD4؉ and CD8؉ T cell subsets. HHV-8 infection was associated with significant expansion of ␥␦؉ V␦1 T cells expressing a differentiated effector cell phenotype in peripheral blood. In vitro stimulation of PBMC from HHV-8-infected individuals with either infectious viral particles or different HHV-8 viral proteins resulted in ␥␦ V␦1 T cell activation. In addition, ␥␦ V␦1 T cells displayed a strong reactivity against HHV-8-infected cell lines and prevented the release of infectious viral particles following the induction of lyric Downloaded from replication. These data indicate that ␥␦ T cells play a role in both innate and adaptive T cell responses against HHV-8 in immunocompetent individuals. The Journal of Immunology, 2008, 180: 3417–3425. uman herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8),3 also known as Kaposi’s cells have been described. One, expressing the TCR variable sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiolog- region V␦2, represents the majority of peripheral blood ␥␦ lym- ical agent of several infectious diseases including phocytes. ␥␦ T cells of this subset play a role in the defense H http://www.jimmunol.org/ Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multi- against intracellular pathogens and hematological malignancies centric Castleman’s disease (1). Like other herpesviruses, HHV-8 (14, 15). By contrast, the second subset of V␦1 T cells is res- is able to establish a predominantly latent, life-long infection in its ident mainly in the oral and intestinal epithelia, where these host. The increased incidence of these diseases in immunocom- cells might provide a first line of defense against viral infections promised individuals suggests that host immune control may be or malignancies (16). ␥␦ T cells have been implicated in anti- essential in preventing HHV-8-associated diseases (2). Several viral immune responses on the basis of their selective expansion studies have demonstrated the anti-HHV-8 specificity of TCR in the peripheral blood of patients infected with HIV, CMV, ␣␤ϩCD8ϩ CTL (3–10). HHV-8 specific CTL responses to latent EBV, and HSV (17–21). and lytic viral proteins have been detected during primary HHV-8 In the present study, we examined the relative frequency of by guest on October 1, 2021 infection (11). The contribution of these T cells in the resolution of differentiated effector T cells in peripheral blood samples from HHV-8 infection has yet to be documented, because several im- HHV-8-infected and uninfected individuals. We report that mune evasion mechanisms targeting infected cell recognition by HHV-8-infected immunocompetent individuals have a signifi- CTL have been described including blocking Ag presentation, in- cant expansion of T lymphocytes expressing the ␥␦ V␦1 TCR hibiting costimulatory molecule surface expression, and deregu- and that these cells exhibit anti-HHV-8 specificity and antiviral lating T cell activation signaling (12). activity. The large majority of T cells present in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals express ␣␤ TCR, with T cells expressing Materials and Methods the complementary ␥␦ TCR typically accounting for Ͻ5% of Study population ␥␦ the circulating T cells (13). Two main subsets of human T Participants for this study were recruited from the Seattle, WA area for participation in studies of the natural shedding of HHV-8 infection (22). All HHV-8 positive subjects we studied were men who have sex with men, *Department of Laboratory Medicine and †Department of Medicine, University of were HIV-1-negative as shown by ELISA, had Abs to HHV-8 in a com- Washington and ‡Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Cen- bined whole virus ELISA plus a confirmatory immunofluorescence assay ter, Seattle WA 98109 (IFA), and were also observed to shed HHV-8 DNA in saliva on Ն2 days Received for publication June 18, 2007. Accepted for publication December 29, 2007. of observation. HHV-8 seronegative controls were enrolled from cohorts followed with known low rates of HHV-8 and who demonstrated persistent The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page seronegativity to HHV-8 over time. Both HHV-8 seropositive and sero- charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. negative populations were age matched. The study protocol was approved by the University of Washington Institutional Review Board, Seattle, WA. 1 This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants AI30731, R37 AI42528, RO1 DE016809, RO1 DE14149, and K23 AI054162-04. This research was Flow cytometry also supported by the University of Washington Center for AIDS Research, a National Institutes of Health-funded program (P30 AI 27757). PBMC were isolated from 50 ml of heparinized blood by Ficoll-Hypaque 2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Serge Barcy, Department of centrifugation and cryopreserved. Cells were stained with fluorescently la- Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, P.O. beled Abs as described previously. The staining combinations used were: Box 358070, Seattle, WA 98109. E-mail address: [email protected] CD3-Qdot 605, CD4-Alexa Fluor 405 (Caltag Laboratories/Invitrogen Life 3 Technologies), CD8-allophycocyanin-Alexa Fluor 750 (Caltag Laborato- Abbreviations used in this paper: HHV-8, human herpesvirus 8; HVS, Herpesvirus ␦ ␦ saimiri; KSHV, Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus; ORF, open reading frame; ries/Invitrogen Life Technologies), CD27-Qdot 655, V 1-FITC ( TCS1 PEL, primary effusion lymphoma; rh, recombinant human. clone; Pierce/Endogen), V␦2-PE (BD/Pharmingen), CD45R0-Texas Red-PE (Beckman/Coulter), CD11a-allophycocyanin (BD/Pharmingen), Copyright © 2008 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/08/$2.00 and CD57-Alexa Fluors680. All Abs (mAb) were purchased labeled except www.jimmunol.org 3418 ␥␦ T CELL STIMULATION FOLLOWING HHV-8 INFECTION CD3, CD27, and CD57, which were purchased purified from BD Pharmingen culture at a final concentration of 1 ␮g/ml. In some experiments cells from and conjugated in the laboratory using standard protocols (www.drmr.com/ different PEL lines were mixed with ␥␦ T cells (2 ϫ 106 cells/ml) at abcon). Qdot and Alexa dyes were purchased from Invitrogen Life Technol- various dilutions. When indicated, purified OKT3 or isotype control were ogies. Dead cells were excluded following staining with propidium iodide added at a final concentration of 5 ␮g/ml. For purified viral protein stim- (Sigma-Aldrich). Samples were analyzed on a LSR II flow cytometer (BD ulation, HVS-immortalized ␥␦ T cells (5 ϫ 105 cells/ml) were mixed with Biosciences). Data analysis, including postacquisition compensation, was per- irradiated (5,000 rad) heterologous PBMC (105 cells/ml) in the presence of formed using FlowJo software (Tree Star). the purified HHV-8 recombinant proteins gB, K8.1, ORF65, and ORF73 (0.5 ␮g/ml). After 48 h, culture supernatants from triplicate wells were Statistical analysis pooled and tested for the presence of cytokines. Measurements of hu- ␥ ␣ JMP software produced by the SAS Institute was used for all statistical man IFN- and TNF- were analyzed using a sandwich ELISA. Sam- ples were tested in duplicate. The coefficient of variation was always analyses. Significant values for comparisons between groups were deter- Ͻ mined by the nonparametric Wilcoxon’s rank sum analysis. Data are shown 10%. Matched pair mAbs were purchased from Endogen. The lowest detection limit for the IFN-␥
Load more

Recommended publications
  • August 13-14, 2015 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, Washington Cgt4hivcure2015.Org COMMUNITY EVENT
    August 13-14, 2015 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, Washington cgt4hivcure2015.org COMMUNITY EVENT Seattle, August 13-14 TABLE OF CONTENTS Welcome........................................................................................ 2 Scholarship Recipients .............................................................4 Scientific Organizing Committee ......................................... 5 Agenda ........................................................................................... 6 Keynote .......................................................................................... 8 Plenary Speakers ...................................................................... 10 Speakers (by session) ..............................................................14 Poster Presentation Abstracts ............................................43 Host Organizations ..................................................................58 Dinner and Reception .............................................................62 Sponsors ..................................................................................... 64 Community Representation and Financial Support .. 68 Conference on Cell & Gene Therapy for HIV Cure 2015 1 WELCOME On behalf of the Scientific Organizing Committee, we are pleased to welcome you to the 2nd annual Conference on Cell & Gene Therapy for HIV Cure 2015. It is a privilege to host this year’s event and we are proud to showcase the cutting-edge research in cell and gene therapy that has brought us closer than
    [Show full text]
  • Genital Herpes
