H;¬Œ;Mí∫;Μ Words an English-To-H;¬Œ;Mí∫;Μ and H;¬Œ;Mí∫;Μ-To-English Dictionary

H;¬œ;mí∫;µ Words An English-to-H;¬œ;mí∫;µ and H;¬œ;mí∫;µ-to-English Dictionary

Prepared for the Chemainus, Nanaimo, and Nanoose First Nations and Nanaimo School District No. 68

This work can be photocopied for educational or scholastic purposes with permission from the H;¬œ;mí∫;µ Language Project. The Project can be reached through any of the above parties.

Cover art by Noel Brown.

ii Edited by:

Donna B. Gerdts (Simon Fraser University) Leonard Edwards (Nanoose First Nation) Charles H. Ulrich (University of British Columbia) Brian D. Compton (University of British Columbia)

Contributing Elders:

Wilfred Aleck (Chemainus) Anne Bob (Nanoose) Jim Bob (Nanoose) Leonard Edwards (Nanoose) May Frenchie (Nanaimo) Hazel Good (Nanaimo) Margaret James (Nanaimo) Emily Manson (Nanaimo) Dora Sampson (Chemainus) Steve Sampson, Sr. (Chemainus) Bill Seward (Nanaimo) Chester Thomas (Nanaimo) Eva Thomas (Nanaimo) Theresa Thorne (Cowichan) Anderson Tommy (Nanaimo) Ellen White (Nanaimo) George Wyse (Nanaimo)

iii Acknowledgments

The production of this book has been sponsored by the Nanoose First Nation through a grant from the First People’s Cultural Foundation. We thank them for their support, which was essential for the completion of this work. We thank Barbara Barltrop, Leonard Edwards, and Andy Klakikat for securing these funds, and Reinouw Abbott, project coordinator, and Barbara Barltrop, project administrator, for supervising our work. The Nanoose Elders made up the core production team on this project. Leonard Edwards vetted a preliminary version. Then Anne Bob, Jim Bob, and Leonard Edwards discussed and corrected the data. Thanks to these Elders for their diligent work and also for keeping the project on track, especially when it all seemed so overwhelmingly tedious. Thanks also to Jenny Bob for assisting with meetings. The research underlying this book came about as a joint project between Nanaimo School District No. 68 and the Chemainus, Nanaimo, and Nanoose First Nations. We thank the First Nations representatives, Barbara Barltrop (Nanoose), Terry Sampson (Chemainus), and Barbara White (Nanaimo), for their help and cooperation. We would also like to thank Judy Fraser, Jim Kellogg, Leslie Lippert, and Donna Ross of School District 68, who facilitated the planning and implementation process, and Adele Klatt, for providing administrative support. Thanks to Mercedes Hinkson, Simon Fraser University, for initiating this project and helping with the first round of research. Thanks to David Bodaly, Geraldine Manson, and Maria Seward for coordinating the Elders’ meetings that took place during 1994-1997. The Chemainus, Nanaimo, and Nanoose First Nations provided space for our meetings and transportation for the Elders. Also thanks to Geraldine Manson and Penny Seward for inviting us to participate in the Nanaimo Elders’ group. Funding for the research came from the Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Education, through two Aboriginal Education Curriculum Development Grants and two Implementation Grants spanning the period of 1994-1997. We also acknowledge support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Jacobs Fund, and Simon Fraser University through a President’s Research Grant. SFU also provided the

iv audio equipment used in this project. Thanks to Dr. Evan Alderson, former Dean of Arts, Simon Fraser University, for allowing my time to be seconded to the language project. Buy-out was jointly accomplished by the Nanoose First Nation, the Nanaimo First Nations Treaty Negotiation Office, and School District 68. We also thank the Nanaimo First Nations Treaty Negotiations Office for their support for research on placenames and on flora and fauna. The identifications and discussions of flora and fauna are based on the remarks of the Elders. Working with ethnobiologist Brian Compton, the Elders examined specimens or photographs and made cultural commentaries about their location and use. In some instances, identifications are only tentative. Further work is under way to expand and improve our understanding of the traditional and contemporary cultural significance of the biological world. We hope to complete a more detailed work on flora and fauna in the near future. Charles Ulrich was responsible for font design, technical assistance, data entry, word processing, and producing and editing the manuscript. We thank him for seeing this project through and also for understanding our commitment to research on the language. Tom Hukari and Wayne Suttles, mentors and colleagues, have been very helpful in verifying data. Dr. Hukari’s Cowichan Dictionary has not only provided a tremendous reference that has greatly assisted this project but has also set a very high standard of scholarship. We hope that we have adequately followed in his footsteps. We thank Dr. Suttles for sharing his knowledge with us. His comments on flora, fauna, placenames, and items of material culture have been very important. We are also indepted to both Dr. Hukari and Dr. Suttles for discussion of loans from English and from Chinook Jargon. Thanks go to the other Elders and also families of the Elders for their interest in this work. We especially thank Charlotte Aleck, Jenny Bob, Donna Edwards, Geraldine Manson, Agnes Padilla, Steve Sampson, Jr., and Penny Seward. Their commitment will build a bridge to the future for the language. We also thank Benedict Alphonse for visiting our project and sharing his knowledge. Saving the most important to last, we express our deepest appreciation and affection to the Elders who so generously shared their knowledge of the H;¬œ;mí∫;µ language. No thanks can ever be sufficient for the effort that

v they have put into this project and no book can ever do justice to their knowledge of the language and the culture. Despite illness, accident, and the ever-increasing demands of teaching, working, and serving, they have continued with this project. Sadly, Emily Manson and Wilfred Aleck have been lost to us and we miss them greatly. In their memory and for the sake of generations to come, the work continues.

vi Introduction

This dictionary represents words from speakers of the Chemainus, Nanaimo, and Nanoose dialects of H;¬œ;mí∫;µ. It is a collective project of research with several elders. Not all words are known or used by all speakers, but each word included here has been recognized by at least one of the Elders in our project. Usually the words are relevant to speakers of all three dialects, since the dialects are very closely related. They all are members of the larger dialect area known as Island H;¬œ;mí∫;µ. Sometimes, though, the Nanaimo dialect may differ in a vocabulary item or in the pronunciation of a word. We have indicated words of this type by giving the dialect name. Where there is a difference, the Nanoose Elders, due to a shared history with Chemainus, usually have the same word as Chemainus. It should be emphasized, though, that most speakers know both words, since the Elders from all three First Nations are in constant contact and have been interrelated for centuries. Sometimes different Elders pronounce the same word in different ways, but the difference could not clearly be ascribed to dialect differences. In this case, the two words are both given, separated with a ~ , the variation sign. If more than one word was known for an item, multiple entries were given. This dictionary is organized into three sections. First, the words are presented by semantic category. We felt that this would be a useful way to present the information for educational purposes. Formatting by semantic category allows teachers and students to concentrate on a topic. Also, it provides an easy way to look up words that are only partially remembered. If you want to find the name of a bird, and you do not know what it is called in either language, you can scan the bird section, reading the descriptions until a match is found. Some of the information in the dictionary, for example the Latin identifications and descriptions of the flora and fauna, are given only in the semantic category section. The second section gives the H;¬œ;mí∫;µ words in H;¬œ;mí∫;µ alphabetical order (see the chart at the bottom of each page in this section) with an English definition. The third section gives a short English look-up word, followed by the H;¬œ;mí∫;µ word and then followed by the elaborated English definition. The look-up words are very vague, but they

vii allow you to move quickly through the list. The elaborated definition then helps to key into the exact word that you require. The fuller definition also provides information about the part of speech. Verbs are either given infinitival definitions (for example, to go down to the beach) if they are completive forms (that is, used for talking about past events), or they are translated as continuatives (going down to the beach). Transitive verbs are indicated by having a third person object in the definition (to look at him/her). H;¬œ;mí∫;µ does not distingush number or gender in its third person forms. So such verbs actually could have objects translated as him, her, it, or them, depending upon the context. We have simply used him/her unless the verb makes more sense with an inanimate or plural object, in which case we used it or them respectively. These conventions, though they make some of the glosses seem awkward, allow us to avoid technical terminology such as verb and transitive. We have made every effort to list each H;¬œ;mí∫;µ word under several different English glosses, since the H;¬œ;mí∫;µ word usually has a range of translations in English.Translation is a messy business. We have tried to indicate a variety of uses for each word so that you can get a feel for the H;¬œ;mí∫;µ meaning. However, it is always best to consult a native speaker before using a word. They can clarify the exact context for using a word and also explain the nuances and subtleties of the meaning. Having briefly discussed the features of the dictionary, we should also explain what this dictionary is not. First, it is not a guide to pronouncing the language. We refer you to H;¬œ;mí∫;µ Phonics and the accompanying tapes if you wish to learn to pronounce H;¬œ;mí∫;µ. Second, we do not illustrate sentences or grammatical features of the language in the dictionary. We refer you to the two ’i’lhe’ xwulmuxwqun textbooks for lessons in whole phrases and sentences. Also there are more technical works by Gerdts, Leslie, and others (see especially the sketch of H;¬œ;mí∫;µ in the back of the Cowichan Dictionary) that cover aspects of the structure of the language. See the list of references at the end of this introduction. The dictionary presents only a very few words of the H;¬œ;mí∫;µ language. H;¬œ;mí∫;µ, like other Salish languages, is well-known for its complex morphological structure. There are a large number of prefixes and suffixes that can be added to a H;¬œ;mí∫;µ word to create newer, longer words. Thus, it would probably be impossible to give a complete list of all the

viii words in the language. We have concentrated on nouns—that is names for things—especially items of special cultural signficance. We have kept different forms of verbs to a bare minimum, leaving this for a later project, which will focus entirely on H;¬œ;mí∫;µ verb morphology. This dictionary not only seeks to cover the basic words of the language, but it also serves as a glossary for the three textbooks mentioned above. We have tried to give all of the words, including all of the complex word forms, that occur in those textbooks. This work draws heavily upon previous research on Island H;¬œ;mí∫;µ. The most influential work is the recently published dictionary of the Cowichan dialect by Hukari and Peter. The Cowichan dictionary is a much more substantial work than this one, with many more words and also more technical information about the word. The Cowichan Dictionary came out mid-way through our project and was invaluable as a tool for cross- checking the forms that we had elicited and transcribed. Our work was greatly accelerated by access to this book. Also important to our project were previous works on the Nanaimo dialect, including the dictionary by Ellen White and the word list by Adrian Leslie. The dictionary by Ellen White, like the Cowichan dictionary, is very useful because each word is illustrated in the context of a sentence. Also, Bouchard’s classified word list of Cowichan as spoken by Chris Paul was a very useful source of information. We gratefully acknowledge the help that we have received from this previous research. Our job has been made considerably lighter thanks to the work of those who have come before. We hope in turn that scholars coming after us will find our work worthy and that H;¬œ;mí∫;µ language teachers, students, and speakers will find this work useful and interesting. No doubt, there are errors and omissions in this book. We look forward to your comments and corrections, since our intention is to make an updated and corrected second edition.

Donna B. Gerdts Department of Linguistics Simon Fraser University

ix References

Randy Bouchard. 1973. “Classified Word List for B.C. Indian Languages, Halkomelem (Cowichan) Version”, by Chris Paul, Tsartlip Reserve. Franz Boas. ca. 1890. “Snanaimuq vocabulary.” Vocabulary slips held by National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Donna B. Gerdts. 1977. “A Dialect Survey of Halkomelem Salish,” M.A. Thesis, University of British Columbia. Donna B. Gerdts. 1996. ÷i÷®e÷ xø;lm;xøq;n: t; n;caµat pukø. (Let’s Speak Our First Nations Language: Book One). A secondary school textbook prepared for the Chemainus, Nanaimo, and Nanoose First Nations and Nanaimo School District No. 68. Self-study Edition, with four accompanying audio cassettes. Donna B. Gerdts. 1997. ÷i÷®e÷ xø;lm;xøq;n: t; y;sá¬;µat pukø. (Let’s Speak Our First Nations Language: Book Two). A secondary school textbook prepared for the Chemainus, Nanaimo, and Nanoose First Nations and Nanaimo School District No. 68. Self-study Edition. Donna B. Gerdts. 1988. Object and Absolutive in Halkomelem Salish. Garland Publishing, New York. Donna B. Gerdts and Mercedes Q. Hinkson. 1996. H;¬œ;mí∫;µ Phonics. A secondary school textbook prepared for the First Nations Representatives and Nanaimo School District No. 68. Self-study Edition with three accompanying audio cassettes. Thomas E. Hukari, Editor, Ruby Peter, Associate Editor. 1995. The Cowichan Dictionary of the Hul’qumin’um’ Dialect of the Coast Salish People. Cowichan Tribes. Adrian Leslie 1971. “Dictionary of the Nanaimo Dialect of Coast Salish Compiled from some 1970 Field Notes.” University of Victoria, ms. Adrian Leslie. 1979. A Grammar of the Cowichan Dialect of Halkomelem Salish. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Victoria. Ellen White. Nanaimo English-Hul/q’umin/um Dictionary. Nanaimo Band Council.

x Table of Contents

Words by Semantic Category 1 Animals 1 Birds 5 The Body 13 Buildings 17 Clothing and Personal Effects 19 Communication and Social Interaction 21 Descriptives 24 Food 26 Function Words and Affixes 28 Games, Sports, and Toys 31 Household Items 32 Insects, Reptiles, Etc. 35 Kinship Terms 37 Nature 40 Numerals 44 People 47 Placenames 50 Plants 52 Sea Life 60 Time 68 Tools 70 Transportation 73 Verbs: Activity 75 Verbs: The Body 80 Verbs: Communication 85 Verbs: Contact 89 Verbs: Location and Motion 94 Verbs: Nature 100 Verbs: Psychology and Perception 101 Verbs: States and Processes 104 H;¬œ;mí∫;µ-to-English 108 English-to-H;¬œ;mí∫;µ 187

xi Animals animal • There is no generic word for and much of Canada. Beavers are animal in H;¬œ;mí∫;µ. The word known for building lodges, or houses, s˚ø;y;ƒ ‘slave’ is used for domestic out of logs and sticks that they cut up animals and the word t;¬t;l;∑ ‘wild’ with their sharp teeth. They eat the is used for wild animals. bark, roots or leaves of many different bat s®;¬π;¬é≈;∫ • The name means trees, shrubs and other smaller plants. ‘floppy wing’. cat pus • From Chinook Jargon. [any of numerous species] • Bats are cat (Nanaimo, Nanoose) piß • small flying mammals that feed on From Chinook Jargon pishpish. insects and other small animals. kitten pups Seventeen different bat species occur small cats p;lú÷ps in British Columbia, including several bobcat, wild cat t;¬t;l;∑ pus that may be found within the territory. [Lynx rufus (Schreber)] black bear spe÷eƒ chipmunk ≈;≈πíc;∫ • The name black bear cub spe÷eƒal® means ‘striped back’. [Ursus americanus Pallas] • Black chipmunk ≈øi¬∂;qs bears may grow to about 6 feet in [Tamias amoenus J.A. Allen (yellow- length and 600 pounds in weight. pine chipmunk) and/or T. townsendii They feed on many types of plant and Bachman (Townsend’s chipmunk)] • animal foods, including berries, Chipmunks are small members of the insects, and fish. Although most black squirrel family that have stripes on bears are black with a white chest spot, their backs. They feed on fruits, seeds some black bears are brown, bluish or and insects. white. cougar xø√;qtn;c • The name grizzly bear ˚ø;y;c;n means ‘long tail’. [Ursus arctos Linnaeus] • Grizzly [Felis concolor Linnaeus] • The bears are larger than black bears, cougar, or mountain lion, is the largest reaching 1,100 pounds in weight. In wild cat in British Columbia. Cougars addition, they range in color from are adapted to live in a wide range of cream to brown to black, often with habitats. They primarily eat deer, but white-tipped hairs giving them a also hunt various other mammals, grizzled appearance. They are found birds and other wildlife for food. in coastal inlets along the British cow, beef musm;s • From Chinook Columbian coast. Jargon. wild beast, fierce thing, ghost, bull pul • From English. monster s√el;q;m bull sw;¥qe÷ musm;s beaver sq;¬é∑ calf musm;sál® [Castor canadensis Kuhl] • The deer (Chemainus, Nanoose), beaver is a large water-dwelling rodent meat sm;y;ƒ found throughout British Columbia

1 Animals deer (Nanaimo) ha÷p;t • This is an antelope, not closely related to true old word. goats. Mountain goats are widely deer maw;∆ • From Chinook Jargon. distributed throughout mountainous fawn sm;y;ƒál® regions of British Columbia. little fawn smiµy;ƒá¬® Mountain goat fur may be used for deers s;µíy;ƒ weaving and the meat may be eaten. [Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque) horse stiqíw (mule deer)] • The mule deer is often colt, small horse stitqí∑ called the black-tailed deer in contrast foal stiqíwal® to the larger white-tailed deer of the marten ≈a÷q;n interior of British Columbia. Mule [Martes americana (Turton)] • The deers are variable and three subspecies marten is a brown, weasel-like animal are recognized within British that is slightly larger than a mink and Columbia. Mule deers range in color fluffier in appearance. Martens are from reddish-brown to yellowish- carnivores that eat a variety of small brown and eat a variety of plant foods. mammals, crustaceans, birds and dog sqø;mé¥ insects. Martens are widely distributed dogs sqø;mqø;mé¥ throughout British Columbia and may little dog, puppy sqøiqømi÷ be found from sea-level to timber-line elk køewe÷;c throughout the year. elk l;ml;mkø;lé÷c;÷ • This is an mink ∆;∆í÷œ;∫ old word. mink (as trickster in stories) [Cervus elaphus Linnaeus] • The elk, qey;≈ sometimes known as wapiti, is a large little mink (as trickster in member of the deer family. Two stories) qeqy;≈ subspecies are known in British [Mustela vison Schreber] • Minks are Columbia—one in the Rocky dark brown weasel relatives that are Mountains and another on Vancouver rather sleek in appearance with Island. The Vancouver Island type was lustrous fur. Unlike the marten, the once more widely distributed, living in mink is a good swimmer and is found the Fraser Delta and some coastal in association with water. Minks feed islands. upon various freshwater and marine giraffe √eqt;ps;m aquatic creatures, including mountain goat, goat’s wool crustaceans, amphibians, reptiles and πœ;¬q;∫ • ‘white hair’. fishes. They also hunt other small mountain goat (Nanaimo) mammals and birds. s≈øi√i÷ monkey, little monkey miµ;nkí [Oreamnos americanus (Blainville)] • • From English. The mountain goat is actually an moose œ;yí÷;c

2 Animals

[Alces alces (Linnaeus)] • The moose pig kø;ßú • From Chinook Jargon, is the largest member of the deer from French le cochon. family in North America, with adult rabbit sq;q;wéƒ males reaching 1,200 pounds. Moose [Lepus americanus Erxleben dwell in forests, but like to eat the (snowshoe hare) and Sylvilagus young grown of shrubs and trees in floridanus (J.A. Allen) (eastern burned-over areas. Moose also feed cottontail)] • This word probably on a variety of aquatic plants. In refers to both the snowshoe hare and former times, moose were common the eastern cottontail. Both hares and only in northern British Columbia but rabbits are small grazing animals. The over the last several decades they have snowshoe hare is a larger animal than extended their range dramatically in the eastern cottontail, with longer ears the southern part of the province. and hind legs. mouse ˚øe†;∫ raccoon s≈;y;˚ø;s • The name [Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner) means ‘marked face’. (deer mouse) and Mus musculus raccoon (Nanaimo) ≈;¬≈⁄¬;s Linnaeus (house mouse)] • This word [Procyon lotor (Linnaeus)] • The refers to any mouse, including the raccoon is a chunky-looking mammal native deer mouse as well as the with a distinctive black mask around introduced house mouse. its eyes and a striped tail. Raccoons little mouse ˚øe˚ø†;∫ feed upon a large variety of foods, river otter sœe:√ including fish, crustaceans, [Lontra canadensis (Schreber)] • amphibians, reptiles and various plant Otters are related to the weasels, mink foods. and marten. River otters are rat hewt sometimes called land otters to little rat heh;∑t distinguish them from sea otters. [Neotoma cinerea (Ord) (bushy-tailed River otters swim in freshwater bodies woodrat) and Rattus spp. (introduced and feed on fish and other animals but rats)] • This word probably originally live in dens on land. referred to the native bushy-tailed rat sea otter t;m;s but has been extended in modern [Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus)] • Sea times to include different species of otters are large marine otters that live introduced rats. almost entirely in the sea. They were sea lion ßes once more abundant than now, but [Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber) were reduced in numbers during the (northern sea lion)] • Northern sea fur trade era. Their pelts are extremely lions males may reach 11 feet in dense and luxurious. Sea otters length and 2,200 pounds in weight. primarily feed upon sea urchins and The females are somewhat smaller. molluscs. Sea lions may be found all year off

3 Animals

the coast of British Columbia where a strong-smelling spray from glands they mainly feed upon various types on their body. of fishes. squirrel ˙;psi÷áƒ;∫ fur seal ˙;y; [Tamiasciurus douglasii (Bachman) [Callorhinus ursinus (Linnaeus) (Douglas’ squirrel) and/or T. (northern fur seal)] • Adult male fur hudsonicus (Erxleben) (red squirrel)] seals may reach 7 feed in length and • Squirrels are larger relatives of the 600 pounds in weight with females chipmunks that lack stripes on their being slightly smaller. Fur seals spend backs and climb trees. They like to eat most of the year at sea in deep waters seeds, buds, mushrooms and some where they feed on different tyeps of fruits. Probably both the Douglas’ fishes. squirrel seal ÷esxø and the red squirrel are referred to as [Phoca vitulina Linnaeus (harbor ˙;psi÷áƒ;∫. seal)] • The harbor seal is sometimes wolf stqe:ye÷ known as the hair seal. Harbor seals wolves st;¬qé:ye÷ are smaller than fur seals and sea [Canis lupus Linnaeus (gray wolf)] • lions, growing to less than 6 feet long The gray wolf is the largest of the and around 300 pounds. These seals native dog-like carnivores in British are more commonly seen in shallower Columbia. Wolves are larger and coastal waters than are fur seals. stockier than their close relative, the sheep l;m;tú • From Chinook coyote. They are found in a variety of Jargon, from French le mouton. habitats and prey upon deer, moose mountain sheep, wild sheep and other ungulates. t;¬t;l;∑ l;m;tú [?Ovis canadensis Shaw (bighorn sheep)] skunk p;p;˙í∫ [Spilogale putorius Linnaeus (spotted skunk) and possibly also Mephitis mephitis (Schreber) (striped skunk)] • Skunks are members of the same animal family as the weasels, mink, and marten. The spotted skunk is a small black and white mammal, with stripes, spots and other irregular white markings on its body. Striped skunks have distinctive white stripes on their backs. Both types of skunks produce

4 Birds bird sœø;léß trees as nesting sites. It is also known little bird sœøiœøleß from archaeological sites throughout birds sœø;lœø;léß the Strait of Georgia, indicating its [any of various species] • There is no presence there for 5,000 years. This generic word for bird in bird formerly was hunted and eaten, H;¬œ;mí∫;µ. sœø;léß is sometimes but its tough meat was not considered used to mean ‘bird’ in general, but it a favorite food. specifically means only the smaller sandhill crane sli:m birds such as songbirds. [Grus canadensis (Linnaeus)] • The big bird ƒiƒíws ~ ƒiƒ;ws sandhill crane is a very tall bird, with big birds ƒ;ƒ;híws a long neck and legs. This bird is [any of various species] • This is a mostly grey, the adults having a red general term used to refer to the larger forehead. The H;¬œ;mí∫;µ name birds, like eagles and many other for sandhill crane is the basis of the species, collectively. name for the month of April (li:m;s), red-winged blackbird çqøaqøa the time when these birds are most [Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus)] • abundant locally. The red-winged blackbird is slightly crow œ;lé:œe÷ ~ œ;lé÷;œe÷ smaller than a robin. It may be found [Corvus caurinus Baird] • The in swamps and marshes as well as northwestern crow is closely related to pastures and meadows. Only the male the raven and Steller’s jay. It is similar of the species is black with bright red in appearance to the raven, but smaller. shoulder patches. The female is Northwestern crows eat a variety of brownish and streaked in appearance. marine invertebrates and insects, but chick ∆i∆k;n will also attack the eggs and nestlings of other birds. chicken ∆;k;n • From English. duck, waterfowl ma÷aqø chicken, chickens ∆;k;ns • From English. little duck, duckling miµ;qø cormorant ®;ƒn;c duckling ma÷aqøal® [Phalacrocorax auritus (Lesson) [various species of Anatidae and other (double-crested cormorant) and bird families] • This word refers in possibly other Phalacrocorax spp.] • general to all ducks (like the mallard) Three common and one rare species and many other aquatic duck-like of cormorants, or shags, are found birds (like the common murre and within British Columbia. This word common loon). In the past, many has been associated with cormorants types of ducks were caught for food that are said to nest in trees. The in nets made of red cedar inner bark. double-crested cormorant is the only Some speakers also use this term to local cormorant known to include refer to domestic chickens.

5 Birds goldeneye duck sxø;y;m [Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus)] • [Bucephala clangula (Linnaeus) Oldsquaw ducks are boldly patterned (common goldeneye) and B. islandica in black and white. The males have (Gmelin) (Barrow’s goldeneye)] • very long central tail feathers. They Both the common goldeneye and the are generally uncommon on the coast more abundant Barrow’s goldeneye during the summer but may be very are common along the coast during numerous during the Pacific herring winter, breeding inland during the spawning season, forming spring and summer months. These concentrations in the thousands. Some species are very similar in appearance speakers say that in the old days and this word seems to refer to both. young people were told not to shoot mallard t;n;qs;n oldsquaws, which they regarded as a [Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus] • rare bird. Mallards are common ducks that often golden eagle ç;sq;n become tame where they have regular [Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus)] • The contact with humans, such as in cities golden eagle has a dark brown body and towns. The male mallard has a with golden on the back of the head greyish body, chestnut breast, white and neck. Golden eagles breed on neck ring and distinctive green head. southeastern Vancouver Island, where The female is mottled brown with a they may be observed year round. white tail. Mallards are a traditional They feed primarily on rabbits and food. large rodents. The feathers were merganser (common) ≈øa:œø especially prized and used in dance [Mergus merganser Linnaeus] • costumes. Many speakers regard this word as bald eagle y;≈ø;le÷ the name for both male and female eagles h;yí≈ø;le÷ common mergansers. Mergansers are eaglet yi÷≈ø;le÷ also known as “sawbills” because [Haliaeetus leucocephalus they have saw-like teeth along the (Linnaeus)] • Bald eagles are similar edges of their beaks, which they used in size to golden eagles, but with to catch fish. The male has white sides shorter bodies and longer wingspans. and breast, a green head and a red bill. Adult bald eagles have white head The female is grey with a white throat feathers, while the young are brown all and long reddish-brown head feathers. over. They are more widely distributed drake merganser q;m;t • This is a along the coast than golden eagles and male merganser. The species is feed mainly on fish. unidentified. goose √e˚ø;≈;n • The name means oldsquaw ÷a÷a∫í÷ ‘long wing’. oldsquaw (Nanaimo) ÷a÷áwi [various types of domestic Anatidae] • Domestic geese are introduced to

6 Birds British Columbia. This word is used little blue grouse meµi:† ~ to refer to domestic geese, but it miµi:† originally referred to native geese, [Dendragapus obscurus (Say)] • such as the snow goose, Chen Male blue grouse are grey to bluish- caerulescens (Linnaeus). Snow geese grey in color. The females are mottled are most abundant along the southern brown. During the winter, blue grouse coast from fall to spring. feed on conifer needles. During the brant ≈;¬≈;¬ç summer they feed on berries, seeds [Branta bernicla (Linnaeus)] • The and insects. Male blue grouse produce brant, or brant goose, is similar to the a series of distinctive deep hooting Canada goose but is smaller, darker sounds to attract females of the and shorter-necked. Their diet mainly species. Blue grouse are considered consists of eelgrass and other marine good to eat, either barbecued or made plants. into soup. Canada goose ÷e≈; ruffed grouse stixø;m [Branta canadensis (Linnaeus)] • [Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus)] • Male Canada geese are large birds that fly blue grouse are grey to bluish-grey in in V-shaped migrating flocks, honking color. The females are mottled brown. distinctively and loudly. They feed on During the winter, blue grouse feed on marsh vegetation and graze in fields. conifer needles. During the summer grebe ßxø÷;∫éc • This is an they feed on berries, seeds and unidentified species of grebe, perhaps insects. Male blue grouse produce a the horned grebe, that is similar to the series of distinctive deep hooting Western grebe but smaller. sounds to attract females of the western grebe skø;lkø⁄lƒ species. Blue grouse are considered [Aechmophorus occidentalis good to eat, either barbecued or made (Lawrence)] • The western grebe is a into soup. large, slender grebe with a very long hawk ≈;≈;méls ~ ≈i≈;méls • neck. The back of the head, neck and This name means ‘grabbing’. body are dark while the undersides are [various species of Accipitridae] • white. This bird is locally known by Hawks are members of the bird family various names, such as “diver”, that includes the eagles and osprey. “long-necked diver”, and They are predators, with hooked bills “helldiver”. Western grebes may be and sharply pointed talons. This word observed year round on the southern refers to any of the numerous coast of British Columbia but are said relatively small local hawks. to be good to eat only during great blue heron sm;œøa÷ December and January. [Ardea herodias Linnaeus] • The blue grouse mi:† great blue heron is a large, mainly greyish bird that may be mistaken for

7 Birds

the sandhill crane. One difference is on fish. The common loon occurs that the great blue heron flies with its throughout British Columbia. During neck folded, unlike the sandhill crane, the summer, small flocks of loons which flies with its neck extended. may be found in bays and coves, and hummingbird s≈ø;†ç;li ~ on lakes. In breeding plumage, the s≈ø;∫ç;li common loon has a black head and [Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin)] • back with white bands on the back. Several hummingbirds are known to During the winter, common loons are occur within the territory but only the dark greyish above, with white rufous hummingbird is common. The underparts and are more widely male is rufous (reddish) with an distributed than in summer. iridescent orange-red throat. The Pacific loon (winter phase) female is reddish with a green back. xøi˚ø;s • The name means ‘grey Rufous hummingbirds feed upon head’. spiders and tree sap. They build moss [Gavia pacifica (Lawrence)] • During and lichen-covered nests of plant winter the Pacific loon is blackish down and spiderwebs. above and white below. In breeding blue jay skøi˙;c plumage, the head is pale grey, the [Cyanocitta stelleri (Gmelin) neck and back are black with white (Steller’s jay)] • Steller’s jay, locally stripes, and the throat is black with well-known as “blue jay”, is between purple reflections. The winter phase a crow and a robin in size. The birds were a traditional food resource. Steller’s jay has beautiful blue on its They were hunted them December to body, and black feathers in the head February. crest. murre s≈e:˙ kingfisher ˙;∆é¬; [Uria aalge (Pontoppidan)] • [Ceryle alcyon (Linnaeus)] • The Common murres belong to a group of belted kingfisher is a pigeon-sized chunky, penguin-like seabirds known bird with blue-grey feathers above, as the alcids. Typical of the alcids, white ones below and a head crest. murres breed on rocky cliffs, laying These birds make a loud, penetrating, their eggs on bare rock or soil. These rattling call, both when perched and birds are said to be very good to eat, when flying between perches. They either barbecued or boiled in a box or are found around rivers, lakes and basket. They were formerly served at saltwater estuaries where they catch some feasts, dances and funerals. fish, frogs and aquatic reptiles. bird’s nest ßœø;¬eßél; common loon (breeding phase) nighthawk pi:œ ~ pi:y;œ swakø;n [Chordeiles minor (Forster)] • [Gavia immer (Brünnich)] • Loons Nighthawks are summer visitors to are excellent divers that feed mainly British Columbia. These jay-sized

8 Birds

birds form large flocks in late summer visitor to British Columbia. It is a as they prepare for their autumn traditional belief that a severe winter is departure. At this time they are indicated by the early arrival of snowy particularly noticeable feeding in late owls. During the winter months in afternoon and early evening. The southern coastal British Columbia, name mimics the call of the snowy owls eat mainly waterfowl, nighthawk. such as horned grebes and nightingale ßapß;p • Unidentified buffleheads. bird that sings at night screech owl (western), ghost in a song that seems to disappear as sp;lqøí˙e÷ ~ sp;p;lqøí˙e÷ the bird moves about. It gets its name [Otus kennicottii (Elliot)] • The from ßap ‘to whistle’. It is really rare. western screech-owl is a mottled grey It found only at the very tops of trees medium-sized owl with ear tufts. It is up in the mountains. locally known as the “whistling owl”. osprey ˙ixø˙;xø Screech-owls feed on various small [Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus)] • The animals, including insects, small osprey is a member of the bird family mammals and other small vertebrates. that includes the eagles and hawks. The name for this owl also means Often called “fishhawk”, the osprey ‘ghost’. flies and hovers over water looking for northern saw-whet owl sqøa:xø ~ fish. When it sees one, the osprey sxøa:xø dives steeply and hits the surface of [Aegolius acadicus (Gmelin)] • It said the water with its talons outstretched that if a hunter holds out his finger to catch the fish. and the owl jumps on it, he will be great horned owl ci:tm;xø ~ very lucky. • This is the smallest of c;cí:tm;xø the common local owls, reaching a [Bubo virginianus (Gmelin)] • This is maximum size of 7 inches. This tiny the largest and best known of the owl lacks the ear-tufts or “horns” of common owls. Great horned owls are other local owls, and is brown above dark brown and grey with mottling and white with rufous (reddish) steaks and streaks below and ear-tufts or on the breast. Saw-whet owls feed on “horns”. They feed on a variety of mice and other small rodents. mammals and other birds. The ring-necked pheasant pes;ns ~ distinctive “hoo-hoo-hoo” call of this fes;ns • From English. species gives rise to another common [Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus] • The name: “hoot owl”. pheasant is a beautifully colored game snowy owl m;qm;qé÷ • The name bird that is introduced in British means ‘snowy’. Columbia where it has become [Nyctea scandiaca (Linnaeus)] •!This established in the wild. These birds large, nearly all white owl is a winter

9 Birds

were introduced from England and [Melanitta fusca (Linnaeus)] • The China between 1882–1920. white-winged scoter is unique among pigeon h;µá the three local scoter species—or [Columba fasciata Say (band-tailed “black ducks”—in having distinctive pigeon) and C. livia Gmelin (rock white wing patches. Actually, only the dove)] • This term originally referred male of this species is black, the only to the native band-tailed pigeon. female being dull brown but also with Now it also is used to refer to white wing patches. White-winged introduced rock doves, commonly scoters formerly were caught in nets known as pigeons. The native pigeon made of red cedar inner bark. They used to be eaten. are an important traditional food quail køil • From English. source, prepared in soups or by [Callipepla californica (Shaw) roasting. (California quail) and Oreortyx pictus seagull qø;ní (Douglas) (mountain quail)] • The [Larus spp., especially L. canus California quail was introduced to Linnaeus (mew gull) and L. British Columbia as early as the glaucescens Naumann (glaucous- 1860s. It is known that the mountain winged gull)] • Twenty species of quail was also introduced into the gulls are known to British Columbia. province during this time, but it is Two species—mew gull and thought that this quail may be a native glaucous-winged gull—are very bird. Both quails occur in the common and breed within the southeastern portion of Vancouver H;¬œ;mí∫;µ territory. The last of Island, the mountain quail being more these species—the glaucous-winged restricted to the extreme southeast. gull—is widely known as the raven spa:¬ “seagull” of British Columbia. Gull [Corvus corax Linnaeus] • This eggs, likely mainly of mew gull and common bird is similar to the glaucous-winged gull, were formerly northwestern crow, but larger and with gathered for food during June and a heavier beak. Ravens are intelligent July. birds that can produce various calls. seagull (Nanaimo) œø;lít;œ They will feed on a variety of foods. swallow œø;œøsíc;∫ ~ robin s˚øqeq; ~ s˚øqeqe œø;œøs⁄c;∫ [Turdus migratorius Linnaeus] • The [Hirundo rustica Linnaeus (barn robin is a well-known and common swallow), Tachycineta bicolor bird, noted for its brick red breast and (Vieillot) (tree swallow) and possibly regular appearance in lawns and also T. thalassina (Swainson) (violet- numerous other habitats. green swallow)] • Swallows are expert white-winged scoter çe∑i÷e≈;n • fliers that feed on the wing. Although The name means ‘shells on wing’. six species of swallows occur within

10 Birds

the territory, speakers commonly Vancouver Island. Domestic turkeys recognize two types: those with a red are derived from this species. breast and black back (barn swallow) turkey vulture pe:l˙ and those with a white breast (tree [Cathartes aura (Linnaeus)] • Eagle- swallow and possibly also violet-green sized and blackish, the turkey vulture swallow). is usually seen soaring in the air swan sxø;∑q;n where it can ride thermal currents [Cygnus buccinator Richardson relatively effortlessly for hours. (trumpeter swan) and possibly also Turkey vultures feed on virtually any the less common C. columbianus kind of carrion they can locate. Like (Ord) (tundra swan)] • Swans are other vultures, the turkey vulture has a large members of the bird family that bare head, which in this species is red. includes ducks and geese. Both the sapsucker, woodpecker ç;t;µ tundra swan and the larger and more [unidentified species or sapsucker, or abundant trumpeter swan are all white maybe hairy or downy woodpecker] • and relatively common during the This is the smallest of the winter. This word likely refers to both woodpeckers. Some say this is a rare these species. little bird with three stripes on the Swainson’s thrush sxø;t back and a long beak. Some say it has [Catharus ustulatus (Nuttall)] • This a red spot on its head. It’s said that if identification is tentative. This bird is one hears three strikes of this bird on said to sing: “Please Mr. Salmon, let a tree, then the tree will fall down. the salmonberries ripen.” pileated woodpecker rufous-sided towhee s≈e:ß t;m;®;ps;m • This name means [Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus)] ‘ochre neck’. • Rufous-sided towhees are somewhat [Dryocopus pileatus (Linnaeus)] • similar in appearance to robins, but The pileated woodpecker is the largest smaller and with other differences. and most distinctive of the local The male has a black hood, back and woodpeckers. wings while the female has the same flicker (northern) ˙iqt pattern, but with brown. Both the male [Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus)] • The and female have white spots on the flicker is a large, brownish wings, a white breast, and reddish woodpecker characterized by a spotted sides. Towhees have red eyes. breast with a dark crescent on the turkey t;lki • From English. upper breast. They are especially fond [Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus] • The of ants, but will also eat plant foods, wild turkey is a native North American including seeds and berries. The call bird that has been introduced into of the flicker is said by some speakers British Columbia, including southern to be a sign of bad news to come. wren †;†⁄µ

11 Birds wren †;†;µiye÷ • The story name for wren. [unidentified, but perhaps Troglodytes troglodytes (Linnaeus) (winter wren) or Junco hyemalis (Linnaeus) (dark- eyed junco)] • These are described as little birds with black heads that come in the winter time and travel in a flock. Cold weather is coming when they come down from the mountains.

