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Macauba: a Promising Tropical Palm for the Production of Vegetable Oil

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Macauba: a Promising Tropical Palm for the Production of Vegetable Oil OCL 2018, 25(1), D108 © C.A. Colombo et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2017038 OCL Oilseeds & fats Crops and Lipids Topical issue on: Available online at: THE OIL & PROTEIN CROP SUPPLY CHAIN IN SOUTH AMERICA www.ocl-journal.org LA FILIÈRE OLÉOPROTÉAGINEUSE EN AMÉRIQUE DU SUD RESEARCH ARTICLE Macauba: a promising tropical palm for the production of vegetable oil Carlos Augusto Colombo1,*, Luiz Henrique Chorfi Berton1, Brenda Gabriela Diaz1 and Roseli Aparecida Ferrari2 1 Genetic Resources Center, Agronomic Institute of São Paulo (IAC), Campinas, SP, Brazil 2 Food Chemistry and Applied Nutrition Center, Institute of Food Technology (ITAL), Campinas, SP, Brazil Topical Issue Received 22 June 2017 – Accepted 13 July 2017 Abstract – The growing global demand for vegetable oils for food and for replacing fossil fuels leads to increased oilseeds production. Almost 122 of the current 187 million tons of vegetable oils produced in the world correspond to palm and soybean oils. The oil palm is cultivated in the tropical zone, in areas formerly occupied by forests, and soybean oil is a by-product of protein meal production. The diversification of raw materials for the vegetable oil market is thus strategic for both food and non-food sectors. Sources for vegetable oil should be economically competitive and provide sustainability indexes higher than that provided by oil palm and soybean. In this context, we describe the potential of Acrocomia aculeata, popularly known as macauba. Macauba is an American palm from the tropical zones which presents oil productivity and quality similar to that of the oil palm. It grows spontaneously in a wide range of environments and it is not very water demanding. Macauba palm has a high potential for oil production and for diversification of co-products with some potential of value aggregation. Such a perennial and sustainable species will probably fulfill the requirements to become an important new commercial oilseed crop. Keywords: Acrocomia aculeata / macauba palm / palm tree / biodiesel / sustainability Résumé – Macauba : un palmier tropical prometteur pour la production d’huile végétale. La demande mondiale croissante d’huiles végétales pour l’alimentation et pour remplacer les combustibles fossiles entraîne une production accrue d’oléagineux. Près de 122 des 187 millions de tonnes d’huiles végétales actuellement produites dans le monde sont issues de palme ou de soja. Le palmier à huile est cultivé en zone tropicale, sur des surfaces anciennement occupées par des forêts ; l’huile de soja est un sous-produit de la production de protéines. La diversification des matières premières pour ce marché est donc stratégique pour les secteurs alimentaire et non alimentaire. Les sources d’huiles végétales devraient être économiquement compétitives et afficher des indices de durabilité plus élevés que le palmier à huile et le soja. Dans ce contexte, nous décrivons le potentiel d’Acrocomia aculeata, connu sous le nom de macauba. Ce palmier américain provenant des zones tropicales présente une productivité et une qualité d’huile similaires à celles du palmier à huile. Il se développe spontanément dans un large éventail d’environnements et n’est pas très exigeant en eau. Le palmier macauba possède un potentiel de rendement élevé en huile et de diversification des coproduits à forte ajoutée. Une telle espèce pérenne et durable répondra probablement aux exigences pour devenir une nouvelle variété commerciale importante. Mots clés : Acrocomia aculeata / palmier macauba / palmier / biodiesel / durabilité 1 Introduction due to rising food consumption in emerging countries and in biofuels application. Of these, 37.6% (70.3 million tons) are Global production of vegetable oil is growing and it is provided by palm and palm kernel and 30% (55 million tons) estimated as187 million tons for 2016/2017, according to by soybean. The remaining 32.5% are supplied by canola, fl USDA-FSA (USDA, 2017), with a forecast of 195 million sun ower, peanut and cottonseed oils (Fig. 1). Palm oil represents almost 40% of the world’s vegetable oil production, with 70.3 million tons of oil produced in à Correspondence: [email protected] Indonesia and Malaysia with account for 86.5% of that total This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. C.A. Colombo et al.: OCL 2018, 25(1), D108 Fig. 1. Global vegetable oil production and consumption (Source: USDA, 2017). (USDA, 2014). The share of the American continent in the nominal capacity for biodiesel production (B100) in Brazil was world vegetable oil production is around 25%, soybean being around 7.3 million m3, approximately 609 thousand m3/month. the main source, with 58% of this value, followed by canola However, domestic production was close to 3.4 million m3, (8%) and palm oil (5%) according to Torres (2013). which