    Genital herpes FACT SHEET Summary Published Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the 2016 herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2). Once a person is infected with HSV, the virus stays in the body for life. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can be transmitted through sexual contact. Genital herpes is an HSV infection of the groin, pubic CONTACT US area, genital area, anus, rectum or buttocks. by telephone 1-800-263-1638 All people who are sexually active may be at risk for 416-203-7122 genital herpes. by fax Many people with genital herpes have no symptoms or the 416-203-8284 symptoms are very mild so they go unnoticed or are mistaken for another skin condition. The most common symptoms of by e-mail genital herpes are lesions, which appear as painful blisters in [email protected] the genital area. by mail 555 Richmond Street West To test for genital herpes, samples are taken from the sites of Suite 505, Box 1104 suspected infection and tested for the presence of the virus. Toronto ON M5V 3B1 Blood tests can also be used to determine if HSV-1 or HSV-2 is present in the body. Antiviral medications can reduce the severity and frequency of genital herpes outbreaks. Genital herpes increases the risk of HIV transmission. Correct and consistent condom use and antiviral medication can reduce the risk of genital herpes transmission. Key messages on genital herpes for clients are available at the end of this fact sheet. The words we use here – CATIE is committed to using language that is relevant to everyone.
    [Show full text]
  • Herpes: a Patient's Guide
    Herpes: A Patient’s Guide Herpes: A Patient’s Guide Introduction Herpes is a very common infection that is passed through HSV-1 and HSV-2: what’s in a name? ....................................................................3 skin-to-skin contact. Canadian studies have estimated that up to 89% of Canadians have been exposed to herpes simplex Herpes symptoms .........................................................................................................4 type 1 (HSV-1), which usually shows up as cold sores on the Herpes transmission: how do you get herpes? ................................................6 mouth. In a British Columbia study, about 15% of people tested positive for herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2), which Herpes testing: when is it useful? ..........................................................................8 is the type of herpes most commonly thought of as genital herpes. Recently, HSV-1 has been showing up more and Herpes treatment: managing your symptoms ...................................................10 more on the genitals. Some people can have both types of What does herpes mean to you: receiving a new diagnosis ......................12 herpes. Most people have such minor symptoms that they don’t even know they have herpes. What does herpes mean to you: accepting your diagnosis ........................14 While herpes is very common, it also carries a lot of stigma. What does herpes mean to you: dating with herpes ....................................16 This stigma can lead to anxiety, fear and misinformation
    [Show full text]
  • Genital Warts Genital Herpes Pubic Lice Thrush
    Genital Warts Genital Herpes Pubic Lice Thrush Genital warts can be external or Genital herpes is a common STI and Pubic lice are tiny parasitic insects Candida albicans is a yeast that internal. In women, warts can be is caused by a virus, which is easily that live in coarse body hair, such lives harmlessly in the vagina, found in or around the vagina, passed on during sex with an as pubic hair, underarm and leg mouth and gut. Occasionally vulva, cervix or anus. infected partner. hair, the abdomen and chest, conditions change and the yeast In men the warts can be found on or eyelashes, and occasionally in multiplies, causing the infection around the penis, scrotum, urethra eyebrows and beards. known as thrush. What is it? or anus. 3 out of 4 women will have thrush at some point in their lives. Genital warts are caused by a virus There are two types of the virus – Getting pubic lice has nothing to do Your chances of developing thrush known as Human Pailloma Virus known as herpes simplex virus I and with poor personal hygiene, as they are increased if you: (HPV) which can cause visible or II – which are found on the mouth are passed on through close body • Are pregnant; invisible warts on the hands, feet or and nose (cold sores); on the genital contact or sexual contact. • Wear restrictive clothing; genital area. and anal area; and on the eyes, Occasionally, pubic lice can be • Are taking certain antibiotics; fingers and hands. spread by clothing, bedding and • Have diabetes; towels.