12 The Body Adam’s apple ≈øam®n;® little buttocks s®a®;¬n;c ankle qø;µ≈øß;n buttocks s®;ln;c antler, horn ˙;yst;n bottom, buttocks √e∑œ anus ßq;˙≈él; calf of leg œe√;¬ß;n arm, wing †el;∑ cheek ßxø÷i:∫; • For some people, this arms, wings †;l†él;∑ only refers to an animal’s cheek. arm bone s˙aµ;¬e≈;∫ • Upper arm cheeks ßxø÷;∫í:∫; bone, the humerus. cheeks s®qø;∫; back s®;œ;we÷® chest ç≈em;n back of mouth sxø÷;ƒq;n chestbone, breastbone, sternum backbone ß˙;µ;∑é÷c ~ s˙;µín;s ß˙;µ;∑í÷c chin, jaw s√;pá¥;ƒ;n bangs s†œøi÷a¬s collarbone ß≈e√;ps;mt;n beard sqøini÷;ƒ;n collarbone, clavicle ≈√in;st;n • belly, stomach ˚ø;¬; When butchering ducks, an s-shaped black eye ß†a†;qá:s cut is made around this bone. black eye, punched in the eye cross-eyed ßpa:¥s ß˙i˙;œø;s curly hair sœ;¬œ⁄¬π;s blind ˙aπ;¬;s deaf √;kø;né÷ blind √e¬;ç deer hair s≈˙;m;lq;n • Hair that blood ƒ;¥ƒi÷;∫ has fallen out and is dried up. bloody nose xøƒxøam;lqs;n cow droppings ßmusm;s;¬n;c body of a person sm;stím;xø deer droppings ßm;y;ƒ;¬n;c body odor sœø≈øam;ws cat droppings ßpus;¬n;c boil sœøc;m dog droppings ßqø;me¥;¬n;c boils, a lot of little boils eardrum ßœøu:nél; sœøc;m;m ear (Chemainus, Nanoose) œøu:∫ bone s˙aµ ear (Nanaimo) œø;n;∫ bones s˙a¬;µ ears (Chemainus, Nanoose) braid of hair s†iµß;∫e÷ œø;∫œøu:∫ brain sm;˙q;∫ ears (Nanaimo) œø;∫œøín;∫ broken foot s;lkøßé∫ earache cœøe:∫œøu:∫ broken wing s;¬kø;lé≈;∫ ~ earlobe ß√p;∫; se¬kø;lé≈;∫ little earlobe ß√i÷√p;∫; breast sq;ma÷ elbow kø;µ˙;lé≈;∫ breastbone, chest s÷in;s esophagus ßq;nxøél; breath s®e˚ø;m eye q;l;µ bruised s†e†;qe÷ eyes q;qí¬;µ

13 The Body little eye qiql;µ gall, gall bladder m;s;n little eyes q;¬íql;µ gills ße:¥ eye trouble, sore eyes cq;¬q;l;µ gums s®qø;ln;s eyebrow ƒam;n hair ße÷it;n eyelash, eyelid ®;pt;n pubic hair qøi∫e÷q face s÷aƒ;s nosehair ßqøin;lqs;n deer fat ÷an;∑ body hair sqøin;ws feather s√qe:n underarm hair sqøi∫;¬é≈;∫ feather s˚øe:∫ • Back feathers of hair on arm sqø;nc;s eagle, split and used for costumes. hair on leg sqø;nß;n fin sp;≈;wé÷c grey-haired s≈al;m;s fish fin œ;tm;∫ hand cel;ß finger sn;≈c;s hands c;lcel;ß little finger s;÷as;qøtá¬;∑c;s little hand cecl;ß fingernail œø≈a¬;∑c;s little hands c;¬ecl;ß fish slime stiß;µ head s≈;¥;s upper nose of fish s≈;p;œø top of head, peak of hat fish head s≈;¥;sá÷qø ß˚øi÷˙;¬;qø fish tail s≈;πß;∫ deer head sm;y;ƒa÷qø fish heart m;¬qø heart ˙ele÷ flesh s®iqø heel ßœ;¥˙n;c foot s≈;∫; hindquarter of a deer or other little foot s≈i≈ne÷ animal ®;œn;c little feet s≈;¬í≈ne÷ hipbone kø;µ˙n;c big foot ƒiƒá¬;∑ß;n hipbones qø;µ≈øn;c big foot ƒiƒ;ß;n deer hoof kø;xøm;n sole of foot, palm of hand insides ßç;lxøiw;n ß≈a÷ƒ;s intestines œ;œí÷ forehead sœø;m;s jaw ç;µßáyƒ;n cat fur piß⁄¬q;n kidney ƒ;nƒ;n rabbit skin q;q;wéƒ;¬q;n knee sœew;m sea lion hair ßes⁄¬q;n knees sœ;∑œéw;m river otter fur sqey√;¬q;n left side, left arm s˙kø;÷í∑s beaver pelt sq;¬é∑;¬q;n left hand s˙;køcís dog hair sqø;mé¥;¬q;n left foot s˙;køßí∫ dog hair s≈;˙⁄m ~ s≈˙;m leg, foot s≈;∫; sea otter fur t;ms⁄¬q;n legs, feet s≈;≈í∫; seal hair ÷esxø⁄¬q;n little legs s≈;≈;ne÷

14 The Body upper lip sc®ayƒ;n shoulder qø;œøtén ~ ß≈øœøtén ~ lower lip s√payƒ;n ≈ø;œøtén liver sc;l;m shoulder blade ßœπ;∑í÷ct;n liver of human or animal skeleton ß˙;˙a÷ s˙;l;m skin ˚ø;l;∑ liver of human †eqe÷ skull s˙aµa÷qø ~ s˙aµ;÷qø lung sp;¬xø;m sore, infected place sqø;qøe mouth ƒaƒ;n spine s≈;∑; • Backbone with ribs mouths ƒa¬;ƒ;n attached. mucus, eye goo, pus in the eye spit ®xø;®c;÷ ßm;˙®ál;s stomach, belly ˚ø;¬; mucus, dried nasal mucus little stomach, belly ˚øi˚øle÷ ß√;¬;lqs;n stomach, tripe, windbag sp;xø ~ nasal mucus, snot sm;†⁄qs;n sπ;xø little snot smiµ†;qs;∫ smaller stomach of cow s≈ay;µ mucus in the lungs s≈etß stroke sma√ navel, belly button m;≈ø;yé÷ sweat, perspiration syaœø;m neck t;ps;m dirty sweat yi†;m nose m;qs;n tail ß√;πisn;c palate, roof of the mouth tailbone ß˙;µn;c ßc®eq;∫ tears, teardrops ßq;÷ál;s ~ palm of hand ß≈aƒ;sc;s ßqa÷;s ~ ßqa÷ás • ‘eye water’. palm of hand, sole of foot testicles mec;∫ ß≈a÷ƒ;s inside of thighs ßxø÷i:¬;® penis ß;¬; throat ßxø÷;ƒq;n pulse s®˚øem;ws throat, windpipe, trachea pupil of the eye ßœí≈;¬s ≈øam®n;® pus, infection m;˙;® thumb s;∫√á¬;∑c;s rectum ßpu∫;c toe sn;≈ß;n rib l;w;≈ • This also refers to ribs on big toe s;∫√á¬;∑ß;n canoes and boats. little toe s;÷as;qøtá¬;∑ß;n right hand s÷i÷a¬;µc;s toenail œø≈øa¬;∑ß;n right side, right arm tongue t;xøƒ;® s÷i÷a¬;µi∑s tooth y;n;s right foot s÷i÷a¬;∑ß;n teeth h;yín;s saliva s®≈ø;®c; little tooth yi¥n;s scar, scarred sœey√ urethra ßs;s;≈øa÷ shin s˙;µß;n urine s;≈øa÷

15 The Body uvula m;¬qø • This also means fish heart. vagina, vulva ße∑;® voice ßqø;lt;n waist, waistband or waistline qtew;st;n wart sç;pxø;∫ white-headed πœi÷qø wing, arm †el;∑ wool se¥ wrinkles on the face ß®;¬π;s wrist kø;µ˙c;s wrist qø;µ≈øc;s

16 Buildings back of the house—outside door, road, foot path ße® sc;®qøéx;∫ doors ße÷;l® back of the house—inside drugstore, pharmacy sc;lqøqí∫ le≈;né∑txø bakery s;plilé∑txø fence, enclosure œ;lé≈;çt;n bank telé∑txø floor ®≈;n⁄pt;n barbershop ®iça÷qø;µé∑txø garden, place where things are barbershop ≈;mxø;s;mé∑txø planted ßp;p⁄n;µ barn sa≈ø;lé∑txø gas station kes;li∫é∑txø basement ß√;pnéc gate sœ;lé≈;çt;n bath house ßa˚ø;µé∑txø hospital œaœiyé∑txø bathroom ÷;µ;té∑txø hotel ÷it;té∑txø beam, crossbeam ß≈;√wílt;n house lel;µ beam in house ßœ;lw;lt;n • This houses h;lél;µ is an open beam used to hang stuff. little house li¬;µ benches, sleeping platforms jailhouse, police station le:¬w;s qiq;œ;¬sé∑txø bighouse, longhouse ƒe:wtxø kitchen køukøé∑txø bighouse, longhouse ƒi lel;µ • lighthouse, blinking light This modern phrase seems to be √e˚ø√;˚ø;∫ replacing the older word. liner, lining material for canoes board l;plá:ß • From Chinook Jargon, or walls, dry wall ßƒ;¬wílt;n from French la planche. liquor store leµé∑txø boathouse pute∑txø log house ce¬;m;né∑txø bridge, ramp, handicapped mat house used for summer ramp ßœ;t;∑;® living s;la÷;cé∑txø cannery œø;lsé∑txø mill mul; • From French le moulin. canoe shed, garage pawnshop ˙;≈é∑txø ßn;xø;®é∑txø pigpen, pigshed kø;ßu÷é∑txø cedar shakes ≈;≈pé¥ play area, playhouse, playroom chicken coop ∆;k;∫é∑txø h;∑a¬;µé∑txø church †i∑i÷;®é∑txø housepost in bighouse qeq;∫ corner ßœa÷;≈;n restaurant ÷;®t;∫é∑txø cowshed musm;s÷é∑txø top of roof where rafters meet dance house mi®é∑txø ridgepole ßœ;¥˙⁄¬;qø dark place, enclosed place pitched roof ß˚øi÷˙;l;qø xø®ec;q;n underside of roof si÷q;c;n ~ dog house qø;me¥é∑txø ƒi÷q;c;n

17 Buildings roofbeams, boards on top of bighouse s÷ilt;xø next room sn;qí∫ root cellar qewƒé∑txø school skøul • From English. smoke house œi¬é∑txø store ßxøimél;÷ second-hand store ˙;≈miné∑txø tent si¬é∑txø totem pole, carving s≈†e˚ø upper floor, upstairs sc®e÷;lt;xø wall †am;n window ßxø;¬mást;n • For most people, this means ‘mirror’. window ß˚øcast;∫ woodshed sya®é∑txø workroom, toolshed sya:ysé∑txø ~ ya:ysé∑txø

18 Clothing and Personal Effects apron ÷ip;n • From English. denim jeans ∆;ym;n⁄lw;t • This belt (Chemainus, Nanoose) is from chuymun ‘Chinaman’ because ßy;µt;n the Chinese wore denim work clothes. belt (Nanaimo), belt for dancers leather ˚ø;l;∑⁄lw;t ß≈øœøiw;t;n leggings, leg protectors q;tß;t;n boots k;mpúc • From English leggings, leg warmers y;µß;t;n gumboots. moccasins, slippers s®;œß;∫ bracelet ß˙aµ;c;n moccasins, slippers s√;œß;∫ button ®;qníst;n necklace sqøinqø;n cane, crutch œ;∑; pajamas, nightgown ÷it;t⁄lw;t cape nap;s pants, underpants, trousers watch, clock we∆ • From English. s;qíws clothing, dresses s÷e:l;˙;m slip, petticoat s√pi÷˙e÷ clothing, dress s÷i˙;µ brooch, pin ç;œøníst;n coat kapú • From Chinook Jargon, pocket ßl;qø;÷él; from French la capote. purse, wallet ßt;lél; little coat kek;pú raincoat ®;m;xø⁄lw;t ~ coats k;l;pú ®;mxø⁄lw;t collar, neckhole ßt;ps;mél; ring ßel;mc;s corset for new mothers y;µt;n scarf, headscarf, kerchief costume hiµát √xøi÷qøt;n diaper ßq;¬t;n shawl l;ßá:n • From French le châle. dress, clothing s÷i˙;µ shirt ß√pi∑;∫ earring sçœø;∫; little shoe qøi÷qø®i÷ß;∫ girdle, corset ç;yt;n shoe, shoes qø®e¥ß;n glasses ßt;lál;s shoes qø;l®⁄¥ß;n glasses case ßt;lal;sél; little shoes qø;¬í÷qø®i÷ß;∫ gloves ˙≈øa¬;ca÷ shoelace œeπ;ct;n handkerchief ÷ik∆;m skirt √i√;pt;∫ hat yasa÷qø slip, petticoat s√pi÷˙e÷ work hat ya:ysa÷qø stocking, sock stek;n • From little hat ya¥sa÷qø English. headband qit;s;n stockings, socks ste¬;k;n headband ßqit;s ~ ßqit;st;n sweater swet; • From English. hem of skirt, pants s÷;lß;n swimming suit, bathing suit jacket ∆ekø;t ~ ∆ek;t • From ßa˚ø;µ⁄lw;t English. umbrella, shelter œ;l;çt;n

19 Clothing and Personal Effects underclothes √i√;pt;∫ velvet t;ms⁄¬q;n • ‘sea otter fur’. velvet, velvet shirt t;m;s⁄lw;t vest ßn;w;¬é≈;t;n wallet, little purse ßt;t¬é¬; watch, clock we∆ • From English. little watch we∑∆ wool cloth se¥í˙;÷ workclothes ya:ys⁄lw;t

20 Communication and Social Interaction

beads, rosary beads sqøinqø;n God, Heavenly Father cic;® bighouse, longhouse ƒe:wtxø si÷éµ bighouse, longhouse ƒi lel;µ • graveyard ßm;˚øél; This modern phrase seems to be hair hat used by dancers replacing the older word. qøiqøm;s mythical bird ≈ø;l†;p costume hat for dancer, made of blanket strips, leftover money or cedar bark or goat’s wool goods from potlatch s®i≈ say;ws church †i∑i÷;®é∑txø healer h;lít;n clown, masked dancers’ clown heaven cic;® t;m;xø qøi∫iye÷ song, hymn s†il;m collection, gathering sœ;pé¬s inheritance, gift from a will three-pronged comb ßteßqí∫;µ sn;w;n three-pronged comb ßteß;œø;m initiator kø;∫í∑s corpse snenç invitation to feast, party, etc. cross l;køín s√e÷ß;n dance costume or garment jealousy w;yw⁄yst;n;q mi®;w;t;m Jesus Christ, son of God m;n;s winter dance house mi®é∑txø t; cic;® si÷éµ masked dancer s≈øay≈ø;y Jesus Christ ß;s;kli • From French. new dancers ≈;l;∑salkø® joke xøiyé÷q;p;m new dancer ≈;∑salkø® knowledge stet;¬naµ;t the devil liyám • From French le Little People siyé:ye÷ • These little diable. mischief makers are said to make trees dream sq;lq;l;ƒ;n fall near you. drummer xøsœ;w;t;m marriage, married sm;lyít;l hollow log drum √ay;qs mask ßç;l;xø;s drum œ;w;t mask ß≈al;m;s escort for dancer hiw;st;n beaver mask ßq;¬á∑;s invitation to feast, party clown mask ßxø÷iy;múst;n s√e÷ß;n mask dance s≈øay≈ø;y funeral, to hold a funeral measurement ≈e:˙ cme˚øe÷ measuring stick, measuring tape, gathering, meeting sœ;pást;l ruler ß≈;≈é:˙;¬s gift smeµt money used to pay people gift sy;≈ce÷ sœ;wc;s gift s÷exøe÷ mourners ç®≈e:µ

21 Communication and Social Interaction

name (Nanaimo) skøiß seer, psychic, fortune-teller name (Chemainus, Nanoose) sne sy;∑; ochre t;m;® • Used to make paint for Shaker, Shakers ßik;s • From dancers. English. paddle shirt sœ;m;¬;lw;t • This shaman ßne÷;m ~ ßne:m shirt has little paddles with shafts. shamans ßxø;né÷;m paddle shirt œøqøast;∫;¬w;t • person who sings snake song This shirt has club-shaped paddles ÷;®qi÷alkø® with no shafts. strong smell ßiç;m little paddles on paddleshirts flying, two-headed snake si:∫®qi÷ sœ;líœma¬ power song, dancer’s song face paint ß®i≈;st;n sy;w;n payment, pay sœew song, hymn s†il;m people at the dance meµ;®; soul sh;lí potlatch s√;∫;q speaker (Chemainus, Nanoose) spirit power s÷;yl; ßqøi÷qøá¬ prayer s†i∑i÷;® speaker (Nanaimo) ßqø;÷qøé¬ price, cost ßnen;c speech, word (Chemainus, pride sme˙;∫ Nanoose) sqøal priest l;plít • From Chinook Jargon, speech, word (Nanaimo) sqøel from French le prêtre. spot, stain s†;lq prize, award ß;n;˚øs narrative, story, news, told about deer hoof rattle kø;cmín sqø;¬qø;¬ deer hoof rattle worn on story, history, legend sy;ƒ dancers’ legs kø;cmínß;n story s≈øi÷éµ shell rattle used by masked storyteller ≈ø;÷≈øi÷é:µ dancers kø;néµm;m • The taboo, something forbidden giant Pacific scallop is one of the s≈e÷≈e÷ largest scallops in the world, with thoughts, manners ßqøal;w;n shells reaching 11" in diameter. The thunderbird sxø;xøá÷;s large circular shells are strung onto traditions, history sy;∑é∫ wooden rings through holes drilled the Transformer, the Changer near the shell hinges, and used as ≈e:¬s rattles during dances. trouble, problem ti¥a÷xøé:n hand rattles ß;lm;xøc;s winter dance smi®e÷ sacred, holy ≈e÷≈e÷ wordpower si∑í∫ sadness, sorrow sqiq;l;s sayings sqøaqø;¬m;t

22 Communication and Social Interaction

words, speech (Chemainus, Nanoose) sqøal words, speech (Nanaimo) sqøel work, job sya:ys

23 Descriptives absent-minded xøsm;¬m;¬q ~ fast (Chemainus, Nanoose) ≈ø;m xøsm;¬mi¬q fast (Nanaimo) ≈ø;m;m babyish qaqƒ;t fast runner xøe÷xøe÷ bad q;l fat nas bad-tempered, mean xøq;l;w;n fat person na:¬ bald ßœø;w;la÷qø fierce, scary ≈is;¬ beautiful, clean ÷;¥⁄¥m;t full s;¬íç crooked, bent, leaning spapi÷ half full xøkø;n;∑;n big ƒi generous xøi÷íw;n big mouth, talkative ƒ;há:yƒ;n good ÷eli÷ • This is a plural word. It big nose ƒiqs;n refers to more than one person or bitter, sour sa¥;m thing. black cœi≈ good ÷;¥ blue cqøay • This color includes a good person ÷;¥ál;m;xø range of blues and greens. green cqøay blue ßkøi˙cal;s • ‘blue-jay colored’. green sa≈ø;lál;s • ‘grass-colored’. blue ˙e˙;xø;µ grey cxøi˚ø brave ÷;yé:nw;s handicapped s˚øe¥iws brown t;m;®ál;s • ‘ochre-colored÷. heavy xø;t;s childish s√i÷√q;®ƒ;t hollow ßxø;÷≈ø;lí∑;∫ cold ≈ay√ homesick ÷aµ;t;m correct, proper, right s√;líµ ~ hot ˚øe¬;s s√iµ red hot ≈øay correct, right ƒ;ƒí÷ incorrect s÷;œø crazy skøati ~ skati lazy ÷aµ;t insane, crazy sya:l≈ø lazy s÷;µ;t dead sœaœi÷ long √eqt dirty, ugly q;lí:ma÷ ~ q;lá:ma÷ long leg √eqtß;n dirty person q;lama÷⁄lm;xø long arm √eqt;lé≈;n dirty (clothes, people, car) long-haired √;qté¬ç s√;¬;÷ many, a lot q;≈ doubled œ;˙ marked, painted s≈;≈í¬ half-drunk, feeling good s;¬;s too narrow t;÷í:tß drunk, out of it sxøa÷xø;˚ø new, recent qe÷is dull q;lá÷ƒ new ≈e∑s easy h;¬íq÷;¬ nice, kind ßxø;¥íw;n enough s√a√;m okay, all right ƒ;ƒí÷

24 Descriptives old s÷el;xø cut in strips s®;®íç old †at • Referring to the olden days. strong, fit, healthy ˚øaµ˚ø;µ old œi:l;m stubborn, obstinate ßiß;l;s orange køulál;s • From ‘gold- suspicious ˚øe:˚ø;l;÷kø colored’. sweet œe†;m oval √;qtá:¬s • From ‘long’ and tall person √;qtém;˙ ‘round’. thick, big around m;qø poor, pitiful tsas thick p®et pregnant, heavy with child thick foot p®etß;n xø;t;smá:t thin ç;mí:¬ pregnant xø˚ø;lím tidy ƒi÷ƒ⁄¥;lm;xø • Referring to a rare, unusual ≈el; tidy person, a person with a very clean red ckøim house. reddish brown ckøim;l;s warm, lukewarm, tepid stat;m reddish brown køikø;má¬;s watery qa÷;m round, circle ß;lá˚ø weak me:∫ sharp ÷;yá:ƒ weakened h;mé:n;µ • Referring, short √;√í:ç;m;˙ for example, to a canoe or a roof. shrunk œ;lœ;lπt;m white πeπœ • This is a plural form used sick œaœi÷ to refer to a group of white things. skinny cqøiqø;m≈ø white π;œ slippery ®i≈ø;µ wide ®œet slippery qi≈;m wild t;¬t;l;∑ slow ÷ay;m wise, clever xøat small ÷;xøí∫ wrinkled face ßœøaœø;π;s smart, annoying ®e˙;l yellow l;l;ç • From ‘dull oregon- soft, fluffy m;¬;l grape’. sour sa¥;m spoiled q;¬q;l⁄¬ springy m;†m;† stained √el steep ci®;s still, stopped ÷;∫éxø stingy xø√i÷ stingy xø√i÷íws straight sƒ;÷ƒé˚ø striped ß≈;l;≈í:¬

25 Food apple ÷ap;ls • From English. dried fish sœi¬;÷ apples ÷a¬;p;ls dried fish (Nanaimo) sœiœ;lá:µ bacon kø;ßú • From Chinook Jargon, dried fish (Chemainus, Nanoose) from French le cochon ‘pig, pork’. sœiœ;l;µ baking powder ÷ispáwt; • From egg, eggs ˙;˙;≈áls English yeast powder. egg, eggs ÷i:ks • From English. barbecued sœø;l;m eulachon oil √i∫; cow, beef musm;s • From Chinook fat, lard snas Jargon. fish head s≈;¥;sá÷qø beer pay; • From English. flour sp;˚ø beer πaπ;qø;m feed s≈®ast berries (Chemainus, Nanoose) feed s÷;®t;nst;xø s˙u:m gift of leftover food for berries (Nanaimo) s˙;m;m departing guests m;œa÷ƒ aboriginal style bread sq;w grape, grapes klips • From English. bread s;plíl • From Chinook Jargon. juice of any fruit ßqøa÷;¬;qø bread, yeast bread π;πá:m laxative ßœø;w⁄lt;n ~ bread, loaf of bread, yeast bread ßœø;w;lt;n π;πá:µ s;plíl • ‘rising or swelling leftovers sha:ƒ;n ~ ƒa:ƒ;n bread’. liquor lem • From Chinook Jargon, breakfast xønet;®q;n ~ from English rum. ßnet;®q;n bag lunch, trail food se∑;n broth, for example, chicken fatty meat s˙e÷˙® broth qa÷⁄®qa medicine s®e≈;∫ broth qø;¬sm;n milk qa:lm;xø ~ sqa:lm;xø butter sn;sálm;xø onion œø;≈øí÷;c cake kiks • From English. pear pe:s • From English. chewing gum, balsam or pine pepper p;p; • From English. pitch ˚øi÷xø poison ˙;≈t;∫ coffee kapi • From English. potato sqewƒ barbecued meat, cooked bread preserves, preserved food sœø;l xø;sœíœ;¬; cracker, crackers klik;s • From provisions s÷i÷®t;∫sté∑;t • What English. we are going to feed someone with. dinner, the noon meal provisions, œ;¬m;∫ • Stuff to take xøtaxøskøéy;lq;n camping. dried food sç;¥xø herring roe ç;µ;ß

26 Food dried and pressed roe spa÷ fermented salmon roe s√;m˚ø salmon eggs †em;˚ø salt √e®;m salty √e√;®;m snack, teatime xø˙;®qín;m soup s®aπ sugar ßukø; • From English. supper, the evening meal (Chemainus, Nanoose) xøne÷;ntq;n supper, the evening meal (Nanaimo) xøne∫;tq;n sweetener, berry juice s˙u:µeµ;n tea tih • From English. tobacco, cigarettes sπa√;m turnip ßxøiléwe÷ wheat xøi:t • From English.

27 Function Words and Affixes a, some ˚ø• Indefinite article. just, quite ÷;∑... ÷a¬ • ÷;∑ appears after, past y;¬é∑ before a verb or adjective and ÷a¬ again q;lét appears after it. all m;˚ø later taxø alone ÷;∑ hay ÷a¬ let’s ÷i÷®e÷ already w;® long time hiƒ always yaƒ to make, let, have you (plural) and ÷i÷ do something -stal; • Causative awhile qe÷is ÷a¬ suffix. become xø;- • Inchoative prefix. to make, let, have you do a bit t;∑ something -stam; • Causative to, of, by ÷; • Preposition introducing suffix. a place, a passive agent, or an oblique to make, let, have me do object. something -staµß • Causative do! ®e÷ • The particle is added after a suffix. verb in order to make a polite to make, let, have us do command. something -sta¬xø • Causative to do something to each other suffix. -tal ~ -t;l • Reciprocal suffix. what’s the matter ctam;t • This excuse me œøaœø;¬⁄≈ • Used, for introduces a question. example, when reaching across me -ƒaµß • First person singular someone. object pronoun. goodbye h;¥éw;® • This is a it’s me ÷e:∫ƒ; compound of h;¥é÷ ‘leave’ and w;® must, must have, perhaps y;xø • ‘already’. Evidential particle expressing doubt or hearsay, I’m told ç; • Evidential inference. particle indicating secondary source my n; • First person singular information. possessive. here and now ÷i÷ • Auxiliary verb. no, not ÷;w; here, this one ti÷í none ÷;w;té÷ it’s him/her/it ni® not yet ≈ø;¥e÷ how scekø;l • Introduces a question. nothing ÷;w;te÷stém I c;n • First person singular subject to, of, by ÷; • Preposition introducing pronoun. a place, a passive agent, or an oblique indeed, I’m certain πe÷ • Evidential object. particle indicating certainty. oops! ÷;ß • Ladies say this. indeed, alright œ; ~ œa • Emphatic our ct • First person plural possessive particle. pronoun.

28 Function Words and Affixes

I beg your pardon n; • Used when that one (in sight) ƒ;∑ní® • you can’t hear a person and you want Demonstrative used with feminine them to repeat. singular nouns. maybe, perhaps wa¬a • Evidential that one (in sight) (Chemainus, particle expressing a conjecture on the Nanoose) ©;∑ní® • part of the speaker. Demonstrative used with plain nouns to pretend to do something (that is, nouns that are not feminine -st;naµ;t • Reflexive causative singular nouns). suffix. that one (in sight) (Nanaimo) question particle ÷; • Used to form t;∑ní® • Demonstrative used with a yes-no question. plain nouns (that is, nouns that are not really, truly ƒ;® • Evidential particle feminine singular nouns). indicating that the speaker is sure of that there na÷;t the information. that, and ÷;∑ • This is a connective to do something to one’s self particle that follows adverbs or verbs -ƒat ~ -ƒ;t • Reflexive suffix. and introduces a complement clause. some, a ˚ø• Indefinite article. the (in sight) ƒ; • Article used with sometimes ç;xølé÷ feminine singular nouns. soon c;lél the (in sight) (Chemainus, thank you hay ce:p œa÷ • Said to Nanoose) ©; • Article used with more than one person. plain nouns (that is, nouns that are not thank you hay ∆ œa÷ • Said to one feminine singular nouns). person. the (in sight) (Nanaimo) t; • that (out of sight) køƒe¥ • Article Article used with plain nouns (that is, used with plain nouns (that is, nouns nouns that are not feminine singular that are not feminine singular nouns). nouns). that (out of sight) ®e¥ • Article the (out of sight) ®; • Article used used with feminine singular nouns. with feminine singular nouns. that (in sight) (Chemainus, the (out of sight) køƒ; • Article Nanoose) te¥ • Article used with used with plain nouns (that is, nouns plain nouns (that is, nouns that are not that are not feminine singular nouns). feminine singular nouns). the (remote) køs; • Article used with that (in sight) ƒe¥ • Article used feminine nouns that are distant in time with feminine singular nouns. (including deceased persons) or that (in sight) (Chemainus, hypothetical. This is also used to Nanoose) ©e¥ • Article used with introduce clauses. plain nouns (that is, nouns that are not the (remote) ˚ø ~ ˚ø; • Article used feminine singular nouns). with plain nouns (that is, nouns that

29 Function Words and Affixes

are not feminine singular nouns) that to be from where t;∫⁄nc; • This are distant in time (including deceased word introduces a question. persons) or hypothetical. This is also to go where xøcel • This word used to introduce clauses. introduces a question. the (oblique) √ • Article used with which t;÷⁄nc; • This word introduces proper nouns in the oblique case. a question. it’s them ne÷;l® who (Chemainus, Nanoose) ®wet there and then ni÷ • Auxiliary verb. • This word introduces a question. there, that one t;ní who (Nanaimo) wet • This word they ÷e:®t;n • Third person plural introduces a question. pronoun. whoever (Chemainus, Nanoose) this here ÷e÷et ®wet ÷a¬; • This phrase introduces to, of, by ÷; • Preposition introducing a question. a place, a passive agent, or an oblique whoever (Nanaimo) wet ÷a¬; • object. This phrase introduces a question. us -ta¬xø • First person plural object why n;cíµ • This word introduces a pronoun. question. it’s us ®nim;® will ce÷ • Future tense. very much so, really √;¬ím ~ yes he:÷e √;lí:µ ~ √iµ yes, it is ni÷ want -;lm;n ~ -;¬m;∫ • you ∆ • Second person singular subject Desiderative suffix. pronoun. we ct • First person plural subject you ce:p • Second person plural pronoun. subject pronoun. you’re welcome nam;t kø; you -ƒam; • Second person singular you’re welcome nam;t y;xø • object pronoun. This is an older form. you -tal; • Second person plural object what’s the matter ctam;t • This pronoun. word introduces a question. it’s you n;w; what stem • This word introduces a it’s you (plural) ®w;l;p question. your ÷;∫ • Second person singular whatever stem ÷a¬; • This phrase possessive. introduces a question. your ÷;∫... -;l;p • Second person when, at what time s˚øins • This plural possessive. word introduces a question. when t;µtém to be where ÷;nc; • This word introduces a question.

30 Games, Sports, and Toys ball game p;psíw;t • Game of tug-of-war xø;wxø˚øat;¬ ~ throwing the ball over the house, xøi÷xø˚øat;¬ Annie Over. ball game using balsam burl ball sm;kø traditional ball game ç;qø;la÷ ball game sm;t;lí ball game (like badminton) s;kø;yí baseball œøaqøiy;ls baseball bat œø;qøt;n boxing ˙i˙œøást;¬ canoe race stey canoe race (Nanoose) tey modern racing canoe tey;w;® canoe race (Nanaimo) te÷te÷ playing cards, deck of cards s†;p;¬ coach in canoe racing, captain xøtit;µ;®t;∫ doll m;náya÷® game ßxøi∑á¬;µ lahal, stick game, bone game sl;hé¬ bone game player xøsl;hé¬ golf club œøqø;¥á¬st;n toy hoop st;¥ti÷ hopscotch ce÷c√íµ playground ßxøi∑a¬;µ playing field ßxøi∑á¬;µ sp;®≈;n puzzle, something hard to do √;≈øám;t seesaw, teeter-totter xøi÷xø;˙é:n;µ ~ xø;xø;˙én;m playground slide ßqiq;≈áƒ;t toy, game s;∑á¬;µ

31 Household Items back rest ßc;∫éw;st;n goat’s wool blankets barrel, washtub †;mú¬;∆ ~ sw;wœøá÷® †;mó¬;∆ • From Chinook Jargon. blanket from strips ≈ø;t ~ baskets ≈øat basket sit;n book pukø • From English. baskets se¬;t;n bottle ßl;mél; little basket si÷st;∫ bottles ßl;l;mél; basket ß˚øe÷;m • Some say this bowl, platter, wooden tray is a round or square basket with a qøƒal;s cover used for storage. Others bowl xø√;p la÷ƒ;n • ‘deep plate’. say this is a basket used for box ≈ƒ;m carrying hot water and for boxes ≈;≈íƒ;µ cooking with hot rocks. bread container, bread box cedar root basket used for ßs;pli¬él; storage le÷c;s can, tin œ;≈œ;≈ large waterproof basket √pet canvas t;ßú water-tight basket, bucket bottlecap, lid on a pot s˚øa∑;s œπe¬e÷ct;n bathtub, bathing hole carpet, floorspread, picnic ßßaxø;˚ø;µ blanket πƒ;n;pt;n beads ˙;˙≈ít • These are little beads chair ßçe∫;ct;n useds for beadwork. chairs ßçelé∫;ct;n bed ßxø÷it;t little chair ßçiçn;ct;∫ bed, sleeping platform, home little chairs ßç;¬í÷çn;ct;∫ ßxø÷aµ;t chest of drawers ßxø÷;∑˚øél; s®e÷® bedspread, cover, sheet cloth sil • From Chinook Jargon, from blankets English sail. blanket l;≈øt;n clothesline ß;ß;µ⁄¬w;t;µ blankets h;lí≈øt;n clothesline ßœiœ;w;¬s blankets l;lí≈øt;n clothesline, pole ßœ;œ;w⁄¬w;t;µ little blanket li¬≈øt;∫ clothesline œ;œ;w;¬w;t;µ blanket q;q≈é≈;∫ clothespin ß≈;˚ø;˙é:¬s doubled blanket s®;qtá¬ clothespin, clothespeg ≈˚øi˙ét;n baby blanket sl;≈ø;t;né÷® coffee pot ßkapiél; goat’s wool blanket πœ;lw;t comb ®çim;n goat’s wool blanket sw;œøá÷® fine-toothed comb ßπip;xøá÷qø;m

32 Household Items water container ßqa÷él; feathers, feather mattress, little container ÷;xøí∫;q;∫ feather pillow s√pe¬q;∫ cork, plug, bottle stopper fireplace, cooking pit ßxø;¥qøél; †køa:yƒ;t;n footstool ßçe÷ß;t;n cover ®çet fork çœøalst;n cover ßq;π;q;∫ fringe s÷il;ws cover for a container œπe¬e÷ct;n frying pan ß∂ekø≈;¬s cradle board πa÷˙;s hanger, hook, clothes peg cup l;pát • From Chinook Jargon, ß≈ø÷a÷˚ø;s;¬s from French le pot. key l;klí • From Chinook Jargon, kitchen cupboard ßl;ƒí:n; from French le clé. design, pattern ß≈;¬c;st;n • For knives embroidery, knitting, etc. knife (Chemainus, Nanoose) desk, little table li¬;té:µ ß;pt;n dime mit • From Chinook Jargon, knife (Nanaimo), scraper from English bit as in two bits. (Chemainus, Nanoose) dishes ÷;≈t;n china (dishes), clam or oyster little knife (Chemainus, shell çe∑i÷ Nanoose) ßi÷ßpt;∫ dishes ç;¬éwi÷ little knives (Chemainus, little dish, little bowl çeçwi÷ Nanoose) ß;¬í÷ßpt;∫ little dishes ç;¬eçwi÷ handicraft skø;y≈;cs;m • For little dishes, little shells example, knitting or basketwear. ç;lí÷ç;çe∑i÷ ladle, wooden spoon ≈e¬;∑ little dish çeçwi÷t;∫ lantern, torch kø;nß;t;n ~ big dish, platter çe∑i÷tén ~ ßkø;nß;t;n ~ ßkø;nß;n çe∑i÷t;n laundry s˙≈ø;lw;t;m dishes ßxø÷i÷®t;∫ leftovers from wood cutting, dish towel ß≈øe˙wí:¬s breaking string †œøe:nm;n dishpan, sink ß˙a≈øi:¬s lid ßœπeq;t;n dresser, chest of drawers light, car headlight (Nanaimo) ßxø÷;∑˚øél; h;¥qøí:∫ eraser ßxø÷e÷˙;¬s light, car headlight (Chemainus, facecloth ßxø÷i÷œø;ƒ;t Nanoose) h;¥qøú:∫ facecloth ßya†œø;s;µ linoleum ƒ;¬⁄n;pt;n facecloth, towel ß≈øa˙;s;µ mats braided mat of bulrushes or old cloth ƒ;¬ß;t;n

33 Household Items

mat, doormat ßxø÷e˙ßé∫;µ scouring rush s≈;m≈;m reed mat l;œø;¥ ~ sl;œø;¥ sack, bag lisék • From Chinook sleeping mat s®ew;n Jargon, from French le sac. small carpet, footmat sacks l;l;sék p;ƒß;t;n salt shaker ß√e®;mél; wall mat sal;÷;c sauce pan ßqøa¬s mat, shawl, canoe cover shampoo ßxøi:÷†a÷qø;µ œ;¬ßt;n ~ œ;¬ß;t;n sheet ƒi¬é÷®t;n match, matches ma∆;s • From sheets ƒ;¬ƒi¬é÷®t;n English. soap sup • From English. little match maµ∆;s wooden spoon, ladle ≈é¬;∑ mirror ßxø;¬mást;n stove stu:f ~ stu:p • From English. money tel; • From Chinook Jargon, sugar bowl ßukø;÷él; from English dollar. suitcase, handbag l;qø; little money tet¬; suitcases, handbags h;líqø; nickel ®s;œmít • ‘half a dime’. swing, hammock œi†a÷ baking pan ßxøi÷q;¬s table l;tém • From French la table. paper, form pip; • From Chinook tables l;l;tém Jargon, from English. desk, little table li¬;té:µ pen, pencil ≈;¬t;n tablecloth ƒ;¬áyƒ;t;n pencils, pens ≈;≈í¬t;n teapot ßtihél; ~ ßt;hél; penny sens • From English cent. telephone, megaphone ßt;té:µ little pennies s;¬és;∫s toothbrush ß˙≈ø;¬n;s;µ pepper shaker ßp;p;÷él; trash, garbage s÷i÷˚ø;l picture, photograph ß≈a˙;st;n washtub, barrel †;mú¬;∆ ~ pillow sxø;√q;∫ †;mó¬;∆ • From Chinook Jargon. pillow case ßxø;√q;∫él; window blind ß√xøast;n pipe (stovepipe, smoking pipe) wool l;m;tú¬q;n ßπ;√;mél; plate la÷ƒ;n sauce pan, little pot ßqøi÷qøá¬s quarter køat; • From Chinook Jargon, from English. radio, phonograph qø;lá÷iƒ;t;∫ razor ßxø÷;≈áyƒ;t;m refrigerator, cooler ß≈;y√;¬s ribbon œπ;né÷t;n

34 Insects, Reptiles, Etc. ant ç;µç;yí÷ [various species of tree frog w;≈;s [Hyla regilla Baird Formicidae] and Girard (Pacific treefrog)] bee s;µs;µá¥; ~ s;µá¥; [various beehive ß;µs;m;¥él; species of Hymenoptera] horsefly sm;l;ç ~ m;l;ç bird lice √;≈él; [various species of [unidentified species of Tabanidae] Mallophaga (chewing lice)] ladybug sm;y;œøa÷ ~ m;y;œøa÷ bird lice ç®a¬a÷ [various species of [unidentified species of Coccinellidae Mallophaga (chewing lice)] (ladybird beetles)] butterfly (Chemainus, Nanoose) leech xø;xø;yím [unidentified s˚ø;lwé≈e÷ [various species of species of Hirudinea?] Lepidoptera] lizard pi÷tß;n ~ p;pí÷tß;n butterfly (Nanaimo) √am;≈;n ~ [unidentified species (of lizard or √;¬ám;≈;n [various species of possibly salamander)] Lepidoptera] lizards p;l;pí÷tß;n [unidentified caterpillar m;m;≈é® [unidentified species (of lizard or possibly species of larval Lepidoptera] • This salamander)] black and gold caterpillar turns into a lizard c;¬cá:¬qø;m [unidentified butterfly. species (of lizard or possibly cricket hap;t;¬ ~ hap;tí:¬ salamander)] • This is smaller than [unidentified species of Orthoptera] pi÷tß;n. deer fly, tick, wood tick louse, head lice m;ßç;n [Pediculus m;˙;®qíwi÷;c [unidentified humanus Linnaeus (head and body species of Tabanidae (deer fly) and louse)] Acari (ticks)] maggot ßaya÷ ~ ßaye÷ [various dragonfly ˙;˙ß [unidentified species species of larval flies (Diptera)] of Odonata] mosquito qøe÷en [various species of flea †a†;®;µ [various species of Culicidae] Siphonaptera] nits, flea or head louse eggs fleas †;¬á†;®;µ [various species of ≈;ß†é∫ [Pediculus humanus Siphonaptera] Linnaeus (head and body louse) and little flea †;†á÷†;®;µ [various various species of Siphonaptera species of Siphonaptera] (fleas)] housefly ≈ø;y≈ø;yá¥; [various rattlesnake xø˚øet≈⁄µn;c ~ species of Diptera] ˚øet≈;µn;c [Crotalus viridis bullfrog s≈;÷énxø [?Rana Rafinesque (western rattlesnake)] catesbeiana Shaw (American salamander xø;˚ønec;m bullfrog)] [unidentified species]

35 Insects, Reptiles, Etc. sand flea xø;xøiyéµ [various species of Talitridae (beach hoppers)] sand fly pxø;¥qs;n [unidentified species] snake ÷;®qi÷ [any species of snake] snakes ÷e÷;l®qi÷ [any species of snake] spider, spiderweb ç;sç;scí∫ [various species of Arachnida] spider œ;sœ;scí∫ [unidentified species of Arachnida] spider q;tq;tçá¬a [various species of Arachnida] black widow spider si:yé÷t;n [unidentified species of Arachnida] • This spider is said to be hairy and shiny with a red dot on its back. spitbug s˚ø;m;c;n [unidentified species of Cercopidae (spittlebugs)] tadpole s≈;÷én;xøal® worm s˙;˚ø[probably various native and introduced species of Lumbricidae (earthworms) as well as any worm] salmonberry worm xøs;yáµ;s [unidentified species, possibly one or more species of larval Byturidae (fruitworm beetles)]

36 Kinship Terms relatives ßxø;∑éli sq;lé÷eq • younger brothers, aunts, uncles, and parents’ sisters, cousins cousins ß;y;® • older brother, sister, ßxø;µníkø • aunt, uncle, cousin parent’s cousin ß;ß⁄y;® ~ ß;ßéy;® • older ßxø;¬;µníkø • aunts, uncles, brothers, sisters, cousins parent’s cousins s;∫√e÷ • eldest brother, sister, ßxø;µné¬;kø • aunts, uncles, cousin parent’s cousins se:∫√e÷ • elder brothers, ßxø;µn⁄∫;kø • little aunt, sisters, cousins uncle, parent’s cousin ÷el;ß • sister or female cousin nikø • aunt, uncle, parent’s of a man, brother or male cousin (address form) cousin of a woman nikøiye÷ • aunt, uncle, ÷e¬;¬;ß • brothers of a single parent’s cousin (address woman, sisters of a single form) man ßcepƒ ~ ß∆epƒ • aunt, uncle, ÷;¬él;ß • brothers of a single parent’s cousin through woman, sisters of a single marriage man ßce¬;pƒ ~ ß∆e¬;pƒ • aunts, sn;ç;wy;® • half brother or uncles, parent’s cousins sister through marriage in-laws ßce÷cpƒ ~ ß∆e÷∆pƒ • little c;wté® • brother-in-law (man’s aunt, uncle, parent’s cousin sister’s husband), son-in- through marriage law, daughter-in-law siblings and cousins (address form) œø;œøí÷t;l • siblings sc;wté® • brother-in-law ßxø÷aœøa÷ • brother, sister, (man’s sister’s husband), cousin son-in-law, daughter-in-law ßxø÷a¬;œøa÷ • brothers, sisters, sci∑;té® • brothers-in-law cousins (man’s sisters’ husbands), sa÷s;qøt ~ s;÷ás;qøt • children-in-law younger brother, sister, or smet;xøt;n • brother-in-law cousin (husband’s brother, s÷a¬;œøa÷ • younger siblings woman’s sister’s husband) (brothers, sisters, cousins) sister-in-law, (wife’s sister, sqe÷eq • younger brother, man’s brother’s wife) sister, cousin