corresponded to 44.89% of total capacity, as reported by The species Elaeis guineensis is of tropical origin and the Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Federal Government cultivated on a large scale only in tropical countries providing (MME, 2017). adequate sunshine and water balance, with an annual rainfall Whether for food or industrial use, many factors should above 1500 mm, a monthly distribution between 120 and motivate the choice of raw material, such as local availability, 150 mm in the absence of any long dry season (Bastos et al., economic viability, storage conditions, physico-chemical 2001). Brazil contributes to only 0.54% of global palm oil properties of the oil and its performance as biofuel. Oil crop produced worldwide, the Northern region of the country production also varies according to the region due to soil and concentrating 80% of the national production, which is climate characteristics, among others (Hass and Foglia, 2006). 340 000 tons per year. The average Brazilian productivity is For soybean oil, homogeneity and productivity are linked to 2000 kilos of oil per hectare against the 4000 produced in the degree of agricultural technology involved in the Indonesia and Malaysia, considering the production and production. However, soybean has low oil yield (400 kg per occupied area (USDA, 2014). hectare) and does not favor regional development, since it is The USDA forecast (2017) is that world vegetable oil concentrated in the southern and center-western regions of consumption is expected to grow, reflecting both population Brazil and presents low social insertion (IPEA, 2012; Sauer, growth and GDP growth in emerging economies. It will also be 2006). impacted by the biodiesel production which, according to The economic feasibility of production of jatropha, Byerlee et al. (2016), represents almost half of the increase in sunflower, crambe, canola, babassu, among other oilseeds, vegetable oil consumption. Considering the total of palm oil also depends on research and technological advances. Palm oil produced in the world, 80% is used by the food sector, 10% in has been one of the largest bets, but its planting should be oleochemistry and 10% in bioenergy and biofuels (Andrade, restricted to the Northern region of Brazil, due to its 2015). In the case of biodiesel, United States, Argentina, dependence on the water regime. The oil palm cultivation China, Brazil, Germany and France are important examples of throughout the region is also limited by the large impact of Bud countries that have adopted the inclusion of biofuel in their Rot in Latin America (De Franqueville, 2003). energy supply (Mattei, 2017; Souza et al., 2016). In the specific Given this background, we present in this article a new case of Brazil, biodiesel policy was implemented in 2004 tropical species for the production of vegetable oil. Indeed the under Law 11,097, and the last resolution establishes the Acrocomia aculeate palm (also generally called macauba proportion of 8% biodiesel to diesel oil sold to the consumer. palm) has generated increasing interest from scientists and This measure has increased interest in the diversification of agronomists in Brazil. alternative sources of raw materials for oil production, especially from plant species, and species such as jatropha, castor bean and crambe have been studied for the viability or 2 Botanical characteristics dynamization of their respective production chains in order to meet the growing demand for renewable biofuel in the country. The macauba palm (Acrocomia aculeata, Arecacea) is a Soybean oil accounted for 78% of all biodiesel manufac- perennial, heliophilous palm of 4–15 m in height, with a tured in Brazil, followed by animal fat (18%), cotton oil (1%) glabrous, fusiform cylindrical stipe which is densely acular and and used frying oil (1%) on average between January and May ringed. It shows 20 to 40 leaves agglomerated at the apex of the of 2017. Approximately 1.5 million tons of soybean oil was stipe, pinnate composites, 4 to 5 m in length, petiolate; used for the production of biodiesel, according to Abiove alternate leaflets unevenly distributed along the rachis, may (2017). Data provided by the National Agency of Petroleum, contain numerous spines. Interfoliar and branched inflores- Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP), showed that in 2016, the cences, have a long rachis with several branches of equal size, Page 2 of 9 C.A. Colombo et al.: OCL 2018, 25(1), D108 Topical Issue Fig. 2. A- Adult plant of Acrocomia aculeate palm; B- Bunch of fruits; C- Detail of the fruit; D- Open inflorescence; E- Detail of the inflorescence, with female flowers located in the basal region and male flowers in the apical region. multiflorous. Pistilated flowers are always forming triads and occurs at higher densities in open areas, associated with flowers staminated in great number in the apex. The species is pasture areas, and also in semi-deciduous forests and in monoic, protogenic and with annual seasonal flowering.
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