    [Show full text]
  • FAQ054 -- Genital Herpes
    AQ The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS FAQ054 GYNECOLOGIC PROBLEMS Genital Herpes • What is genital herpes? • How does genital herpes infection occur? f • What are the symptoms of genital herpes? • How is genital herpes diagnosed? • How is genital herpes treated? • Can I get rid of herpes? • What happens when lesions recur? • Is there any treatment that prevents repeat outbreaks? • How can I prevent transmission of genital herpes? • How can having genital herpes affect pregnancy? • What if I have sores at the time I give birth? • Can women with herpes breastfeed? • Glossary What is genital herpes? Herpes Virus Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Genital herpes is probably best known for the sores and Blister (Sore) 1 blisters it causes. These sores can appear around the lips, Skin Surface genitals, or anus. The place where the sores appear is the original site where the virus entered your body. Genital herpes can be spread through direct contact with these sores, most often during sexual activity. However, it also can be spread even if you do not see a sore. How does genital herpes infection occur? 4 The herpes virus can pass through a break in your skin during Spinal Cord vaginal, oral, or anal sex. It can enter the moist membranes Nerve Cell of the penis, vagina, urinary opening, cervix, or anus. Nerve 3 Once the virus gets into your body, it infects healthy cells. 2 Your body’s natural defense system then begins to fight the virus. This causes sores, blisters, and swelling. Besides the sex organs, genital herpes can affect the tongue, mouth, eyes, gums, lips, fingers, and other parts of the body.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Herpesvirus-8 and Kaposi Sarcoma After Kidney Transplantation Mechanisms of Tumor Genesis Eview R Pedram Ahmadpoor
    TRANSPLANTATION Human Herpesvirus-8 and Kaposi Sarcoma After Kidney Transplantation Mechanisms of Tumor Genesis eview R Pedram Ahmadpoor Division of Nephrology, Human herpesviruses (HHVs) are able to escape from complete Department of Medicine, clearance by the immune system. Their ability to become latent Shahid Labbafinejad Medical is due to their delicate interferences with the immune system. center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, This characteristic makes some of them known as important Tehran, Iran tumor viruses. Based on the prevalence of the seropositivity for the HHV-8, the world can be divided into 4 regions, one of Keywords. Kaposi sarcoma, which is the Middle East with a seroprevalence of 5% to 20%. The kidney transplantation, human incidence of iatrogenic Kaposi sarcoma, a cancer linked with HHV-8 herpesvirus-8 following organ transplantation, is 500 times higher than that in general population. In the Middle East, Kaposi sarcoma is the most common malignancy reported in kidney transplant recipients. In an immunocompromised host, the primary infection with HHV-8 presents with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphoid hyperplasia, pancytopenia, and liver dysfunction. Occasionally, rapid-onset Kaposi sarcoma develops in association with apparent primary HHV-8 infection. In this article, the tumor genesis mechanism of HHV-8 in kidney transplant recipients was reviewed. IJKD 2009;3:121-6 www.ijkd.org INTRODUCTION after organ transplantation. The other 2 members Herpesviruses are very clever viruses that not of betaherpesviruses are HHV-6 and HHV-7 that only present diversely as primary infections, which are the causes of exanthema subitum during are sometimes severe and confusing, but also are infancy and childhood.