37 Kinship Terms

sme÷;lt;xøt;n • brothers-in- me÷ • dad (address form, law (husband’s brothers, endearment form) woman’s sisters’ husbands), ten • mother sisters-in-law (wife’s sisters, te÷ • mum (address form, man’s brothers’ wives) endearment form) ßxø÷el;ß • sister-in-law te÷tiye÷ • mommy (address (woman’s husband’s sister, form) brother’s or male cousin’s clilé÷em • stepparent wife) ci÷c;t • parent (when speaking ßxø÷;¬él;ß • sisters-in-law of someone else’s parent) (woman’s husband’s sisters, c;lí÷c;t • parents male cousins’ wives, ßxø;∑éli • parents husband’s female cousins) grandchildren çe:¥; • wife or husband of ÷im;ƒ • grandchild, deceased brother or sister grandniece, grand nephew, ç;¥çe:¥; • wives or husbands cousin’s grandchild of deceased brothers and ÷im;ye÷ • grandchild, sisters grandniece, grand nephew, ß˚øi÷®;∑ • father-in-law, cousin’s grandchild (address mother-in-law form) ßsi¬; • grandparent-in-law miµiye÷ • grandchild, ßçaµ;qø • great grandparent- grandniece, grand nephew, in-law cousin’s grandchild (address ßça¬;µ;qø • great form) grandparents-in-law ÷;µím;ƒ • grandchildren, children grandnieces, grand nephews, m;∫; • child, offspring cousin’s grandchildren meµ;∫; • children grandparents mim∫e÷ • little offspring, si¬; • grandparent, little son, little daughter grandparent’s sibling or h;µéµ;∫; • little offspring, cousin little sons, little daughters s;¬sí¬; • grandparents, c®m;∫;m • stepchild grandparent’s siblings or parents cousins men • father me÷ • grandfather (address meµiye÷ • daddy (address form, endearment form) form) te÷ • grandmother (address form, endearment form)

38 Kinship Terms

sis;¬; • little grandmother cexø • spouse, fiancée, fiancé greats na∑ • spouse (informal term, sçaµ;qø • great address form) grandparent/child sça¬;µ;qø • great grandparents/children sçaçm;qø ~ sçaç;m;qø • little great grandparent great greats ÷;køiya÷qø • great great grandparent/child ÷;kø÷íkøiya÷qø • great great grandparents/children great great greats ˙;πi÷á÷qø • great great great grandparent/child ˙;˙íπi÷a÷qø • great great great grandparents/children nieces, nephews, and cousin’s children stiw;n • niece, nephew, cousin’s child st;÷tí∑;n • nieces, nephews, cousin’s children tiw;n • niece, nephew, cousin’s child (address form) sw;nmé® • niece, nephew, cousin’s child when the parent is deceased w;nmé® • niece, nephew, cousin’s child when the parent is deceased (address form) spouses sta¬;s • spouse st;¬tá¬;s • spouses stat¬;s • little spouse

39 Nature the other side, opposite shore, speck of dust spip˚ø;µ across the road ßn;÷á÷ƒ dust sp˚ø;m ancient ground s√;ln;p land, earth, world t;m;xø ashes y;qømín earthquake xøßit;m t; t;m;xø • ashes œøa÷c;p ‘The earth shakes.’ bay s÷;ƒn;c echo t;∑t;∑⁄l;q;p • From ‘conk, beach cec;∑ tree fungus’. bluff sm;lßén echo w;lá:µ bluff, cliff, bare mountainside, eddy, calm water sqeq;µ very large flat rock ˚ø;l;q;n endpoint sn;qsí∫ bushy, thick woods xøƒqet;m end of line, beginning of line, calm spot in the water qeq;µ corner ÷il;≈;n center, middle ÷;∫w;® ~ ÷;∫we® field, clearing sp;®≈;n chip, wood chip œøaqøm;n ~ fire h;¥qø œø;qøm;n flint ˚ø;∫†áls clay s;yœ foam, bubbles sπaœø;m cliff ßπaqø;s fog spe÷xø clouds ßxø÷eƒ;t;n foot print ß≈;∫;t;n coal, charcoal (Nanaimo) πiçt thick forest xøƒqet;m coal, charcoal (Chemainus, freezing weather (Chemainus, Nanoose) π;çt Nanoose) sƒim;÷éls copper sœø;ll;s frost ≈;≈⁄∫ creek, little river stat¬;∑ fuller’s earth s†;∑;œø • This black creeks, little rivers st;t;l;∑ earth is burned white and then creeks, little rivers st;¬át¬;∑ pounded into wool to make it light and crystal s≈;†˚øá¬s ~ ≈;†˚øá¬s fluffy. beaver dam xøt;qnéc gold kul ~ køul • From English. dark, dusk ®ec gravel ˙≈;t dark, dusk (Nanaimo) t;p hail sqø;lqøál≈ø ~ sqø;lqø;l≈ø deep place xø√;p haystack m;køéls dew sa÷s≈ø up high, high cic;® downstream, east w;œø high ground ca¬;qø downstream, east w;œø;≈;n high tide l;çl;ç driftwood qøa®t;m high tide sq;µí¬ dripping water s˙eœ;m high tide s;¬líç drizzling ®e¬t;m hole ßqø;qøé drop of water s˙œ;m ice (Nanaimo) spi∑

40 Nature ice (Chemainus, Nanoose) mouth of river ÷i¬á÷ƒ sƒima÷ mud s†iq;¬ island skøƒe÷s ~ skøƒe÷ muddy, swampy ˙iœ;¬ islands skø;÷køé÷ƒe÷s ~ mud, muddy, swampy †;kø†;kø skø;÷køé÷ƒe÷ northern lights s;s⁄œ t; skøey;l little island skøi÷køƒe÷s ~ • ‘The sky is ripped open.’ skøi÷køƒe÷ ochre t;m;® • Used to make paint for little islands skø;¬í÷køƒe÷s ~ dancers. skø;¬í÷køƒe÷ overcast, cloudy ßxø;∫wás lake ≈aca÷ pass, narrows sqƒeq lakes ≈a¬;ca÷ pebble, little mountain little lake, pond ≈a≈ca÷ smeµn;t land, earth t;m;xø point of land s÷;lqs;n leveled ground sƒ˚ø;∫áp pothole in road ßweœ∑;œ leveled ground s;lœ;∫ap puddle, pool ßqaq;¬ ~ ßq;q;¬ lightning, flashing ˙;˚ø˙;˚ø;¬ rain s®;m;xø lightning ˙;˚ø˙;˚ø;¬ t; rainbow ƒ;q;¬ß⁄n;µ ßxø;xøá÷;s • ‘The thunder is rapids, ripples in stream sçe÷ß;n flashing.’ rapids (Chemainus, Nanoose) log-jam st;q ß≈øu:m very low tide, water is way out rapids (Nanaimo) ß≈ø;m;m ckøal;s red ochre t;m;® low tide c;køc;kø river sta¬;∑ low tide ß;µß;µ rivers st;lta¬;∑ moon ®qe¬ç river bank ßta¬;∑él; full moon l;ç t; ®qe¬ç road, door, roadway, foot path moonlight ®;q;¬ç ße® up in the mountains ca¬;qø roads, trails, doors ße÷;l® bare rocky mountain çe:mt;≈;n rock (Chemainus, Nanoose) mountain top sc®iq;n ÷; t; sme:nt sme:nt rocks (Chemainus, Nanoose) face of mountain, bluff sm;nmé:nt ßkø;®kø;® rock (Nanaimo) √;ç; mountain sme:nt • This also means rocks (Nanaimo) √;√éc; ‘rock’ in Chemainus and Nanoose. little rocks, small rocks, round way down the mountain, down objects m;m;∫;s below the hill s√piq;n saltwater ˚øa√køa

41 Nature sand pqøic;n ~ pqø;c;n thunderstorm køe¥≈ƒ;t t; sandbar, gravel bar ˙i˙;≈ø;µ ßxø;xøá÷;s • ‘The thunder is sawdust ®;çm;n stirring.’ shade ß†en;q;n ~ ß†e†;n;q;n thunder ßxø;xøá÷;s shadow qi≈;né:m low tide caqøc;qø shadow qi÷≈;né÷t;n high tide l;çl;ç shallows ßeß;µ low tide xøcakø umbrella, shelter œ;l;çt;n tide-flats, muddy spot shortcut xø†aœøwí:¬s s†iq;¬;n;p day, sky skøey;l tin œ;≈œ;≈ smoke from a fire or chimney tracks ß≈;∫;t;n s√ey;œ;m trail, route ß®;∫é smoke, cigarette, pipe sπa√;m trail, little path ße÷ß® smooth ground ÷;¥;n;p trails, little paths ß;¬é÷ß® snag œ;lœ⁄¬œ twister, little tornado snow meqe÷ sœø;lœø;lß;n soot sœøa÷;yc;p ~ sœøa:yc;p under water, bottom of the spark, burst of firecracker ocean ß√;pnéc s√;l˚øíls upstream t;yw;t • upstream, spray spe÷xø;m north star køas;n water little star køa÷køs;∫ water qa÷ steam, vapor spal;xø;m cold water ≈;y√;®qa÷ storm, gale, windy ≈e√ dirty water, muddy water sun s;µßáƒ;t xøq;l;m qa÷ sunbeam s≈;∫;s t; s;µßáƒ;t • fresh water ˙ew;m qa÷ ‘leg of the sun’. spring water, clear water sunbeam ƒ;q;¬ßét;∫ xø÷;¥;m qa÷ sunlight, sun’s heat syaqø;m waterfall hil;m qa÷ sunrise µi ˚øa∫;s;m t; waterfall skø;c s;µßáƒ;t • ‘The sun is coming waterfall sœ;y;p up.’ wave ha¥;¬;q sunset y;˙;˙;xø t; s;µßáƒ;t • big waves ƒiƒé¬;q ‘The sun is going down.’ whirlpool œ;¥;≈;m swamp maqø;µ slow whirlpool ßy;¬;≈;n;m thick area p®;tn;c winds

42 Nature east wind , south wind t;∫w;œø fair wind, breeze along the water hi∑œøe¬;qø north wind st;yw;t north wind sat;c ~ ƒat;c • North or northeast wind that brings snow. north winds t;yt west wind t;∫cá¬;qø wind sc;xø;m wind, breeze sp;héls

43 Numerals number, counting s˚øßem three circular objects ®xøa¬;s half, half-dollar ®s;œ three containers ®ixø;q;n how many ˚øin three conveyances ®xø;w;® how many buildings, rooms three dollars ®ixø;s ˚øi∫é∑txø three people ®xøel; how many circular objects three pieces of stuff ®;xømat ˚øin;l;s three-pronged ®xøa¥á÷ƒ how many containers ˚øin;q;n three times ®xøe® how many conveyances four ≈;÷áƒ;n ˚øin;w;® four buildings, rooms how many dollars ˚øin;s ≈;ƒí∫;∑txø how many people ˚øi:n; four circular objects ≈;ƒ;nál;s how many pieces of stuff four containers ≈;ƒí∫;q;n ˚øin;mát four conveyances ≈;ƒín;w;® how many times ˚øiné® four dollars ≈;ƒí∫;s one n;ça÷ four people ≈;ƒí:n; one building, one room four pieces of stuff ≈;ƒínamat n;ç;∑txø four times ≈;ƒ;∫é® one circular object n;ça÷ál;s five ®œec;s one container n;çaq;n five buildings, rooms ®œec;∑txø one conveyance neç;xø;® five circular objects ®œec;sál;s one dollar n;ç;s five containers ®œecs;q;n one person na∫;ça÷ five conveyances ®œec;w;® one piece of stuff n;çaµat five dollars ®œacs;s once n;çéxø five people ®œ;csé¬; first y;∑é∫ five pieces of stuff ®œ;c;mát two y;sé¬; five times ®œ;csé® two buildings, rooms ƒ;µtxø six †≈;m two circular objects y;sá¬;s six circular objects †≈;mál;s two containers y;sé¬;q;n six containers †≈;m;q;n two conveyances ƒem;xø;® six conveyances †≈;m;w;® two dollars y;sá¬;s six dollars †≈;m;s two people ye¥s;¬; six people †≈;m;l; two pieces of stuff y;sá¬;mat six pieces of stuff t≈;m;mát twice ƒ;mé÷ six times †≈;mé® three ®ixø seven ˙a÷kø;s three buildings, rooms ®ixøé∑txø

44 Numerals seven circular objects twelve dollars ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ ˙;÷køsál;s ˚øy;sá¬;s seven containers ƒa÷køs;q;n thirteen ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚ø®ixø seven conveyances ˙a÷køs;w;® thirteen dollars ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ seven dollars ˙a÷køs;s ˚ø®ixø;s seven people ˙a÷køsél; fourteen ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚ø≈;÷áƒ;n seven pieces of stuff ˙a÷køc;mát fourteen dollars ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ seven times ˙a÷˚ø;sé® ˚ø≈;ƒí∫;s eight te÷c;s fifteen ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚ø®œec;s eight circular objects te÷csál;s fifteen dollars ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ eight containers te÷cs;q;n ˚ø®œacs;s eight conveyances †;÷csáw;® sixteen ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚ø†≈;m eight dollars ta÷cs;s sixteen dollars ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ eight people te÷csél; ˚ø†≈;m;s eight pieces of stuff ta÷c;mát seventeen ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚ø˙a÷kø;s eight times te÷csé® seventeen dollars ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ nine tu:xø ˚ø˙a÷køs;s nine circular objects tu:xøál;s eighteen ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚øte÷c;s nine containers tu:xø;q;n eighteen dollars ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ nine conveyances tu:xøáw;® ˚øta÷cs;s nine dollars tu:xø;s nineteen ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚øtu:xø nine people tu:xøel; nineteen dollars ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ nine pieces of stuff tu:xømát ˚øtu:xø;s nine times tuxøé® twenty c˚ø;ß ten ÷ap;n twenty circular objects ten circular objects ÷;p;nál;s c˚ø;ßál;s ten containers ÷;pén;q;n twenty containers c˚ø;ßíq;n ten conveyances ÷;pé∫;w;® twenty conveyances c˚ø;ßáw;® ten dollars ÷;pán;s twenty dollars c˚øßas ten people ÷apé:n; twenty people c˚ø;ßé:l; ten pieces of stuff ÷;panamát twenty pieces of stuff c˚ø;ßamát ten times ÷apené® twenty times c˚ø;ßé® eleven ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚øn;ça÷ thirty ®;xø;®ßé÷ eleven dollars ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ thirty containers ®;xø;®ßí÷;q;n ˚øn;ç;s thirty dollars ®;xø;®ßá÷;s twelve ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚øy;sé¬; forty ≈;ƒ;n®ßé÷ forty containers ≈;ƒ;n®;ßí÷;q;n

45 Numerals forty dollars ≈;ƒ;n®ßá÷;s fifty ®œ;cs;®ßé÷ fifty containers ®œ;cs;®ßí÷;q;n fifty dollars ®œ;cs;®ßá÷;s sixty †≈;m;®ßé÷ sixty containers †≈;m;®ßí÷;q;n sixty dollars †≈;m;®ßá÷;s seventy ˙;køs;®ßé÷ seventy containers ˙;køs;®ßí÷;q;n seventy dollars ˙;køs;®ßá÷;s eighty t;÷cs;®ßé÷ eighty containers t;÷cs;®ßí÷;q;n eighty dollars t;÷cs;®ßá÷;s ninety tu:xø;®ßé÷ ninety containers tu:xø;®ßí÷;q;n ninety dollars tu:xø;®ßá÷;s one hundred neç;w;c two hundred ƒeµ;c two hundred y;sé¬; neç;w;c three hundred ®ixø neç;w;c four hundred ≈;÷áƒ;n neç;w;c five hundred ®œec;s neç;w;c six hundred †≈;m neç;w;c seven hundred ˙a÷kø;s neç;w;c eight hundred te÷c;s neç;w;c nine hundred tu:xø neç;w;c one thousand taws;n • From English. one thousand ÷;pénn;c zero ÷;∑˚ø• zero, to be all gone, to be finished off, to have run out

46 People aboriginal sy;∑á∫;ma÷ elders s÷;¬él;xø adult, grown-up ÷;∫éxø enemy ß;m⁄n ~ ß;mén m;stím;xø escort, seeing eye dog, lookout alcoholic xøsqa÷qa÷ place ßlem;≈;t;n ancestor ßt;∫i÷íws fat person na:¬ assistant, helper ç;∑t;n First Nations people baby qeq First Nations person xø;lm;xø babysitter, day care le¬;µe¬® First Nations people babysitter, caretaker of new xø;xøílm;xø dancer ßey;®t;n fellow First Nations people Black person œi≈;ye÷ ç®w;lm;xø boarder ßƒe¥;µ little First Nations people boss, chief, shopkeeper ßsi÷éµ xø;¬íxø;¬m;xø boys fisherman xøs˚øa˚øiy;qø • Using boy sw;¥qe÷al® a rod and reel. boys s;∑⁄¥qe÷al® French person flen∆ • From little boy sw;wí÷qe÷a¬® English. teen-age boy swi∑l;s friend, relative sye¥; teen-age boys swa:∑l;s friends siyé¥; chief ha¥wa÷qø girls child s√i÷√q;® girl, little woman s®e®ni÷ children (Nanaimo) st;wíxø;® teen-age girl œeµi÷ children (Chemainus, Nanoose) teen-age girls œe¬;µi÷ ~ s√;¬íq;® œ;¬éµi÷ Chinese person ∆eym;n • From little girl œeœµi÷ English Chinaman. little girls œ;¬éœµi÷ comical person ®;˙®;˙ glutton, heavy eater sq;n;xø couple, man and wife Halkomelem h;¬œ;mí∫;µ ÷a÷xø;¬m;xø assistant, helper ç;∑t;n someone who likes to dance hired hand ßya:¥;s xøsœø;yœø;yil;ß hired person sye˚ø babysitter, day care le¬;µe¬® honored person, respected one doctor takta • From English. si÷éµ dog owner, master ßqø;mé¥ honored people, respected ones drummer xøsœ;w;t;m si:÷éµ elder, old person s÷el;xø hunchback skøaµ;c;n elder, ancestor s÷;lxøé:n

47 People hunter, good provider playmate ç®hi∑a¬;µt;¬ xøkø;nkø;n®nén;m policeman qiq;œ;¬s hunter, provider of food policemen qiœq;œ;¬s xøs®;∑®nén;m priest l;plít • From Chinook Jargon, joker xøi÷;¥;¥;q;p ~ from French le prêtre. xøi÷⁄¥;q;p proud person sme˙;∫ lawyer ßqøilqø;¬ runner ß≈øa∫∆;n;µ Lekwiltok y;qø;®té÷≈ • ‘the people seer, psychic, fortune-teller from the fiery north’. sy;∑; liar ßme:˙;nq;n slave, prisoner of war s˚ø;y;ƒ Little People (they sometimes soldier, soldiers ∆;l∆;s • From cause trees to fall near you) English. meµstím;xø soldier, soldiers sol∆;s • From Little People (they sometimes English. cause trees to fall near you) speaker ßqøi÷qøá¬ ~ ßqø;÷qøé¬ siyé:ye÷ storyteller ≈ø;÷≈øi÷é:µ loudmouth, bigmouth xøƒiq;n different people, stranger lover s÷;ye÷ n;ç;wm;xø men s;∑⁄¥qe÷ student †i†;maƒ;t man sw;¥qe÷ swimmer xøs†ic;m midget, dwarf, Little People teacher skøu¬st⁄∫;q œøa÷qøi÷sté¥m;xø language teacher xø;¥áƒ;∫;q mourners ç®≈e:µ teacher of how to do things neighbor ß†;n;≈;n xø÷i∑c;s⁄∫;q nun sista • From English sister. teacher, trainer †i†;µe¬s nurse n;:s • From English. teen-age boy swi∑l;s orphan xøswen;m teen-age boys swa:∑l;s paddler xøs÷;ß÷;ß;l teen-age girl œeµi÷ partner, person you are teen-age girls œe¬;µi÷ ~ œ;¬éµi÷ travelling with ßœa∑;® thieves qel;∫q;∫ partner, person you are walking little thief qe÷q;∫q;∫ with sœa÷ß;n thief q;∫q;∫ partner (address form) œa∑;® knowledgeable person people at the dance meµ;®; xøßqø;¬qøá¬;w;n people m;lstím;xø twins çiyáy; person, human m;stím;xø visitor ÷im;ßné÷t;n little person m;µstíµ;xø

48 People waker, one who urges you on xøe¥;∑s;∫;q fast walker ≈ø;µß;∫ slow walker ÷ay;µß;∫ warrior stam;ß watchman lem;≈;t;n weakling miµé:∫ pertaining to White man, White man’s sxø;nít;ma÷® White people xø;l;nít;m White person xø;nít;m widow sye÷t;n woman s®eni÷ women s®;∫®éni÷ worker, laborer ßya:ys writer, secretary ß≈;≈á¬s

49 Placenames

Ballenas Islands tiqø • ‘tight’. open field near Harmac Bellingham, Whatcom River spe÷;®≈;n • ‘large field’. ≈øatqø;m Indian Burial Island, Nanaimo Bonsall Creek, Chemainus I.R. #6 malé÷qøe÷ • ‘graveyard’. Reserve # 6 xøç;si÷ • ‘go small bay near Jack’s point between’. s®˙em;n • Site of salmon Bush Creek area, Ivy Green ceremony. Park køi÷kø;ml;xø • ‘little False Narrows, main village site, root’. site of Kulleet Bay œ;¬íç • beach at Cameron Island ‘sheltered’. sqøiqømi÷ • ‘little dog’. Kuper Island, Penelakut Cassidy Falls sœ;y;p • ‘waterfall’. p;né¬;≈;˙ • ‘buried edge’. mouth of the Chase River village on east side of Kuper ®≈;lw;®t;n • ‘crosspiece’. Island near Telegraph Chemainus ßç;µín;s Harbour y;≈ø;lá÷;s • ‘eagle Chemainus Harbour, place’. Chemainus Bay s;∫;∑néc • Lummi Island, Lummi people ‘entering back end of bay’. xøl;mi÷ Chemainus River silaœøá÷;® Malahat mountain me¬;≈;® Clem Clem ®;m®;m;l;ç Maple Bay xø√;pnéc Coffin Point ß;s˙⁄ps;m Mark Bay—west side of Coffin Point area Gabriola Island q;¬ást;n • xøkø;ml;xø;ƒ;n • ‘root place’. ‘backwards’. Cowichan q;∑⁄c;∫ Maude Island xøƒa:l˙ Cowichan Bay √;lpál;s Millstone River sxøay;m • Departure Bay, main village site ‘goldeneye duck’. s√iln;p ~ s√ill;p • ‘deep’. Mt. Benson te÷t;xøt;n reef at Dodds Narrows Musqueam xøm;skøi÷;m ~ ß≈;≈eyé¬; • ‘crybaby’. xøm;ƒkøi÷;m campsite at Dodds Narrows Nanaimo, Nanaimo person sn;w;ln;c ~ sn;w;ll;c • sn;néym;xø ‘sheltered bay’. Nanoose sn;∑n⁄∑;s • ‘facing Duncan, Somenos s÷am;na÷ inside’. False Narrows, main village site, island in Nanoose Bay site of rich clam bed √e:¬txø • ßxø˚ø;cn;c • ‘two rumps up’. ‘rich place’. Northwest Bay c;lkøás;m • Greenpoint ≈in;ps;m ‘facing the water’.

50 Placenames

Penelakut, Kuper Island p;né¬;≈;˙ • ‘buried edge’. Petroglyph Park ƒ;xøáµ • ‘bleeding’. Point Roberts sm;œø;c Qualicum xø˚øa¬;xø;m Quamichan køaµ;c;n •!‘hunchback’. Saanich xøßsen;c ~ xøßsin;c village at Shell Beach, Ladysmith Harbour ƒ;œmín Sliammon s®iyém;n Snake Island xø÷;®q;¥;m • ‘snake place’. Sooke sa÷;kø Squamish, Vancouver sqø≈øaµ;ß town taw;n Twin Beaches, Gabriola Island xøç;mí:¬;c;n • ‘close together beach’. Tzouhalem ç;w≈íl;m United States, American pest;n • From Chinook Jargon, from English Boston. village on Valdez Island le:¥qs;n • ‘fir-bark point’. Vancouver, Squamish sqø≈øaµ;ß Victoria m;túliy;÷ • From English. Westholme, village on Chemainus River, Halalt Indian Reserve ≈;lé¬txø • ‘painted house’.

51 Plants alder kø;lála÷;®p reddish, may be used to make a tea. [Alnus rubra Bong.] • Red alder bark This plant grows abundantly where may be boiled to yield a dye or to be fires have occurred. used as medicine. The wood may be branch sç;ßt;c;s used for smoking fish. bushes ßiß;ç arbutus qa:n®p camas spe:nxø [Arbutus menziesii Pursh] • Arbutus [Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Wats. is a somewhat unusual tree because of (great camas) and/or C. quamash its bark, which naturally peels off and (Pursh) Greene (common camas)] • away from the trunk and branches. Camas bulbs may be roasted and The leaves or inner bark of arbutus eaten, and are said to be sweet and may be chewed for toothache and chewy. They have been gathered from stomach problems. island bluffs and baked, steamed or aspen œø;y;l;ß;®p roasted in hot ashes, or mashed and [Populus tremuloides Michx. ] • The formed into patties and then roasted leaves of this tree are said to dance, on special flat rocks at the edge of the because of the way they move in the fire. wind. This movement is due to the flat carrot ßew;q leaf stalks of this species, which allow • The plant species originally referred the leaves to flutter in the slightest to as shewuq has not been identified breeze. with certainty, but is is said to grow balsam †a÷xø along road sides. The name ßew;q is [Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don in now also used to refer to garden Lamb.) Lindl.] carrots. balsam tree †a÷xø;®p cascara œe¥≈;®p [Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don in [Rhamnus purshiana DC.] • Cascara Lamb.) Lindl.] • The tree known is a relatively small tree said to grow locally as “balsam” (also referred to in low, wet ground. The bark may be as “grand fir”) has pitchy bark that used as a laxative medicine. may be used for medicinal purposes. cattail, bulrush s˙eq;n tree bark π;li÷ [Typha latifolia L. (common cattail or little berries s˙i÷˙ú:µ common bulrush)] • Cattails grow in blackberry, blackberries marshes, ponds, lakeshores, and wet sœøi¬m;xø ditches. They have long, flat, narrow [Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht. leaves and produce tiny flowers on tall (Pacific trailing blackberry)] • This is spikes that resemble a cat’s tail. Cattails the only native blackberry species in have been used for sleeping mats when British Columbia. The fruits are edible camping. and the leaves, after they have turned

52 Plants yellow cedar paß;l;qø bark has been used as a wrapping to [Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. attach points to fishing spear or Don in Lamb.) Spach] • Canoes and harpoon shafts. paddles have been made from yellow wild cherry tree †;l;µ;®p cedar wood. In the case of paddles, the [Prunus emarginata (Dougl.) Walp.] wood must first be seasoned for one • Bitter cherry, locally called wild year. cherry, has smooth, shiny bark and cedar ≈pe¥ produces small, bitter fruits that are cedar boughs ≈pe¥c;s inedible. [Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don in chokecherry ˙;≈ø;∫ Lamb.] • Red cedar wood has been [?Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) used for various items including Spreng. (kinnikinnick)] houses, canoes, and spreaders used cone of tree, for example, pine when barbecuing salmon. πis;ç cedar tree ≈pe¥;®p [Thuja plicata Indian consumption plant Donn ex D. Don in Lamb.] • The red œ;≈mín cedar is a tremendously important [Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. species. Its wood and inner bark have & Rose] • Indian consumption plant, been especially prized for making usually known only by its numerous items. H;¬œ;mí∫;µ name, is a small herb cedar boughs qø;¬;c;s that grows in dry, open, often pebbly inner cedar bark sl;wi÷ to sandy areas. It has yellow flowers [Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don in that develop into small, flat fruits that Lamb.] • The inner bark of red cedar resemble rolled oats and are usually may be used for clothing, hats, ropes, thought of as “seeds”. These headbands and headdresses. In the “seeds” often are used as medicine past, butter clams were strung onto for respiratory conditions and are strips of red cedar inner bark to dry highly valued. over a fire. corn køa:n • From English. cedar branches s†;çem • These are cow-parsnip sa:œø split and used for baskets. [Heracleum lanatum Michx.] • Cow- wild cherry bark †;l;µ parsnip is a large, herbaceous plant that [Prunus emarginata (Dougl.) Walp.] produces large clusters of white flowers • The inner bark of bitter cherry has followed by small, flat seed-like fruits. been used as an internal medicine for The hollow stems and solid leaf stalks of various respiratory ailments and as an this plant are edible, once peeled to external medicine, as it is considered remove the skin. The term sa:œø seems to to be good in the treatment of refer to the entire plant of cow-parsnip. infection. The flexible yet strong outer

53 Plants cow-parsnip (edible part) ya:la÷ raspberry and Indian consumption • Cow-parsnip stems and leaf stalks plant. are edible when peeled. They must be dogwood køi÷t≈;®p peeled before they are eaten to remove [Cornus nuttallii Aud. ex T.&G. the outer skin, which can cause skin (western flowering or Pacific irritation upon contact with bare, moist dogwood)] • This much-branched, skin in the presence of sunlight. The rather irregularly-shaped tree bears term ya:la applies to the edible tiny flowers that are surrounded by portion of cow-parsnips, possibly large, white, showy petal-like bracts. both the stems and the leaf stalks. The flowers are followed by the crab apple qøa÷ap development of large, tight clusters of [Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.] • Crab bright red berry-like fruits. Dogwood apples are small, egg-shaped fruits trees are limited in their distribution to that turn from yellowish to reddish most of Vancouver Island and the when ripe. They are tart, but edible. adjacent mainland as well as the rivers crab apple tree qøa÷;p;®p and inlets of the south coast of the [Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.] • The province. crab apple tree (or large shrub) may fir (Douglas-fir) wood çse¥ be found near the edges of moist [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) woods and bodies of water. It has Franco] • Douglas-fir wood has been spiny stems, white flowers and tart used for the shafts of fishing spears fruits. and harpoons. The bark from old cranberry ma¬s;µ snags is said to be a good fuel for [?Vaccinium sp.] • Some speakers say fires. this is a large, round marsh blueberry. red elderberries ˙iw;q cranberry qø;µcá¬s [Sambucus racemosa L.] • Red [?Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM.] • elderberry is a large shrub that This berry is described as red and produces creamy white flowers and cherry-sized. large clusters of small red berries. The currant spe÷e˙ fruits are edible, but are cooked before [?Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook. eating. (stink currant)] blue elderberries ˙;ykøikø devil’s club qøa÷p;®p [Sambucus cerulea Raf.] • Blue [Oplopanax horridus (Smith) Miq.] • elderberry is found on southern Devil’s club is the source of a Vancouver Island and the adjacent medicine said to be good for mainland of British Columbia. It is “whatever ails you”. It is sometimes similar to red elderberry, but bears combined with other plants for blue fruits covered with a whitish medicine, such as red alder, black coating.

54 Plants bracken fern s;qé:n ~ ƒ;qé:n gooseberry bush †eµxø;®p [Ribes [Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ] • ?lobbii A. Gray] This common fern dies back in the grass sa≈ø;l fall, leaving its brown, wilted leaves on hazelnut πœøa≈ø the ground throughout the winter. The [Corylus cornuta Marsh. var. cornuta] fresh leaves have been used for wiping • Hazelnuts are spherical edible nuts the slime from salmon and as an that are borne in tubular husks. They undermat when cleaning fish. The are produced on shrubs that occur in a thick, underground, root-like stems variety of habitats within have been used for food. southernmost Vancouver Island. licorice fern √;síp hemlock ˙qin®p [Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eaton] [Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.] • • This fern is a small to medium-sized Western hemlock is a common and plant with evergreen leaves. It grows characteristic tree species of coastal on wet, mossy ground, logs and rocks British Columbia. This tree has very and is often found growing on the small cones, and short, feathery trunks and branches of trees, needles. especially those of bigleaf maples. honeysuckle œi†a÷;®p The root-like stem is sweetish with a [Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) DC.] • The flavor similar to that of licorice and is western trumpet honeysuckle is only chewed for sore throat. found in the southern part of the field, garden ßp;p⁄n;µ province. It is a climbing vine that firewood sya® bears orange-yellow tubular trumpet- pieces of firewood sya÷;l® shaped flowers that develop into flowers sπe¬;œ;m orange-red berries. flower sπeœ;m horsetail ≈;µ≈;µ tree fungus, conk t;∑t;∑⁄l;q;p [Equisetum arvense L.] • Horsetails are [probably various unidentified primitive plants that are closely related to species] • Some types of tree fungi ferns, despite their quite different overall (also known as shelf or bracket fungi) appearance. The common horsetail is have been used for medicine or kept extremely widespread and often occurs in for good luck. populated areas as a garden weed. This gooseberry †eµxø plant produces bushy-looking, branched [Ribes ?lobbii A. Gray] • Wild stems that are green and separate gooseberries, possibly including brownish, unbranched stems that bear the gummy gooseberries and other types, reproductive spores. were eaten.

55 Plants red huckleberry sœø;qøc;s The true vine maple (Acer circinatum [Vaccinium parvifolium Sm. in Rees] Pursh) is far less common than • Red huckleberries grow from moist Douglas maple on Vancouver Island. to dry forests at a range of elevations. maple tree œ;m;∫;®p ~ The small, red fruits are a traditional œ;m;¬;®p food. They may be eaten fresh or [Acer macrophyllum Pursh (bigleaf or cooked and made into jam. Oregon maple)] • Bigleaf maple wood juniper π˙;né÷;®p has been used for paddles, bowls, [Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.] • The spoons, utensils, for carving and to Rocky Mountain juniper occurs smoke fish. The “sap” (cambium), primarily in the southern interior of removed from the layer between the the province, but also may be found in bark and the wood, has been eaten. dry, rocky places in the Strait of The winged fruits, which fly through Georgia. This shrubby tree is notable the air like a whirlybird, have been for its prickly needles and berry-like used as a lure for fishing lingcod fleshy cones. Locally, this species is (Ophiodon elongatus) and “red referred to simply as juniper, or snapper” (or yelloweye rockfish, sometimes as “pencil cedar”. Sebastes ruberrimus). The large Labrador tea bush me÷xø;®p leaves have been used as an undermat [Ledum groenlandicum Oeder] • This for drying some edible fruits and small, much-branched evergreen shrub roots. bears long, often drooping leaves that mold paqø are covered with dense, rusty hairs on moldy pap;qø their lower surface. The clustered moss œ;çi÷ white flowers produce small, drooping needles of a tree, fish scales capsules. The leaves of this bog- ˙e¬;m;˙ loving plant may be used to make a needles of a tree ˙;¬ç fragrant tea. stinging nettle ˙;≈˙;≈ leaf sça®a÷ [Urtica dioica L. ] • Stinging nettle is logs qøa÷qøi÷®i÷ covered with stinging hairs that will log qø®e¥ cause an irritating rash upon contact. vine maple pene÷;®p These irritating plants have been used [?Acer glabrum Torr. (Douglas or to rub on the skin as a counter-irritant Rocky Mountain maple) ] • The tree medicine to treat chest and shoulder usually referred to as “vine maple” is pain while the roots have been used as probably actually the Douglas or an arthritis medicine. Rocky Mountain maple. Its wood has been used for dancing masks and knitting needles, among other things.

