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Lithuanian Papers ...---------- Advertisement ---------� FRONT COVER: Women of Lithuania Minor, in their national d�ess. A: 1�th century lithograph by German artist A. Kretschmer, reprinted with perm1ss1on from Lithuanian Heritage. Support the AUSTRALIAN LITHUANIAN FOUNDATION When in Sydney, visit the Its aim is to encourage, support and promote Lithuanian culture in many ways: in the sciences, education, art - and in LITHUANIAN CLUB various other Forms. You can make the Foundation stronger by joining it as a 16 - 18 East Terrace, BANKSTOWN, N.S.W. member, by making donations and by remembering it in Telephone (02) 708 1414 your will. When writing your will, please .state the Foundation's Meals - Library - Entertainment name and address correctly: AUSTRALIAN LITHUANIAN FOUNDATION Inc., 50 Errol Street, North Melbourne, Vic. Visitors Welcome (Advertisemenl) LithuanianCo-operative Credit Society lifdIDBm "Talka" Ltd supports the work of Lithuanian Studies Society I8IC';ri. Loans at competitive rates The illustratedjournal ofLithuanian Culture, Term or on-call savings accounts Historyand Ethnography Transfer of fundsto and fromLithuania Annual subscription (6 issues) Melbourne: Lithuaruan House (03) 328 3466 United States and possessions: US$29.95 ��\���URNE Sat: 10 a.m. • 2 p.m. P.O. Box 370 Canada: US$41.95 Sun: I p.m. • 3 p.m. NORrH MELBOURNE . p.m. Other countries: US$53.95 Mon: 10 a.m • 2 VIC. 3051 Published by Adelaide: Sydney: (08) 362 7377 (02) 796 8662 Baltech Publishing Sun: I p.m. - 3 p.m. Sun: I p.m. - 3 p.m. P.O. Box 225 LithuaruanHouse Lithuaruan Club 4 Eas�-Strect 24 East Terrace Lemont, IL 60439-0225 U.S.A. NORW OD. S.A. 5432 BANKSTOWN. NSW. 2200 1 - -�----- �-- -- - ·- . - -- --- - -- __;--- -- - - ISSN1031·3958 Lithuanian Papers A Note from the President ANNUAL JOURNAL OF THE LITHUANIAN STUDIES SOCIETY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA The Lithuanian Studies Society at the University of Tasmania has Volume 9 1995 had another productive year. Including this volume, the Society has had around 100 articles published on Lithuania furthering our EDITOR: AlgimanrasP.TASKUNAS, O.A.M. aimto increase awareness about Lithuania in the wider community. PUBLISHER: Tasmania University Union Lithuanian Studies Society. One of our members, Al Taskunas, began a PhD in the Education EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS ADDRESS: .P.O.Box 777, SANDY BAY, Faculty this year where he will investigate Lithuanian (and other Tas.7005 (Australia). Phone (OM))'S ·2505 or 20 2541. Fax (002) 23 4105. Ethnic) Studies in Higher Education System. Al i the fifth member PRINTED in Australia by AdvancePublicity Co., 550 East DerwentHwy., to undertake postgraduate research at the University of Tasmania Lindisfame,Tas. 7 015. Telephone(002) 43 6083. with a focuson Lithuania. © TIJULithuanian Studies Society, Sandy Bay, Tasmania. I welcome this opportunity to introduce Lithuanian Papers volume 9 which I am ure you will enjoy reading. There is the usual mix of papers from politics, history environment education, and the arts. Contents Manyare written by peoplewho have recently spenttime in Lithuania A note from the Society's President AmandaBanks 3 making their stories all the more pertinent and heartfelt. I must thank sincerely all tho e contributors who have endowed us Lithuania Minor Vytas Kernius 5 with their expertise and wonderful insights without honorarium. Letter to the Editor: Koenigsberg/Kaliningrad Christopher Cox 16 We also thank Mrs Pam Titherley forher excellent type etting and David Robson at Advance Publicity forprinting the final product. The Teutonic Order and the Prussians Audrone Barunaite Willeke 17 In addition, I would like to thank the advertisers whose welcome Ignalina Nuclear Plant Amanda J. Banks and John J. Todd 30 support has reduced the financial burden on producing this volume. Leonas Urbonas Genovaite Kazokas We are also grateful for the support provided by many private 45 person and organisations who have donated money forour work. World Bank in Lithuania Arturas Ratas 49 The followingdonation were received up to November 10, 1995: What is the Measure of Man? Isolde I. Pot.elaite-Davis 52 Australian Lithuanian Foundation, $2000; V.Patasius, Lithuanian Co-op Conscripts for the Soviet Empire AlgirdasMakarevitius 56 Credit Soc. Talka, $1000 each; Lithuanian Club in Melbourne Inc., $500; Melbourne Lithuanian Pensioners' Society, $375; Melbourne Lithuanian Reflections on Lithuania after 4 months at VMU Jenny Mallick 61 Catholic Women's Association, $250; Soc.Globos Moteru Draugija Melbourne, lrta Valodkiene (Geelong Lithuanian Community), LKVS Heart-to-Heart: Lithuanian and US Sisters S. Barbara Valuckas 68 Ramove Melbourne, Kankl es Ensemble Melbourne, $100 each; Summer in Lithuania, 1994 JenniferRakauskas 71 Adelaide Lithuanian Catholic Women's Society, OLK Vytenio Sauliu kuopa Melbourne, Or.S.Pacevicius, $50each; M.O'Learey, S.Katinas, Learning a Language (Kalb9Mokslas,Sprachenle hre) J.J. Sauerwein 76 $30 each; B.G.King, J.A.Rakauskas, $25 each; S.&E.Smyth,J.Zinkus, C.Narkunas, A.