    [Show full text]
  • WABR Booklet
    For the Greater Good Featuring Animals & Research: A Five-Part Series Published by the Seattle Post-Intelligencer W ASHINGTON A SSOCIATION for B IOMEDICAL R ESEARCH Cells isolated from chicken retinas and grown in culture are used to understand the development of the eye and to screen for factors that promote cell survival. Dear Reader: On the morning of April 16, 2000, readers of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer (P-I) opened their newspapers to discover that the front page of the popular Focus section was dominated by the introduction of an unprecedented five-part series on Animals & Research. In a rare opportunity, the general public had the chance to hear the unfiltered voices of the men and women whose daily work involves the use of animal models in medical research. The series was titled “For the Greater Good.” Each featured article portrays one author’s personal stories of people and animals whose lives have been improved or saved by medical breakthroughs made possible by animal research. We will remember these stories; they could be about our own families, friends and well-loved pets. They are stories about hope and triumph, obstacles and realities. With the publication of this booklet, members of the media, policy makers, researchers and their staffs, doctors, veterinarians, patients, neighbors, teachers and students across the country will have the chance to read these words. The series begins with Dr. Joseph Eschbach describing conversations with his patients about how animal-based research contributes to their medical care; it concludes with laboratory animal veterinarian Cindy Pekow detailing the careful attention given by “I am convinced popular staff members to every animal in her facility.
    [Show full text]
  • APEC Guidelines Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
    APEC Guidelines Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the genital tract is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STI). HSV is a double-stranded DNA virus differentiated as HSV-1 or HSV-2; most genital infections are caused by HSV-2 but genital infection by HIV-1 is becoming more common. It is estimated that approximately 45 million Americans have been infected with HSV-2; since HSV-1 also causes genital disease the prevalence of HSV genital disease is much higher. (ACOG 2007 reaffirmed 2012) Most individuals are unaware of their HSV infection with only 5 to 15% of infected individuals reporting recognition of their disease.(ACOG 2007 reaffirmed 2012) Risk factors for HSV infection include female gender, lifetime duration of sexual activity, minority ethnicity, prior STI, lower socioeconomic status, and numerous sex partners. Neonatal herpes is usually acquired during the intrapartum period through exposure to the virus in the genital tract. In utero and postnatal infections are rare but can occur. Approximately 80% of infected infants are born to mothers with no reported history of HSV infection. (ACOG 2007 reaffirmed 2012) It is estimated that there are 1,200 to 1,500 neonatal HSV infections in the US per year. (ACOG 2007 reaffirmed 2012) Two-thirds of neonatal HSV infections are due to HSV-2 and the remaining one- third to HSV-1 infection. (Wendel 2010) Antepartum Management Primary HSV acquired during late pregnancy has the highest likelihood for neonatal transmission. Diagnosis consists of history and physical examination with culture of the lesion(s).
    [Show full text]
  • Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Stds)
    exually transmitted diseases (STDs) are discussed in the following two chapters. We have chosen Sa different approach for this important public health topic because of the complexity, breadth, and multiple dimensions of these diseases. Persons may have one or more STDs. Some may be without symptoms, while others can present with an array of overlapping syndromes. The diagnosis is rarely made solely on a clinical basis, but usually requires laboratory and microbiological studies. With such diversity and so much overlap, Dr. Noreen Hynes of Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine and Public Health has graciously divided STDs into two broad clinical categories. Part I discusses the causes of genital “sores” while Part II focuses on the inflammatory STDs that cause “drips” or discharges. Rather than chapters on each specific disease, an anatomic approach has been taken that focuses on the specific site of the clinical findings. For each physical sign or symptom, such as a vaginal discharge or urethritis, the differential diagnosis is offered and discussed. We hope that this will be practical for clinicians in the field caring for homeless persons, and will help give a framework for approaching this increasingly complex topic. The following outlines are offered as a guide to the diseases discussed in the next two chapters. STDs, Part I: Genital Sores STDs, Part II: Drips and Discharges I. Ulcers (Genital Ulcer Disease) I. Acute Inflammatory STDs in Women Herpes Simplex Virus A. Lower Genital Tract STDs Primary Syphilis 1. Vaginitis Chancroid Bacterial Vaginitis (BV) Trichomoniasis II. Non-Ulcerative Genital Lesions Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) Genital Warts 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Hvtn Activities