56 Plants oak †xø;®p ~ πxø;®p within the H;¬œ;mí∫;µ territory. [Quercus garryana Dougl.] • The Tall Oregon-grape is a larger shrub only native oak in British Columbia is that typically grows in drier, more the Garry oak, sometimes also known open and often rocky areas than the as the Oregon white oak. Like all dull Oregon-grape. Both species oaks, the Garry oak produces an produce yellow flowers and blue acorn—a nut with an associated cup- berries. A decoction of Oregon-grape like structure at the base. roots is used as an eyewash for oats l;wén • From French l’avoine. swollen eyes and as an arthritis ocean spray qeƒ;®p medicine. [Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) peas √i˚ø;∫ Maxim.] • Ocean spray grows all over pitch, chewing gum ∆;m;≈ Vancouver Island and on parts of the plantain (common or broad- adjacent mainland of British leaved) s≈;÷enxøé:n Columbia. These shrubs produce [Plantago major L.] • Common large drooping clusters of white to plantain is a widespread introduced cream flowers that turn brown and plant that regularly occurs as a weed stay on the plants all winter. The wood in lawns as well as along roadsides of this shrub has been used for drying and elsewhere. It is commonly locally and barbecuing clams and fish and to referred to as “frog leaf”. The leaves make knitting needles. of this plant have been used as a Oregon-grape (dull) l;l;ç;®p poultice for sores and wounds. [Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.] • raspberry c;lqáma÷ Dull Oregon-grape is a small shrub [?Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex T. & that like its close relative—tall G.] • Black raspberries, sometimes Oregon-grape—produced yellow called “blackcaps”, are edible. In flowers and blue berries. The dull addition, this plant has been used for Oregon-grape is shorter and grows in medicine when combined with other a variety of forest conditions ranged medicinal plants. from dry to fairly moist and at low to little root køikø;µl;xø middle elevations. As with the tall roots kø;køíml;xø Oregon-grape, the leaves of dull root kø;ml;xø ~ kø;m;l;xø Oregon-grape have spiny teeth at their wild rose qe¬q edges, somewhat like those of English [Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. in T.&G. holly. This plant is used to make (baldhip rose), R. nutkana Presl var. yellow dye. nutkana (Nootka rose) and/or R. Oregon-grape (tall) s;nni÷;®p pisocarpa A. Gray (clustered wild [Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.] • rose, or peafruit rose)] • Several wild Two species of Oregon-grape grow rose species are found within the

57 Plants

H;¬œ;mí∫;µ territory. The term seed, something planted sp;∫;m qe¬q probably applies to any of these skunk cabbage çaqøa÷ plants. [Lysichiton americanum Hult. & St. wild rose bush qe¬q;®p John] • This plant of swamps, bogs [Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. in T.&G. and other moist sites is so-named (baldhip rose), R. nutkana Presl var. because of the strong odor produced nutkana (Nootka rose) and/or R. by the flowers. These flowers are tiny pisocarpa A. Gray (clustered wild and borne on a vertical stalk that is rose, or peafruit rose)] • Several wild hooded by a distinctive bright yellow rose species are found within the bract, or modified leaf. The elongated H;¬œ;mí∫;µ territory. The term leaves, which may be very large, were qe¬q probably applies to any of these used as an undermat for drying plants. berries. salal berries †eqe÷ soapberry (fruit) s≈øes;m [Gaultheria shallon Pursh] • Salal [Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.] • bushes have thick, leathery leaves that Soapberries contain a natural stay green all year long. The dark detergent-like substance that makes purple fruits are edible. them soapy and bitter. Because of this, salmonberry lila÷ they can be whipped into a frothy salmonberry bush lila÷;®p mass, something like whipped cream. [Rubus spectabilis Pursh] • Soapberries may be gathered on Salmonberry shrubs produce pink to southern Vancouver Island or reddish-purple flowers and edible obtained through trade then whipped fruits that range in color from yellow with sugar and eaten. to red to purple. soapberry bush ≈øes;m;®p sap s≈eµ;ƒ [Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.] • saskatoon berry t;ßnéc ~ Soapberry bushes grow on southern ßt;ßnéc Vancouver Island and may also be [Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt.] • found on the mainland in inner coastal Saskatoon berries are purple to nearly valleys to the north. black fruits that are edible and sweet. spirea †eç;®p saskatoon berry bush t;ßnéc;®p [Spiraea douglasii Hook.] • Spirea, or [Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt.] • hardhack, is a thicket-forming shrub Saskatoon berry plants range in size that produces tiny pink flowers in from small shrubs to small trees that dense clusters. The wood has been produce large, white, showy blossoms. used to make spreaders when They are widely distributed in coastal smoking fish. British Columbia, including all of fern or berry sprouts, shoots Vancouver Island. ƒe÷ƒqi÷

58 Plants strawberry (Chemainus, tall, slender, green stems bear small Nanoose) sçi¥; spikelets of brown flowers near their strawberry (Nanaimo) s†il;˚ø top. These stems were formerly used strawberry plant (Chemainus, for making mats. Nanoose) sçi¥;÷e®p wapato sqewƒ strawberry plant (Nanaimo) [Sagittaria latifolia Willd. var. s†il;˚ø;®p latifolia] • This aquatic plant grows [Fragaria spp.] from tuber-producing rhizomes and • Several types of wild strawberries produces arrowhead-shaped leaves occur along coastal British Columbia. and white flowers. Both the tubers The H;¬œ;mí∫;µ-speaking people (potato-like structures) and rhizomes have gathered one or more species for (specialized stems) are starchy and food. The fruits are small yet edible. This word also applies to the flavorful. introduced potato. stump s÷;ln;c waxberry, snowberry πi÷πœi÷ás thimbleberry †;qø;µ [Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake] • [Rubus parviflorus Nutt.] • Waxberry, or snowberry, is a shrub Thimbleberries are red and very sweet. that produces small pink to white Because they are not particularly juicy, flowers followed by white berry-like they are easy to preserve. They may fruits. These fruits stay on the shrub be eaten fresh or preserved by drying well into the winter. An infusion of the or canning, or made into jam. bark was used as an eyewash. thistle ≈;∑≈;∑í:n®p underbrush ßiß;ç [Cirsium ?brevistylum Cronq. (short- stacked (wood) s†;∫á¬c;p styled thistle)] • This native thistle woodpile sya® (and other introduced species) have yew t;≈øá÷c;®p sharply spiny leaves. The term [Taxus brevifolia Nutt.] • Western ≈;∑≈;∑i:n®p refers to thistles, yew is a relatively small tree found in probably including any native or mature and old-growth forests. Its introduced species. wood is heavy, tough and durable and tree ƒqet was used for bows and paddles. trees, woods, forest ƒ;ƒíq;t little trees ƒ;¬í÷ƒq;t tule wu:¬ [Scirpus validus Vahl. (syn.: S. lacustris L ssp. validus [Vahl] Koyama)] • Tule is a plant of marshes, muddly shores and shallow water. The

59 Sea Life abalone q;mine÷ “river bullheads”, but may also be [Haliotis kamtschatkana Jonas] • The considered by some speakers to refer northern abalone has been collected to small saltwater bullheads. Children for food from beaches at various clam would fish for these tiny bullheads for beds. It was formerly available at Oak fun. Bay. china (dishes), clam or oyster abalone shell s÷ey;∑ shell çe∑i÷ [Haliotis spp.] • The beautifully • This term refers to any bivalve shell iridescent inner shell material from (including those of cockles, butter various non-native species of abalone, clams, and littleneck clams). It also is including H. rufescens, has been used used to refer to china dishes, which for decorative purposes. These shells are likened to bivalve shells. were obtained by coastal First Nations black Katy chiton ≈;l;m through extensive trade routes. [Katharina tunicata (Wood)] • The barnacle ˙;má¥; black Katy chiton is a small, slow- [Balanus spp.] • Barnacles are crab moving mollusc whose 8 shell plates relatives that live within stony shelters are partly exposed by the surrounding that they attach to rocks, pilings and black fleshy girdle. Black Katy other surfaces. The term ˙;má¥; chitons graze algae on rocks in the refers to any of various local species. mid-intertidal zone in wave-swept bladderwrack kelp, rockweed locations. These chitons were œøaqø;qø formerly gathered in the Victoria area [Fucus gardneri Silva] • for food and cooked by boiling. They Bladderwrack kelp is a widespread are sometimes referred to as “Chinese seaweed that occurs on rocks in the slippers” or “sea prunes”. mid-intertidal zone from Alaska to chiton, China slipper ÷;˚øs California. [Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorff)] bullhead skø;∫éxø • The giant Pacific chiton is the largest [Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus chiton in the world, up to several times (Pallas)] • There are several species of larger than the black Katy chiton. It saltwater and freshwater fishes known also differs from the black Katy locally as “bullheads”. This word chiton in that its shell plates are refers to the largest of the saltwater completely covered by its reddish- bullheads, the great sculpin. brown girdle. This chiton is also bullhead sm;txø ~ ßm;txø edible after being boiled for a short [Cottus spp. (sculpins, e.g. C. time. It is locally known as “China aleuticus Gilbert (coastrange sculpin)] slipper” and also as gumboot chiton. • This term is said to be the name for small “freshwater bullheads” or

60 Sea Life geoduck p;né÷q [Clinocardium nuttalli (Conrad)] • [Panopea abrupta (Conrad)] • The The cockle is a popular edible geoduck (pronounced “gooeyduck”, mollusc. Cockle shells are strongly reportedly from a Chinook Jargon ribbed, with yellow to brown bands of term) is the largest intertidal clam in color across the ribs. the world. Its neck and siphons (or Pacific cod, gray cod qøini÷;ƒ;n “nose”, according to some elders) are • The name means ‘whisker’. so long that they cannot be withdrawn [Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius] • into the shell. This species does not The Pacific cod looks like a lingcod occur in the Nanaimo area, but was but with whisker-like barbels on its harvested elsewhere especially during chin. January. Hence, some people use this rock cod †œas word to refer to the month of January. rock cod (Nanaimo) horse clam swe:m xøiya÷ƒ;wíc horse clam shell swe:m;n [Sebastes caurinus Richardson] • The [Tresus capax (Gould) and/or T. copper rockfish has been identified as nuttalli (Conrad) ] • Two species of the “rock cod” spoken of by many Tresus are commonly called gapers or speakers. It is called rock cod because horse clams and both are gathered for this fish is said to like to stay around food. However T. capax is more underwater cliffs and other rocky frequently used by First Nations formations. This fish varies in color people than the related T. nuttalli. from dark brown or olive to various These clams are larger than all other shades of pink, to red to orange with clams in the area except the geoduck. yellowish patches and a white stripe butter clam s÷a≈øa÷ down the side. It can be smoked, [Saxidomus gigantea (Deshayes)] • barbecued, boiled or fried and is tasty Butter clams are smaller than horse when used to make fish and chips. clams but larger than littleneck clams. tommy cod ˙;m;køa÷ They are abundant, and a popular food [Hexagrammos lagocephalus clam. (Pallas)] • The fish known as “tommy littleneck clam s˚ø®e¥ cod” seems to be the rock greenling [Protothaca staminea (Conrad)] • although some speakers have also Native littleneck clams, sometimes associated the term ˙;m;køa with locally called simply “necks”, are the other closely related species of smallest of the local clams used for greenlings. Rock greenlings vary in food. They are similar to the color, usually from greenish to introduced Japanese littleneck clam brownish with dark mottling. Adult (Venerupis japonica Deshayes). males usually have distinctive red cockle s√;lá÷am blotches on their sides. Tommy cods

61 Sea Life

are said to be found in patches of bull crab of any type may be referred to by kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana). Some this term, which means ‘baby crab’. families ate this fish, while others used soft-shelled crab sm;¬ß it as bait for large cods. For bait, the [Cancer magister Dana] • This word tommy cod would be weighted with a refers to dungeness crabs immediately rock in its mouth, then scratched along after they have molted and shed their its sides so that it would wriggle old exoskeletons. At this time the underwater to attract other larger fish. crabs have a very soft shell, lack their lingcod (Chemainus, Nanoose) normal color and are considered ÷e:yt inedible. lingcod (Nanaimo) s˙≈em sand crayfish, mud shrimp cod eggs (lingcod roe) ≈;¥≈⁄¥√ maµ;¬ [Ophiodon elongatus Girard] • The [?Upogebia pugettensis (Dana)] • lingcod may grow to 100 pounds and This is known locally as a “sand is a delicious food fish. Lingcods live crayfish”. It is described as a little over rocky sea bottoms to several greenish shrimp encountered when thousand feet deep. people are digging clams. This is long-legged crab kø;køá√ß;n likely the mud shrimp, a small shrimp [Paralithodes camtschatica that ranges in color from brownish to (Tilesius)] • The Alaska king crab is greyish to bluish, and which burrows said to be called kø;køá√ß;n in in mud flats. reference to its very long legs. This dogfish ˚øe:ç crab is sometimes encountered by [Squalus acanthias Linnaeus] • The fishermen in deep waters of the Gulf spiny dogfish is a small shark whose of Georgia. It is said that the Duncan skin is rough due to the presence of people used to call the Nanaimo small spiny scales. During World soccer players by this name, perhaps War II, dogfish were fished because they were such good runners. commercially and their livers were crab (Chemainus, Nanoose) ÷e¥≈ harvested as a source of Vitamin A. crab (Nanaimo) m;s;qø The Elders say that this fish is not little crabs (Nanaimo) eaten. m;líµs;qø dolphin ˚øa:n† [Cancer magister Dana] • Dungeness [Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Gill] • crab is the most common edible crab The word for porpoise has been among all coastal First Nations of extended to refer also to dolphins. British Columbia. It is a favorite food. Pacific white-sided dolphins are little crabs (Chemainus, slightly larger than harbor porpoises, Nanoose) ÷e¥≈a¬® • Any small and are black with an elongate white or grey stripe on each side and white

62 Sea Life

below. They travel in large pods and prefer the traditional method of are good jumpers. gathering herring roe on the boughs fish roe †em;˚ø of red cedar trees. fish roe, salmon eggs œ;l;≈ jellyfish s®≈m;yqs;n • This term refers to the entire mass of [various species, including Aurelia salmon eggs when removed in a single aurita (Linnaeus)] • This term refers piece from the salmon. to any type of jellyfish, including the flounder π;wi÷ moon jellyfish, a common small [Platichthys stellatus Pallas ] • There jellyfish of the British Columbia are numerous types of flounders in coast. British Columbian waters, including kelp œaµ the starry flounder, known as π;wi÷. [Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. Starry flounders may be identified by & Rupr.] • The bull or bottle kelp is the alternating dark and light bands of also sometimes known locally as color on their fins. The starry flounder “bulb kelp”. All of these names refer is a flavorful food fish. to the large, rounded ball at the top of halibut sca÷t≈ the kelp stalk where the kelp blades [Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt] • are attached. This swollen end is The Pacific halibut usually lives in hollow, allowing it to float at the deep water and can grow to a very surface of the water. large size. Their flesh is firm, white seawater black mussel ®e∑q;µ and very tasty. Some speakers regard [Mytilus edulis Linnaeus] • The blue this as their favorite fish to eat. mussel is a common species that herring s®ew;† attaches itself to hard surfaces with little herring (or an almost dark threads called byssal threads. It empty herring bucket) forms dense masses in quiet, sheltered s®e®w;† intertidal locations. Blue mussels are [Clupea harengus Linnaeus] • The edible. Because of their dark shells, Pacific herring is a relatively small, they are sometimes called “seawater silvery and generally abundant fish black mussels”. that is eaten by many other fishes and octopus (Chemainus, Nanoose) other animals in the sea. Herrings sqiµ;˚ø were formerly caught using herring octopus (Nanaimo) s†;¬xø;˙ rakes, tools that were dipped into [Octopus dofleini (Wülker)] • The water to impale herrings. giant Pacific octopus is the largest herring eggs ç;µ;ß [Clupea octopus species in the world. It has harengus Linnaeus] • Herring eggs eight arms lined with suction cups that (roe) are collected from spawning it uses to capture and eat various herrings and eaten. Many people molluscs, crustaceans and fish. The

63 Sea Life

giant Pacific octopus is sometimes porpoise ˚øa:n† eaten as food by humans. [Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus)] • orca, killer whale œ;l®án;m;c;n The harbor porpoise is a small ~ œ;n®án;m;c;n porpoise (to 6 feet long) whose body [Orcinus orca (Linnaeus)] • Killer is dark above and paler underneath. whales are distinctive and easily These marine mammals are edible and recognized black and white sea formerly were hunted for food. In mammals that are common in many modern times they have been hunted parts of the coast of British Columbia. with rifles. The meat can be boiled and They are known to chase after and eat eaten with different vegetables such as salmon and herring, but some killer cabbage, potatoes and onions. whales are also known to attack seals, ratfish skøam; other whales, and many other animals [Hydrolagus colliei (Lay and now known to include certain types of Bennett)] • Ratfish formerly were sharks. caught when fishing for dogfish oyster √;≈ø√;≈ø during World War II. Ratfish livers [Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) and were commercially used to produce oil possibly also Ostrea lurida Carpenter for lubricating machinery and cleaning ] • This term refers to the the Japanese guns. The scientific name Hydrolagus oyster, which was introduced from means “water-hare”, in reference to Japan in the early 1900s and now the prominent rodent-like teeth of this occurs along the British Columbia unusual-looking fish. coast outside of the areas where it is red snapper t;qøt;qø cultivated. The term may have [Sebastes ruberrimus (Cramer)] • The originally referred to the much smaller yelloweye rockfish, or “red snapper” native oyster. of British Columbian waters, is a perch weci÷ different fish than the true red snapper [Cymatogaster aggregata Gibbons ] • of more southern west coast waters. The shiner perch, often referred to The local “red snapper” is a very red simply as “shiner”, is a small, silvery edible fish related to numerous other fish that is commonly seen in schools rockfish that occur in British around wharfs and pilings where they Columbian waters. When brought to are sometimes caught for fun by the surface from very deep water, the children. Shiners may also turn up in air bladder expands, often forcing part fishing nets. Native fishermen of the pharynx out of the mouth. The sometimes use shiners as bait when air bladder is considered a delicacy jigging for lingcod. when cooked stuffed with oysters, butter clams, cockles, mussels and boiled.

64 Sea Life salmon sce:®t;n (Walbaum)] • The name for a regular [Oncorhynchus spp.] • This term spring salmon is s˙aqøi, while refers in general to any kind of smaller jack spring salmon are known salmon (coho, dog, humpback, as ®i®œ;∑s. Spring salmon spawn in sockeye, or spring). the Nanaimo River. salmon roe, salmon eggs q;l;≈ dog salmon ˚øa¬;xø humpback salmon (Chemainus, [Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum)] • Nanoose) ha:∫ Dog salmon spawn in the Nanaimo humpback salmon (Nanaimo) River and are noted for the distinctive han;∫ vertical stripes on their sides. [Oncorhynchus gorbuscha fish scales, tree needles ˙;¬ç (Walbaum)] • The English name sea cucumber ƒikøt humpback salmon comes from the [Parastichopus californicus fact that the spawning male of this (Stimpson)] • This creature is called a species has a very prominent humped sea cucumber because its body is back. similar in shape and size to the coho salmon œ;∆;qs vegetable, cucumber. Sea cucumbers [Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)] • are related to sea urchins, and this Young coho salmon in the early part largest local species has rough, of their third year of life are called reddish-brown or orangish-brown “bluebacks” and may be about 18 skin. Sea cucumbers may sometimes inches long. After they reach a length be found stranded after the tide drops. of 2-3 feet long they are called They have five strips of white muscles œ;∆;qs. that run the length of their body and tyee siné÷;c ~ siné:c may be eaten. [Oncorhynchus tshawytscha sea egg, sea urchin s˚øi˙i÷ (Walbaum)] • Tyee is the name used [Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis for a large spring salmon (more than (Müller)] • This is a small, dull green 30 pounds) when in the river. or yellow-green sea urchin with short, side of wind-dried salmon crowded spines. It may be found in s®q;¬é≈;∫ the intertidal area away from strongly sockeye salmon sƒ;qi÷ breaking waves. The hard shell may [Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum)] • be broken open to expose the edible Sockeye salmon are said not to come roe. up the Nanaimo River. red sea urchin ≈ixøe spring salmon s˙aqøi÷ [Strongylocentrotus franciscanus [Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Agassiz)] • The red sea urchin has long, crowded spines and is the largest sea urchin in British Columbian

65 Sea Life

waters. It occurs in areas similar to common and widely recognized skates those where green sea urchins are is the big skate. Skate “wings” (the found. Red sea urchins also have been pectoral fins) are edible. harvested for their edible roe. smelt ®a¬;s seaweed, laver ®;œ;s [?Mallotus villosus (Muller)] [Porphyra abbottae Krishnamurthy smelt sca÷kø;m and possibly other Porphyra spp.] • [?Hypomesus pretiosus (Girard)] Edible seaweed is a very thin, Lewis’ moon snail q;mé:ne÷ membranous alga that ranges in color [Polinices lewisii (Gould)] • The from olive-green to brownish-purple. moon snail is a large, round sea snail It is gathered from the rocky places found intertidally and deeper. The where it grows, dried and eaten as an moon snail feeds on a variety of clams important sea vegetable. by drilling a hole in the shell and shark ˚ø;çá:®c; eating the soft part inside. One can tell [Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre) if a clam has been eaten by a moon (sixgill shark), Lamna ditropis snail if the clam shell has a small (Hubbs and Follett) (salmon shark), round hole in it near the hinge. and possibly others] • There are land snail w;œ;œ several species of large sharks in •'W;œ;œ is the name used to refer to British Columbian waters, several of any land snail (like a slug, but with a which may be referred to by the term shell). There are many species of such ˚ø;çá:®c;. Among the sharks snails. associated with this name are the sea snail ˙;œø;ye÷ “mud shark” (the sixgill shark) and [Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) the “mackerel shark”, which is also (Oregon triton)] • This term refers to sometimes called the “man-eating various types of small sea snails shark” (the salmon shark). (Note that whose shells are pointed at the top. the salmon shark is not a true man- These include the Oregon triton, a eater and that the spiny dogfish is common marine snail that is the sometimes also called mud shark.) largest of the intertidal snails in our sea shells œ;yéµ;n region. • This term refers to any type of starfish t;m;lq® ~ tam;lq® bivalve shells, like clam shells, when • This term refers to all starfish, or sea piled up together. stars. skate œeœ;∑ steamed clams s˙xøas [Raja spp., probably especially R. steelhead s≈;∑œ⁄µ binoculata Girard (big skate)] • There [Salmo gairdneri (Richardson)] are several species of skates in British •!Steelhead trout reach up to 45" in Columbian waters. One of the most length and 36 pounds in weight. They

66 Sea Life

spend part of their lives in the sea and part in fresh water. steelhead (Nanaimo) qi∑≈ [Salmo gairdneri (Richardson)] sturgeon qøta:yƒ;n [Acipenser medirostris Ayres (green sturgeon) and/or A. transmontanus Richardson (white sturgeon)] • Sturgeons are large, primitive slow- swimming fishes that live primarily in murky waters. They use their barbels, or “whiskers”, to locate food on the bottom. Both green sturgeons and white sturgeons are found in this area, but the green sturgeon is seldom seen. Some sturgeons have been known to reach 1,800 pounds in weight and be 20 feet long. trout ˚øsic ~ ˚øs;c [Salmo clarki Richardson (cutthroat trout) and S. gairdneri Richardson (rainbow trout)] • This term refers to any kind of trout, such as cutthroat trout or rainbow trout. little trouts ˚ø;lí÷˚øs;c whale qø;n;s [?Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg) (gray whale) and ?Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacepede (minke whale)] • The whales referred to by this term include gray whales and a smaller type of whale that comes to the inside waters, most likely the small minke whale. This term cannot be used to refer to killer whales.

67 Time afternoon y;¬é∑ taxø skøey;l January ˙;¬xø;m⁄c;n • all day √;mq;n ‘shining ice’. anniversary œa÷ƒ;n t; February mim∫e÷ • The name sm;lyít;l • ‘a full circle of a year means ‘little child’ since February from the date of the marriage’. is the shortest month. before, going on to y;h⁄∫;µ February y;se¬;qín;m • bell or bells, o’clock tintin • From ‘second box of stored food’. Chinook Jargon. This is the sound of March w;®≈;s • ‘time of the tree the ship’s bell ringing the hour. frogs’. When the tree frogs birthday ßkøan started singing, it was time to dawn, beginning of daybreak stop the winter dances. y;xøkøékøiy;¬ April li:m;s • ‘month of the dawn, getting daylight sandhill crane’. y;˙é˙;˚ø;¬ May p;nxøé:m • ‘time of the dawn, daybreak ˙e˚ø;l camas’. day, sky skøey;l May p;nxøém;n • ‘time of the day before yesterday ®;∑;®ne÷ camas’. days of the week May t;µpé:nxø • ‘time of the Monday si¬w;®nét • From camas’. ‘past’. June œøi¬;s • ‘month of ripening’. Tuesday sƒ;m;nts • From July t;µ˚øé¬;s • ‘hot time’. ‘two’. August t;µqøé÷;nxø • ‘time of Wednesday s®ixøs • From the mosquitos’. ‘three’. September π;œ;lén;xø • This Thursday s≈;÷áƒ;ns • From refers to the changing colors. ‘four’. October xø;s;lén;xø • This Friday s®œec;ss • From ‘five’. refers to the falling leaves. Saturday †œøat;m ~ †aœøt;µ November t;µ˚øá¬;xø • ‘time • From ‘cut it off’. of the dog salmon’. Sunday, week s;≈;®nét ~ December t;µx⁄¥√ • ‘time of s≈;≈;®nét • From ‘holy’. cold weather’. evening xø;né÷ent morning evening (Nanaimo) xø;né÷en;t early morning net;® getting toward midmorning midday, noon taxø skøey;l y;œíœ;¬t midnight taxø snet months late morning œilt New Year ≈e∑s si¬án;m night snet

68 Time

noon, midday taxø skøey;l past, past time, to pass by y;¬é∑ seasons spring t;µœøí¬;s • ‘time of ripening’. spring, springtime y;œøíœø;¬;s • ‘ripening’ summer t;µ˚øé¬;s • ‘hot time’ summer œøi¬;s • ‘ripe berries’ summertime œøiœø;¬ás • ‘ripened berries’ fall, autumn y;≈á¥√ƒ;t • ‘time of getting cold’. fall, autumn πixø;m winter t;µ≈⁄y√ • ‘time of the cold weather’. tomorrow køey;l;s week, Sunday s;≈;®nét ~ s≈;≈;®nét • From ‘holy’. year si¬án;m yesterday c;¬éq;®

69 Tools adzes cross sticks, stretcher sticks for adze skø;s∆;s drying fish ß;m;†ál;s adze, a D-adze st;®c;s cross sticks for smoking salmon adze-like mattock ß†;®c;s;µ or barbecuing meat †e:ç adze-like mattock ß†;m;∑;® drawstring, bridle œπayƒ;t;n adze with straight hammer drill for starting fire ß;lc;p ~ ß†;†;m;¬s ßalc;p • A wood drill operated by a arrow ˙;mé:∫ single person or a cord drill operated axe sœøqø;m by two. backhoe, digger ßxø÷i÷≈ø;¬s duck net poles ≈ø;¬≈ø;¬; bait me¬; file ∆œ;n baler ßq;qœ;lé÷c;¬s fish spear, shaft of a harpoon barb on halibut hook or on s÷;n;m spear ßce÷®n;® fishing line ˚øi˚ø;¬ß;n beater to pound fuller’s earth fishing hook ˚øu˚øiy;kø into goat’s wool blankets float for a boat, log boom ®eçt;n ta¬a÷qø beater to pound fuller’s earth hay fork ßçaœø;¬s into goat’s wool blankets hay fork ßçaœø;¬st;n ß;çt;n grinder ßça†œø;¬s container for boiling or tinting gun skø;¬éß cloth or bark ß®e¬q;˙é:¬s gunpowder, stumping powder container for boiling white œøe® clothes ßqøa¬s;˙é:¬s hammer h;m;n • From English. archery bow t;≈øá÷c sledge hammer mol • From English bowstring, tendon, leadline maul. √im;n harrow ß≈ø;œø;∫;p • A farm broom ßxø÷i≈ø;ƒ;t instrument of a heavy frame with teeth broom ÷a≈øt;n or disks used to break up and even off bucket s˚øa∑;s plowed ground. bullet ßet • From English shot. hatchet sœøiqøqø;m buoy, float π;køtén hoe l;pyús • From French la pioche buoy, marker for shallow area ‘mattock, pickaxe’. ≈e:˙ hooks carder ßt;ß;¬q;∫ hook ÷;˚øt;n carving tool ß≈†;y˚ø;ls gaff hook ®;˚øt;n • A hook on a club œøaqø;st;n pole used to move large fish.

70 Tools

hook made out of bone needle for making nets ˙;µ;n; ÷;˚øál;st;n fishhook ˚øiy;˚ø~ ˚øuy;˚ø wooden needle used to lace iron, steel, knitting needle bullrushes çœøe÷®t;n ∆ikm;n • From Chinook Jargon nets ‘metal, money’. dipnet ÷;≈ƒíµt;n knives gillnet sw;lt;n knife (Chemainus, Nanoose) paintbrush ßye√œ;¬s ß;pt;n pattern ≈cec;st;n knife (Nanaimo), scraper pestle ˙;œøt;n (Chemainus, Nanoose) picker (picking machine) ÷;≈t;n ß®eµç;¬s drawknife ßpe:nt;n • A two- plow ß√;ß⁄n;p handled knife used with a drawing pole m;œ;n;ƒ;∫ ~ m;œ⁄n;t;n • motion to shave a surface. Pole for hanging lamp on while wood-carving knife, carving pitlamping. tool ß≈;†é˚ø prybar ßxøe÷˙;¬s ~ ßxøe∑;˙;¬s wood-carving knife prybar w;˙;lé÷ct (Nanaimo) ≈;†é˚ø;m rake ß≈;π;n;p ÷;≈t;n herring rake ®;†;m;∫ knot sœiœ;s roasting stick, sticks for ladder, step-ladder, stairs barbecuing pi÷kø;n ß˚øi÷ß;t;n fishing rod, casting rod peyçt;n lawn roller ßt;s;∫;p cedar bark rope sy;˚ø;m lead, shot, bullet ßet • From English rope, thread ≈øi¬;µ shot. sander ßxøaxø;˚ø;¬s leveler ßƒ;˚ø;∫;p • Board used for saw ®;çt;n leveling ground. scissors, clippers ˙;µœt;n tala÷qø log boom shaft of a fishing spear qeƒ;xø weaving loom ÷;¥;m;n hoe, shovel l;pén • From French la lure used in cod fishing skøeq;p pelle ‘shovel, spade’. marker, index, indicator, signal, shovel ßap;l • From English. ≈;cté∫ measure skis, sled, ice skates ßqiq;≈áƒ;t ß®i®;çn;c;¬s mower sling for hurling rocks ˙;¬q;s ˙;st;n nail slingshot ÷a÷† needles snowshoe meq;ß;n qø®e¥ß;n needle π;˙t;n

71 Tools string for spear or harpoon sƒ;lœ;¬ß;t;n two-pointed spear, prongs of spear te÷;® spear point of fish spear ˙aqøi÷t;n spindle whorl s;¬s;¬t;n • A small wheel on the end of a spinning pole that keeps the yarn from falling off. spinner, spinning machine, spinning wheel ßqeq;l;ç shake splitter ßseœ;¬s strap, tumpline c;µ;t;n • A strap across the forehead used to carry baskets or loads on the back. sweeper ßxø÷i÷≈ø;ƒ;t • This was a bunch of branches tied together and used for sweeping. toenail clippers ß˙eµœa¬;∑ße∫;µ tongs √;y;œt;n tool ßya:y;s traps animal trap ≈;ß;∫ fish trap ß;m;∫t;n fish trap tqep washboard ßxø;xøqø⁄lw;t;m washboard ßxø;¥˚ø;˙e÷ washing machine ß˙;≈ø⁄lw;t;m ~ ß˙;≈ø;lw;t;m washing machine ß˙;≈ø;˙e¬s weapon, tool h;¥t;n weir ß≈e√ • A fence placed across a stream to capture fish. wheelbarrow xø;ypél; • From English.

72 Transportation airplane ®a®;˚ø• ‘flying’. lifesaver ßπ;køt;n ~ ßπ;køtén anchor, piling, sinker ®q;∫;t;n mast ßiç;s anchor, rock used as anchor mast on a sailboat ßp;t;nél; qøs;∫;t;n paddle sœ;m;¬ bailer ®;lt;n pole for canoe ≈ø;œøt;n ~ boat put • From English boat. ≈ø;œøtén boats pu÷;lt ~ pu¬;t pothole ßƒa¥qø;né÷ little boat pupt railroad, railroad tracks sail boom ≈;√ß;t;n ∆ikm;n ße® • From Chinook boom, pole across bottom of the Jargon chikmun ‘metal, money’. sail ≈ø;†ß;t;n railroad lilú:t ße® • From English bow of boat, front of a car sœ®an railroad. brace, foot brace l;mé÷ß;t;n reins œaπ;st;n canoes sail, rag pat;n canoe, car sn;xø;® sails, rags pa¬;t;n canoes s;níxø;® sail made of bulrush sal;÷;c little canoe sni∫xø;® steamboat ≈ø;¥qø;¬;® little canoes sn;∫í∫xø;® stern ÷ilé÷eq ~ s÷ilé÷eq canoe ramp †≈ø;w;®t;n stop sign ßxø÷;n;xø fellow racing canoes tire for car sn;xø;®ß;n ç®t;y;w;® railroad train lilú:t • From English old-time racing canoe ßi÷ßa÷® railroad. racing canoe ti÷éw;® ~ train ßilqém;ß • This is an old word. ti÷⁄w;® It describes the train’s whistle as it single person canoe fades away. xø;n⁄n;ça÷ trawler ßxø÷a÷≈øiyé∫ two-person canoe wagon wek;n • From English. xøy;syé÷s;¬a wagons we¬;k;n war canoe œ≈;∑® little wagon we∑k;∫ car ka: • From English car. little wagons w;¬é∑k;∫ intersection ßœe÷˙;≈;n baby carriage, wagon, stage crosspiece in a canoe ®≈;lw;®t;n coach, buggy ˙ik˙;k • From brace, crosspiece ßm;†;w;® Chinook Jargon. This word imitates crosspiece œ;nw;®t;n the noise of the clacking wheels. ferry, steamship, train warship ≈il;≈l;w;® xø;¥qø;¬;® • This word refers to wheel, circle, something round anything with a steam engine. sta¥ti÷

73 Verbs: Activity adze †;m;∑;® • to adze a canoe butcher ˚øçels • to butcher, to bait me¬;m • to bait a hook, to clean fish put on bait butcher ˚øiç;t • to butcher it, to bake he¥;m • to bake bread, to clean it (fish) prepare dough and bake it buy ÷il;q;t • to buy it bake h;qéls • to bake camp œ;l;m • to camp, to stay bake ÷aƒa÷qø • to bake something overnight (for example, potatoes) canoe cn;xø;® • to have, make a ball qi÷qt;µás • to play a canoe traditional ball game canoe c;níxø;® • to make, have basket csis;t;∫ • making baskets canoes basket csit;n • to make a basket canoe ch;∫;∫xø;®• making basket cs;si÷s;t;∫ • making a canoes little basket canoe ÷;¬xøí¬;µ ~ ÷;∫xøí¬;µ • berries ˙u:m • to pick berries to go canoeing (Chemainus, Nanoose) canoe stroke w;˙⁄∫;m • to pry berries ˙;m;m • to pick berries under side of canoe, sturdy the (Nanaimo) canoe bet cakø;la÷ • to bet canoe stroke œen;c • steering, bicycle y;spá¥s;k;¬ • riding on a using paddle as a rudder bicycle canoe stroke ®iµ;s • canoe stroke board ƒe¥;µ • to board, to live used to pull canoe sideways with others towards shore board ƒi÷⁄µƒ;t • to board, to cards †ep;¬• playing cards live with others cards †;p;¬ • to play cards board ÷a:® • to get aboard a canoe carve ≈te˚ø • to carve or car change ÷iyéœt • to change it, to boil ®;πœøt • to boil it exchange it boil qøalst • to boil it chant cy;w;n • to chant, to boil qø;¬s • to boil dance in the bighouse braid †iµß;∫e÷ • to braid chew ®∆;m;≈ • to chew gum braid †;m;ßt • to braid it chew ˙;˙é÷t • to chew on bones build ƒ;yt • to make it, to build chew gum ®∆;µ;≈ • chewing gum it, to fix it clam ß;yqø; • to dig clams bury p;n;t • to bury it, to plant it (Nanaimo) butcher ˚øiç • to butcher, to clean clam †xøa:® • to dig clams, to get fish clams cook køukø • to cook • From English.

74 Verbs: Activity cook køukøt • to cook it eat hay;q;n • to finish eating cook ˙xøas • to cook clams in a eat ®aπ • to eat soup pit eat ®ey≈t • to eat it cook œø;l;m • to bake, to cook eat ˙;˚øt • to eat up, to riddle cook œø;l;t • to cook it with holes copy ≈ø;÷é • to copy, to imitate eat ≈®as • to eat crush mi˙;t • to crush it, to mash eat ≈®ast;l • to eat together, to it (berries, potatoes) have a meal together dance mi®; • to dance in the eat ÷;®t;n • to eat bighouse fight køint;l • to fight dance œø;y;l;ß • to dance fill h;¬ct • to fill in a hole deer ÷;µ;ß • to go deer hunting fishing hiw;lté∫;µ• fishing with design √ic;t • to crochet, to knit a rod and reel in a design fishing ®cál;÷ • fishing with a rod dig ƒ;yqø • to dig a hole and reel dig ƒ;yqøels • to dig a hole, to fishing ˚øay;kø • to troll dig up float π;π⁄kø • floating dig ƒ;yqøt • to dig it fly ®a˚ø • to fly dig weœ;t • to dig it fry ∂;kø≈ • to fry, to get fried dig w;œels • to dig a hole, to dig fry ∂;kø≈éls • to fry up fry ∂;kø≈øt • to fry it disk ®ç;n;p • to disk game l;hé¬ • to play the do s;¬;ƒ;t • to do something bonegame do ≈te÷ • to do, to make game p;psí∑;t;l • socking a ball dress ÷i˙;m • to get dressed, to to each other dress oneself, to put on garden ƒ;y;n;p • to garden clothing gather œpe÷;m • to gather sticks drink l;œø;t • to gulp it down or small things drink qa÷qa÷ • to drink gather œp;t • to gather it drive √a¬;µƒ;t• driving gather œ;p • to gather things drive √;l;mƒ;t • to drive, to together steer gather ÷;l≈é÷;m • to gather drum œ;w;t;m • to drum gloves c˙;≈ø;¬;ca÷ • making dry ç;¥xø;ls • to dry mittens dry ≈øe÷˙wí:¬s• drying the gloves ˙≈øa¬;c;st • to put dishes, wiping the dishes mittens/gloves on him/her dry ˚ø;lç • to dry herring by harrow ≈;p⁄n;p • to harrow smoke or by sun

75 Verbs: Activity heave hikø;t • to heave together, peel si˚ø;t • to peel it (bark) to pull together pick ®;mçé¬s • to pick (berries, hide køe¥l;p;∫ • hiding fruit, vegetables) something, storing something pick ®;mçt • to pick it hire ye˚ø • to hire pick ˙u:m • to pick berries hunt pi÷át;® • to hunt fowl (Chemainus, Nanoose) hunt ÷;µ;ß • to hunt pick ˙;m;m • to pick berries iron ƒe˚øt • to iron it (Nanaimo) iron ƒe˚ø;¬s • ironing pick out y;lœøt • to pick out, to knit kø;yt≈;cs;m • to knit pick through, to sort out knit w;˙éls • to pry, to knit pile m;kø;t • to pile it (hay) level ƒ˚ø;n;p • to level by plant p;n;t • to bury it, to plant dragging boards it make ≈;té÷;m • to make plant p;∫;m • to plant, to sow something play h;∑á¬;µ • to play mash m;˙éls • to mash plow √ß;n;p • to plow mash m;˙é÷;m • to mash pluck œø;m;ws • to pluck a fowl mat cp;ƒß;t;n • to have/make pluck œø;m;wst • to pluck it (a mats fowl) measure ≈e:˙t • to measure it pole ≈øaœø;t • to pole (a canoe or milk π˙;lm;xø • to milk (a cow) log) mix mal;qø;t • to mix it pour ˚ø®els • to pour (liquid) more çxøat • to add more to it pour ˚ø®et • to pour it (liquid) net qøse¥;n • to throw out a net, practice †;†á÷ƒ;t • practicing, to set a net trying out net ≈ø˚øe¥;∫ • pulling in a net preserve œi¬é:µ• preserving food nibble ˙em;ls • to nibble (by smoking, drying, canning, nibble ˙e˙;m;¬s • nibbling etc.) pack c;µ;m • to pack, to load pry w;˙éls • to pry, to knit someone’s back pry w;∑é÷˙;¬s • prying, digging pack y;c;mé:µ • to pack pull tey • to pull canoe (in a race) something (bundle, baby) on pull xø˚øast • to pull it, to drag one’s back it, to tow it paddle ya÷ƒ;t • to paddle pull off ca÷t • to pull off a layer backward, to back up or covering, to split wood out paddle ÷;ß;l • to paddle of a living tree, to pull off paint y;√œt • to paint it cedar bark patch π;wít • to patch it push ƒ≈;t • to push it

76 Verbs: Activity quench xø˙;®qín;m • to quench slurp ®;πt • to slurp it up one’s thirst smoke-dry xøßam;s;ls • to race ÷iwát;l • to race each other smoke-dry fish repair ƒ;yn;xø • to manage to smoke-dry xøßam;st• to smoke- repair, fix it dry it (fish) rock hikø;t • to rock it (for smoke-dry ßam;s • to smoke-dry example, a baby in a cradle) (food) rock œi†; • to rock, to swing smoke-dry ßem;t • to smoke-dry rock ˚øi˚ø;®áƒ;t• rocking or it tipping (canoe) smoke-dry ß;méls • to smoke- roll sil;m • to roll dry (food) run ≈ø∆en;m • to run smoke-dry ßaµ;¬s • smoke- sail p;tén;m • to sail drying (food) sail p;t;∫éµ • sailing soak qøse÷;m • to soak, to keep sand xø˚øels • to sand something something wet sand yiç;t • to sand it, to rub soak †;¬qi÷t • to soak it sand on it soak ÷aqø;t • to soak it sand ÷i÷≈els • to sand soup ®aπ • to eat soup scare xøa÷;s • to scare game when spin qel;ç • to spin (wool) hunting by breaking sticks, spin s;¬;t • to spin it (wool) making noise when scaring steal qe∫ • to steal, to rob game steam ˙xøat • to steam bake it school skøu¬kø;¬ • to attend steam bake ˙xøas • to steam bake school steer √;l;mƒ;t • to rudder, to serve ®e÷≈t • to serve it (food), to steer (boat, car) dish it up, to lay it on a plate steer √a¬;µƒ;t• steering (boat, set †;∫á:®;m • to set the table car, plane) sew ®q;t • to sew it on, to baste it strip ®ip;t • to strip them (hops or sew πe˙ • to get sewn berries) sew πe˙;t • to sew it sweep ÷i≈ø;t • to sweep it shine a light ˙e˚ø;t • to shine a swing œi†a÷ • to swing light on it tidy ƒ;¥;lá÷qø;m • to tidy up, to shop ÷i¬;qéls • to shop straighten up shop ÷;¬qéls • shopping tidy œ;m;sƒ;t • to tidy up shuck xø®;w;t • to shuck it train ƒ;yƒ;t • to fix yourself, to (shellfish) train, to get better skim πe÷t • to skim cream off undress ®;∑˙é÷;m • to undress, milk to get undressed

77 Verbs: Activity wade si≈ø;m • to wade war ≈il;≈ • to go to war wash ˙;≈øí¬s • to wash dishes wash ˙≈ø;¬q;n • to wash wool water qa¬;m • to get water, to pack water, to dip a container in liquid wear hakø;ß • to use it, to wear it wear †;y;µt • to wear it weave ®;∫ • to weave whittle ≈e†˚øt • whittling on it whittle ≈;†˚øt • to whittle on it work ya:ys • to work write ≈;¬;m • to write write ≈;¬;t • to write it

78 Verbs: The Body ache sey;m • to ache, to be sore break l;køßé∫ • to have a broken ache ≈;® • to hurt, to ache, to foot meet with misfortune, to run break l;køß;n • to break foot, out of money leg alive h;lí • to be alive break l;køß;n • to break one’s arm m;†é≈;t • to fold, bend arm, foot bend a branch down break l;kø⁄l;w;® • to break ribs arm pi÷pi÷é÷≈;∫;m• having break l;kø;wí÷c ~ xøl;kø;wí÷c arms akimbo (elbows out and • to break back hands on hips) breathe he˙;m • to breathe awake sxø;xøí÷ • to be awake breathe xøan;˚ø;m • to breathe awake xø;¥xøiyás • to awake heavily, to rasp early, to be an early bird brush pip;≈ø;ƒ;t • to brush barefoot s;mmé÷ß;n • to be oneself barefoot burn xøiy;qø;s • face to get bathe ßa˚ø • to be bathed burnt bathe ßa˚ø;m • to bathe burn ˚øsay;ƒ;n • to burn mouth belch ˙ixøinm;st • to belch burn ˚ø;sc;s • to burn hand bend m;kø;t • to bend his/her burn ˚ø;sß;n • to burn foot head to his/her knees burp qøeç;t • to burp, to belch bend qπas;m • to bend over burp qøeqø;ç;t • burping, bleed ƒ;xø;µ • bleeding belching bleed ƒxøam • to bleed burp qøeçt;t • to burp it up blink ®;p≈n;xø • to blink one’s choke †ayqø®né:nt• choking, eye, to close one’s eyes strangling blood ƒiyé:nt;m • to pass blood, clap ®;œøc;m • to clap one’s to have blood in one’s urine hands, to applaud, to cheer blow caxø;t • blowing into cleanse ÷aœø;t • to cleanse him/her with cupped hands him/her blow cxøat • to blow into him/her cleanse ÷iπ;t • to cleanse him/her with cupped hands, to give (someone who has been in artificial respiration to him/her mourning or ill) blow nose xøma÷álqs;n;m • to club œøaqø;st • to club him/her blow one’s nose on the head break l;køc;s • to break finger, cold ˙a®;µ • (person) to get cold hand comb tßet • to comb it out break l;køé≈;n • to break arm comb tßi÷qø;m • to comb one’s break l;køín;s • to break hair collarbone cough taœø;m • to cough

