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Assessment of Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater from Basara

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Assessment of Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater from Basara Appl Water Sci DOI 10.1007/s13201-016-0489-x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Assessment of fluoride contamination in groundwater from Basara, Adilabad District, Telangana State, India 1 1 A. Narsimha • V. Sudarshan Received: 9 September 2015 / Accepted: 10 October 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The major objective of this study was to locate continuous exposure ([1.5 mg L-1) to fluoride can give the vulnerable areas in terms of fluoride contamination. A rise to a number of adverse effects, including dental fluo- total of 34 groundwater samples were collected from major rosis, skeletal fluorosis, increased rate of bone fractures, drinking water sources in rural areas of Basara, Telangana, decreased birth rates, increased rate of urolithiasis (kidney and studied with reference to the distribution and hydro- stones), impaired thyroid function, and impaired develop- geochemistry of fluoride. The geochemical trend of ment of intelligence in children (WHO 2006). Fluoride groundwater in the study area demonstrates that sodium is concentration is an important aspect of hydrogeochemistry, the dominant cation (Na? [ Ca2? [ Mg2? [ K?) and because of its impact on human health. The main potential – – chloride is the dominant anion (Cl [ HCO3 [ health risks from fluoride are considered to be fluorosis or 2– 2– – – SO4 [ CO3 [ NO3 [ F ). The fluoride concentration bone disease. Drinking water is a major source of human varied from 0.06 to 4.33 (1.13 ± 0.90) mg L-1 with the intake of fluoride, including its subsequent incorporation highest fluoride level at Karegaon village (4.33 mg L-1). into food items. In skeletal fluorosis, high dose of fluoride Seven locations showed the presence of fluoride in excess replaces bone calcium in the form of calcium fluoride, and of permissible levels. bones become soft, crumble and chalky white. In human health, high levels of fluoride are related to bone and teeth Keywords Groundwater Á Fluoride Á Granitic terrain Á diseases as well as with negative effects on the reproduc- Basara Á Telangana State tive and nervous systems (Edmunds and Smedley 1996). Fluorosis is a considerable health problem worldwide, which is afflicting millions of people in many areas of the Introduction world, for example East Africa, Turkey, India, southeastern Korea, China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, Fluoride is an essential microelement for human health. Algeria, Mexico, Korea, Italy, Brazil, Malawi, Jordan, However, if present in excess it contaminates groundwater. Ethiopia, Canada, Norway, Ghana and Kenya. Fluoride is a major contaminant of groundwater reserves In India, the excessive presence of fluorides in ground- globally. Statistically, smaller quantities (\1.0 mg L-1)in water is present in nearly 177 districts covering 20 states drinking water are usually considered to have a beneficial and Telangana is one of them (Narsimha and Sudarshan effect on the rate of occurrence of dental caries, particu- 2016). In the early 1930s, fluorosis was reported only in larly among children (WHO 2006), but excessive four states of India, in 1986 it was 13, in 1992 it was 15, in 2002 it was 17, and now it is 20, indicating that endemic fluorosis has emerged as one of the most alarming public & A. Narsimha health problems of the country (Ayoob and Gupta 2006). [email protected] Fluoride is present in the form of naturally occurring minerals as fluorite (CaF ), apatite [Ca (PO ) F], cryolite 1 Department of Applied Geochemistry, 2 5 4 3 University College of Science, Osmania University, (Na3AlF6), topaz, tourmaline, muscovite, biotite, horn- Hyderabad, Telangana 500 007, India blende and villianmite (Handa 1975). Fluoride 123 Appl Water Sci concentration in natural water depends on various factors and hornblende. These are medium-grained to coarse- such as temperature, pH, solubility of fluorine-bearing grained and equigranular in texture. The typical grey col- minerals, anion exchange capacity of aquifer materials our is due to the presence of the plagioclase feldspar and (OH– for F-), and the nature of geological formations quartz. Pink granites are generally coarse and porphyritic drained by water and contact time of water with a partic- and composed of potash feldspars, quartz, plagioclase, ular formation (Mithas Ahmad Dar et al. 2011). The fluo- biotite and hornblende with some accessories. The main ride in drinking water is mainly reported in the hard rock objective of this study is to