    CONFERENCE ON RETROVIRUSES AND OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS (CROI) 2021 HVTN ACTIVITIES CROI 2021, taking place March 6-10, is geared toward researchers and clinical educators actively involved in the study and management of HIV, other retroviruses, and related medical conditions. This year, live and on-demand sessions will be available online to registered attendees during the conference. The following is a selection of talks and abstracts by HVTN- affiliated investigators at CROI (please note: this list may not reflect the entire HVTN program). All times listed are in Eastern Standard Time. For more schedule details, visit the CROI Agenda webpage. AGENDA ABSTRACT PRESENTATIONS Science Spotlight Presentations: Sunday, March 7 On Demand N’GALY-MANN LECTURE 11:25 AM - Lessons from the Concurrent HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 Pandemics: Infusion Reactions in the Phase 2B Antibody 12:05 PM A Two-Way Street Mediated Prevention (AMP) Studies Anthony S. Fauci, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Simbarashe Takuva, Shelly Karuna, Michal Juraska, Erika Rudnicki, Srilatha Edupuganti, CONCURRENT TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS Maija Anderson, Robert De La Grecca, Martin R. 12:20 PM - Design of Current and Future COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy Trials Gaudinski, Margarita M. Gomez Lorenzo, David 2:20 PM Holly Janes, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA Burns, Myron S. Cohen, Lawrence Corey, Kathy Mngadi, Nyaradzo M. Mgodi, for AMP Study Teams Monday, March 8 PLENARY SESSION 10:00 AM - SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Disparities in Health: From
    [Show full text]
  • Sexually Transmitted Infections & Diseases
    Sexually Transmitted Infections & Diseases Viral Infections •HPV Human Papillomavirus •Herpes Simplex Virus HSV 2 •Hepatitis B •HIV/AIDS HPV Human papillomavirus HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). HPV is so common that nearly all sexually active men and women get it at some point in their lives. There are many different types of HPV. Some types can cause health problems including genital warts and cancers. But there are vaccines that can stop these health problems from happening Human Papillomavirus How is HPV spread? You can get HPV by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the virus. It is most commonly spread during vaginal or anal sex. HPV can be passed even when an infected person has no signs or symptoms. Anyone who is sexually active can get HPV, even if you have had sex with only one person. You also can develop symptoms years after you have sex with someone who is infected making it hard to know when you first became infected. Does HPV cause health problems? • In most cases, HPV goes away on its own and does not cause any health problems. But when HPV does not go away, it can cause health problems like genital warts and cancer. • Genital warts usually appear as a small bump or group of bumps in the genital area. They can be small or large, raised or flat, or shaped like a cauliflower. A healthcare provider can usually diagnose warts by looking at the genital area • HPV can cause cervical and other cancers including cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus.
    [Show full text]
  • Herpes Simplex and Varicella–Zoster Virus Infections
    MJA PracticeMJ EssentialsA Practice Essentials InfectiousInfectious Diseases Diseases 10: Herpes simplex and varicella–zoster virus infections Dominic E Dwyer and Anthony L Cunningham The availability of effective antiviral therapy makes early diagnosis vital HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS types 1 and 2 and varicella–zoster Abstract virus are unique members of the Herpesviridae family, as they Thecan Medical infect Journalboth skin of Australia and nerves ISSN: 0025-729Xand develop 2 September latent ■ Any new patient with suspected genital herpes should infection2002 177within 5 267-273 the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. have diagnostic testing with virus identification. Infection©The withMedical these Journal viruses of Australia is common 2002 www.mja.com.au and causes a wide ■ Type-specific serological tests that distinguish between MJA Practice Essentials — Infectious Diseases range of clinical syndromes. Although these viruses infect antibodies for type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex virus healthy children and adults, disease is more severe and (HSV) may be useful to determine previous exposure but extensive in the immunocompromised. cannot be used to diagnose recurrences of genital herpes. ■ Initial episodes of genital herpes usually require antiviral Herpes simplex virus therapy, while recurrences may be treated with continuous antiviral suppression (if frequent) or episodic Pathogenesis and epidemiology therapy; patient counselling and education (including how to recognise lesions) are essential. Herpes simplex virus (HSV; Box 1) infects
    [Show full text]