79 Verbs: The Body cramp œ;lπ • (muscle) to cramp full m;œá÷ƒ;t • to fill oneself cramp œ;lœ⁄lπn;ct;m • to have with food a cramp gargle xø˙axøqí∫;µ• gargling cramp œ;lœ;lπß;n • to have a grab køu:ns • to grab hold cramp in the leg haircut ®içá÷qø;m • to get a cry ≈e:m • to cry haircut cure ®e∑;t • to cure him/her haircut ≈;m≈ø;s;m • to get a cut ®;çc;s • to cut hand, finger haircut cut ®;çß;n • to cut foot, leg hand kø;n;c;st;l • to hold diarrhea ˚ø;˚øá¬;t;µ • to have hands diarrhea hand kø;∫á÷c;st;¬ • holding dirty naœø • to sit on something hands dirty or nasty hand se÷cs;m • to raise one’s dislocate qø;yá÷t • to dislocate it hand (for example, a shoulder) hand †;µc;s • to hit one’s hand drown sqøsiws • to drown against something dry ç;¥xøƒ;t • to dry oneself headache ≈;®a÷qø • to have a eye ≈;n;œt • to open one’s eyes headache eye ≈;≈;n;œt • opening eyes heal h;lít • to heal him/her eyes ß≈;¬≈á¬ç;s • to have eyes hiccup ∆;∆⁄˚øé÷® • hiccupping rolled back hungry ˚øe¥ • to be hungry, to faint m;√él • to pass out, to get hungry faint, to be knocked out hurt me÷kø;® • to get hurt or faint ÷a∑˚ø;®n;® • to faint, to injured pass out hurt s;y;m • to hurt, to ache fall asleep n;qø • to fall asleep, to hurt ≈®;t • to hurt him/her/it oversleep hurt ≈;® • to hurt, ache, get sore fart tœels • to fart hurt ≈;®c;s • to hurt one’s hand fart w;t;œ • to have gas, to fart hurt ≈;®é:∫;÷ • to have an earache fat nas • to be fat, to be chubby, hurt ≈;®ín;s • to have a pain in to be obese the chest fester œøc;m • to fester, (bruise) hurt ≈;®í∑s • to have a sore body to swell hurt ≈;®n;xø • to hurt him/her/it fever h;¥qø;ƒ;t • to have a fever accidentally foot se÷ßén;m • to raise one’s hurt ≈;®ß;n • to hurt one’s foot feet hurt ≈;®tál • to hurt each other full m;œ • to get full of food hurt ≈;®;n;s • to have a toothache

80 Verbs: The Body hurt ≈;®;q;n • to have a sore pierce xøqøe:n;t • to pierce throat his/her ear hurt ≈;®;∑i÷c • to have a sore point ÷i∑;st • to point to it back, to hurt one’s back poke xøm;œøál;st • to poke him hurt ≈;l≈;¬ß;∫ • to have sore feet in the eye infected œeπ • to get infected poke ˙iœø;t • to poke it, to stab it injure me÷kø;® • to get injured pop in √;m˚øt • to pop it with injure s;µé÷kø;®c;s • to have an the teeth injured hand pour ˚ø®ast • to pour water on injure s˚øey;¬e≈;∫ • to have an him/her injured arm pull out œø;m;t • to pull it out itchy ≈i˙;m • to get itchy (tooth or stump) kiss xøm;kø;ƒ;t • to kiss punch ˙œøe:nw;st • to punch him/her him/her in the stomach kneel ƒœ;®≈é÷;m • to kneel put in the mouth ç;µ;t • to put kneel œew;m • to kneel it in the mouth lap ße÷t • to put it on one’s lap rest qew;m • to rest left ˙ikøa÷ • to be left-handed, rub y;mœt • to rub him/her down left with something, such as cedar let go køe÷c;st • to let go of branches hands, to drop hands scratch ≈iœ;t • to scratch it (an lick ˙im;t • to lick it itch) lie ®aœ;ƒ;t • to lie down scrub ÷iœø;t • to purify by lie sqπi÷é® • to be lying on one’s scrubbing with cedar boughs stomach sex køe√;t • to have sex lose weight ˙;∑ • to lose weight shake hands kø;n;c;st • to take mucus ß≈ap;¬;s • to have mucus hands, shake hands in the eyes shave ÷;≈a¥ƒín;m • to shave mucus ≈etßt;m • to have mucus shiver ®;t≈ƒ;t • to shiver, to in the chest tremble nod xøniqø;s;m • to nod shoelace œ;πç;n;m • to tie nose xøƒ;xø;µ⁄¬qs;∫ • to have a shoelace bloody nose sick œaœi÷ • to be sick oil malxøa÷qø;m • to put oil in slap xø®aœø;st • to slap him/her hair on the face paralyzed s≈øa≈øí÷;∑s • (legs or slap xø®œøiw;t • to slap him/her arms) are paralyzed on the bottom sleep ÷it;t • to sleep

81 Verbs: The Body sliver çœøec;s • to get a thorn, sweat yaœø;m • to sweat, to sliver, or splinter in the hand perspire sliver ç;œøßén • to get a thorn, sweat ≈øe¬ß;µ• sweating sliver, or splinter in the foot swollen πa:mß;n• swollen foot sliver sç;œøßén • to have a thorn, take off me÷ßén;m • to take sliver, or splinter in the foot one’s shoes off smile xøy;n;m;s • to smile take off me÷ßi÷qø;m • to take sneeze hes;m • to sneeze one’s hat off snore ®a†;œø;m • to snore teeth ˙;≈nís;m • to bare one’s spit ®≈øat • to spit it out teeth spit pß;t • to spit it (medicine, thirsty cq;¬q⁄¬a • to be thirsty something chewed) throat xøtseq;n• to have a sore sprain qø;¥á÷c;s • sprained hand throat sprain qø;¥á÷ß;n • sprained foot tickle se¥†;ls• tickling sprain π;®œøc;s • to sprain wrist tickle se¥†;m• tickling sprain π;®œøß;n • to sprain ankle, tie qit;t • to tie it around waist foot tie œeπ • to be tied up, to catch sprain π;®œøƒ;t • to sprain cold, to get inflected something tie œ;πc;n;m • to tie one’s starve xøen;c • to starve shoelace steam bathe ha÷xøƒ;t • to steam tie œ;πßé:nt • to tie his/her shoe bathe, to use a sweat lodge tie œ;πßén;m • to tie one’s shoe step on c;ß⁄n;m ~ ∆;ß⁄n;m • to tiptoe s≈i≈;˙ß;n • to tiptoe step on something tiptoe œ;¥˙t • to tiptoe on one step on ƒ;œn;xø • to step on it foot (accidentally) toward ÷a:s;m • to look toward, step on ÷im;t • to step on it, to to face toward put weight on it undress ®;∑í˙e÷ • to be step on ÷;mn;xø • to step on it undressed, to be naked (accidentally) up against trouble ma√ • to be stockings t;kén;m • to put one’s up against trouble, to be socks on possessed stretch ƒa˚øƒ;t • (a person) to urine s;≈øá÷t• to urinate on it stretch out vomit ye÷;t • to vomit suck sa†;t • to suck it wake xø;y • to wake up suck ˙a÷qø;t • to suck it walk xøe÷ß;n • to walk, to take a swallow m;œ;m • to swallow foot step swallow m;œ;t • to swallow it

82 Verbs: The Body wash xø˙≈øast • to wash his/her face wash xø˙≈øas;m • to wash one’s face wash ˙;≈øßén;m • to wash one’s feet wash ˙≈øacs;m • to wash one’s hands wash ˙≈øin;s;m • to brush one’s teeth weep ≈a:m;ƒ;t • to weep whistle ßap;s • to whistle, a whistle wink xø√a¥kø;s;m • to wink yawn wiq;s • to yawn

83 Verbs: Communication advise ni∑;t • to advise him/her, care ÷;my⁄®t• caring for him/her, to correct him/her, to teach giving daughter in marriage him/her challenge tqet • to challenge, to advise n;∑⁄¥;® • to give advice guess in bone game agree ÷a:n® • agreeing, okay change ƒ;yqt;l • to change agree ÷a:nt • to let him/her do it, places to give him/her permission Chemainus xøßç;µín;sq;n • to agree ÷an® • to agree speak Chemainus applaud ®;œøc;m • to clap one’s child s;m∫é÷ • to already have a hands, to applaud, to cheer child argue qøaqø;¬t;¬ • arguing Chinese xø∆eym;nq;n • to ask pteµ • to ask speak Chinese ask pteµ;t • to ask him/her claim †;y;m • to claim something ask †i:m • to ask for something, to (for example, land) beg comfort √a÷t • to comfort ask †i:t • to ask him/her, to beg him/her, to stop him/her from him/her crying assemble œ;p • to assemble, to copy ≈øi÷≈ø;÷ét • copying it, gather things together imitating him/her attention hi:w;s;m • to bring count ˚øßem • to count attention to oneself count ˚øßet • to count it bequeath y;≈ce÷t • to bequeath it cover √xøat • to cover it, to give borrow calá÷® • to borrow, to him/her gifts in bighouse rent ceremony borrow calá÷®t • to borrow it, to Cowichan xøq;∑⁄c;∫q;n • to rent it speak Cowichan borrow ÷i≈;m • to borrow money dancer ≈;∑salkø®st;xø • to brag ya:wƒ;t • to brag initiate him/her as a new dancer call te:m • to call out decide ≈c;t • to figure it out, to call tem;t • to call him/her, to decide it telephone him/her defend na:nt • to take his/her call ≈e¥;m • to call to side, to defend him/her, give competitors in a match, to permission, to let him/her do it cheer, to boo divorce køa÷t;l • to divorce, to call ≈e¥;t • to call to them, to separate cheer them, to boo them drink ˚ø;®ín;st • to give him/her call ÷a:m • to call, to call for a drink call ÷a:t • to call him/her, to call enemy cß;men • to make an for him/her enemy

84 Verbs: Communication English xø;nít;mq;n • to speak Japanese xø∆apaníq;n • to speak English Japanese exhibit l;mst;n;q • to put on jinx ≈†;t • to jinx him/her, to show, to exhibit throw powers at him/her feed ≈®ast;∫;q • to feed people join œa÷ƒ;t • to join feed ÷;®t⁄n;st;xø • to feed joke ®e˙;t • to joke with him/her him/her/it joke xøi÷⁄¥;q;p • to be always First Nations xø;lm;xøq;n • to joking speak a First Nations language laugh y;n;m • to laugh fixing ƒe¥;q;∫• fixing words laugh y;ny;nt • to laugh at French xøflen∆q;n • to speak him/her/it French Lekwiltok y;qø;®té÷≈q;n • to give ÷am;st • to give it to speak Lekwiltok him/her, to hand it to him/her lend calá÷®t • to lend it to give ÷exøé÷t • to give it to him/her him/her, to share it with lend ÷;≈ímt • to lend money him/her, hand it to him/her lie ß;m;˙;qé∫;m • to tell a lie give ÷e÷em • to give something lose s√;xø • to lose a game, to get away beat grandparent csis;¬; • to have a lullaby he:∫;t humming a lullaby little grandparent • to him/her guess piœ;t • to pick the outside make ƒ;yt;l • to make up in the bonegame, to guess the marry m;lyít;l • to get married female bones on the outside, to meet œa÷t;l • to meet each other guess both ways Musqueam xøm;skøi÷;mq;n ~ guess xøc;t • to guess the ones in xøm;ƒkøi÷;mq;n • to speak between in the bonegame Musqueam guess †em;ls • to guess, to make name køiß;t • to name it a guess in the bonegame (Nanaimo) help çaw;t;l • to help each other name ne:t • to name it help çew;t • to help him/her (Chemainus, Nanoose) honor ÷a®;t • to honor him/her Nanaimo sn;néym;xøq;n • to honor ÷a÷®;t • honoring him/her speak Nanaimo hum qø;÷qø;¬qé:n;µ • to hum Nanoose sn;∑n⁄∑;sq;n • to insult †q;t • to insult him/her, to speak Nanoose jeer at him/her noise œalxø;m • to make a noise invite √e÷ß;n • to invite people to order ya:m • to order, to place an the winter dance order invite √e÷;ß;t • to invite him/her

85 Verbs: Communication owe ÷i≈;m • to owe money Saanich xøs;n∆áƒ;n • to speak parent h;µna÷t;¬ • to be parent Saanich and child say ƒ;t • to say pay œew;t • to pay him/her scream køec;m • to scream pay back n;∑n;c • to pay, to sell l;q • to be sold pay back sell seµ;t • to sell it pay back n;∑n;ct • to pay, to sell xøay;m • to sell pay him/her back sell xøay;m;st • to sell it to permit ÷a:nt • to give him/her him/her permission separate køa÷t;l • to divorce, praise ye:wt • to praise him/her separate pray †i∑i÷;® • to pray separate ÷i˚ø;t;l • to get pray †i∑i÷;®t • to pray for separated from each other him/her/it Seshelt xøßißé÷®q;n • to speak propose cxøem;t • to propose to Seshelt him/her shout køc;t • to shout at him/her, propose √e÷;m • to propose to correct or command him/her marriage • To go to potential show ÷i∑;st • to show him/her wife’s family and stay around how to do something waiting to be approved. shut up çexø;¬ • to shut up, to quiet çeç;xø • to be quiet, to shut keep quiet up silence s;µ• Be silent! Quiet! quiet çexø;¬ • to be quiet, to get sing †il;m • to sing quiet Spanish xøspen;ßq;n • to speak raise ˚ø;m;t • to raise him/her, Spanish to rear him/her speak qøal • to talk, speak rape c;¬;wa¬;m • to rape, to (Chemainus, Nanoose) make a fool of someone speak qøel • to talk, speak refund xø;÷ál;mst;xø • to (Nanaimo) refund it to him/her Squamish xøsqø≈øaµ;ßq;n • to refuse ÷;w;st;xø • to refuse speak Squamish him/her stop ˚øiyét • to stop him/her/it repeat q;letáy;ƒ;n • to repeat swear qa¬;¥;ƒín;µ• swearing words, to say it again talk ∆xø;n;m • to talk about respect si÷eµst;xø • to respect someone him/her talk nan;m • to talk, converse, revenge ma√;ƒ;t • to get revenge have a discussion Saanich xøßsen;cq;n • to speak talk qøal • to talk, speak Saanich (Chemainus, Nanoose)

86 Verbs: Communication talk qøalst;xø • to talk to him/her yell te:m • to call for, to yell out, (Chemainus, Nanoose) to telephone talk qøel • to talk, speak yell tem;t • to yell to him/her, to (Nanaimo) phone him/her talk qøelst;xø • to talk to him/her (Nanaimo) teach xøs÷;∑c;st • to teach him/her how to do something teach xø;wc;st • to teach him/her, to show him/her how to do something with hands tell cset • to tell him/her to do something tell c;s;t • telling someone to do something tell y;ƒ;st • to tell him/her tell off tq;t • to tell him/her off tell stories hi:¥ét • telling stories about him/her tell stories ≈øi÷éµ • to tell a story thank çi:t~çi÷;t • to thank him/her thank çiy;t;l ~ çi:t;l • to thank each other trade ÷iyáœt;l • to trade visit neç;∑txø;m • to visit wait ÷;lm;ct • to wait for him/her wait ÷;lm;c;n • to wait walk œ;ßínt;l • to walk together warn ya:t • to warn him/her wave †;¬œ;st • to wave to him/her whisper ®eq;m • to whisper whisper ®;q;t • to whisper to him or her whisper ®;®;q;m • whispering will n;w;nt • to will it to him/her win √xø;n;q • to win

87 Verbs: Contact arrest qiœ • to get arrested, to get break off pqøe÷;m • to break tied up, to be delayed some off, to take a little piece attach ®qet • to attach, to join brush pi≈ø;t • to brush it down, together to dust it off bail xøt;l;t • to bail it out, to brush xøikø;t • to brush close by clear (a forest) brush ÷ip;t • to brush it off ball m;kø;t • to hit him/her with bump tiœø • to bump, to smash the ball into bang ˙aƒ;t • to bang, to hammer, bump tiœøt;l • to bump into each to strike, to ring other, to collide with each bat œøqøelss• batting other beat ≈;¥;t • to beat or hit bump tiœø;t • to hit him/her, to him/her/it bump him/her bend pa:yt • to bend it bump ˙as • to be bumped, to get bend qem;t • to bend it hit bind qiœ;t • to bind him/her, to burn y;qøt • to burn it, to light a put him/her in jail fire, to turn it on bite ç;µ;t • to put it in the mouth burn ≈ƒ;t • to burn it in half bite ®iß;t • to tear it with the burn ˚øes;t • to burn it teeth, to bite it off catch c;ln;xø • to catch it bite œi˚ø • to be bitten char œø;yt • to char it (canoe) bite œi˚ø;t • to bite it chase y;∑é∑;÷®;t• chasing it blow has;t • to blow on it (horse, children) blow pa:t • to blow it chew ˙e÷t • to chew it blow up xøπa:t • to blow it up chew œ;y√t • to chew it, to gnaw break l;køát • to break it (in it two) choke tiqø®né:nt • to choke break l;køn;xø • to break it him/her, to strangle him/her break pqøat • to smash it, to close xøtqet • to close it crush it into powder close √q;t • to even it out, to break p;qø • to break something make them the same up club œøaqøn;xø • to club break ya˚ø;t • to break it, to him/her/it accidentally smash it club œøaqø;t • to club it break y;˚ø;®ct • to break it up coil œ;¬kø;st • to coil it, to wind for him/her it break †œøat • to break it off, to collect ÷al;≈;t • to collect it, to cut it off, to tear a piece off gather it, to select it

88 Verbs: Contact come off køa÷ • to pull loose, to freeze ƒimá÷t • to freeze it come off get kø;nn;m • to get taken, to cover l;≈ø;t • to cover it get grabbed cover l;≈ø;ƒ;t • to cover yourself get kø;nn;xø • to grab, to catch cover œ;πéq;∫ • to cover up to, to get something glue π;li÷t • to glue it together, to cut ®iç • to get cut, to get sliced stick it together cut ®iç;t • to cut it, to slice it gnaw ≈i˚ø;t • to gnaw on it, to cut ßip;t • to cut along it chew it cut †œøat • to cut a piece of it off grab kø;nn;xø • to grab him/her cut †œøe:m • to cut a piece off it, to catch up to him/her/it, to dip ®;lqø;≈;t • to dip it partly in get him/her it the water grab ≈im;t • to grab it, to hold it disappear ƒxøat • to make it with claws disappear, to tuck in the end of graze ®i˚ø • to graze, to just hit yarn the edge divide ƒ;l;qt • to divide it, to hammer ˙as • to get pounded, to take some be hit double ƒœø;t • to double it, to hang œi∑;t • to hang it, to hang it fold it, to put two together over drill xøqøe÷et • to drill it heat up ®;†œt • to heat it up, to drop køe:t • to drop it, to let it go warm it up dry ç;¥xøt • to dry it heat up pe˚ø;t • to heat it up fatten nast • to fatten it up, to oil hit pas • to get hit by something it, to put oil on it thrown or dropped feel πe√;t • to feel it, to touch it hit pas;t • to hit him/her/it with a fell yeœ;t • to fell it, to make it thrown object fall down (something tall and hit tiœø • to hit or run into upright) hook ®i˚ø;t • to hook it fill l;ç;t • to fill it hook ÷a÷˚ø;t• hooking it finish œ;¥˙t • to finish it off, to jerk ≈ƒet • to jerk it end it kick l;mé÷t • to kick it fix ƒ;yt • to make it, to build it, kill ≈øa:yt • to kill them to fix it, to repair it kill œayt • to kill him/her/it flip ®;† • to flick it, to flip it, to kill œ;yn;xø • to kill it lightly skim it accidentally flip ®†et • to flip it (with your knock køakø;xøc;µ • knocking fingers), flick it at the door knock køaxø;t • to knock on it

89 Verbs: Contact knock køa÷kø;xøc;m• knocking punch çœø;n;t • to punch knock kø;xøc;m • to knock him/her, to hit him/her with leash sœaœ;π;s • to have a leash fist on punch ˙iœø • to get punched leash œaπ;st • to put a leash on it punch ˙œøels • to punch, to stab lock xøl;klít • to lock it rattle ˚øet≈t• rattling it make ƒ;yt • to make it, to build rip √ßet • to rip it, to plow it up it, to fix it rub ya√;t • to rub it massage ya√;t • to rub or rub y;œ • to rub, to scrape against massage it rub πe√;t • to rub it medicine ®e≈;∫t • to rub scrape œøayt • to scrape it clean medication on him/her, to give scratch ≈iπ;t • to scratch, scrape, him/her medicine claw it nail ˙is;t • to nail it scratch ÷i≈ • to get scratched oil m;lxøt • to oil it, to massage scrub y;˚ø;t • to scrub it, to rub it with oil it together open xøya≈ø;t • to open it separate ƒ;láqt;l • to split up, to pack ÷i†;st • to hold something separate from each other by the middle (e.g. a baby or a shake xøis;t • to shake it sack of potatoes) sharpen y;œ;st • to sharpen it pick up m;˚ø;t • to pick it up sharpen y;œ;t • to sharpen it, to pierce ç;œø • to be pierced, shot, rub them together stuck sharpen †œast • to sharpen it pierce çœøat • to pierce it, to poke (Nanaimo?) it shoot ç;œø • to get shot pierce ßqøe:n;t • to pierce it shoot kø;l;ß • to shoot, to sting pin √;¥œ • to be pinned down, shoot kø;l;ßt • to shoot it held down shoot kø;l;ßƒ;t • to shoot oneself pinch ˙®e˚øt • to pinch him/her smash ya˚ø;m • to smash, to pound †;µ;t • to pound on it, to break beat a drum snip ˙;µœels • to snip pry we˙;t • to pry it spank œøqøiw;t • to spank pull xø˚øat • to pull it, to pull the him/her slack up spear ƒœels • to spear something, pull y;xøaqøt • to drag it, to pull to poke with a pole it, to tow it spear ƒœ;t • to spear it pull apart †a÷t • to pull it apart splash ®;qøn;xø • to splash it, to get it wet

90 Verbs: Contact splay ma†;t • to splay it, to prop take kø;n;t • to take him/her/it, it up, to spear it to grab it, to catch it split s;œ • to split, to tear take m;˚ø;t • to take it all split sœet • to split it, to tear it tangle œ;¬œt • to tangle it, to hang spread peƒ;t • to spread it out it (blanket, cloth) tap ®aœø;t • to tap it, to pat it spread t®;t • to spread it, to tear s;œn;xø • to tear it flatten it out, to open it up accidentally (hand, arms, wings) throw wenß • to throw it spread √;p≈t • to scatter them, to tickle s;¥†t • to tickle him/her spread them out, to throw them tie up œis;t • to tie it up down trap ≈;ß;∫t • to trap it squash m;œø;t • to squash it try √am;t • to try it on squeeze π;y√ • to be squeezed turn off √;˚ø;nt • to turn it off, stick qπ;t • to stick it to to put it out something turn over t;l;t • to turn it over, stick †;y;µ • to stick to to stir it something uncover txøat • to uncover stick πalét • to stick it together, to him/her glue it together untie y;≈ø;t • to undo it, to untie sting kø;l;ß • to shoot, to sting it, to unlock it stir kø;y≈ • to get stirred use hakø;ß • to put it on, to use it stoke ƒ;y≈t • to stoke it wash ˙≈øat • to wash it stomp m;œø;t • to stomp on it, to wear out ˙≈;t • to wear it out squish it wedge ≈˚øat • to wedge it in, to straight ƒ˚ø;t • to tauten it, to stick it in between straighten it, to stretch it taut wet ®qø;t • to wet it stretch ƒ˚øat • to stretch it out wet ®;qøn;xø • to splash it, to get stretch ÷a†;t • to stretch it, to pull it wet it (a bowstring) wipe ÷e˙;t • to wipe it strike tiœø • to be struck wrap √œø;t • to wrap it up, to strip ≈ip;t • to strip it/them off, clean it up, to put outer to pick it/them clothing on someone stuck miœ • to be stuck into something stuck †;kø • to get stuck stuck ≈;˚ø • to be stuck, to get stuck

91 Verbs: Location and Motion aboard ÷a:® • to get aboard a beach ca:m • to go up into the canoe or car mountains, to come up from aboard ÷a:®st;xø • to put them in the beach the car, to have them get in the beach c;∑m;n • to be down by car the beach aboard ÷;¬á÷;® • to be aboard beach ta≈ø;t • to beach it (car, boat, etc.) beach y;†á†;xø • coming down above s®a¬wé÷® • to be above, to from the mountains be up on top beach †axø • to come down from across y;ßá÷xø;÷qø;¬ ~ the mountains, to go down to ßá÷xø;÷qø;¬ • crossing the beach across ßaqø;l • to cross to the beach †axøst;xø • to take it down other side to the beach, to bring it down across ≈e√;t • to lay it across, to from the mountains block it beat √xø;t • to beat him/her in add œa÷t • to add it, to put it in game, to be ahead of him/her with it before √am;t • to arrive before, aft ÷ilé÷eq • to be aft, to be in the to get there before stern, to be in the back seat below √i√;p • to be down below aft ÷ilé÷eq;m • to go aft, to go between xøç;ƒ;t • to go between, to the stern, to get in the back to be in the middle seat bow œ®an • to be forward in a aft ÷ilé÷eq;mst;xø • to have boat, to be in the bow, to be in them go aft, to have them go to the front seat the stern, to have them get in bow œ®an;m • to go forward, to the back seat go to the bow, to get in the arrive tec;l • to arrive, to get front seat here, to approach bow œ®an;mst;xø • to have arrive t;s • to arrive him/her go forward, to have aside ®e¬ß • to move it aside or them go to the bow, to have out of the way, to put it back, him/her get in the front seat to move it toward the fire bring xø;÷ál;mst;xø • to bring away xø;néµ • to be away from him/her back back up y;há¥;ƒ;t backing up, bring †;˚øst;xø • to bring going backwards him/her home be here ÷i÷ • to be here, to be now bring µew;st;xø • to bring • Also an auxiliary verb. him/her be there ni÷ • to be there, to be bring π;køst;xø • to bring it up then • Also an auxiliary verb. to the surface

92 Verbs: Location and Motion bring ÷ew;st;xø • to bring it here enter n;∑il;m • to enter, to go bring ÷;µíst;xø • to bring it in canoe n;xø;®á:lh • to go by canoe escape ®e∑ • to escape, to run canoe s;∫;∫xø;® • to arrive in away, to get cured canoes face ÷as;m • to face a direction canoe s;∫xø;® • to arrive in a fall overboard qø;s • to fall canoe overboard, to fall in the water climb ˚øi÷ • to climb up (tree or far ca:kø • to be far stairs) fast y;xøa¬†;µ • to go by fast, to climb ˚øi÷q;n • to climb up the zoom by hill flee ®e∑ • to flee, to be cured close çim;¬ • to get close float y;h⁄wœø;t;m • floating close st;tés • to be nearby, to be away, drifting close to, to be next to float π;kø • to come to the close taxø • to be close, near surface of the water, to float close √ç;t • to put or weave them follow çe:lq;m • to follow close follow çe:lt • to follow him/her/it, close √;ç • to be close together to chase him/her/it close π®iœt • to move it closer follow c;kø;¬á¬q;µ• following come h;µí > µí • to come behind come back xø;÷ál;m • to come forward xøiw;l • to come back, go back, return forward, to come to the front, come here µi ÷ew; > µew; • to (salmon) to go upriver come here forward xøiw;lst;xø • to have come here ÷ew; • to come here him/her come forward come in h;∫⁄∑ • to come in forward œ®an;m • to go forward, come in n;∑íl;m • to come in, to go to the bow, to get in the to go in front seat come on µiçil;m • Come on! forward œ®an • to be forward in a crawl çtem • to crawl boat, to be in the bow, to be in dive n;q;m • to dive down into the front seat the water from ßti∫í • to be from a place dive y;h⁄∫q;µ • diving down front set;t • to put it in front of down xøaƒ;t • to get down, to oneself come down get √;mást • to go and get drift h;∑œø • to drift him/her end ÷i÷;¬e≈;∫ • being at the end get here tec;l • to get here get off œøim • to get out, to get off

93 Verbs: Location and Motion get on çil;m • to get on go downhill √;pqén;m• going get out of the way ÷eli • to get downhill out of the way, to go away hang ßœaƒ;∫ • to be hanging get there t;s • to get there down get there xø;ní÷ • to get there hang œ;lœ • to be hung, put over go neµ • to go hang on s÷a˚ø;s • hanging on go neµ;st;xø • to take him/her hang over se¬œ;µ • hanging go ≈øte÷ • to go towards over, draped go ahead y;wá∫ƒ;t • to go in here tec;l • to get here front, to go ahead here ÷ist;xø • to leave it here, to go along n;p;c;l • to go along keep it here go ashore ®e:l • to go ashore hide køe:l • to hide oneself go away ta:nt • to go away from hide †a:nƒ;t • to hide oneself him/her, to leave him/her home h;∫;m;t • to get home, to go back xø;÷ál;m • to come come home back, to go back, to return home †a˚ø • to come home, go (Chemainus, Nanoose) home go down xøe÷ • to go down, to home †;˚øst;xø • to bring them decrease home go down √pil • to go down, to home ÷aµ;t • to be home sink hook ÷a˚ø • to be hooked, go home y;†á†;˚ø • going home snagged, to be hung go home †a˚ø • to come home, to horizontal s®e®;œ • to be go home horizontal, to be lying down go on a trip he:∑;÷ • to go on a hung ÷a˚ø • to be hooked, trip snagged, to be hung go on a trip he:∑;÷ • to go on a hung up sœiœ;∑ • to be hung up trip, to be away from home in s;∫í∑ • to be in, to be inside, go out s;l≈ • to go outside to cool to be indoors off in s;∫í∑st;xø • to have him/her go out ÷;√q;l • to go outside inside go out of sight †en • to go out of in the way h;lœ;®ƒ;t • to get in sight the way go over ça:¬;c • to go on the other in the way l;œé® • to get in the side of the hill way go upstream t;y;l • to go inside out ßπ;¬é:ç • to be inside upstream out go upstream t;yt • to go jump c√;m • to jump upstream, to go north land qπil;m • to land, to alight

94 Verbs: Location and Motion last ®i÷áqøt • to be last one in mountain †axø • to come down line, to be behind him/her from the mountains, to go lay køƒ;t • to make an animal go down to the beach down mountain †axøst;xø • to take it lay ®eœ • to lay down down to the beach, to bring it lay ®eœ;t • to lay it down down from the mountains lean c;∫;t • to lean it against move køey;≈;m • to move something move teq;l • to move, to change lean sc;÷cí∫ • to be leaning on living places something near taxø • to be close, to be near lean ˚øa∫;s • to lean over the side near ts;t • to get close to leave h;yé÷ • to leave him/her/it leave h;yé÷st;xø • to take them near t;s • to arrive, to get near along nearby st;tés • to be nearby, leave køe÷t • to leave it, to drop it close to, next to leave shore ta:l • to leave shore, next to st;tés • to be nearby, to out onto the floor in the close to, next to bighouse on çe÷ • to land on top of let go køe÷t • to let go, to drop it, on sç;çé÷ • to be on top of to leave it alone on çil;m • to get on top of lie s®e®;œ • to be lying down, to out of sight †en • to go out of be horizontal sight lie ƒi¬ • to lie on fabric pick up √;má:st • to go pick lift se÷ • to be lifted, to be raised him/her up line up †;∫ást;l • to lineup, to be put away le÷ß • to put it away side by side, to stand next to put down ®eœ;t • to put it down each other return xø;÷ál;m • to come back, line up †;∫él;t • to line people up go back, return line up †;∫;t • to line them up, to return ÷eµ;qt • to return it, to put them side by side take it back lower it down xøe:t • to lower it ride ÷a:® • to get on a vehicle, to down get aboard middle ßtet;¬ • to be in the roll over m;¬çt • to roll it over, middle to turn it over mountain ca:m • to go up into shade †en • to be in the shade, to the mountains, to come up be out of sight from the beach shelter œ;l;çt • to shelter him/her mountain y;†á†;xø • coming shoo we®;t • to shoo them away down from the mountains

95 Verbs: Location and Motion shore ®e:l • to come to shore, to store le÷ß • to store it, to put it go from center to the side of away the bighouse surface y;π⁄π;kø coming • to the sink √pil • to go down, to sink surface sit xøçe∫;c;m • to sit down surface π;kø • to come to the sit ÷;m;t • to sit down, to get out surface of the water, float of bed sweep ÷i≈ø • to get swept away sit ÷;µ;t • sitting down, getting swim †ic;m • to swim out of bed take çi÷;lt • to take it away from slip ®as;m • to slip down (e.g. someone skirt) take h;yé÷st;xø • to take him/her slip q;≈ß;n • to slip, to slide along snagged ÷a˚ø • to be hooked, take neµ;st;xø • to take him/her snagged, to be hung take y;kø;né:t • to take it along sneak √iç;t • to sneak up on, to take off me÷ß • to take it off stalk take out q;yé÷t • to take it out, sneak √i∑ • to sneak off, to run to bring it out away take outside ÷;√qt • to take it soak qøs;t • to put it in the water outside somersault xø˚øe÷˙;líqø;m • to through c®aqø • to go through an somersault opening space apart l;≈ • to be spaced throw away ÷i˚ø;t • to throw it apart (as in knitting) away space apart l;≈;t • to space it together y;sœ;œíp • to go apart together in a group spin s;lœƒ;t • to spin, to twirl, to trail ®;∫é÷ • to take that road, go around in a circle trail, to go that way spin ≈ø;µ xøi¥á÷ƒ;t • spinning turn around ≈;lçƒ;t • to turn it around around stalk √iç;t • to sneak up on it , to turn off †≈;ƒ;t • to turn off (the stalk it road) stand ®≈il;ß • to stand turn over c;l⁄∑ • to turn over stay away ÷;lé¥ • to stay away under hiq • to shove under, to stern ÷ilé÷eq • to be aft, to be in slide under the stern, to be in the back seat underneath siœ • to be stern ÷ilé÷eq;m • to go aft, to go underneath to the stern, to get in the back underneath siœst;xø • to have it seat underneath

96 Verbs: Location and Motion underneath s√pa¬we÷® • to be underneath (with weight bearing down) underneath s√pa¬we÷®st;xø • to have it underneath with weight bearing down underneath √pa¬wí¬;µ • to be underneath, to go underneath up ÷aµ;t • to be up up above cic;® • to be up above walk ÷i:µ;ß • walking walk ÷im;ß • to walk walk ÷im;ßt;l • to walk together walk ÷iµßást;¬ • walking together wedged xø;ç • to get wedged between where xøcel • to go where • This word introduces a question. where ÷;nc; • to be where • This word introduces a question. where t;∫⁄nc; • to be from where • This word introduces a question.

97 Verbs: Nature bark w;wá÷;s • to bark rapid ≈ø;m;m • (water) to be (Chemainus, Nanoose) rapid, swift (Nanaimo) bark √e∑;¬s • to bark (Nanaimo) ripple mey;q;m• (water) to bark qøelœ;m • (seal) to bark ripple bask qiq;wá÷ƒ;t • basking in the ripple yem;†;m • (water) to sun ripple blow pxøat• (whale) to blow scatter √ep;≈;m • to scatter calm liqø• to be calm (wind), to things, (leaves) to fall be smooth (water) snort ßa¬œø;¬s • (seal, sea lion) calm sliqø;l • to be calm snorting (weather, water) snow yiq• to snow collapse l;µ • to collapse, (land) soak ®;¬q• to soak, to flood, for to erode river to rise, for tide to come in cool t;µ;lt • to cool it off splash ®;lqøƒ;t • to splash dark ®acƒ;t • to get dark spout pxø;¬s• (whale) to spout dark ®ec • to be dark sprinkle ®el;t;m • to sprinkle, to dark t;p • to be dark (Nanaimo) drizzle dry çeyxø;m• (weather) to get stink haqø;m • to stink, to give dry off an odor fall πixø;m • (leaves) falling swim ßtem • (fish, porpoise) to float πkø;t • to float it, to let it swim underwater float tide ç;lq;nt;s˙em • the flood hi˚ø;t • to flood it, to make outgoing tide has turned a wake tide ˙em • for the tide to go out flood ®;¬®⁄lq • to flood tide y;˙e˙;µ • the tide is going flow ®;≈ø• to flow, (words) to out come out tide q;µ;l • for the tide to come foam p;pœøámƒ;t • foaming up in growl ≈i∫;m • to growl tide q;q;µ;¬ ~ y;q;q;µ;¬ • the howl œe∑;m • to howl tide is coming in mud †iq;¬ • to be muddy weather ÷i÷í¬;m ~ ÷;¥íl;m • to open ßeq;m• (shellfish) to open become good weather up windy ≈e√ • to be windy, water to rain ®;m;xø • to rain be rough rain ≈;√ß;n• to pour rain afraid si÷si÷ • to be afraid, scared rapid ≈øu:m • (water) to be rapid, swift (Chemainus, Nanoose)

98 Verbs: Psychology and Perception ashamed ≈i÷≈e÷ • to be ashamed, forget me¬qmé÷t • to forget embarassed him/her ashamed ≈i÷≈e÷mé÷t • to be foul up t;≈ • to foul up, to mess ashamed of him/her up astonish ç;œ • to be astonished, to glance π;lœn;xø • to glance at be amazed, to be shocked him/her/it, to get a glimpse at astonish ç;œmé÷t • to be him/her/it astonished at him/her, to be glimpse π;lœn;xø • to glance amazed at him/her, to be him/her/it, to get a glimpse of shocked at him/her him/her/it astonish ç;œn;xø • to manage to happy hil;kø • to be happy, astonish him/her, to manage to excited amaze him/her, to manage to happy hil;kømé÷t • to be happy shock him/her for him/her astonish çœ;t • to astonish happy hil;køst;xø • to get him/her, to amaze him/her, to him/her excited, happy shock him/her happy ÷iy;s • to be happy believe œelmé÷t • to believe happy ÷iy;sst;xø • to make him/her him/her happy believe œe¬ • to believe hate q;lst;xø • to hate careful la¬;µ;ƒ;t • to take care hear çe®;µ • to hear of oneself, to be careful, to know stat;¬st;xø • to know watch out for oneself him/her/it clever sc;∑ét • to be clever, adept know t;¬n;xø • to know, find disbelieve hiµ˙e∫t • to not out, realize believe him/her learn ta÷;lt • to study it, to figure dream q;¬q;¬;ƒ;∫ • dreaming it out embarrass ≈i÷≈e÷n;xø • to learn t;¬n;xø • to learn it embarrass him/her accidentally learn t;¬;t • to learn, to study, to embarrass ≈i÷≈e÷st;xø • to check out, to scrutinize shame, embarrass him/her on like √i÷t • to like it, to treasure it purpose like ÷;¥st;xø • to like enough √am;ls • to have enough listen xøiy;né:µ • to listen money, to afford listen xøiy;né:µst;xø • to get fed up skøi®;m • to be fed up, to him/her to listen be annoyed lonely s;¬s;¬qø • to be lonely find s;∑œ;®ct • to find it for lonely s;¬s;¬qømé÷t • to be him/her lonely for him/her forget me¬q • to forget

99 Verbs: Psychology and Perception lonely s;¬s;¬qøn;xø • to recognize cpit • to recognize unintentionally make him/her recognize pit;t • to recognize lonely him/her, to figure out who lonely s;¬s;¬qøst;xø • to make he/she is him/her lonely relieved xøin • to be relieved look lem;t • to look at him/her/it remember he˚ø • to remember, look ≈®eµ • to look, to watch to call to mind look after ÷a®;t • to look after it, remember he˚ømé÷t • to to be very careful with it, to remember him/her restore it remember he˚øst;xø • to remind look down qπas;m • to look him/her down sad qil;s • to be sad, to mourn, to look down sq;p;ƒ;m;xø • to be lonely look down sad qil;smé÷t • to be sad for look for s;wœ • to look for, him/her search for sad qil;sst;xø • to make him/her lose ÷;˚øn;xø • to lose him/her/it sad mad †ey;œ • to get mad scared si÷si÷ • to get scared mad †ey;œst;xø • to make scared si÷si÷mé÷t • to be scared him/her mad of him/her mad †e†iy;œ • to be angry, mad scared si÷si÷n;xø • to frighten miss qøi≈ø • to miss, to make a him/her accidentally mistake scared si÷si÷st;xø • to frighten miss ÷;yq • to miss, to fail to see, him/her on purpose to guess wrong see l;mn;xø • to see him/her/it mistake cm;lmél;m • to make a show wi÷;lt • to show, to bring mistake, to be mixed up out mistake †;≈ • to make a mistake smart ß®e˙;l • to be smart notice siw;l • to notice someone, smell haqø;m • to smell bad, to to hear something stink pity ˙ixø;m • to pity, feel sorry, smell h;qøn;xø • to smell it please smell chaqø • to smell an odor pity ˙xøim;t • to have pity on sober up π;® • to sober up, to him/her come to please ˙ixø;m • please, to pity sorry ˙xøim;t • to feel sorry for pretend hi∑lé:∫;qa÷ • him/her pretending, making it up stare √;¬√;lm;t • to stare at ransack ß;yq • to ransack, to him/her search for something

100 Verbs: Psychology and Perception startle ˙;¥˚ø • to be startled, to be shocked startle ˙;¥˚ømé÷t • to be startled at him/her startle ˙;¥˚øt • to startle him/her, to frighten him/her suspect ˚øel;˚ø • to suspect, to be suspicious, to worry think xøqøe¬qø;¬í∑;∫ • thinking tired køi®;m • to be fed up, to be bothered, to be tired tired køi®;mé÷t • to be fed up with him/her tired ®ciwsmé÷t • to be tired of him/her tired ®ci∑s • to be tired tired œs;m • to be tired of waiting try stit;m • to try harder try †e÷t • to try it, to taste a little bit of it want s√i÷ • to want, to like wish for ßit;m • to wish for