assess fluoride concentration in terrains in India (Handa 1975; Reddy et al. 2010). A groundwater and its relationship between the physico- number of cases of fluorosis have been reported mostly chemical parameters. from the granite and gneissic complex of different states such as Telangana State (Ram Mohan Rao et al. 1993; Narsimha and Sudarshan 2013, 2016), Andhra Pradesh Materials and methods (Nagaraju Arveti et al. 2011), Odisha (Kundu et al. 2001). The present study region forms a part of the stable Dharwar Groundwater samples of 34 locations around Basara, Craton of the South Indian shield. It exposes rocks of Adilabad District, Telangana State, were collected in pre- peninsular gneissic complex (PGC), Dharwar Supergroup, washed polyethylene narrow-mouth bottles (Fig. 1). Sam- and also of Deccan Traps. The PGC, which covers most of ples were collected only from the bore well/hand pumps, the area, comprises granites and gneisses. The Archaean which are in regular use for drinking purposes. Ground- crystalline rocks are represented by pink and grey granites water was collected after pumping the wells for 5–10 min and gneisses. Grey granites occupy dominant portion of the and rinsing the bottles for two to three times with water to area. These rocks are composed of quartz, feldspars, biotite be sampled. For sample collection, preservation, and Fig. 1 Location map of the Basara area and its groundwater locations along with drainage pattern from Adilabad district, Telangana State, South India 123 Appl Water Sci Table 1 Analytical data for the groundwater samples from the study area (EC in lScm-1, remaining mg L-1, except pH) 2– – – 2– – 2? 2? ? ? – Sample Longitude Latitude pH EC TDS TH CO3 HCO3 Cl SO4 NO3 Ca Mg Na K F Ionic ID Balance W1 77°5801100 18°5101700 6.61 392 251 160 0 85 128 42.5 22 42 13 76 4 0.37 2.6 W2 77°5805300 18°5104200 6.61 863 552 325 0 152 340 75 60 104 16 122 25 0.57 –8.0 W3 77°5904200 18°5103100 7.02 314 201 150 0 110 64 25 17.5 38 13 47 3 0.74 7.1 W4 77°5604900 18°5103200 6.57 235 150 115 0 85 50 5 4 30 9 15 8 0.46 2.0 W5 77°5504600 18°5102900 7.24 549 351 40 21 140 96 75 38 10 4 154 2 2.2 –1.9 W6 77°5502100 18°5203200 7.61 863 552 80 18 350 113 150 40 20 7 250 3 2.22 –3.0 W7 77°5502100 18°5303300 7.52 2039 1305 650 12 134 638 375 24 105 10 420 4 0.91 –8.2 W8 77°5405900 18°5401300 6.47 2118 1355 850 0 98 1010 300 80 339 1 370 4 0.06 –6.3 W9 77°550600 18°5505600 6.77 1177 753 500 33 128 110 250 38 125 22 120 5 0.48 –0.0 W10 77°550900 18°570600 7.62 392 251 35 12 135 53 120 42 10 2 161 4 2.56 3.2 W11 77°5405500 18°5802700 8.03 471 301 85 15 128 50 80 40 8 16 121 4 2.48 5.7 W12 77°5601200 18°5801600 7.3 392 251 115 18 125 89 50 35 38 5 118 4 1.19 5.4 W13 77°5503600 18°5902600 6.9 471 301 160 15 98 124 50 15 36 17 102 1 1.12 5.3 W14 77°560600 18°590100 7.53 314 201 110 15 120 43 7.5 32 26 11 63 2 1.13 6.9 W15 77°5603000 18°5903200 7.62 314 201 150 12 110 74 12.5 13 40 12 49 2 0.96 4.1 W16 77°570300 18°5804800 6.78 549 351 250 18 49 266 17.5 60 66 21 95 2 0.94 –5.3 W17 77°5801400 18°5903500 6.97 314 201 85 15 61 89 7.5 4 32 1 46 2 0.54 –6.3 W18 77°5901700 18°5805100 7.27 314 201 35 15 110 64 2.5 130 10 2 119 2 4.33 –3.0 W19 77°5802000 18°5804100 6.52 549 351 270 15 61 227 25 0.8 66 25 82 3 0.43 3.2 W20 77°5703700 18°580500 7.42 471 301 75 18 125 96 27.5 42 18 7 129 3 1.46 4.0 W21 77°5801900 18°5704500 7.07 314 201 95 18 79 42 5 56 24 8 66 3 1.43 8.1 W22 77°5804100 18°570500 7.28 471 301 150 21 103 120 37.5 35 20 24 110 3 2.44 4.8 W23 77°5808000 18°5608500 6.57 627 401 235 9 67 287 20 56 68 16 120 7 0.27 –3.4 W24 77°5604800 18°5604900 7.16 863 552 210 24 116 467 50 60 36 29 312 4 2.03 –0.1 W25 77°5704400 18°570900 7.21 471 301 90 30 120 89 51 48 28 4 139 4 1.25 3.7 W26 77°5802700 18°560800 7.18 314 201 125 15 85 85 15 2 38 7 61 4 0.76 6.0 W27 77°580100 18°5405700 6.89 392 251 185 12 134 74 10 27 38 21 43 4 0.86 2.5 W28 77°5902200 18°540200 6.91 706 452 160 15 165 227 32.5 35 42 13 169 5 0.78 –1.0 W29 77°5803500 18°5301000 7.15 627 401 210 30 183 252 25 32 85 6 120 39 0.26 –5.2 W30 77°5702000 18°5302800 6.84 392 251 170 18 104 156 37.5 8 50 10 92 4 0.75 –1.3 W31 77°5603400 18°5301000 6.71 549 251 315 24 122 308 17.5 60 102 14 94 16 0.71 –8.8 W32 77°5604500 18°5201400 7.73 235 150 95 30 73 89 27.5 25 22 10 89 5 0.54 2.0 W33 77°5701900 18°5202400 6.68 627 401 310 0 98 234 50 18 104 12 107 5 0.11 6.9 W34 77°5801900 18°5202600 7.44 549 351 120 18 250 110 50 42 18 18 191 4 1.02 6.3 Minimum 6.47 235 150 35 0 49 42 2.5 0.8 8 1 15 1 0.06 –8.8 Maximum 8.03 2118 1355 850 33 350 1010 375 130 339 29 420 39 4.33 8.1 Average 7.094 595.24 377.8 197 15.18 120.7 184 62.53 36.5 54.1 11.94 129 5.71 1.13 1.0 analysis, standard methods (APHA 1995) were followed.
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