&M.Reisgys, A.E.Rahdon, Mrs.Eskirtas, J.Paskevicius, I Book Review (1): Sauerwein Mitteilungen aus baltischem Leben 77 B.Francas, $20 each; E.Sidlauskas, $16; J.W.Kuncas, $15; Mrs.L.Duns­ Book Review (2): A Guide to Immigration Maze Simon Ta!kimas 78 dorts, $12; M.Musinskas, N.A.Nilsson, P.Siauciunas A.P.Andrikonis $1 O each; Anon.(S.A.), B.Siksnius, $6 each; Anon. (Geelong), Kaleidoscope: The Red October Donatas Januta 19 Rev.D.Clarke, $5 each. Amanda Banks -President, Lithuanian Studies Society 2 3 Lithuania Minor Vytas KERNIUS LUKAITIS PARTNERS U.S.A. Lithuania Minor is the area on the southeast rim of the Baltic Sea Solicitors & Notary enclosed by the Republic of Lithuania to the north and east, and Poland to the south. Although up until the First World War it was officially part of the northeastern section of German Prussia, from 123 Church Street as early as the 16th century German writers and historians had called this area "Kleinlittaw" (Little Lithuania). The northernpart HAWTHORN VIC 3122 of Lithuania Minor, around the city of Konigsberg (Karaliaucius in Australia Lithuanian) became occupied by the Soviet Union during the Second World War and was renamed Kaliningrad Region (Kaliningradskaia Oblast). The southern part was assigned to Poland. Since then Kaliningrad has undergone heavy colonisation PHONE: (03) 9819 5515 and militarisation by the Soviet Union and Russia. FAX: (03) 9819 6078 The status of both, Germany and Russia in _this area has always been that of an occupier and coloniser, but Lithuanian roots in Lithuania Minor Mr Joseph Lukaitis go back thou­ Mr Andrew Zilinskas sands of years. Ms Jane Gardiner This is attested by the myriad of Mrs Alison Trompf place-names of Mrs Bronwyn O'Brien Baltic origin cov­ ering the land­ scape. Histori­ cally, culturally, ethnographically, Experts in Property, Commercial and Litigation Law. and linguistically Expert Investment Advice. Lithuania Minor is more closely Agents in Vilnius and Rome. related to Lithu­ ania than to any BELARUS other country. POLAND 4 5 Early History The area was settled over 4,000 years ago by people who together with the Lithuanians and Latvians formed the Baltic branch of the Indo-European group. From between 600 and 400 B.C. these people were already known as Prussians. Unlike the Germanswho conquered and later ruled the area as Prussians, these "Old Prussians" were of Baltic, not Germanic stock. The three Baltic nations hared the same language, traditions, customs and pagan religion. The Old Prussians, whose inhabited area according to historians extended from the Nemunas River in the east to far beyond the Vistula (Wisla) River in present-day Poland in the west, were comprised of many clans with such strange names as the Pomesanians, Pogesanians, Varmians, Bartians, Natangians, Sambians, Nadrovians, Skalvians, Galindians and others. It is believed that the Pomeranians and Pomerelians were also Prussians. German power was first introduced to this area around 1228-30 AD. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II "gave" the lands of the Prussians to the German. Order of Teutonic Knights for the purpose of baptising the pagans into the Christian faith and ruling over the conquered lands. The Teutonic Order was one of many religious-military organisations that were expelled by the Muslims • The city of Tille (Ger. Ti/sit), shown here in a. 17th from the Holy Land at the end of the Crusades, and were out of century engraving, was considered as the true capital of work. The Order invaded the land of the Prussians and from their Lithuania Minor. fortress city of Marienburg began a war of conquest and plunder. In 1255 the Knights built the castle and city of Konigsberg or Teutonic Knights directed their campaigns toward the �gdo� of "King's Hill" (Lat. Mons Regius or Regiomontum) on the Lithuania. The Order built a series of castles along the L1thuaruan Sambian peninsula, in place of an old Prussian fortresswhich local border from which incursions and attacks against the Lithuanians residents called Tvankste (which in Lithuanian means "sultriness"). could be launched. One of these was the coastal fortre of Memelburg, built on the site of an old Lithuanian settlement named Over the course of several decades, with the support of the K.laipeda. Emperor and other European monarchs and the blessing of the Catholic Popes who called crusades against the pagan Prussians, In 1410, the combined Lithuanian-Polish armies invaded the l�� the conquest of the area was completed. The Prussian population of the Order and defeated its might at the Battle of Zalgms was exterminated or submitted to slavery. The conquerors assumed (Tannenberg). Lithuanian ruler Vytautas the Grea�, who led �e that the Order's lands m Old Prussia the name of the conquered and called their new state Prussia. battle to victory, proclaimed 11 another ' "are my inheritance left to me by my f�rebears .. On After consolidating their power in Prussia and uniting their forces occasion GrandDulce Vytautas remarked: 7:1ie P�uss�ans descen_d with the Swordbearer - another German religious-military order frommy ancestralfamily".
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