101 Verbs: States and Processes absorb ç;qø • to absorb, to be dry chip ®;mç • to get chipped, to add œa÷ • to get added erode appear wi¬ • to appear, to come clank y;œét≈;µ • to clank, noise into view of a rolling object appear ≈i÷ • to appear, to become collapse l;µ • to collapse, (land) visible to erode appear ˙;m≈ • to pop into sight • collected œep;¬s • to be collected, For example, the sun through to be gathered clouds. come off me÷ • to come off bad q;lqé¬;µ • to have a bad come undone y;≈ø • to come thing happen, to have an undone, to get untied accident cook œø;l • to be ripe, to cook bang w;lálm;xø • to make cook œø;¬œø;¬ • to be cooked, to banging noise by falling be burnt, to be sunburnt, to be bend p;y • to bend (get bent) ripe better ƒ;yƒ;t • to fix yourself, to cover √;xø • to get covered train, to get better crumble ç;†œø • to crumble, to bitter se≈;m • to be bitter break into pieces bloom πeœ;m • to bloom decrease m;yá÷t • to decrease it blue qøaqø;y;¬ • turning blue decrease xøe÷ • to decrease in blue qøay;l • to turn blue, to be quantity pale deep √;p • to be deep born køan • to be born die ≈øay • for more than one break l;kø • to get broken person to die break ya˚ø;m • to break, to die œay • to die smash, (car) to break down different neç • to be different break †;œø • (string) to break dirty ®;m≈øƒ;t • to get dirty burn y;qø • to burn, to catch fire, disappear ƒ;xø • to disappear, to to burn down fade away burn ˚øes • to get burnt disappear ˙;∑ • to disappear, to burst √ße≈;n • to burst (tire, fade, to taper off to nothing, to balloon) lose weight bury p;n • to get buried drip xøel;ß;m • to drip busy ˙e˙;π • to be busy drip xøe¬ß;µ • dripping catch ≈øiœø • to get caught, (rope) drip ˙œ;m • to drip to get hooked or tangled drop q;√;µ • dropping, dropping cheaper m;ya÷ • to get cheaper off, (hair) falling out drop q√;m • to drop, drop off, (hair) to fall out

102 Verbs: States and Processes drop off ÷;®ép • to slip off, to flicker √;∑œ;µ • flickering drop off, to come off floppy s®e¬π • to be floppy dry çe¥xø;µ • getting dry full l;ç • (container) to be full dry ç;¥xø • to get dry go out √;˚ø;n • (light, fire) to go dust p˚ø;m • to make a cloud of out dust or a spray of water gone ÷;∑˚ø • to be all gone, to be energetic sxø;¥í∑s • to be finished off, to have run out, energetic, to be full of energy, zero to be alert, to be on guard gray xøi˚ø;l • to turn gray, to enough √am • to be enough, to fit fade out fade xøi˚ø;l • to fade grease m;lxø • to get greased fall hil;m • to fall, to tumble grow çis;m • to grow fall w;√;ç • to fall, to stumble grow old œil;sƒ;t • to grow old and fall hard tim;t • to do it intensely fall yiq;m • (things) to fall, to tip hard √;≈ø • to be hard over hot ˚øasƒ;t • to get hot fall √haœø • to fall over hot ˚øes • to be hot, to get burned fall down yeœ • (tree) to fall hot ˚øe¬;s • to be hot down imitate ≈ø;÷é • to be like, to fall down yi≈ø • (house) to fall imitate down, to cave in, to collapse, knotted œis • to be knotted to topple late ÷ay;m • to be slow, to be late fast ≈ø;:m • to be fast, to be in a lengthen ÷aƒ;t • to lengthen it, to hurry (Chemainus, Nanoose) add more fast ≈ø;m;m • to be fast, to be in less ≈ø;l • to be less, to be uneven a hurry (Nanaimo) level l;œ • to be even, to be level fill l;ç • (container) to be full, to light xø;÷é:xøe÷ • to be get full lightweight finish hay • to be finished, to be like st;÷é • to be like done loose y;≈ø • to come loose, to finish ßq;t • to finish it, to be come undone, to come untied done with it lost ÷i˚ø • to be lost finish ß;q • to be finished, to be lots q;≈ • to be lots done mash mi˙ • to get mashed finish • to get finished with ÷;s;π match ma√ • to be matched, to something meet your match, to be even fit • to be enough, to fit √am melt ya≈ø • to melt flicker √ew;œ;m • (light) to flicker, to spark

103 Verbs: States and Processes mix mal;qø • to get mixed in snap ˚øe®;œ;m • to snap, to with make popping sound mix mal;qø;t;l • to mix with soft qi÷qe÷ • to be soft each other spark pixø;m • to spark more ç;xø • to be more, to spill ˚ø;® • to spill, to tip over increase spot †;lq • to spot, to stain, to overflow πil;m • to overflow become spotty pop √em;˚ø;m • to pop, to spread p;kø • (dust, flour) to make a popping noise spread pop √;lqéls • to pop, to spatter, spread √;p≈ƒ;t • (people) to (grease, fire) to sparkle spread out, to split up quick ÷a∑ƒ;t • to be quick, to be squash m;œø • to squash, to burst in a hurry squeak qe˙œ;m • squeaking raw t;∑í∫ • to be raw, to be sound • Like from a door, uncooked floor, or shoe. ready ƒ;yƒ;t • to get ready, to stop ÷;n;xø • to stop prepare oneself straight ƒ;˚ø • to be straight, to ready xø;sá:¥ • to be ready be stretched taut red køim;l • to become red, to swell cxø;t;m • to be swollen, turn red bloated repeat q;lét • to repeat it swell πa:m • to swell ripe œø;l • to be ripe, to cook swell œøc;m • to be swollen roll sil • to roll tangle œ;lœ • to get tangled, to get rotten ˙aœø;m • to be rotten wrapped around rumble œøay;xø;m • to rumble tight t;qø • (rope) to get tight scatter √;p≈ • to scatter, to tip ˚ø®aƒ;t • to tip over spread, to spill tip over π;®œø • to tip over, to separate køi÷é÷ • to get separated twist shrink œ;lπƒ;t • to shrink tremble ç;n;m • to tremble skein ßkøe∫n;c • to be in skeins true ƒ;÷ít • to be true slack liqø • (rope) to get slack uncover t;xø • to be uncovered smell me≈;m • to smell, to give untie si¥⁄≈ø • to be undone off an odor uproot œø;m • to be uprooted, to smell pe˙;m • to smell foul, to be pulled up stink (for example, a skunk) use hakø • to get used smoke pe˚ø • to get smoked warm q;w • to be warmed, to be smoke √ey;œ;m • (fire) to smoke heated warm √xø;m • to get warm

104 Verbs: States and Processes wash ˙;≈ø • to get washed wet ®;qø • to be wet wet ®;qøƒát • got wet wet †elq;m • to be wet, to be soaking wet worn out ˙;≈ • to be worn out, to be worn down, to be burnt up, to be burnt down wrap around œi∑ • to get wrapped around something wrinkled œøaπ • to get wrinkled

105 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

÷a:nt to let him/her do it, to give him/her permission ÷an;∑ deer fat ÷apené® ten times ÷apé:n; ten people ÷ ÷ap;ls apple • From English. ÷ap;n ten ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚ø®ixø thirteen ÷a÷a∫í÷ oldsquaw (Chemainus, ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚ø®œec;s fifteen Nanoose) ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚øn;ça÷ eleven ÷a÷áwi oldsquaw (Nanaimo) ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚øte÷c;s eighteen ÷a÷˚ø;t hooking it ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚øtu:xø nineteen ÷a÷®;t honoring him/her ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚ø†≈;m sixteen ÷a÷† slingshot ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚ø˙a÷kø;s seventeen ÷a÷xø;¬m;xø couple, man and ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚ø≈;÷áƒ;n fourteen wife ÷ap;n ÷i÷ ˚øy;sé¬; twelve ÷a˚ø to be hooked, snagged, to be ÷aqø;t hung to soak it ÷aœø;t ÷al;≈;t to collect it, to gather it, to to cleanse him/her select it ÷as;m to face a direction, to face ÷a¬;p;ls apples toward, to look toward ÷a:t ÷a:® to get aboard a canoe or car to call him/her, to call for him/her ÷a:®st;xø to put him/her in the ÷a†;t car, to have him/her get in the to stretch it, to pull it (a car bowstring) ÷aƒa÷qø ÷a®;t to honor him/her to bake something (for example, potatoes) ÷a®;t to look after it, to be very ÷aƒ;t careful with it, to restore it to lengthen it, to add more ÷a∑˚ø;®n;® ÷a:m to call, to call for to faint, to pass out ÷a∑ƒ;t ÷am;st to give it to him/her, to to be quick, to be in a hand it to him/her hurry ÷a≈øt;n ÷aµ;t to be up, to be home, to be broom lazy ÷ay;m to be slow, to be late ÷aµ;t;m homesick ÷ay;µß;∫ slow walker ÷an® to agree ÷e÷em to give something away ÷a:n® agreeing, okay ÷e÷et this here ÷e÷;l®qi÷ snakes

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

106 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

÷eli to get out of the way, to go ÷ik∆;m handkerchief away ÷i:ks egg, eggs • From English. ÷eli÷ good • This is a plural word. It ÷i˚ø to be lost refers to more than one person or ÷i˚ø;®ct to throw it away for thing. him/her ÷el;ß sister or female cousin of a ÷i˚ø;t to throw it away man, brother or male cousin of ÷i˚ø;t;l to get separated from a woman each other ÷e¬;¬;ß brothers of a single ÷ilé÷eq to be aft, to be in the woman, sisters of a single man stern, to be in the back seat ÷e:®t;n they • Third person plural ÷ilé÷eq ~ s÷ilé÷;q stern pronoun. ÷ilé÷eq;m to go aft, to go to the ÷eµ;qt to return it, to take it back stern, to get in the back seat ÷e:∫ƒ; it’s me ÷ilé÷eq;mst;xø to have them go ÷esxø seal aft, to have them go to the ÷esxø⁄¬q;n seal hair stern, to have them get in the ÷e˙;®ct to wipe it for him/her back seat ÷e˙;t to wipe it ÷il;q;®c;t to buy it for him/her ÷ew; to come here ÷il;q;t to buy it ÷ew;st;xø to bring it here ÷il;q;t⁄lm;n to want to buy ÷exøé÷t to give it to him/her, to ÷il;≈;n end of line, beginning of share it with him/her, hand it to line, corner him/her ÷i¬á÷ƒ mouth of river ÷e≈; Canada goose ÷i¬;qéls to shop ÷e:yt lingcod (Chemainus, ÷im;ß to walk Nanoose) ÷im;ß÷⁄lm;n to want to walk ÷e¥≈ crab (Chemainus, Nanoose) ÷im;ßné÷t;n visitor ÷e¥≈a¬® little crabs (Chemainus, ÷im;ßn;xø to manage to get Nanoose) him/her to walk ÷i÷ and ÷im;ßst;náµ;t to pretend to ÷i÷ to be here, to be now • Also an walk auxiliary verb. ÷im;ßst;xø to make him/her walk ÷i÷í¬;m ~ ÷;¥íl;m to become ÷im;ßt;l to walk together good weather ÷im;t to step on it, to put weight ÷i÷®e÷ let’s on it ÷i÷;¬e≈;∫ being at the end ÷i÷≈els to sand

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

107 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

÷im;ƒ grandchild, grandniece, ÷i≈ø to get swept away grand nephew, cousin’s ÷i≈ø;t to sweep it grandchild ÷iyáœt;l to trade ÷im;ye÷ grandchild (address ÷iyéœt to change it, to exchange it form) ÷iy;s to be happy ÷iµßást;¬ walking together ÷iy;sst;xø to make him/her ÷i:µ;ß walking happy ÷ip;n apron • From English. ÷; to, of, by • Preposition introducing a ÷ip;t to brush it off place, a passive agent, or an oblique ÷iπ;t to cleanse him/her (someone object. who has been in mourning or ill) ÷; question particle • Used to form a ÷iœø;t to purify by scrubbing with yes-no question. cedar boughs ÷;kø÷íkøiya÷qø great great ÷ispáwt; baking powder • From grandparents/children English yeast powder. ÷;køiya÷qø great great ÷ist;xø to leave it here, to keep it grandparent/child here ÷;˚øál;st;n needle for making ÷it;t to sleep nets ÷it;té∑txø hotel ÷;˚øn;xø to lose him/her/it ÷it;tnám;t to manage to sleep ÷;˚øs chiton, China slipper ÷it;tn;xø to manage to get ÷;˚øt;n hook him/her to sleep ÷;lé¥ to stay away ÷it;tst;náµ;t to pretend to ÷;lm;ct to wait for him/her sleep ÷;lm;c;n to wait ÷it;tst;xø to put him/her to sleep ÷;l≈é÷;m to gather ÷it;t⁄lw;t pajamas, nightgown ÷;¬á÷;® to be aboard (car, boat, ÷i†;st to hold something by the etc.) middle (e.g. a baby or a sack of ÷;¬él;ß brothers of a single potatoes) woman, sisters of a single man ÷i˙;m to get dressed, to dress ÷;¬qéls shopping oneself, to put on clothing ÷;¬xøí¬;µ ~ ÷;∫xøí¬;µ to go ÷iwát;l to race each other canoeing ÷i∑;st to show him/her how to do ÷;®ép to slip off, to drop off, to something, to point to it come off ÷i≈ to get scratched ÷;®qi÷ snake ÷i≈;m to borrow money, to owe ÷;®qi÷alkø® person who sings money snake song

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

108 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

÷;®t;n to eat ÷;∫éxø still, stopped ÷;®t;nnám;t to manage to eat ÷;∫éxø m;stím;xø adult, ÷;®t;n;st;náµ;t to pretend to grown-up eat ÷;∫w;® ~ ÷;∫we® center, middle ÷;®t⁄n;st;xø to feed him/her/it ÷;∫xøí¬;µ ~ ÷;¬xøí¬;µ to go ÷;®t;∫é∑txø restaurant canoeing ÷;®t;∫⁄lm;n to want to eat ÷;panamát ten pieces of stuff ÷;mn;xø to step on it ÷;pán;s ten dollars (accidentally) ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ ˚ø®ixø;s thirteen ÷;m;t to sit down, to get out of dollars bed ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ ˚ø®œacs;s fifteen ÷;m;tst;xø to have him/her sit, dollars get out of bed ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ ˚øn;ç;s eleven ÷;my⁄®t caring for him/her, giving dollars daughter in marriage ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ ˚øta÷cs;s eighteen ÷;µím;ƒ grandchildren, dollars grandnieces, grand nephews, ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ ˚øtu:xø;s nineteen cousin’s grandchildren dollars ÷;µíst;xø to bring it ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ ˚ø†≈;m;s sixteen ÷;µ;ß to hunt, to go deer hunting dollars ÷;µ;t sitting down, getting out of ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ ˚ø˙a÷køs;s bed seventeen dollars ÷;µ;té∑txø bathroom ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ ˚ø≈;ƒí∫;s ÷;nc; to be where • This word fourteen dollars introduces a question. ÷;pán;s ÷i÷ ˚øy;sá¬;s twelve ÷;n;xø to stop dollars ÷;n;xønám;t to manage to stop ÷;pénn;c one thousand ÷;n;xøn;xø to manage to get ÷;pén;q;n ten containers him/her to stop ÷;pé∫;w;® ten conveyances ÷;n;xøst;náµ;t to pretend to ÷;p;nál;s ten circular objects stop ÷;s;π to get finished with ÷;n;xøst;xø to make him/her something stop ÷;ß oops! • Ladies say this. ÷;∫ your • Second person singular ÷;ß;l to paddle possessive. ÷;ß;lst;xø to have him/her paddle ÷;∫... -;l;p your • Second person ÷;√qt to take it outside plural possessive. ÷;√q;l to go outside

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

109 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

÷;w; no, not ÷;w;st;xø to refuse him/her ÷;w;té÷ none ÷;w;te÷stém nothing ÷;∑ that, and • This is a connective particle that follows adverbs or verbs and introduces a complement clause. ÷;∑... ÷a¬ just, quite • ÷;∑ appears before a verb or adjective and ÷a¬ appears after it. ÷;∑ hay ÷a¬ alone ÷;∑˚ø to be all gone, to be finished off, to have run out, zero ÷;xøí∫ small ÷;xøí∫;q;∫ little container ÷;≈a¥ƒín;m to shave ÷;≈ímt to lend money ÷;≈t;n knife (Nanaimo), scraper (Chemainus, Nanoose) ÷;≈ƒíµt;n dipnet ÷;yá:ƒ sharp ÷;yq to miss, to fail to see, to guess wrong ÷;¥;m;n weaving loom ÷;¥ good ÷;¥ál;m;xø good person ÷;yé:nw;s brave ÷;¥íl;m ~ ÷i÷í¬;m to become good weather ÷;¥st;xø to like ÷;¥;n;p smooth ground ÷;¥⁄¥m;t beautiful, clean

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

110 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

ci÷c;t parent (when speaking of someone else’s parent) cic;® to be up above, up high, high cic;® si÷éµ God, Heavenly Father c cic;® t;m;xø heaven ci®;s steep ci:tm;xø ~ c;cí:tm;xø great ca÷t to pull off a layer or covering, horned owl to split wood out of a living tree, ckøal;s very low tide, water is to pull off cedar bark way out ca:kø to be far ckøim red cakø;la÷ to bet ckøim;l;s reddish brown calá÷® to borrow, to rent c˚øßas twenty dollars calá÷®t to lend it to him/her, to c˚ø;ß twenty borrow it, to rent it c˚ø;ßál;s twenty circular objects ca¬;qø up in the mountains, high c˚ø;ßamát twenty pieces of stuff ground c˚ø;ßáw;® twenty conveyances ca:m to go up into the mountains, c˚ø;ßé:l; twenty people to come up from the beach c˚ø;ßé® twenty times caqøc;qø low tide c˚ø;ßíq;n twenty containers caxø;t blowing into him/her with clilé÷em cupped hands stepparent c®aqø to go through an opening ce÷ will • Future tense. c®m;∫;m ce÷c√íµ hopscotch stepchild cme˚øe÷ cecl;ß little hand funeral, to hold a funeral cm;lmél;m cec;∑ beach to make a mistake, to be mixed up ce:lq;m to follow cn;xø;® to have, make a canoe ce:lt to follow him/her/it, to chase cpit him/her/it to recognize cp;ƒß;t;n cel;ß hand to have/make mats cq;¬q;l;µ ce¬;m;né∑txø log house eye trouble, sore eyes cq;¬q⁄¬a to be thirsty ce:p you • Second person plural subject pronoun. cœi≈ black cexø spouse, fiancée, fiancé cqøay green, blue • This color chaqø to smell an odor includes a range of blues and greens. cqøiqø;m≈ø ch;∫;∫xø;® making canoes skinny

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

111 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English cœøe:∫œøu:∫ earache c;µ;t;n strap, tumpline • A strap cset to tell him/her to do across the forehead used to carry something baskets or loads on the back. csis;¬; to have a little grandparent c;n I • First person singular subject csis;t;∫ making baskets pronoun. csit;n to make a basket c;níxø;® to make, have canoes cs;si÷s;t;∫ making a little basket c;∫;t to lean it against something cß;men to make an enemy c;s;t telling someone to do ct we • First person plural subject something pronoun. c;ß⁄n;m ~ ∆;ß⁄n;m to step on ct our • First person plural possessive something pronoun. c;wté® brother-in-law (man’s ctam;t what’s the matter • This sister’s husband), son-in-law, word introduces a question. daughter-in-law (address form) c˙;≈ø;¬;ca÷ making mittens c;∑m;n to be down by the beach c√;m to jump cxøat to blow into him/her with c;cí:tm;xø ~ ci:tm;xø great cupped hands, to give artificial horned owl respiration to him/her c;køc;kø low tide cxøem;t to propose to him/her c;kø;¬á¬q;µ following behind cxøi˚ø grey c;lcel;ß hands cxø;t;m to be swollen, bloated c;lél soon cy;w;n to chant, to dance in the c;lí÷c;t parents bighouse c;lkøás;m Northwest Bay • ‘facing the water’. c;ln;xø to catch it c;lqáma÷ raspberry c;l⁄∑ to turn over c;¬cá:¬qø;m lizard • This is smaller than pi÷tß;n. c;¬ecl;ß little hands c;¬éq;® yesterday c;¬;wa¬;m to rape, to make a fool of someone c;µ;m to pack, to load someone’s back

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

112 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

çi÷;t⁄lm;n ~ çi:t⁄lm;n to want to thank him/her çil;m to get on top of çim;¬ to get close çis;m to grow ç çi:t ~ çi÷;t to thank him/her çi:t⁄lm;n ~ çi÷;t⁄lm;n to want to thank him/her ça:¬;c to go on the other side of çiyáy; twins the hill çiy;t;l ~ çi:t;l to thank each çaqøa÷ skunk cabbage other çaw;t;l to help each other ç®a¬a÷ bird lice çe÷ to land on top of ç®hi∑a¬;µt;¬ playmate çeç;xø to be quiet, to shut up ç®t;y;w;® fellow racing canoes çeçwi÷ little dish, little bowl ç®w;lm;xø fellow First Nations çeçwi÷t;∫ little dish people çe®;µ to hear ç®≈e:µ mourners çe:mt;≈;n bare rocky mountain çœ;t to astonish him/her, to amaze çew;t to help him/her him/her, to shock him/her çe∑i÷ china (dishes), clam or çqøaqøa red-winged blackbird oyster shell çœøalst;n fork çe∑i÷e≈;n white-winged scoter • çœøat to pierce it, to poke it ‘shells on wing’. çœøe÷®t;n wooden needle used to çe∑i÷tén ~ çe∑i÷t;n big dish, lace bullrushes platter çœøec;s to get a thorn, sliver, or çexø;¬ to be quiet, to get quiet, to splinter in the hand shut up, to keep quiet çœø;n;t to punch him/her, to hit çexø;¬st;xø to tell him/her to shut him/her with fist up çse¥ fir (Douglas-fir) wood çeyxø;m (weather) to get dry çtem to crawl çe:¥; wife or husband of deceased ç; hearsay, I’m told • Evidential brother or sister particle indicating secondary source çe¥xø;µ getting dry information. çi÷;lt to take it away from ç;lí÷ç;çe∑i÷ little dishes, little someone shells çi÷;t ~ çi:t to thank him/her ç;lq;n t; s˙em the outgoing tide has turned

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

113 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

ç;¬eçwi÷ little dishes ç;¥xø to get dry ç;¬éwi÷ dishes ç;¥xøt to dry it ç;mí:¬ thin ç;¥xøƒ;t to dry oneself ç;µç;yí÷ ant ç;¥xø;ls to dry ç;µßáyƒ;n jaw çxøat to add more to it ç;µ;ß herring roe ç≈em;n chest ç;µ;t to put it in the mouth ç;n;m to tremble ç;œ to be astonished, to be amazed, to be shocked ç;œmé÷t to be astonished at him/her, to be amazed at him/her, to be shocked at him/her ç;œn;xø to manage to astonish him/her, to manage to amaze him/her, to manage to shock him/her ç;qø to absorb, to be dry ç;qø;la÷ traditional ball game ç;œø to be pierced, to get shot, to be stuck ç;œøníst;n brooch, pin ç;œøßén to get a thorn, sliver, or splinter in the foot ç;sç;scí∫ spider, spiderweb ç;sq;n golden eagle ç;t;µ sapsucker, woodpecker ç;†œø to crumble, to break into pieces ç;w≈íl;m Tzouhalem ç;∑t;n assistant, helper ç;xø to be more, to increase ç;xølé÷ sometimes ç;yt;n girdle, corset ç;¥çe:¥; wives or husbands of deceased brothers and sisters

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

114 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English ∆ ∂ ∆ you • Second person singular subject pronoun. ∂;kø≈ to fry, to get fried ∆ekø;t ~ ∆ek;t jacket • From ∂;kø≈éls to fry English. ∂;kø≈t to fry it ∆eym;n Chinese person • From English Chinaman. ∆i∆k;n chick ∆ikm;n iron, steel, knitting needle • From Chinook Jargon ‘metal, money’. ∆ikm;n ße® railroad, railroad f tracks • From Chinook Jargon ∆ikm;n ‘metal, money’. ∆œ;n file fes;ns ~ pes;ns ring-necked ∆;∆í÷œ;∫ mink pheasant • From English. ∆;∆;˚øé÷® hiccupping flen∆ French person • From English. ∆;k;n chicken • From English. ∆;k;ns chicken, chickens • From English. ∆;k;∫é∑txø chicken coop ∆;l∆;s soldier, soldiers • From English. ∆;m;≈ pitch, chewing gum ∆;ß⁄n;m ~ c;ß⁄n;m to step on something ∆;ym;n⁄lw;t denim jeans • This is from ∆;ym;n ‘Chinaman’ because the Chinese wore denim work clothes. ∆xø;n;m to talk about someone

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

115 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

hes;m to sneeze he˙;m to breathe hewt rat he:∑;÷ to go on a trip, to be away from home h he¥;m to bake bread, to prepare dough and bake it hikø;t to rock it (for example, a ha÷p;t deer (Nanaimo) • This is an baby in a cradle) old word. hikø;t to heave together, to pull ha÷xøƒ;t to steam bathe, to use a together sweat lodge hi˚ø;t to flood it, to make a wake hakø to get used hil;kø to be happy, excited hakø;ß to use it, to wear it hil;kømé÷t to be happy for han;∫ humpback salmon him/her (Nanaimo) hil;køst;xø to get him/her ha:∫ humpback salmon excited, happy (Chemainus, Nanoose) hil;m to fall, to tumble hap;tí:¬ ~ hap;t;¬ cricket hil;m qa÷ waterfall haqø;m to smell bad, to stink, to hiµát costume give off an odor hiµ˙e∫t to not believe him/her has;t to blow on it hiq to shove under, to slide under hay to be finished, to be done hiƒ long time hay ce:p œa÷ • Said to thank you hiw;lté∫;µ fishing with a rod more than one person. and reel hay ∆ œa÷ • Said to one thank you hiw;st;n escort for dancer person. hi:w;s;m to bring attention to hay;q;n to finish eating oneself ha¥;¬;q wave hi∑lé:∫;qa÷ pretending, making ha¥wa÷qø chief it up he:÷e yes hi∑œøe¬;qø fair wind, breeze heh;∑t little rat along the water he˚ø to remember, to call to mind hi:¥ét telling stories about him/her he˚ømé÷t to remember him/her h;lél;µ houses he˚øst;xø to remind him/her h;lí to be alive he:∫;t humming a lullaby to h;líqø; suitcases, handbags him/her h;lít to heal him/her

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

116 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English h;lít;n healer h;¥qøú:∫ light, car headlight h;lí≈øt;n blankets (Chemainus, Nanoose) h;lœ;®ƒ;t to get in the way h;¥qø;ƒ;t to have a fever h;¬ct to fill in a hole h;¥t;n weapon, tool h;¬íq÷;¬ easy h;¬œ;mí∫;µ Halkomelem h;mé:n;µ weakened • Referring, for example, to a canoe or a roof. h;m;n hammer • From English. h;µá pigeon, rock dove h;µéµ;∫; little offspring, little sons, little daughters k h;µí > µi to come h;µna÷t;¬ to be parent and child ka: car • From English car. h;∫;m;t to get home, to come kapi • From English. home coffee kapú • From Chinook Jargon, h;∫⁄∑ to come in coat from French la capote. h;qéls to bake kek;pú little coat h;qøn;xø to smell it kes;li∫é∑txø gas station h;∑á¬;µ to play kiks cake • From English. h;∑a¬;µé∑txø play area, klik;s • From playhouse, playroom cracker, crackers English. h;∑á¬;µst;xø to play with klips • From English. him/her grape, grapes kul ~ køul • From English. h;∑œø to drift gold k;l;pú h;yé÷ to leave coats k;mpúc • From English h;yé÷st;xø to take him/her along boots gumboots. h;ye÷⁄lm;n to want to leave h;yín;s teeth h;yí≈ø;le÷ eagles h;¥éw;® goodbye • This is a compound of h;¥é÷ ‘leave’ and w;® ‘already’. h;¥qø fire kø h;¥qøí:∫ light, car headlight (Nanaimo)

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

117 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English køa÷ to pull loose, to come off køikø;µl;xø little root køa÷køs;∫ little star køil quail • From English. køa÷kø;xøc;m knocking køi®;m to be fed up, to be køa÷t;l to divorce, to separate bothered, to be tired køakø;xøc;µ knocking at the køi®;mé÷t to be fed up with door him/her køaµ;c;n Quamichan køi®;mn;xø to bother him/her •!‘hunchback’. unintentionally køa:n corn • From English. køi®;mst;xø to bother him/her køan to be born køim;l to become red, to turn red køas;n star køint;l to fight køat; quarter • From Chinook Jargon, køiß;t to name it (Nanaimo) from English. køukø to cook • From English. køaxø;t to knock on it køukøé∑txø kitchen køc;t to shout at him/her, to køukøt to cook it correct or command him/her køul ~ kul gold • From English. køe÷c;st to let go of hands, to køulál;s orange • From ‘gold- drop hands colored’. køe÷t to let go, to drop it, to leave køu:ns to grab hold it alone køs; the (remote) • Article used with køec;m to scream feminine nouns that are distant in time køe:l to hide oneself (including deceased persons) or køe:t to drop it, to let it go hypothetical. This is also used to køe√;t to have sex introduce clauses. køewe÷;c elk køƒe¥ that (out of sight) • Article køey;l;s tomorrow used with plain nouns (that is, nouns køey;≈;m to move that are not feminine singular nouns). køe¥l;p;∫ hiding something, køƒ; the (out of sight) • Article used storing something with plain nouns (that is, nouns that køe¥≈ƒ;t t; ßxø;xøá÷;s are not feminine singular nouns). thunderstorm • ‘The thunder is køƒ;t to make an animal go down stirring.’ kø;cmín deer hoof rattle køi÷é÷ to get separated kø;cmínß;n deer hoof rattle køi÷kø;ml;xø Bush Creek area, worn on dancers’ legs Ivy Green Park • ‘little root’ kø;køá√ß;n long-legged crab køi÷t≈;®p dogwood kø;køíml;xø roots køikø;má¬;s reddish brown kø;kømé÷t to cook for him/her

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

118 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English kø;lála÷;®p alder kø;l;ß to shoot, to sting kø;l;ßnám;t to shoot oneself accidentally kø;l;ßt to shoot it kø;l;ßƒ;t to shoot oneself kø;ml;xø ~ kø;m;l;xø root kø;µ˙c;s wrist kø;µ˙n;c hipbone kø;µ˙;é≈;∫ elbow kø;néµ;m shell rattle used by masked dancers kø;nn;m to get taken, to get grabbed kø;nn;xø to grab him/her/it, to catch up to him/her/it, to get him/her/it kø;nß;t;n ~ ßkø;nß;t;n ~ ßkø;nß;n lantern, torch kø;n;c;st to take hands, shake hands kø;n;c;st;l to hold hands kø;n;®ct to take it for him/her kø;n;t to take him/her/it, to grab it, to catch it kø;n;t⁄lm;n to want to take it kø;∫á÷c;st;¬ holding hands kø;∫í∑s initiator kø;ßú pig, bacon • From Chinook Jargon, from French le cochon. kø;ßu÷é∑txø pigpen, pigshed kø;xøc;m to knock kø;xøm;n deer hoof kø;yt≈;cs;m to knit kø;y≈ to get stirred

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

119 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

˚øe¥ to be hungry, to get hungry ˚øi÷ to climb up (tree or stairs) ˚øi÷q;n to climb up the hill ˚øi÷xø chewing gum, balsam or pine pitch ˚ø ˚øiç to butcher, to clean fish ˚øiç;t to butcher it, to clean it (fish) ˚ø a, some • Indefinite article. ˚øi˚øle÷ little stomach, belly ˚ø ~ ˚ø; the (remote) • Article used ˚øi˚ø;¬ß;n fishing line with plain nouns (that is, nouns that ˚øi˚ø;®áƒ;t rocking or tipping are not feminine singular nouns) that (canoe) are distant in time (including deceased ˚øin how many persons) or hypothetical. This is also ˚øiné® how many times used to introduce clauses. ˚øi:n; ˚øa¬;xø dog salmon how many people ˚øin;l;s ˚øaµ˚ø;µ strong, fit, healthy how many circular objects ˚øa:n† porpoise, dolphin ˚øin;mát how many pieces of ˚øa∫;s to lean over the side stuff ˚øasƒ;t to get hot ˚øin;q;n how many containers ˚øa√køa saltwater ˚øin;s how many dollars ˚øay;kø to troll ˚øin;w;® how many conveyances ˚øçels to butcher, to clean fish ˚øi∫é∑txø how many buildings, ˚øe:ç dogfish rooms ˚øe˚ø†;∫ little mouse ˚øiyét to stop him/her/it ˚øe:˚ø;l;˚ø suspicious ˚øiy;˚ø~ ˚øuy;˚ø fishhook ˚øel;˚ø to suspect, to be ˚ø®ast to pour water on him/her suspicious, to worry ˚ø®aƒ;t to tip over ˚øe¬;s to be hot ˚ø®els to pour (liquid) ˚øe®;œ;m to snap, to make ˚ø®et to pour it (liquid) popping sound ˚øu˚øiy;kø fishing hook ˚øes to be hot, to get burned ˚øuy;˚ø~ ˚øiy;˚ø fishhook ˚øes;t to burn it ˚øsay;ƒ;n to burn mouth ˚øet≈t rattling it ˚øsic ~ ˚øs;c trout ˚øet≈;µn;c ~ xø˚øet≈⁄µn;c ˚øßem rattlesnake to count ˚øßet ˚øe†;∫ mouse to count it

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

120 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

˚ø;çá:®c; shark ˚ø;˚øá¬;t;µ to have diarrhea ˚ø;lç to dry herring by smoke or by sun ˚ø;lí÷˚øs;c little trouts ˚ø;l;q;n bluff, cliff, bare mountainside, very large flat rock ˚ø;l;∑ skin ˚ø;l;∑⁄lw;t leather ˚ø;¬; stomach, belly ˚ø;® to spill, to tip over ˚ø;®ín;st to give him/her a drink ˚ø;®n;xø to spill it accidentally ˚ø;m;t to raise him/her, to rear him/her ˚ø;∫†áls flint ˚ø;sc;s to burn hand ˚ø;sn;xø to burn it accidentally (live thing) ˚ø;sß;n to burn foot ˚ø;y;c;n grizzly bear

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

121 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

li¬≈øt;∫ little blanket li:m;s April • ‘month of the sandhill crane’. liqø to be calm (wind), to be smooth (water) l liqø (rope) to get slack lisék sack, bag • From Chinook Jargon, from French le sac. la÷ƒ;n plate liyám the devil • From French le la¬;µ;ƒ;t to take care of oneself, diable. to be careful, to watch out for l;ç (container) to be full, to get full oneself l;ç t; ®qe¬ç full moon lam;xø;m to make a rumbling l;çl;ç high tide sound l;ç;t to fill it le÷c;s cedar root basket used for l;hé¬ to play the bonegame storage l;klí key • From Chinook Jargon, le÷ß to store it, to put it away from French le clé. lel;µ house l;kø to get broken le¬;µe¬® babysitter, day care l;køát to break it (in two) le:¬w;s benches, sleeping l;køc;s to break finger, hand platforms l;køé≈;n to break arm lem liquor • From Chinook Jargon, l;køín cross from English rum. l;køín;s to break collarbone lem;t to look at him/her/it l;køn;xø to break it lem;≈;t;n watchman l;køßé∫ to have a broken foot leµé∑txø liquor store l;køß;n to break one’s foot le≈;né∑txø drugstore, pharmacy l;kø⁄l;w;® to break ribs le:¥qs;n village on Valdez Island • l;kø;wí÷c ~ xøl;kø;wí÷c to ‘fir-bark point’. break back lila÷ salmonberry l;lí≈øt;n blankets lila÷;®p salmonberry bush l;l;ç yellow • From ‘dull oregon- lilú:t railroad train • From English grape’. railroad. l;l;ç;®p Oregon-grape (dull) lilú:t ße® railroad • From from l;l;sék sacks English railroad. l;l;tém li¬;µ little house tables l;mé÷ß;t;n li¬;té:µ desk, little table brace, foot brace l;mé÷t to kick it

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

122 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English l;ml;mkø;lé÷c;÷ elk • This is an old word. l;mn;xø to see him/her/it l;mst;n;q to put on show, to exhibit l;m;tú sheep • From Chinook Jargon, from French le mouton. l;m;tú¬q;n wool l;µ to collapse, (land) to erode l;pát cup • From Chinook Jargon, from French le pot. l;pén hoe, shovel • From French la pelle ‘shovel, spade’. l;plá:ß board • From Chinook Jargon, from French la planche. l;plít priest • From Chinook Jargon, from French le prêtre. l;pyús hoe • From French la pioche ‘mattock, pickaxe’. l;q to be sold l;œ to be even, to be level l;œé® to get in the way l;qø; suitcase, handbag l;œø;t to gulp it down l;œø;¥ ~ sl;œø;¥ reed mat l;ßá:n shawl • From French le châle. l;tém table • From French la table. l;wén oats • From French l’avoine. l;w;≈ rib • This also refers to ribs on canoes and boats. l;≈ to be spaced apart (as in knitting) l;≈;t to space it apart l;≈øt;n blanket l;≈ø;t to cover it l;≈ø;ƒ;t to cover oneself

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

123 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

®e:l to come to shore, to go to ashore, to go from center to the side of the bighouse ®el;t;m to sprinkle, to drizzle ®e¬ß to move it aside or out of the ® way, to put it back, to move it toward the fire ®e¬t;m drizzling ®acƒ;t to get dark ®eq;m to whisper ®a˚ø to fly ®eœ to lay down ®a¬;s smelt ®eœ;t to lay it down, to put it ®a®;˚ø airplane • ‘flying’. down ®aπ to eat soup ®e˙;l smart, annoying ®aœ;ƒ;t to lie down ®e˙;t to joke with him/her ®aœø;t to tap it, to pat it ®e∑ to escape, to flee, to run away, ®as;m to slip down (e.g. skirt) to get cured ®a†;œø;m to snore ®e∑q;µ seawater black mussel ®cal;÷ fishing with a rod and reel ®e∑;t to cure him/her ®ciwsmé÷t to be tired of him/her ®e≈;∫t to rub medication on ®ciwsn;xø to unintentionally tire him/her, to give him/her him/her out medicine ®ciwsst;xø to tire him/her out ®ey≈t to eat it ®ci∑s to be tired ®e¥ that (out of sight) • Article used ®çet cover with feminine singular nouns. ®çim;n comb ®i÷áqøt to be last one in line, to be ®ç;n;p to disk behind him/her ®∆;m;≈ to chew gum ®iç to get cut, to get sliced ®∆;µ;≈ chewing gum ®içá÷qø;m to get a haircut ®e÷ do! •The particle is added after a ®iça÷qø;µé∑txø barbershop verb in order to make a polite ®iç;t to cut it, to slice it command. ®i˚ø to graze, to just hit the edge ®e÷≈t to serve it (food), to dish it ®i˚ø;t to hook it up, to lay it on a plate ®i®ékø to be in a hurry ®ec to be dark, to be dusk ®iµ;s canoe stroke used to pull ®eçt;n beater to pound fuller’s canoe sideways towards shore earth into goat’s wool ®ip;t to strip them (hops or berries)

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

124 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

®iß;t to tear it with the teeth, to ®;çß;n to cut foot, leg bite it off ®;çt;n saw ®ixø three ®;˚øt;n gaff hook •!A hook on a pole ®ixø neç;w;c three hundred used to move large fish. ®ixøé∑txø three buildings, rooms ®;lqøƒ;t to splash ®ixø;q;n three containers ®;lqø;≈;t to dip it partly in the ®ixø;s three dollars water ®i≈ø;µ slippery ®;lt;n bailer ®nim;® it’s us ®;¬®⁄lq to flood ®qe¬ç moon ®;¬q to soak, to flood, for river to ®qet to attach, to join together rise, for tide to come in ®q;∫;t;n anchor, piling, sinker ®;®;q;m whispering ®q;t to sew it on, to baste it ®;mç to get chipped, to erode ®œacs;s five dollars ®;mçé¬s to pick (berries, fruit, ®œecs;q;n five containers vegetables) ®œec;s five ®;mçe¬snám;t to manage to ®œec;s neç;w;c five hundred pick ®œec;sál;s five circular objects ®;mçé¬sst;xø to send him/her ®œec;w;® five conveyances picking ®œec;∑txø five buildings, rooms ®;mçt to pick it ®œet wide ®;m®;m;l;ç Clem Clem ®œ;csé¬; five people ®;m;xø to rain ®œ;csé® five times ®;m;xø⁄lw;t ~ ®;mxø⁄lw;t ®œ;cs;®ßá÷;s fifty dollars raincoat ®œ;cs;®ßé÷ fifty ®;m≈øƒ;t to get dirty ®œ;cs;®ßí÷;q;n fifty containers ®;∫ to weave ®œ;c;mát five pieces of stuff ®;∫é÷ to take that road, trail, to go ®qø;t to wet it that way ®;pt;n ®s;œ half, half-dollar eyelash, eyelid ®;p≈n;xø to blink one’s eye, to ®s;œmít nickel • ‘half a dime’. close one’s eyes ®†et to flip it (with your fingers), ®;πœøt flick it to boil it ®;πt to slurp it up ®; the (out of sight) • Article used with feminine singular nouns. ®;qníst;n button ®;çc;s to cut hand, finger ®;q;¬ç moonlight ®;çm;n sawdust ®;q;t to whisper to him or her

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

125 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

®;œn;c hindquarter of a deer or ®xøel; three people other animal ®xøe® three times ®;œ;s seaweed, laver ®xø;®c;÷ spit ®;qø to be wet ®xø;w;® three conveyances ®;qøn;xø to splash it, to get it wet ®≈il;ß to stand ®;qøƒát got wet ®≈il;ßmé÷t to stand for him/her ®;œøc;m to clap one’s hands, to ®≈il;ßst;xø to stand him/her up applaud, to cheer ®≈;lw;®t;n crosspiece in a canoe ®;œøc;mst;xø to make him/her ®≈;lw;®t;n mouth of the Chase clap hands River • ‘crosspiece’. ®;t≈ƒ;t to shiver, to tremble ®≈;n⁄pt;n floor ®;† to flick it, to flip it, to lightly ®≈øat to spit it out skim it ®;†œt to heat it up, to warm it up ®;†;m;∫ herring rake ®;ƒn;c cormorant ®;˙®;˙ comical person ®;∑í˙e÷ to be undressed, to be naked ®;∑˙é÷;m to undress, to get undressed ®;∑˙é÷;mst;xø to undress him/her ®;∑;®ne÷ day before yesterday ®;xømat three pieces of stuff ®;xø;®ßá÷;s thirty dollars ®;xø;®ßé÷ thirty ®;xø;®ßí÷;q;n thirty containers ®;≈ø to flow, (words) to come out ®wet who (Chemainus, Nanoose) • This word introduces a question. ®wet ÷a¬; whoever (Chemainus, Nanoose) • This phrase introduces a question. ®w;l;p it’s you (plural) ®xøa¬;s three circular objects ®xøa¥á÷ƒ three-pronged

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

126 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

me÷ to come off me÷kø;® to get injured me÷kø;® to get hurt or injured me÷ß to take it off me÷ßén;m to take one’s shoes m off me÷ßi÷qø;m to take one’s hat off me÷xø;®p Labrador tea bush ma÷aqø duck, waterfowl mec;∫ testicles ma÷aqøal® duckling me¬q to forget ma∆;s • From match, matches me¬qmé÷t to forget him/her English. me¬; bait malé÷qøe÷ Indian Burial Island, me¬;m to bait a hook, to put on Nanaimo I.R. #6 • ‘graveyard’ bait mal;µ∆;s little matches me¬;≈;® Malahat mountain mal;qø to get mixed in with meµi:† ~ miµi:† little blue mal;qø;t to mix it grouse mal;qø;t;l to mix with each meµiye÷ daddy (address form) other meµstím;xø Little People • These malxøa÷qø;m to put oil in hair little mischief makers are said to make ma¬s;µ cranberry • Some speakers trees fall near you. say this is a large, round marsh meµ;®; people at the dance blueberry. meµ;∫; children maµ∆;s little match men father maµ;¬ sand crayfish, mud shrimp me:∫ weak maqø;µ swamp meqe÷ snow ma†;t to splay it, to prop it up, to meq;ß;n qø®e¥ß;n snowshoe spear it me≈;m to smell, to give off an ma√ to be up against trouble, to be odor possessed, to be matched, to mey;q;m meet your match, to be even (water) to ripple mi®é∑txø ma√;ƒ;t to get revenge winter dance house mi®; to dance in the bighouse maw;∆ deer • From Chinook Jargon. mi®;w;t;m me÷ dad (address form, dance costume or endearment form) garment mim∫e÷ • The name means me÷ grandfather (address form, February endearment form) ‘little child’ since February is the shortest month.

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

127 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English mim∫e÷ little offspring, little son, m;lxøt to oil it, to massage it with little daughter oil miµé:∫ weakling m;lyít;l to get married miµi:† ~ meµi:† little blue m;¬çt to roll it over, to turn it grouse over miµiye÷ grandchild, grandniece, m;¬qø uvula, fish heart grand nephew, cousin’s m;¬;l soft, fluffy grandchild (address form) m;m;∫;s little rocks, small rocks, miµ;nkí monkey, little monkey • round objects From English. m;m;≈é® caterpillar • This black miµ;qø little duck, duckling and gold caterpillar turns into a miœ to be stuck into something butterfly. mit dime • From Chinook Jargon, from m;náya÷® doll English bit as in two bits. m;∫;s t; cic;® si÷éµ Jesus mi:† blue grouse Christ, son of God mi˙ to get mashed m;∫; child, offspring mi˙;t to crush it, to mash it meqm;qé÷ snowy owl (berries, potatoes) m;qs;n nose mol sledge hammer • From English m;œ to get full of food maul. m;œa÷ƒ gift of leftover food for mul; mill • From French le moulin. departing guests musm;s cow, beef • From Chinook m;œá÷ƒ;t to fill oneself with food Jargon. m;œ;m to swallow musm;s÷é∑txø cowshed m;œ;n;ƒ;∫ ~ m;œ⁄n;t;n pole musm;sál® calf • Pole for hanging lamp on while m;køéls haystack pitlamping. m;kø;t to hit him/her with the ball m;œ;t to swallow it m;kø;t to pile it (hay) m;qø thick, big around m;kø;t to bend his/her head to m;œø to squash, to burst his/her knees m;œø;t to squash it, to stomp on it m;˚ø all m;stím;xø person, human m;˚ø;t to pick it up m;s;n gall, gall bladder m;˚ø;t to take it all m;s;qø crab (Nanaimo) m;líµs;qø little crabs (Nanaimo) m;ßç;n louse, head lice m;lstím;xø people m;túliy;÷ Victoria • From English. m;l;ç ~ sm;l;ç horsefly m;†é≈;t to fold, bend arm, bend a m;lxø to get greased branch down

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

128 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English m;†m;† springy m;˙é÷;m to mash m;˙éls to mash m;˙;® pus, infection m;˙;®qíwi÷;c deer fly, tick, wood tick m;√él to pass out, to faint, to be knocked out m;≈ø;yé÷ navel, belly button m;ya÷ to get cheaper m;yá÷t to decrease it m;y;œøa÷ ~ sm;y;œøa÷ ladybug µ

µew;st;xø to bring him/her µi ~ h;µí to come µi ÷ew; > µew; to come here µi çil;m Come on! µi ˚øa∫;s;m t; s;µßáƒ;t sunrise • ‘The sun is coming up.’

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

129 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

net;® early morning ni÷ to be there, to be then • Also an auxiliary verb. ni÷ yes, it is nikø aunt, uncle, parent’s cousin n (address form) nikøiye÷ aunt, uncle, parent’s cousin (address form) na÷;t that there ni® it’s him/her/it na:¬ fat person ni∑;t to advise him/her, to correct nam;t kø; you’re welcome him/her, to teach him/her nam;t y;xø you’re welcome • n; I beg your pardon • Used when This is an older form. you can’t hear a person and you want na:nt to take his/her side, to them to repeat. defend him/her, give permission, n; my • First person singular to let him/her do it possessive. nan;m to talk, converse, have a n;cíµ why • This word introduces a discussion question. na∫;ça÷ one person n;ça÷ one nap;s cape n;ça÷ál;s one circular object naœø to sit on something dirty or n;çaµat one piece of stuff nasty n;çaq;n one container nas to be fat, to be chubby, to be n;çéxø once obese n;ç;s one dollar nast to fatten it up, to oil it, to put n;ç;wm;xø different people, oil on it stranger na∑ spouse (informal term, n;ç;∑txø one building, one room address form) n;p;c;l to go along ne÷;l® it’s them n;q;m to dive down into the neç to be different water neç;w;c one hundred n;q;mnám;t to manage to dive neç;∑txø;m to visit n;qø to fall asleep, to oversleep neç;xø;® one conveyance n;:s nurse • From English. neµ to go n;w; it’s you neµ;st;xø to take him/her n;w;nt to will it to him/her ne:t to name it (Chemainus, n;∑íl;m to come in, to go in, to Nanoose) enter

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

130 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English n;∑n;c to pay, to pay back n;∑n;ct to pay, to pay him/her back n;∑⁄¥;® to give advice n;xø;®á:® to go by canoe

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

131 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

pi÷kø;n roasting stick, sticks for barbecuing pi÷pi÷é÷≈;∫;m having arms akimbo (elbows out and hands on hips) p pi÷tß;n ~ p;pí÷tß;n lizard pip; paper, form • From Chinook Jargon, from English. pa¬;t;n sails, rags pip;≈ø;ƒ;t to brush oneself pap;qø moldy pi:œ ~ pi:y;œ nighthawk paqø mold piœ;t to pick the outside in the pas to get hit by something bonegame, to guess both ways thrown or dropped piß cat (Nanaimo, Nanoose) • From pas;t to hit him/her/it with a Chinook Jargon pishpish. thrown object piß⁄¬q;n cat fur paß;l;qø yellow cedar pit;t to recognize him/her, to pa:t to blow it figure out who he/she is pat;n sail, rag pixø;m to spark pa:yt to bend it pi≈ø;t to brush it down, to dust it pay; beer • From English. off pe˚ø to get smoked pi:y;œ ~ pi:œ nighthawk pe˚ø;t to heat it up p˚ø;m to make a cloud of dust or pe:l˙ turkey vulture a spray of water pene÷;®p vine maple p®et thick pe:s pear • From English. p®etß;n thick foot pest;n United States, American • p®;tn;c thick area From Chinook Jargon, from English pu÷;lt ~ pu¬;t boats Boston. pukø book • From English. pes;ns ~ fes;ns ring-necked pul bull • From English. pheasant • From English. pu¬;t ~ pu÷;lt boats peƒ;t to spread it out (blanket, pups kitten cloth) pupt little boat pe˙;m to smell foul, to stink (for pus cat • From Chinook Jargon. example, a skunk) put boat • From English boat. peyçt;n fishing rod, casting rod pute∑txø boathouse pi÷át;® to hunt fowl pqøat to smash it, to crush it into powder

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

132 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English pqøe÷;m to break some off, to take a little piece pqøic;n ~ pqø;c;n sand pß;t to spit it (medicine, something chewed) pteµ to ask pteµ;t to ask him/her p;kø (dust, flour) to spread p;lú÷ps small cats p;l;pí÷tß;n lizards p;n to get buried p;né÷q geoduck, January p;né¬;≈;˙ Penelakut, Kuper Island • ‘buried edge’. p;n;®c;t to plant it for him/her p;n;t to bury it, to plant it p;nxøé:m May • ‘time of the camas’. p;nxøém;n May • ‘time of the camas’. p;∫;m to plant, to sow p;pí÷tß;n ~ pi÷tß;n lizard p;psíw;t ball game • Game of throwing the ball over the house, Annie Over. p;psí∑;t;l socking a ball to each other p;p; pepper • From English. p;p;˙í∫ skunk p;qø to break something up p;tén;m to sail p;t;∫éµ sailing p;ƒß;t;n small carpet, footmat p;y to bend (get bent) pxøat (whale) to blow pxø;¬s (whale) to spout pxø;¥qs;n sand fly

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

133 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

πœøa≈ø hazelnut πƒ;n;pt;n carpet, floorspread, picnic blanket π˙;lm;xø to milk (a cow) π˙;né÷;®p juniper π π;çt coal, charcoal (Chemainus, Nanoose) π;kø to come to the surface of the πa÷˙;s cradle board water, to float πalét to stick it together, to glue it π;kønám;t to manage to come together to the surface πa:m to swell π;køst;xø to bring it up to the πa:mß;n swollen foot surface πaπ;qø;m beer π;køtén buoy, float πe÷ indeed, I’m certain • Evidential π;li÷ tree bark particle indicating certainty. π;li÷t to glue it together, to stick it πe÷t to skim cream off milk together πeπœ white • This is a plural form used π;lœn;xø to glance at him/her/it, to refer to a group of white things. to get a glimpse at him/her/it πeœ;m to bloom π;® to sober up, to come to πe˙ to get sewn π;®œø to tip over, to twist πe˙;t to sew it π;®œøc;s to sprain wrist πe√;t to rub it π;®œøß;n to sprain ankle, foot πe√;t to feel it, to touch it π;®œøƒ;t to sprain something πi÷πœi÷ás waxberry, snowberry π;πá:m bread, yeast bread πiçt coal, charcoal (Nanaimo) π;πá:µ s;plíl bread, loaf of bread, πil;m to overflow yeast bread • ‘rising or swelling bread’. πis;ç cone of tree, for example, π;πœøámƒ;t foaming up pine π;π⁄kø floating πixø;m (leaves) falling, fall, π;œ white autumn π;œ;lén;xø September • This refers πkø;t to float it, to let it float to the changing colors. π®iœt to move it closer π;˙t;n needle πœi÷qø white-headed π;wi÷ flounder πœ;lw;t goat’s wool blanket π;wít to patch it πœ;¬q;∫ mountain goat, goat’s π;y√ to be squeezed wool πxø;®p ~ †xø;®p oak

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

134 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

qeƒ;xø shaft of a fishing spear qe˙œ;m squeaking sound • Like from a door, floor, or shoe. qewƒé∑txø root cellar qew;m to rest q qey;≈ mink (as trickster in stories) qi÷qe÷ to be soft qi÷qt;µás to play a traditional qa÷ water ball game qa÷qa÷ to drink qi÷≈;né÷t;n shadow qa÷qa÷st;xø to give him/her a qil;s to be sad, to mourn, to be drink lonely qa÷⁄®qa broth, for example, qil;smé÷t to be sad for him/her chicken broth qil;sst;xø to make him/her sad qa÷;m watery qiql;µ little eye qa:lm;xø ~ sqa:lm;xø milk qiq;œ;¬s policeman (Nanaimo) qiq;œ;¬sé∑txø jailhouse, police qa¬;m to get water, to pack water, station to dip a container in liquid qiq;wá÷ƒ;t basking in the sun qa¬;¥;ƒín;µ swearing qiœ to get arrested, to get tied up, qa:n®p arbutus to be delayed qaqƒ;t babyish qiœq;œ;¬s policemen qe÷is new, recent qiœ;t to bind him/her, to put qe÷is ÷a¬ awhile him/her in jail qe÷q;∫q;∫ little thief qit;s;n headband qel;ç to spin (wool) qit;t to tie it around waist qel;∫q;∫ thieves qi∑≈ steelhead (Nanaimo) qe¬q wild rose qi≈;m slippery qe¬q;®p wild rose bush qi≈;né:m shadow qem;t to bend it qπas;m to bend over, to look qe∫ to steal, to rob down qeq baby qπil;m to land, to alight qeq;µ calm spot in the water qπ;t to stick it to something qeq;∫ housepost in bighouse qtew;st;n waist, waistband or qeqy;≈ little mink (as trickster in waistline stories) q√;m to drop, drop off, (hair) to qeƒ;®p ocean spray fall out

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

135 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English q;l bad q;≈ß;n to slip, to slide q;lá÷ƒ dull q;yé÷t to take it out, to bring it q;lá:ma÷ ~ q;lí:ma÷ dirty, ugly out q;lama÷⁄lm;xø dirty person q;lét to repeat it, again q;letáy;ƒ;n to repeat words, to say it again q;lí:ma÷ ~ q;lá:ma÷ dirty, ugly q;lqé¬;µ to have a bad thing happen, to have an accident q;lst;xø to hate q;l;µ eye q;l;≈ salmon roe, salmon eggs q;¬ást;n Mark Bay—west side of Gabriola Island • ‘backwards’. q;¬íql;µ little eyes q;¬q;l⁄¬ spoiled q;¬q;¬;ƒ;∫ dreaming q;mé:ne÷ Lewis’ moon snail q;mine÷ abalone q;m;t drake merganser • This is a male merganser. The species is unidentified. q;µ;l for the tide to come in q;∫q;∫ thief q;qí¬;µ eyes q;q;µ;¬ the tide is coming in q;q;wéƒ;¬q;n rabbit skin q;q≈é≈;∫ blanket q;tq;tçá¬a spider q;tß;t;n leggings, leg protectors q;√;µ dropping, dropping off, (hair) falling out q;w to be warmed, to be heated q;∑⁄c;∫ Cowichan q;≈ to be lots, many, a lot

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

136 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

œeπ to be tied up, to catch cold, to get inflected œeπ;ct;n shoelace œeœµi÷ little girl œeœ;∑ skate œ œe†;m sweet œe√;¬ß;n calf of leg œew;m to kneel œa ~ œ; • Emphatic indeed, alright œew;t to pay him/her particle. œe∑;m to howl œa÷ to get added œe¥≈;®p cascara œa÷t to add it, to put it in with it œi˚ø to be bitten œa÷t;l to meet each other œi˚ø;t to bite it œa÷ƒ;n t; sm;lyít;l œilt late morning anniversary • ‘a full circle of a year œi:l;m old from the date of the marriage’. œil;sƒ;t œa÷ƒ;t to join to grow old œi¬é:µ œalxø;m to make a noise preserving food (by smoking, drying, canning, etc.) œaµ kelp œi¬é∑txø smoke house œa∫ám;t to manage to join œis to be knotted œa∫;xø to put it in accidentally œis;t to tie it up œaπ;st to put a leash on it œi†a÷ swing, hammock œaπ;st;n reins œi†a÷;®p honeysuckle œaœi÷ to be sick œi†; to rock, to swing œaœiyé∑txø hospital œi∑ to get wrapped around œa∑;® partner (address form) something œay to die œi∑;t to hang it, to hang it over œayt to kill him/her/it œi≈;ye÷ Black person œelmé÷t to believe him/her œ®an to be forward in a boat, to be œe¬ to believe in the bow, to be in the front œe¬;µi÷ ~ œ;¬éµi÷ teen-age girls seat œeµi÷ teen-age girl œ®an;m to go forward, to go to œen;c steering, using paddle as a the bow, to get in the front seat rudder œ®an;mst;xø to have him/her go œep;¬s to be collected, to be forward, to have him/her go to gathered the bow, to have them get in the front seat

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

137 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

œpe÷;m to gather sticks or small œ;¬é÷≈;t to tie a kerchief on the things arm for dancing œp;®ct to gather them for him/her œ;¬éµi÷ ~ œe¬;µi÷ teen-age girls œp;t to gather it œ;¬éœµi÷ little girls œπayƒ;t;n drawstring, bridle œ;¬íç False Narrows, main village œπe¬e÷ct;n bottlecap, lid on a pot, site, site of Kulleet Bay • cover for a container ‘sheltered’. œπ;né÷t;n ribbon œ;¬kø;st to coil it, to wind it œs;m to be tired of waiting œ;¬m;∫ provisions • Stuff to take œ; ~ œa indeed, alright • Emphatic camping. particle. œ;¬œt to tangle it, to hang it œ;çi÷ moss œ;¬ßt;n ~ œ;¬ß;t;n mat, shawl, œ;∆;qs coho salmon canoe cover œ;lé÷;œe÷ ~ œ;lé:œe÷ crow œ;m;¬;®p ~ œ;m;∫;®p maple œ;lé≈;çt;n fence, enclosure tree œ;l®án;m;c;n ~ œ;m;sƒ;t to tidy up œ;n®án;m;c;n orca, killer œ;n®án;m;c;n ~ whale œ;l®án;m;c;n orca, killer œ;lπ (muscle) to cramp whale œ;lπƒ;t to shrink œ;nw;®t;n crosspiece œ;lœ to get tangled, to get wrapped œ;p to assemble, to gather things around, to be hung, to be put together over œ;πc;n;m to tie one’s shoelace œ;lœ⁄lπn;ct;m to have a cramp œ;πéq;∫ to cover something œ;lœ;lπß;n to have a cramp in œ;πßé:nt to tie his/her shoe the leg œ;πßén;m to tie one’s shoe œ;lœ;lπt;m shrunk œ;œí÷ intestines œ;lœ⁄¬œ snag œ;œ;w;¬w;t;µ clothesline œ;l;çt to shelter him/her œ;sœ;scí∫ spider œ;l;çt;n umbrella, shelter œ;ßínt;l to walk together œ;l;m to camp, to stay overnight œ;tm;∫ fish fin œ;l;mst;xø to take him/her œ;˙ doubled camping, let him/her stay œ;w;t drum overnight œ;w;t;m to drum œ;l;µ⁄lm;n to want to camp œ;∑; cane, crutch œ;l;≈ fish roe, salmon eggs

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

138 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

œ;≈mín seeds from Indian consumption plant, barestem desert-parsley œ;≈œ;≈ can, tin œ;yá√;∫ slug (banana slug, sometimes locally called “snail”) œ;yéµ;n sea shells œ;yí÷;c moose œ;yn;xø to kill it accidentally œ;y√t to chew it, to gnaw it œ;¥˙t to finish it off, to end it œ;¥;≈;m whirlpool œ≈;∑® war canoe

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

139 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

qøi∫iye÷ clown, masked dancers’ clown qøiqøm;s hair hat used by dancers qøi≈ø to miss, to make a mistake qø®e¥ log qø qø®e¥ß;n shoe, shoes qøse÷;m to soak, to keep something wet qøa÷ap crab apple qøse¥;n to throw out a net, to set qøa÷ap;®p crab apple tree a net qøa÷p;®p devil’s club qøs;∫;t;n anchor, rock used as qøa÷qøi÷®i÷ logs anchor qøal to talk, speak (Chemainus, qøs;t to put it in the water Nanoose) qøta:yƒ;n sturgeon qøalst to boil it qøƒal;s bowl, platter, wooden qøalst;xø to talk to him/her tray (Chemainus, Nanoose) qø;÷qø;¬qé:n;µ to hum qøa¬⁄lm;n to want to talk qø;lá÷iƒ;t;∫ radio, phonograph (Chemainus, Nanoose) qø;l®⁄¥ß;n shoes qøa®t;m driftwood qø;¬í÷qø®i÷ß;∫ little shoes qøaqø;¬t;¬ arguing qø;¬s to boil qøaqø;y;¬ turning blue qø;¬sm;n broth qøay;l to turn blue, to be pale qø;¬;c;s cedar boughs qøe÷en mosquito qø;me¥é∑txø dog house qøeçt;t to burp it up qø;µcá¬s cranberry • This berry is qøeç;t to burp, to belch described as red and cherry-sized. qøel to talk, speak (Nanaimo) qø;µ≈øc;s wrist qøelœ;m (seal) to bark qø;µ≈øn;c hipbones qøelst;xø to talk to him/her qø;µ≈øß;n ankle (Nanaimo) qø;ní seagull qøe¬⁄lm;n to want to talk qø;n;s whale (Nanaimo) qø;œøtén shoulder qøeqø;ç;t burping, belching qø;s to fall overboard, to fall in the qøi÷qø®i÷ß;∫ little shoe water qøini÷;ƒ;n Pacific cod • ‘whisker’. qø;yá÷t to dislocate it (for qøi∫e÷q pubic hair example, a shoulder) qø;¥á÷c;s sprained hand

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

140 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English qø;¥á÷ß;n sprained foot

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

141 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

œøqøast;∫;¬w;t paddle shirt • This shirt has club-shaped paddles with no shafts. œøqøelss batting œøqøiw;t to spank him/her œø œøqø;¥á¬st;n golf club œø;l to be ripe, to cook œø;lít;œ seagull (Nanaimo) œøa÷c;p ashes œø;lsé∑txø cannery œøa÷qøi÷sté¥m;xø midget, œø;l;®ct to cook it for him/her dwarf, Little People œø;l;m to bake, to cook œøaπ to get wrinkled œø;l;t to cook it œøaqøiy;ls baseball œø;¬œø;¬ to be cooked, to be œøaqøm;n ~ œø;qøm;n chip, burnt, to be sunburnt, to be ripe wood chip œø;m to be uprooted, to be pulled up œøaqøn;xø to club him/her/it œø;m;t to pull it out (tooth or accidentally stump) œøaqø;qø bladderwrack kelp, œø;m;ws to pluck a fowl rockweed œø;m;wst to pluck it (a fowl) œøaqø;st to club him/her on the œø;n;∫ ear (Nanaimo) head œø;nœøín;∫ ears (Nanaimo) œøaqø;st;n club œø;∫œøú:∫ ears (Chemainus, œøaqø;t to club it Nanoose) œøaœø;¬⁄≈ excuse me • Used, for œø;qøm;n ~ œøaqøm;n chip, example, when reaching across wood chip someone. œø;qøt;n baseball bat œøayt to scrape it clean œø;œøí÷t;l siblings œøay;xø;m to rumble œø;œøsíc;∫ ~ œø;œøs⁄c;∫ œøc;m to be swollen,to fester swallow œøe® gunpowder, stumping powder œø;≈øí÷;c onion œøi¬;s summer • ‘ripe berries’. œø;yt to char it (canoe) œøi¬;s June • ‘month of ripening’. œø;y;l;ß to dance œøim to get out, to get off œø;y;l;ßst;náµ;t to pretend to œøiœø;¬ás • ‘ripened summertime dance berries’. œø;y;l;ßst;xø to have him/her œøu:∫ ear (Chemainus, Nanoose) dance œø≈a¬;∑c;s fingernail

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

142 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

œø≈øa¬;∑ß;n toenail

÷ a c ç ∆ çh e h i k kø ˚øl ¬ ® m µ n ∫ u p π q œ qw œø s sh t † ƒ © ˙ √ u w ∑ xw ≈ ≈ø y ¥

143 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

s÷;µ;t lazy s÷;n;m fish spear, shaft of a harpoon s÷;œø incorrect s÷;ƒn;c bay s s÷;ye÷ lover s÷;yl; spirit power sa÷s;qøt ~ s;÷ás;qøt younger s÷a˚ø;s hanging on sister, brother, or cousin s÷a¬;œøa÷ younger siblings sa÷s≈ø dew (brothers, sisters, cousins) sa÷;kø Sooke s÷am;na÷ Duncan, Somenos sal;÷;c wall mat, sail made of s÷aƒ;s face bulrush s÷a≈øa÷ butter clam sa:œø cow-parsnip s÷e:l;˙;m clothing, dresses sat;c ~ ƒat;c north wind s÷el;xø old, old person sa†;t to suck it s÷exøe÷ gift sa≈ø;l grass s÷ey;∑ abalone shell sa≈ø;lál;s green • ‘grass-colored’. s÷i÷a¬;µc;s right hand sa≈ø;lé∑txø barn s÷i÷a¬;µi∑s right side, right arm say;ws costume hat for dancer, s÷i÷a¬;∑ß;n right foot made of cedar bark or goat’s s÷i÷˚ø;l trash, garbage wool s÷i÷®t;∫sté∑;t provisions • What sa¥;m bitter, sour we are going to feed someone with. sca÷kø;m smelt s÷ilé÷eq ~ ÷ilé÷eq stern sca÷t≈ halibut s÷ilt;xø roofbeams, boards on top scekø;l how • Introduces a question. of bighouse sce:®t;n salmon s÷il;ws fringe sci∑;té® brothers-in-law (man’s s÷in;s breastbone, chest sisters’ husbands), children-in- s÷i˙;µ clothing, dress law s÷;ln;c stump sc®ayƒ;n upper lip s÷;lqs;n point of land sc®e÷;lt;xø upper floor, upstairs s÷;lq;n tip (of tree, pen, etc.) sc®iq;n ÷; t; sme:nt mountain s÷;lß;n hem of skirt, pants top s÷;lxøé:n elder, ancestor sc;÷cí∫ to be leaning on s÷;¬él;xø elders something s÷;®t;nst;xø feed

144 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English sc;lqøqí∫ back of the se:∫√e÷ elder brothers, sisters, house—inside cousins sc;l;m liver set;t to put it in front of oneself sc;®qøéx;∫ back of the se∑;n bag lunch, trail food house—outside se≈;m to be bitter sc;wté® brother-in-law (man’s sey;m to ache, to be sore sister’s husband) son-in-law, se¥ wool daughter-in-law se¥í˙;÷ wool cloth sc;∑ét to be clever, adept se¥†;ls tickling sc;xø;m wind se¥†;m tickling sçaçm;qø ~ sçaç;m;qø little sha:ƒ;n ~ ƒa:ƒ;n leftovers great grandparent sh;lí soul sça¬;µ;qø great si÷éµ honored person, respected grandparents/children one sça®a÷ leaf si:÷éµ honored people, respected sçaµ;qø great grandparent/child ones sçe÷ß;n rapids, ripples in stream si÷eµst;xø to respect him/her sçi¥; strawberry (Chemainus, si÷q;c;n ~ ƒi÷q;c;n underside Nanoose) of roof sçi¥;÷e®p strawberry plant si÷si÷ to be afraid, to get scared (Chemainus, Nanoose) si÷si÷mé÷t to be scared of sçœø;∫; earring him/her sç;çé÷ to be on top of si÷si÷n;xø to frighten him/her sç;çé÷st;xø to have them on top accidentally sç;pxø;∫ wart si÷si÷st;xø to frighten him/her on sç;œøßén to have a thorn, sliver, purpose or splinter in the foot si÷st;∫ little basket sç;ßt;c;s branch si˚ø;t to peel it (bark) sç;¥xø dried fish, dried food sil cloth • From Chinook Jargon, from se÷ to be lifted, to be raised English sail. se÷cs;m to raise one’s hand sil to roll se÷ßén;m to raise one’s feet silaœøá÷;® Chemainus River se¬œ;µ hanging over, draped sil;m to roll se¬;t;n baskets si¬án;m year seµ;t to sell it si¬é∑txø tent sens penny • From English cent. si¬; grandparent, grandparent’s sibling or cousin

145 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English si¬w;®nét Monday • From ‘past’. skø;÷køé÷ƒe÷s ~ siné÷;c ~ siné:c tyee skø;÷køé÷ƒe÷ islands si:∫®qi÷ flying, two-headed snake skø;c waterfall siœ to be underneath skø;lkø⁄lƒ western grebe siœst;xø to have it underneath skø;¬éß gun sista nun • From English sister. skø;¬í÷køƒe÷s ~ skø;¬í÷køƒe÷ sis;¬; little grandmother little islands sit;n basket skø;∫éxø bullhead siw;l to notice someone, to hear skø;s∆;s adze something skø;y≈;cs;m handicraft • For si∑í∫ wordpower example, knitting or basketwork. si≈ø;m to wade s˚øa∑;s water-tight basket, si:yé÷t;n black widow spider • bucket This spider is said to be hairy and s˚øe:∫ feather • Back feathers of shiny with a red dot on its back. eagle, split and used for costumes. siyé:ye÷ Little People • These little s˚øey to be impossible, unable mischief makers are said to make trees s˚øey;¬e≈;∫ to have an injured fall near you. arm siyé¥; friends s˚øe¥iws handicapped si¥⁄≈ø to be undone s˚øins when, at what time • This skati ~ skøati crazy word introduces a question. skøam; ratfish s˚øi˙i÷ sea egg, sea urchin skøaµ;c;n hunchback s˚ø®e¥ littleneck clam skøati ~ skati crazy s˚øqeqe ~ s˚øqeq; robin skøeq;p lure used in cod fishing (American) skøey;l day, sky s˚øßem number, counting skøi÷køƒe÷s ~ skøi÷køƒe÷ little s˚ø;lwé≈e÷ butterfly (Chemainus, island Nanoose) skøi®;m to be fed up, to be s˚ø;m;c;n spitbug annoyed s˚ø;y;ƒ slave, prisoner of war, skøiß name (Nanaimo) domesticated animal skøi˙;c blue jay sli:m sandhill crane skøul school • From English. sliqø;l to be calm (weather, water) skøu¬kø;¬ to attend school sl;hé¬ lahal, stick game, bone skøu¬st⁄∫;q teacher game skøƒe÷s ~ skøƒe÷ island sl;œø;¥ ~ l;œø;¥ reed mat sl;wi÷ inner cedar bark

146 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English sl;≈ø;t;né÷® baby blanket s®;œß;∫ moccasins, slippers s®a¬wé÷® to be above, to be up on s®;œ;we÷® back top s®≈m;yqs;n jellyfish s®a®;¬n;c little buttocks s®≈ø;®c; saliva s®aπ soup sma√ stroke s®e÷® bedspread, cover, sheet sme÷;lt;xøt;n brothers-in-law s®e˚ø;m breath (husband’s brothers, woman’s s®e¬π to be floppy sisters’ husbands), sisters-in-law s®e®ni÷ girl, little woman (wife’s sisters, man’s brothers’ s®e®;œ to be lying down, to be wives) horizontal smeµn;t pebble, little mountain s®e®w;† little herring (or an almost smeµt gift empty herring bucket) sme:nt mountain, rock s®eni÷ woman (Chemainus, Nanoose) s®ew;n sleeping mat smet;xøt;n brother-in-law s®ew;† herring (husband’s brother, woman’s s®e≈;∫ medicine sister’s husband) sister-in-law, s®iqø flesh (wife’s sister, man’s brother’s s®ixøs Wednesday • From ‘three’. wife) s®i≈ blanket strips, leftover money sme˙;∫ pride, proud person or goods from potlatch smi®e÷ winter dance s®iyém;n Sliammon smiµ†;qs;∫ little snot s®˚øem;ws pulse smiµy;ƒá¬® little fawn s®q;¬é≈;∫ side of wind-dried sm;kø ball game using balsam salmon burl ball s®œec;ss Friday • From ‘five’. sm;lßén bluff s®qø;ln;s gums sm;l;ç ~ m;l;ç horsefly s®qø;∫; cheeks sm;lyít;l marriage, married s®˙em;n small bay near Jack’s sm;¬ß soft-shelled crab point • site of salmon ceremony sm;nmé:nt rocks (Chemainus, s®;ln;c buttocks Nanoose) s®;¬π;¬é≈;∫ bat sm;œøa÷ great blue heron s®;®íç cut in strips sm;œø;c Point Roberts s®;m;xø rain sm;stím;xø body of a person s®;∫®éni÷ women sm;t;lí ball game s®;qtá¬ doubled blanket sm;txø ~ ßm;txø bullhead sm;†⁄qs;n nasal mucus, snot

147 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English sm;˙q;∫ brain spa:¬ raven sm;y;œøa÷ ~ m;y;œøa÷ ladybug spapi÷ crooked, bent, leaning sm;y;ƒ deer (Chemainus, spe÷eƒ black bear Nanoose), meat spe÷eƒal® bear cub sm;y;ƒa÷qø deer head spe÷e˙ currant sm;y;ƒál® fawn spe÷;®≈;n open field near snas fat, lard Harmac • ‘large field’ sne name (Chemainus, Nanoose) spe÷xø fog snenç corpse spe÷xø;m spray snet night spe:nxø camas sni∫xø;® little canoe spip˚ø;µ speck of dust sn;ç;wy;® half brother or sister spi∑ ice (Nanaimo) sn;néym;xø Nanaimo, Nanaimo sp˚ø;m dust person • ‘facing inside’. sp;héls wind, breeze sn;néym;xøq;n to speak sp;˚ø flour Nanaimo sp;lqøí˙e÷ ~ sp;p;lqøí˙e÷ sn;∫í∫xø;® little canoes screech owl (western), ghost sn;qí∫ next room sp;¬xø;m lung sn;qsí∫ endpoint sp;®≈;n field, clearing sn;sálm;xø butter sp;∫;m seed, something planted sn;w;ll;c ~ sn;w;ln;c sp;p;lqøí˙e÷ ~ sp;lqøí˙e÷ campsite at Dodds Narrows • screech owl (western), ghost ‘sheltered bay’ sp;xø ~ sπ;xø stomach, tripe, sn;w;n inheritance, gift from a windbag will sp;≈;wé÷c fin sn;∑n⁄∑;s Nanoose sπaœø;m foam, bubbles sn;∑n⁄∑;sq;n to speak sπa√;m smoke, cigarette, pipe, Nanoose tobacco sn;xø;® canoe, car sπe¬;œ;m flowers sn;xø;®ß;n tire for car sπeœ;m flower sn;≈c;s finger sπ;xø ~ sp;xø stomach, tripe, sn;≈ß;n toe windbag sol∆;s soldier, soldiers • From sqa:lm;xø ~ qa:lm;xø milk English. (Nanaimo) sup soap • From English. sqe÷eq younger brother, sister, spa÷ dried and pressed roe cousin spal;xø;m steam, vapor sqeq;µ eddy, calm water

148 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English sqewƒ potato, wapato sœ;líœma¬ little paddles on sqey√;¬q;n river otter fur paddleshirts sqiµ;˚ø octopus (Chemainus, sœ;¬œ⁄¬π;s curly hair Nanoose) sœ;m;¬ paddle sqiq;l;s sadness, sorrow sœ;m;¬;lw;t paddle shirt • This sqπi÷é® to be lying on one’s shirt has little paddles with shafts. stomach sœ;pást;l gathering, meeting sqƒeq pass, narrows sœ;pé¬s collection, gathering sq;lé÷eq younger brothers, sœ;wc;s money used to pay sisters, cousins people sq;lq;l;ƒ;n dream sœ;∑œéw;m knees sq;¬é∑ beaver sœ;y;p waterfall sq;¬é∑;¬q;n beaver pelt sœ;y;p Cassidy Falls sq;ma÷ breast sqøal speech, words (Chemaninus, sq;µí¬ high tide Nanoose) sq;n;xø glutton, heavy eater sqøaqø;¬m;t sayings sq;p;ƒ;m;xø to look down sqøa:xø ~ sxøa:xø northern saw- sq;q;wéƒ rabbit whet owl • It said that if a hunter sq;w aboriginal style bread holds out his finger and the owl jumps sœa÷ß;n partner, person you are on it, he will be very lucky. walking with sqøel speech, words (Nanaimo) sœaœi÷ dead sqøini÷;ƒ;n beard sœaœ;π;s to have a leash on sqøinqø;n necklace sœet to split it, to tear it sqøinqø;n beads, rosary beads sœe:√ river otter sqøin;ws body hair sœew payment, pay sqøi∫;¬é≈;∫ underarm hair sœew;m knee sqøiqømi÷ beach at Cameron sœey√ scar, scarred Island • ‘little dog’ sœi¬;÷ dried fish sqøiqømi÷ little dog, puppy sœiœ;lá:µ dried fish (Nanaimo) sqøsiws to drown sœiœ;l;µ dried fish (Chemainus, sqø;lqøál≈ø ~ sqø;lqø;l≈ø hail Nanoose) sqø;¬qø;¬ narrative, story, news, sœiœ;s knot told about sœiœ;∑ to be hung up sqø;mé¥ dog sœ®an bow of boat, front of a car sqø;mé¥;¬q;n dog hair sœ;lé≈;çt;n gate sqø;mqø;mé¥ dogs sqø;nc;s hair on arm

149 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English sqø;qøe sore, infected place -staµß to make, let, have me do sqø≈øaµ;ß Vancouver, Squamish something • Causative suffix. sœøa÷;yc;p ~ sœøa:yc;p soot stat¬;s little spouse sœøc;m boil, sore stat¬;∑ creek, little river sœøc;m;m boils, a lot of little boils stat;¬st;xø to know him/her/it sœøi¬m;xø blackberry, stat;m warm, lukewarm, tepid blackberries sta¥ti÷ wheel, circle, something sœøiqøqø;m hatchet round sœøiœøleß little bird stek;n stocking, sock • From sœøqø;m axe English. sœø;÷œøí¬st;xø to have it cooked ste¬;k;n stockings, socks sœø;l barbecued meat, cooked stem what • This word introduces a bread question. sœø;léß bird • There is no generic stem ÷a¬; whatever • This phrase word for bird in H;¬œ;mí∫;µ. introduces a question. sœø;léß is sometimes used to mean stet;¬naµ;t knowledge ‘bird’ in general, but it specifically stey canoe race means only the smaller birds such as stiqíw horse songbirds. stiqíwal® foal sœø;ll;s copper stiß;µ fish slime sœø;lœø;léß birds stitqí∑ colt, small horse sœø;lœø;lß;n twister, little stit;m to try harder tornado stiw;n niece, nephew, cousin’s sœø;l;m barbecued child sœø;m;s forehead stixø;m ruffed grouse sœø;qøc;s red huckleberry stu:p ~ stu:f stove • From English. sœø≈øam;ws body odor stqe:ye÷ wolf -stal; to make, let, have you st;÷é to be like (plural) do something • Causative st;÷tí∑;n nieces, nephews, suffix. cousin’s children sta¬;s spouse st;lta¬;∑ rivers sta¬;∑ river st;¬át¬;∑ creeks, little rivers -sta¬xø to make, let, have us do st;¬qé:ye÷ wolves something • Causative suffix. st;¬tá¬;s spouses -stam; to make, let, have you do st;®c;s adze, a D-adze something • Causative suffix. stam;ß warrior

150 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

-st;naµ;t to pretend to do sƒ;qi÷ sockeye salmon something • Reflexive causative s˙a¬;µ bones suffix. s˙aµ bone st;q log-jam s˙aµa÷qø ~ s˙aµ;÷qø skull st;tés to be nearby, to be close to, s˙aµ;¬e≈;∫ armbone • Upper arm to be next to bone, the humerus. st;t;l;∑ creeks, little rivers s˙aqøi÷ spring salmon st;wíxø;® children (Nanaimo) s˙e÷˙® fatty meat st;yw;t north wind s˙eq;n bulrush, cattail st;¥ti÷ toy hoop s˙eœ;m dripping water s†e†;qe÷ bruised s˙i÷˙ú:µ little berries s†il;˚ø strawberry (Nanaimo) s˙kø;÷í∑s left side, left arm s†il;˚ø;®p strawberry plant s˙u:m berries (Chemainus, (Nanaimo) Nanoose) s†il;m song, hymn s˙u:µeµ;n sweetener, berry s†iµß;∫e÷ braid of hair juice s†iq;¬ mud s˙œ;m drop of water s†iq;¬;n;p tide-flats, muddy spot s˙;køcís left hand s†i∑i÷;® prayer s˙;køßí∫ left foot s†œøi÷a¬s bangs s˙;˚ø worm s†;çem cedar branches • These are s˙;m;m berries (Nanaimo) split and used for baskets. s˙;µín;s chestbone, breastbone, s†;lq spot, stain sternum s†;¬xø;˙ octopus (Nanaimo) s˙;µß;n shin s†;∫á¬c;p stacked (wood) s˙xøas steamed clams s†;p;¬ playing cards, deck of cards s˙≈em lingcod (Nanaimo) s†;∑;œø fuller’s earth • This black s˙≈ø;lw;t;m laundry earth is burned white and then s√a√;m enough pounded into wool. s√e÷ß;n invitation to feast, party, sƒima÷ ice (Chemainus, Nanoose) etc. sƒim;÷éls freezing weather s√el;q;m wild beast, fierce thing, (Chemainus, Nanoose) ghost, monster sƒ˚ø;∫áp leveled ground s√ey;œ;m smoke from a fire or sƒ;÷ƒé˚ø straight chimney sƒ;lœ;¬ß;t;n string for spear or s√i÷ to want, to like harpoon s√i÷√q;® child sƒ;m;nts Tuesday • From ‘two’. s√i÷√q;®ƒ;t childish

151 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English s√ill;p ~ s√iln;p Departure Bay, s;la÷;cé∑txø mat house used for main village site • ‘deep’ summer living s√iµ ~ s√;líµ correct, proper, s;lkøßé∫ broken foot right s;lœƒ;t to spin, to twirl, to go s√pa¬we÷® to be underneath (with around in a circle weight bearing down) s;lœ;∫ap leveled ground s√pa¬we÷®st;xø to have it s;l≈ to go outside to cool off underneath with weight bearing s;¬és;∫s little pennies down s;¬íç full s√payƒ;n lower lip s;¬kø;lé≈;∫ ~ se¬kø;lé≈;∫ s√pe¬q;∫ feathers, feather broken wing mattress, feather pillow s;¬líç high tide s√pi÷˙e÷ slip, petticoat s;¬sí¬; grandparents, s√piq;n way down the mountain, grandparent’s siblings or cousins down below the hill s;¬s;¬qø to be lonely s√qe:n feather s;¬s;¬qømé÷t to be lonely for s√;lá÷am cockle him/her s√;líµ ~ s√iµ correct, proper, s;¬s;¬qøn;xø to unintentionally right make him/her lonely s√;l˚øíls spark, burst of s;¬s;¬qøst;xø to make him/her firecracker lonely s√;ln;p ancient ground s;¬s;¬t;n spindle whorl • A small s√;¬íq;® children (Chemainus, wheel on the end of a spinning pole Nanoose) that keeps the yarn from falling off. s√;¬;÷ dirty (clothes, people, car) s;¬;s half-drunk, feeling good s√;m˚ø fermented salmon roe s;¬;t to spin it (wool) s√;∫;q potlatch s;¬;ƒ;t to do something s√;pá¥;ƒ;n chin, jaw s;mmé÷ß;n to be barefoot s√;œß;∫ moccasins, slippers s;m∫é÷ to already have a child s√;xø to lose a game, to get beat s;µ Be silent! Quiet! s;÷ás;qøt ~ sa÷s;qøt younger s;µá¥; ~ s;µs;µá¥; bee sister, brother, or cousin s;µé÷kø;®c;s to have an injured s;÷as;qøtá¬;∑c;s little finger hand s;÷as;qøtá¬;∑ß;n little toe s;µíy;ƒ deers s;kø;yí ball game (like s;µs;µá¥; ~ s;µá¥; bee badminton) s;µßáƒ;t sun s;níxø;® canoes

152 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English s;nni÷;®p Oregon-grape (tall) swa:∑l;s teen-age boys s;∫í∑ to be in, to be inside, to be swe:m horse clam indoors swe:m;n horse clam shell s;∫í∑st;xø to have him/her swet; sweater • From English. inside swi∑l;s teen-age boy s;∫√á¬;∑c;s thumb sw;lt;n gillnet s;∫√á¬;∑ß;n big toe sw;nmé® nephew, niece, when s;∫√e÷ eldest brother, sister, the parent is deceased cousin sw;œøá÷® goat’s wool blanket s;∫;∫xø;® to arrive in canoes sw;wí÷qe÷a¬® little boy s;∫;∑néc Chemainus Harbour, sw;wœøá÷® goat’s wool blankets Chemainus Bay • ‘entering back sw;¥qe÷ man end of bay’ sw;¥qe÷ musm;s bull s;∫xø;® to arrive in a canoe sw;¥qe÷al® boy s;plíl bread • From Chinook Jargon. sxø÷;ƒq;n back of mouth s;plilé∑txø bakery sxøa÷xø;˚ø drunk, out of it s;qé:n ~ ƒ;qé:n bracken fern sxøa:xø ~ sqøa:xø northern saw- s;qíws pants, underpants, trousers whet owl • It said that if a hunter s;œ to split, to tear holds out his finger and the owl jumps s;œn;xø to tear it accidentally on it, he will be very lucky. s;s⁄œ t; skøey;l northern lights • sxøay;m Millstone River • ‘The sky is ripped open.’ ‘goldeneye duck’ s;wœ to look for, search for sxø;nít;ma÷® pertaining to s;∑á¬;µ toy, game White man, White man’s s;∑œ;®ct to find it for him/her sxø;t Swainson’s thrush • This s;∑⁄¥qe÷ men identification is tentative. This bird is s;∑⁄¥qe÷al® boys said to sing: “Please Mr. Salmon, let s;≈;®nét ~ s≈;≈;®nét Sunday, the salmonberries ripen.” week • From ‘holy’. sxø;√q;∫ pillow s;≈øa÷ urine sxø;∑q;n swan s;≈øá÷t to urinate on it sxø;xøá÷;s thunderbird s;yœ clay sxø;xøí÷ to be awake s;y;m strong smell sxø;y;m goldeneye duck s;y;m to hurt, to ache sxø;¥í∑s to be energetic, to be s;¥†t to tickle him/her full of energy, to be alert, to be swakø;n common loon (breeding on guard phase) s≈al;m;s grey-haired

153 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English s≈ay;µ smaller stomach of cow s≈;¥;s head s≈e÷≈e÷ taboo, something s≈;¥;sá÷qø fish head forbidden s≈øa≈øí÷;∑s (legs or arms) are s≈eµ;ƒ sap paralyzed s≈e:ß rufous-sided towhee (spotted s≈øay≈ø;y mask dance,masked towhee) dancer s≈etß mucus in the lungs s≈øes;m soapberry (fruit) s≈e:˙ murre s≈øi÷éµ story s≈i≈ne÷ little foot s≈øi√i÷ mountain goat (Nanaimo) s≈i≈;˙ß;n to tiptoe s≈ø;∫ç;li ~ s≈ø;†ç;li s≈®ast feed hummingbird s≈†e˚ø totem pole, carving sya÷;l® pieces of firewood s≈˙;m;lq;n deer hair • Hair that sya:l≈ø insane, crazy has fallen out and is dried up. sya® woodpile, firewood s≈;÷áƒ;ns Thursday • From ‘four’. sya®é∑txø woodshed s≈;÷én;xøal® tadpole syaqø;m sunlight, sun’s heat s≈;÷énxø bullfrog syaœø;m sweat, perspiration s≈;÷enxøé:n plantain (common sya:ys work, job or broad-leaved) sya:ysé∑txø ~ ya:ysé∑txø s≈;¬í≈ne÷ little feet workroom, toolshed s≈;m≈;m scouring rush sye÷t;n widow s≈;∫; leg, foot sye˚ø hired person s≈;∫;s t; s;µßáƒ;t sunbeam • sye¥; friend, relative ‘leg of the sun’. sy;˚ø;m cedar bark rope s≈;p;œø upper nose of fish sy;ƒ story, history, legend s≈;πß;∫ fish tail sy;w;n power song, dancer’s s≈;†˚øá¬s ~ ≈;†˚øá¬s crystal song s≈;˙;m dog hair sy;∑á∫;ma÷ aboriginal s≈;∑œ⁄µ steelhead sy;∑é∫ traditions, history s≈;∑; spine • Backbone with ribs sy;∑; seer, psychic, fortune-teller attached. sy;≈ce÷ gift s≈;≈í¬ marked, painted s≈;≈í∫; legs, feet s≈;≈;®nét ~ s;≈;®nét Sunday, week • From ‘holy’. s≈;≈;ne÷ little legs, little feet s≈;y;˚ø;s raccoon

154 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

ßce÷®n;® barb on halibut hook or on spear ßce¬;pƒ ~ ß∆e¬;pƒ aunts, uncles, parent’s cousins through marriage ß ßcepƒ ~ ß∆epƒ aunt, uncle, parent’s cousin through marriage ßá÷xø;÷qø;¬ ~ y;ßá÷xø;÷qø;¬ ßc®eq;∫ palate, roof of the mouth crossing ßc;∫éw;st;n back rest ßa˚ø to be bathed ßça¬;µ;qø great grandparents-in- ßa˚ø;m to bathe law ßa˚ø;µé∑txø bath house ßçaµ;qø great grandparent-in-law ßa˚ø;µ⁄lw;t swimming suit, ßçaœø;¬s hay fork bathing suit ßçaœø;¬st;n hay fork ßalc;p ~ ß;lc;p drill for starting ßça†œø;¬s grinder fire • A wood drill operated by a ßçe÷ß;t;n footstool single person or a cord drill operated ßçelé∫;ct;n chairs by two. ßçe∫;ct;n chair ßa¬œø;¬s (seal, sea lion) snorting ßçiçn;ct;∫ little chair ßam;s to smoke-dry (food) ßç;l;xø;s mask ßaµ;¬s smoke-drying food ßç;lxøiw;n insides ßap;l • From English. shovel ßç;¬í÷çn;ct;∫ little chairs ßap;l;s • ‘whistle black scoter ßç;µín;s Chemainus mouth’. ß∆e÷∆pƒ ~ ßce÷cpƒ little aunt, ßap;s to whistle, a whistle uncle, parent’s cousin through ßaqø;l to cross to the other side marriage ßaqø;lnám;t to manage to get ß∆e¬;pƒ ~ ßce¬;pƒ aunts, uncles, across parent’s cousins through ßaqø;lst;xø to help him/her marriage across to the other side ß∆epƒ ~ ßcepƒ aunt, uncle, ßapß;p nightingale • Unidentified parent’s cousin through bird that sings at night. marriage ßaya÷ ~ ßaye÷ maggot ß∂ekø≈;¬s frying pan ßce÷cpƒ ~ ß∆e÷∆pƒ little aunt, ße÷it;n hair uncle, parent’s cousin through ße÷ß® trail, little path marriage ße÷t to put it on one’s lap

155 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

ße÷;l® roads, trails, doors ßkø;nß;t;n ~ kø;nß;t;n ~ ßel;mc;s ring ßkø;nß;n lantern, torch ße® road, door, roadway, foot path ß˚øcast;∫ window ßem;t to smoke-dry it ß˚øe÷;m basket • Some say this is a ßeq;m (shellfish) to open up round or square basket with a cover ßes sea lion used for storage. Others say this is a ßes⁄¬q;n sea lion hair basket used for carrying hot water and ßeß;µ shallows for cooking with hot rocks. ßet lead, shot, bullet • From English ß˚øi÷®;∑ father-in-law, mother-in- shot. law ßet bullet • From English shot. ß˚øi÷ß;t;n ladder, step-ladder, ßew;q carrot stairs ße∑;® vagina, vulva ß˚øi÷˙;l;qø pitched roof ßey;®t;n babysitter, caretaker of ß˚øi÷˙;¬;qø top of head, peak of new dancer hat ße:¥ gills ßlem;≈;t;n escort, seeing eye ßi÷ßa÷® old-time racing canoe dog, lookout place ßi÷ßpt;∫ little knife (Chemainus, ßl;l;mél; bottles Nanoose) ßl;mél; bottle ßiç;m strong smell ßl;qø;÷él; pocket ßiç;s mast ßl;ƒí:n; kitchen cupboard ßik;s Shaker, Shakers • From ß®e¬q;˙é:¬s container for boiling English. or tinting cloth or bark ßilqém;ß train, old word for train ß®eµç;¬s picker (picking machine) • This is an old word. It describes the ß®e˙;l to be smart train’s whistle as it fades away. ß®i®;çn;c;¬s mower ßip;t to cut along it ß®i≈;st;n face paint ßiß;ç bushes, underbrush ß®;¬π;s wrinkles on the face ßiß;l;s stubborn, obstinate ß®;∫é trail, route ßit;m to wish for ßme:˙;nq;n liar ßkapiél; coffee pot ßmusm;s;¬n;c cow droppings ßkøan birthday ßm;˚øél; graveyard ßkøe∫n;c to be in skeins ßm;txø ~ sm;txø bullhead ßkøi˙cal;s blue • ‘blue-jay colored’. ßm;†;w;® brace, crosspiece ßkø;®kø;® face of mountain, bluff ßm;˙®ál;s mucus, eye goo, pus in the eye ßm;y;ƒ;¬n;c deer droppings

156 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

ßne÷;m ~ ßne:m shaman ßq;÷ál;s ~ ßqa÷;s ~ ßqa÷ás ßnen;c price, cost tears, teardrops • ‘eye water’. ßnet;®q;n ~ xønet;®q;n ßq;¬á∑;s beaver mask breakfast ßq;¬t;n diaper ßn;÷á÷ƒ the other side, opposite ßq;nxøél; esophagus shore, across the road ßq;π;q;∫ cover ßn;w;¬é≈;t;n vest ßq;qœ;lé÷c;¬s baler ßn;xø;®é∑txø canoe shed, garage ßq;q;¬ ~ ßqaq;¬ puddle, pool ßukø; sugar • From English. ßq;t to finish it, to be done with it ßukø;÷él; sugar bowl ßq;˙≈él; anus ßpa:¥s cross-eyed ßœa÷;≈;n corner ßpe:nt;n drawknife • A two-handled ßœaƒ;∫ to be hanging down knife used with a drawing motion to ßœa∑;® partner, person you are shave a surface. travelling with ßpu∫;c rectum ßœe÷˙;≈;n intersection ßpus;¬n;c cat droppings ßœiœ;w;¬s clothesline ßp;p;÷él; pepper shaker ßœí≈;¬s pupil of the eye ßp;p⁄n;µ field, garden, place ßœπeq;t;n lid where things are planted ßœπ;∑í÷ct;n shoulder blade ßp;t;nél; mast on a sailboat ßœ;lw;lt;n beam in house • This is ßπaqø;s cliff an open beam used to hang stuff. ßπip;xøá÷qø;m fine-toothed ßœ;œ;w⁄¬w;t;µ clothesline, pole comb ßœ;t;∑;® bridge, ramp, ßπ;køt;n ~ ßπ;køtén lifesaver handicapped ramp ßπ;¬é:ç to be inside out ßœ;¥˙n;c heel ßπ;√;mél; pipe (stovepipe, ßœ;¥˙⁄¬;qø top of roof where smoking pipe) rafters meet ridgepole ßqa÷él; water container ßqøa÷;¬;qø juice of any fruit ßqa÷;s ~ ßq;÷ál;s ~ ßqa÷ás ßqøal;w;n thoughts, manners tears, teardrops • ‘eye water’. ßqøa¬s sauce pan ßqaq;¬ ~ ßq;q;¬ puddle, pool ßqøa¬s;˙é:¬s container for boiling ßqeq;l;ç spinner, spinning white clothes machine, spinning wheel ßqøe:n;t to pierce it ßqiq;≈áƒ;t skis, sled, ice skates ßqøi÷qøá¬ speaker (Chemainus, ßqiq;≈áƒ;t playground slide Nanoose) ßqit;s ~ ßqit;st;n headband ßqø;÷qøé¬ speaker (Nanaimo) ßqøi÷qøá¬s sauce pan, little pot

157 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

ßqøilqø;¬ lawyer ßt;té:µ telephone, megaphone ßqøin;lqs;n nosehair ßt;t¬é¬; wallet, little purse ßqø;lt;n voice ß†a†;qá:s black eye ßqø;mé¥ dog owner, master ß†en;q;n ~ ß†e†;n;q;n shade ßqø;me¥;¬n;c dog droppings ß†;®c;s;µ adze-like mattock ßqø;qøé hole ß†;m;∑;® adze-like mattock ßœøaœø;π;s wrinkled face ß†;n;≈;n neighbor ßœøu:nél; eardrum ß†;†;m;¬s adze with straight ßœø;¬eßél; bird’s nest hammer ßœø;w;la÷qø bald ßƒa¥qø;né÷ pothole ßœø;w;lt;n ~ ßœø;w⁄lt;n ßƒe¥;µ boarder laxative ßƒ;˚ø;∫;p leveler • Board used for ßseœ;¬s shake splitter leveling ground. ßsi÷éµ chief, boss, shopkeeper ßƒ;¬wílt;n liner, lining material ßsi¬; grandparent-in-law for canoes or walls, dry wall ßs;pli¬él; bread container, bread ß˙aµ;c;n bracelet box ß˙a≈øi:¬s dishpan, sink ßs;s;≈øa÷ urethra ß˙eµœa¬;∑ße∫;µ toenail ßßaxø;˚ø;µ bathtub, bathing hole clippers ßta¬;∑él; river bank ß˙i˙;œø;s black eye, punched in ßtem (fish, porpoise) to swim the eye underwater ß˙;µn;c tailbone ßteßqí∫;µ three-pronged comb ß˙;µ;∑é÷c ~ ß˙;µ;∑í÷c ßteß;œø;m three-pronged comb backbone ßtet;¬ to be in the middle ß˙;˙a÷ skeleton ßtihél; ~ ßt;hél; teapot ß˙;≈ø;lw;t;m ~ ßti∫í to be from a place ß˙;≈ø⁄lw;t;m washing ßt;lál;s glasses machine ßt;lal;sél; glasses case ß˙;≈ø;˙e¬s washing machine ßt;lél; purse, wallet ß˙≈ø;¬n;s;µ toothbrush ßt;∫i÷íws ancestor ß√e®;mél; salt shaker ßt;ps;mél; collar, neckhole ß√i÷√p;∫; little earlobe ßt;s;∫;p lawn roller ß√pi∑;∫ shirt ßt;ßnéc ~ t;ßnéc saskatoon ß√p;∫; earlobe berry ß√;¬;lqs;n mucus, dried nasal ßt;ß;¬q;∫ carder mucus

158 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

ß√;pnéc under water, bottom of ß;y;® older brother, sister, cousin the ocean, basement ßweœ∑;œ pothole in road ß√;πisn;c tail ßxø÷a÷≈øiyé∫ trawler ß√;ß⁄n;p plow ßxø÷a¬;œøa÷ brothers, sisters, ß√xøast;n window blind cousins ß;çt;n beater to pound fuller’s ßxø÷aµ;t bed, sleeping platform, earth into goat’s wool home ß;lá˚ø round, circle ßxø÷aœøa÷ brother, sister, cousin ß;lc;p ~ ßalc;p drill for starting ßxø÷e÷˙;¬s eraser fire • A wood drill operated by a ßxø÷el;ß sister-in-law (woman’s single person or a cord drill operated husband’s sister, brother’s or by two. male cousin’s wife) ß;lm;xøc;s hand rattles ßxø÷eƒ;t;n clouds ß;¬é÷ß® trails, little paths ßxø÷e˙ßé∫;µ mat, doormat ß;¬í÷ßpt;∫ little knives ßxø÷i÷®t;∫ dishes (Chemainus, Nanoose) ßxø÷i÷œø;ƒ;t facecloth ß;¬; penis ßxø÷i÷≈ø;¬s backhoe, digger ß;méls to smoke-dry (some food) ßxø÷i÷≈ø;ƒ;t sweeper • This was a ß;m⁄n ~ ß;mén enemy bunch of branches tied together and ß;m;∫t;n fish trap used for sweeping. ß;m;†ál;s cross sticks, stretcher ßxø÷i:¬;® inside of thighs sticks for drying fish ßxø÷i:∫; cheek • For some people, ß;m;˙;qé∫;m to tell a lie this only refers to an animal’s cheek. ß;µs;m;¥él; beehive ßxø÷it;t bed ß;µß;µ low tide ßxø÷i≈ø;ƒ;t broom ß;n;˚øs prize, award ßxø÷iy;múst;n clown mask ß;pt;n knife (Chemainus, ßxø÷;¬él;ß sisters-in-law Nanoose) (woman’s husband’s sisters, ß;q to be finished, to be done male cousins’ wives, husband’s ß;s˙⁄ps;m Coffin Point female cousins) ß;s;kli Jesus Christ • From French. ßxø÷;n;xø stop sign ß;ß;µ⁄¬w;t;µ clothesline ßxø÷;∫éc horned grebe (similar to ß;ß⁄y;® ~ ß;ßéy;® older the Western grebe but smaller) brothers, sisters, cousins ßxø÷;∫í:∫; cheeks ß;yq to ransack, to search for ßxø÷;ƒq;n throat something ßxø÷;∑˚øél; dresser, chest of ß;yqø; to dig clams (Nanaimo) drawers

159 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

ßxø÷;≈áyƒ;t;m razor ß≈a˙;st;n picture, photograph ßxøaxø;˚ø;¬s sander ß≈e√ weir • A fence placed across a ßxøe÷˙;¬s ~ ßxøe∑;˙;¬s prybar stream to capture fish. ßxøi÷q;¬s baking pan ß≈e√;ps;mt;n collarbone ßxøi:÷†a÷qø;µ shampoo ß≈†;y˚ø;ls carving tool ßxøiléwe÷ turnip ß≈;˚ø;˙é:¬s clothespin ßxøimél;÷ store ß≈;l;≈í:¬ striped ßxøi∑á¬;µ playground, game ß≈;¬c;st;n design, pattern (for ßxøi∑á¬;µ sp;®≈;n playing field embroidery, etc.) ßxø˚ø;cn;c island in Nanoose ß≈;¬≈á¬ç;s to have eyes rolled Bay • ‘two rumps up’ back ßxø;÷≈ø;lí∑;∫ hollow ß≈;∫;t;n tracks, foot print ßxø;¬mást;n mirror ß≈;π;n;p rake ßxø;¬mást;n window • For most ß≈;†é˚ø wood-carving knife, people, this means ‘mirror’. carving tool ßxø;¬;µníkø aunts, uncles, ß≈;√wílt;n beam, crossbeam parent’s cousins ß≈;≈á¬s writer, secretary ßxø;µné¬;kø aunts, uncles, ß≈;≈é:˙;¬s measuring stick, parent’s cousins measuring tape, ruler ßxø;µníkø aunt, uncle, parent’s ß≈;≈eyé¬; reef at Dodds Narrows cousin • ‘crybaby’ ßxø;µn⁄∫;kø little aunt, uncle, ß≈;y√;¬s refrigerator, cooler parent’s cousin ß≈ø÷a÷˚ø;s;¬s hanger, hook, ßxø;né÷;m shamans clothes peg ßxø;∫wás overcast, cloudy ß≈øa∫∆;n;µ runner ßxø;√q;∫él; pillow case ß≈øa˙;s;µ facecloth, towel ßxø;∑éli relatives, parents ß≈øe˙wí:¬s dish towel ßxø;xøá÷;s thunder ß≈øu:m rapids (Chemainus, ßxø;xøqø⁄lw;t;m washboard Nanoose) ßxø;¥íw;n nice, kind ß≈øœøiw;t;n belt (Nanaimo), belt ßxø;¥˚ø;˙e÷ washboard for dancers ßxø;¥qøél; fireplace, cooking pit ß≈øœøtén shoulder ß≈a÷ƒ;s palm of hand, sole of foot ß≈ø;m;m rapids (Nanaimo) ß≈al;m;s mask ß≈ø;œø;∫;p harrow • A farm ß≈ap;¬;s to have mucus in the instrument of a heavy frame with teeth eyes or disks used to break up and even off ß≈aƒ;sc;s palm of hand plowed ground.

160 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

ßya†œø;s;µ facecloth ßya:ys worker, laborer ßya:y;s tool ßya:¥;s hired hand ßye√œ;¬s paintbrush ßy;¬;≈;n;m slow whirlpool ßy;µt;n belt (Chemainus, Nanoose)

161 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

te÷csál;s eight circular objects te÷csél; eight people te÷csé® eight times te÷cs;q;n eight containers te÷c;s eight t te÷c;s neç;w;c eight hundred te÷te÷ canoe race (Nanaimo) te÷tiye÷ mommy (address form) ta÷cs;s eight dollars te÷t;xøt;n Mt. Benson ta÷c;mát eight pieces of stuff te÷;® two-pointed spear, prongs of ta÷;lt to study it, to figure it out spear takta • From English. doctor tec;l to arrive, to get here, to ta:l to leave shore, to out onto the approach floor in the bighouse tec;lnám;t to manage to get -tal ~ -t;l to do something to here each other • Reciprocal suffix. tec;lst;xø to get him/her here -tal; • Second person singular you telé∑txø bank object pronoun. tel; money • From Chinook Jargon, ta¬a÷qø float for a boat, log boom from English dollar. -ta¬xø ;s • First person plural object te:m to call for, to yell out, to pronoun. telephone tam;lq® ~ t;m;lq® starfish te:mst;xø to have him/her call, to ta:nt to go away from him/her, to bring him/her to the telephone leave him/her tem;®ct to call her/him for taœø;m to cough him/her taws;n one thousand • From tem;t to call him/her, to telephone English. him/her, to yell to him/her taw;n town ten mother taxø to be close, to be near teq;l to move, to change living taxø later places taxø skøey;l midday, noon tet¬; little money taxø snet midnight tey canoe race (Nanoose) ta≈ø;t to beach it tey to pull canoe (in a race) te÷ grandmother (address form, tey;w;® modern racing canoe endearment form) te¥ that (in sight) (Chemainus, te÷ mum (address form, Nanoose) • Article used with plain endearment form)

162 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

nouns (that is, nouns that are not tu:xø;q;n nine containers feminine singular nouns). tu:xø;s nine dollars ti÷éw;® ~ ti÷⁄w;® racing canoe tqep fish trap ti÷í here, this one tqet to challenge, to guess in bone ti÷ti¥;≈ø to be in a hurry game ti÷⁄w;® ~ ti÷éw;® racing canoe tq;t to tell him/her off tih tea • From English. tœels to fart tim;t to do it intensely tsas poor, pitiful tim;ƒ;t to try harder ts;t to get close to him/her/it tintin bell or bells, o’clock • From tßet to comb it out Chinook Jargon. This is the sound of tßi÷qø;m to comb one’s hair the ship’s bell ringing the hour. t; the (in sight) (Nanaimo) • Article tiqø Ballenas Islands • ‘tight’. used with plain nouns (that is, nouns tiqø to be tight, to be stuck that are not feminine singular nouns). tiqø®né:nt to choke him/her, to t;÷cs;®ßá÷;s eighty dollars strangle him/her t;÷cs;®ßé÷ eighty tiœø to bump, to smash into, to hit t;÷cs;®ßí÷;q;n eighty containers or run into t;÷í:tß too narrow tiœøt;l to bump into each other, to t;÷⁄nc; which • This word introduces collide with each other a question. tiœø;t to hit him/her, to bump t;kén;m to put one’s socks on him/her -t;l ~ -tal to do something to tiw;n niece, nephew (address each other • Reciprocal suffix. form) t;lki turkey • From English. ti¥a÷xøé:n trouble, problem t;lsƒ;t to shuffle them (feet) t®;t to spread it, to flatten it out, to quickly open it up (hand, arms, wings) t;l;t to turn it over, to stir it tu:xø nine t;¬n;xø to learn it,to know it, to tu:xø neç;w;c nine hundred find it out, to realize it tu:xøál;s nine circular objects t;¬t;l;∑ wild, wild animal tu:xøáw;® nine conveyances t;¬t;l;∑ l;m;tú mountain tu:xøel; nine people sheep, wild sheep tuxøé® nine times t;¬t;l;∑ pus bobcat, wild cat tu:xømát nine pieces of stuff t;¬;t to learn, to study, to check tu:xø;®ßá÷;s ninety dollars out, to scrutinize tu:xø;®ßé÷ ninety t;ms⁄¬q;n sea otter fur, velvet tu:xø;®ßí÷;q;n ninety containers t;m;lq® ~ tam;lq® starfish

163 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English t;m;® ochre • Used to make paint for t;∑ a bit dancers. t;∑í∫ to be raw, to be uncooked t;m;®ál;s brown • ‘ochre-colored’. t;∑ní® that one (in sight) t;m;®;ps;m pileated (Nanaimo) • Demonstrative used woodpecker • ‘ochre neck’. with plain nouns (that is, nouns that t;m;s sea otter are not feminine singular nouns). t;m;xø land, earth, world t;∑t;∑⁄l;q;p tree fungus, conk, t;µ˚øá¬;xø November • ‘time of echo the dog salmon’. t;xø to be uncovered t;µ˚øé¬;s summer • ‘hot time’ t;xøƒ;® tongue t;µpé:nxø May • ‘time of the t;≈ to foul up, to mess up camas’. t;≈øá÷c archery bow t;µqøé÷;nxø August • ‘time of the t;≈øá÷c;®p yew mosquitos’. t;yt north winds, to go upstream, t;µœøí¬;s spring • ‘time of to go north ripening’. t;y;l to go upstream t;µ˚øé¬;s July • ‘hot time’. t;yw;t upstream, north t;µtém when txøat to uncover him/her t;µ;lt to cool it off t≈;m;mát six pieces of stuff t;µx⁄¥√ December, winter • ‘time of cold weather’. t;ní there, that one t;n;qs;n mallard t;∫cá¬;qø west wind t;∫w;œø east wind, south wind t;p dark, dusk (Nanaimo) t;p to be dark (Nanaimo) t;ps;m neck t;qø (rope) to get tight t;qøt;qø red snapper t;s to get there, to arrive, to get near t;snám;t to manage to get there t;ßnéc ~ ßt;ßnéc saskatoon berry t;ßnéc;®p saskatoon berry bush t;ßú canvas

164 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

†em;ls to guess, to make a guess in the bonegame †eµxø gooseberry †eµxø;®p gooseberry bush †en to go out of sight, to be in the † shade †ep;¬ playing cards †eqe÷ liver of human †a÷t to pull it apart †eqe÷ salal berries †a÷xø balsam †e†iy;œ to be angry, mad †a÷xø;®p balsam tree †ey;œ to get mad †a˚ø to come home, to go home †ey;œn;xø to unintentionally †a˚ønám;t to manage to come anger him/her home †ey;œst;xø to make him/her mad †am;n wall †ic;m to swim †a:nƒ;t to hide oneself †il;m to sing †aœøt;µ ~ †œøat;m Saturday • †il;mst;náµ;t to pretend to From ‘cut it off’. sing †at old • Referring to the olden days. †il;mst;xø to have him/her/them †a†;®;µ flea sing †axø to come down from the †il;µ⁄lm;n to want to sing mountains, to go down to the †i:m to ask for something, to beg beach †iµß;∫e÷ to braid †axøst;xø to take it down to the †iq;¬ to be muddy beach, to bring it down from the †i:t to ask him/her, to beg him/her mountains †i†;máƒ;t student †ayqø®né:nt choking, strangling †i†;µe¬s teacher, trainer †e÷t to try it, to taste a little bit of †i∑i÷;® it to pray †i∑i÷;®é∑txø †e:ç cross sticks for smoking church salmon or barbecuing meat †i∑i÷;®st;xø to take him/her to †eç;®p spirea, hardhack church †i∑i÷;®t †elq;m to be wet, to be soaking to pray for him/her/it wet †køa:yƒ;t;n cork, plug, bottle †el;∑ arm, wing stopper †˚ø;lm;n †em;˚ø fish roe to want to go home †q;t †em;˚ø salmon eggs to insult him/her, to jeer at him/her

165 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

†œas rock cod †;∫;t to line them up, to put them †œast to sharpen it (Nanaimo?) side by side †œøat to cut a piece of it off, to †;p;¬ to play cards break it off, to tear a piece off †;qø;µ thimbleberry †œøat;m ~ †aœøt;µ Saturday • †;œø (string) to break From ‘cut it off’. †;†á÷†;®;µ little flea †œøe:m to cut a piece off †;†á÷ƒ;t practicing, trying out †œøe:nm;n leftovers from wood †;†⁄µ wren cutting, breaking string †;†;µiye÷ wren • The story name for †;÷csáw;® eight conveyances wren. †;kø to get stuck †;≈ to make a mistake †;kø†;kø mud, muddy, swampy †;y;m to claim something (for †;˚øst;xø to bring him/her home example, land) †;˚øst;xø to bring them home †;y;µ to stick to something †;lq to spot, to stain, to become †;y;µt to wear it spotty †xøa:® to dig clams, to get clams †;l†él;∑ arms, wings †xø;®p ~ πxø;®p oak †;l;µ wild cherry bark †≈;m six †;l;µ;®p wild cherry tree †≈;m neç;w;c six hundred †;¬á†;®;µ fleas †≈;mál;s six circular objects †;¬qi÷t to soak it †≈;mé® six times †;¬œ;st to wave to him/her †≈;m;l; six people †;mú¬;∆ ~ †;mó¬;∆ barrel, †≈;m;®ßá÷;s sixty dollars washtub • From Chinook Jargon. †≈;m;®ßé÷ sixty †;m;ßt to braid it †≈;m;®ßí÷;q;n sixty containers †;m;∑;® to adze a canoe †≈;m;q;n six containers †;µc;s to hit one’s hand against †≈;m;s six dollars something †≈;m;w;® six conveyances †;µ;t to pound on it, to beat a †≈;ƒ;t to turn off (the road) drum †≈ø;w;®t;n canoe ramp †;µ;w;®ct to adze a canoe for him/her †;∫á:®;m to set the table †;∫ást;l to lineup, to be side by side, to stand next to each other †;∫él;t to line people up

166 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

ƒi÷q;c;n ~ si÷q;c;n underside of roof ƒi÷ƒ⁄¥;lm;xø tidy • Referring to a tidy person, a person with a very clean house. ƒ ƒi÷⁄µƒ;t to live with others ƒikøt sea cucumber ƒi¬ to lie on fabric ƒa÷køs;q;n seven containers ƒi¬é÷®t;n sheet ƒa˚øƒ;t (a person) to stretch out ƒimá÷t to freeze it ƒa¬;ƒ;n mouths ƒiqs;n big nose -ƒam; you • Second person object ƒiƒá¬;∑ß;n big foot pronoun. ƒiƒé¬;q big waves ƒam;n eyebrow ƒiƒíws ~ ƒiƒ;ws big bird -ƒaµß me • First person singular ƒiƒ;ß;n big foot object pronoun. ƒiyé:nt;m to pass blood, to have -ƒat ~ -ƒ;t to do something to blood in one’s urine one’s self • Reflexive suffix. ƒ˚øat to stretch it out ƒat;c ~ sat;c north wind ƒ˚ø;n;p to level by dragging ƒaƒ;n mouth boards ƒa:ƒ;n ~ sha:ƒ;n leftovers ƒ˚ø;t to tauten it, to straighten it, ƒe÷ƒqi÷ fern or berry sprouts, to stretch it taut shoots ƒqet tree ƒe˚øt to iron it ƒœels to spear something, to poke ƒe˚ø;¬s ironing with a pole ƒem;xø;® two conveyances ƒœ;®≈é÷;m to kneel ƒeµ;c two hundred ƒœ;t to spear it ƒe:wtxø bighouse, longhouse ƒœø;t to double it, to fold it, to put ƒe¥ that (in sight) • Article used with two together feminine singular nouns. ƒ; the (in sight) • Article used with ƒe¥;µ to board feminine singular nouns. ƒe¥;q;∫ fixing words ƒ;÷ít to be true ƒi big ƒ;há:yƒ;n big mouth, talkative ƒi lel;µ bighouse, longhouse • ƒ;˚ø to be straight, to be stretched This modern phrase seems to be taut replacing the older word the:wtxw. ƒ;láqt;l to split up, to separate from each other

167 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

ƒ;l;qt to divide it, to take some ƒ;yqøels to dig a hole, to dig up ƒ;¬áyƒ;t;n tablecloth ƒ;yqøt to dig it ƒ;¬í÷ƒq;t little trees ƒ;yt to make it, to build it, to fix it ƒ;¬ß;t;n braided mat of bulrushes ƒ;yt;l to make up or old cloth ƒ;yƒ;t to get ready, to prepare ƒ;¬ƒi¬é÷®t;n sheets oneself, to fix self, to train, to ƒ;¬⁄n;pt;n linoleum get better ƒ;® really, truly • Evidential particle ƒ;y;n;p to garden indicating that the speaker is sure of ƒ;y≈t to stoke it the information. ƒ;¥ƒi÷;∫ blood ƒ;mé÷ twice ƒ;¥;lá÷qø;m to tidy up, to ƒ;µtxø two buildings, rooms straighten up ƒ;nƒ;n kidney ƒxøam to bleed ƒ;qé:n ~ s;qé:n bracken fern ƒxøat to make it disappear, to tuck ƒ;q;¬ßét;∫ sunbeam in the end of yarn ƒ;q;¬ß⁄n;µ rainbow ƒ≈;t to push it ƒ;œmín village at Shell Beach, Ladysmith Harbour ƒ;œn;xø to step on it (accidentally) ƒ;t to say -ƒ;t ~ -ƒat to do something to one’s self • Reflexive suffix. ƒ;ƒí÷ correct, right, okay ƒ;ƒíq;t trees, woods, forest ƒ;ƒ;híws big birds ƒ;∑ní® that one (in sight) • Demonstrative used with feminine singular nouns. ƒ;xø to disappear, to fade away ƒ;xøáµ Petroglyph Park • ‘bleeding’. ƒ;xø;µ bleeding ƒ;yn;xø to manage to repair it, fix it ƒ;yqt;l to change places ƒ;yqø to dig a hole

168 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

˙a®;µ (person) to get cold ˙aπ;¬;s blind ˙aqøi÷t;n spear point of fish spear ˙aœø;m to be rotten © ˙as to be bumped, to get hit, to get pounded ˙aƒ;t to bang, to hammer, to ©e¥ that (in sight) (Chemainus, strike, to ring Nanoose) • Article used with plain ˙e÷t to chew it nouns (that is, nouns that are not ˙e˚ø;l dawn, daybreak feminine singular nouns). ˙e˚ø;®ct to turn it on for him/her ©; the (in sight) (Chemainus, ˙e˚ø;t to shine a light on it Nanoose) • Article used with plain ˙ele÷ heart nouns (that is, nouns that are not feminine singular nouns). ˙e¬;m;˙ needles of a tree, fish ©;∑ní® that one (in sight) scales ˙em (Chemainus, Nanoose) • for the tide to go out Demonstrative used with plain nouns ˙em;ls to nibble (that is, nouns that are not feminine ˙e˙;m;¬s nibbling singular nouns). ˙e˙;π to be busy ˙e˙;xø;µ blue ˙ew;m qa÷ fresh water ˙ik˙;k baby carriage, wagon, stage coach, buggy • From Chinook Jargon. This word is imitating the noise of the clacking ˙ wheels. ˙ikøa÷ to be left-handed, left ˙im;t to lick it ˙a÷køc;mát seven pieces of stuff ˙iqt flicker (northern) ˙a÷køsél; seven people ˙iœ;¬ muddy, swampy ˙a÷køs;s seven dollars ˙iœø to get punched ˙a÷køs;w;® seven conveyances ˙iœø;t to poke it, to stab it ˙a÷kø;s seven ˙is;t to nail it ˙a÷kø;s neç;w;c seven hundred ˙i˙œøást;¬ boxing ˙a÷˚ø;sé® seven times ˙i˙;≈ø;µ sandbar, gravel bar ˙a÷qø;t to suck it ˙iw;q red elderberries

169 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

˙ixøinm;st to belch ˙;µœt;n scissors, clippers ˙ixø˙;xø osprey ˙;µ;n; hook made out of bone ˙ixø;m to pity, to feel sorry for, ˙;psi÷áƒ;∫ squirrel please ˙;πi÷á÷qø great great great ˙®e˚øt to pinch him/her grandparent/child ˙u:m to pick berries (Chemainus, ˙;œøt;n pestle Nanoose) ˙;œø;ye÷ sea snail ˙u:m to pick berries (Chemainus, ˙;st;n nail Nanoose) ˙;˙é÷t to chew on bones ˙qin®p hemlock ˙;˙íπi÷a÷qø great great great ˙œ;m to drip grandparents/children ˙œøels to punch, to stab ˙;˙ß dragonfly ˙œøe:nw;st to punch him/her in ˙;˙;≈áls egg, eggs the stomach ˙;˙≈ít beads • These are little beads ˙;÷køsál;s seven circular objects useds for beadwork. ˙;∆é¬; kingfisher ˙;∑ to disappear, to fade, to taper ˙;køs;®ßá÷;s seventy dollars off to nothing, to lose weight ˙;køs;®ßé÷ seventy ˙;≈ to be worn out, to be worn ˙;køs;®ßí÷;q;n seventy down, to be burnt up, to be containers burnt down ˙;˚øt to eat up, to riddle with ˙;≈é∑txø pawnshop holes ˙;≈miné∑txø second-hand store ˙;˚ø˙;˚ø;¬ lightning, flashing ˙;≈nís;m to bare one’s teeth ˙;˚ø˙;˚ø;¬ t; ßxø;xøá÷;s ˙;≈t;∫ poison lightning • ‘The thunder is flashing.’ ˙;≈˙;≈ stinging nettle ˙;¬ç needles of a tree ˙;≈ø to get washed ˙;¬ç fish scales, tree needles ˙;≈øí¬s to wash dishes ˙;¬q;s sling for hurling rocks ˙;≈øí¬s®ct to wash dishes for ˙;¬xø;m⁄c;n January • ‘shining him/her ice’. ˙;≈øßén;m to wash one’s feet ˙;má¥; barnacle ˙;≈ø;∫ chokecherry ˙;mé:∫ arrow ˙;ykøikø blue elderberries ˙;m;køa÷ tommy cod ˙;yst;n antler, horn ˙;m;m to pick berries (Nanaimo) ˙;y; fur seal ˙;m≈ to pop into sight • For ˙;¥˚ø to be startled, to be shocked example, the sun through clouds. ˙;¥˚ømé÷t to be startled at ˙;µœels to snip him/her

170 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

˙;¥˚øn;xø to accidentally startle him/her ˙;¥˚øt to startle him/her, to frighten him/her ˙xøas to steam bake, to cook clams in a pit ˙xøat to steam bake it ˙xøim;t to feel sorry for him/her, to have pity on him/her ˙≈;t to wear it out ˙≈;t gravel ˙≈øacs;m to wash one’s hands ˙≈øa¬;ca÷ gloves ˙≈øa¬;c;st to put mittens/gloves on him/her ˙≈øat to wash it ˙≈øin;s;m to brush one’s teeth ˙≈ø;¬q;n to wash wool

171 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

√e¬;ç blind √e®;m salt √em;˚ø;m to pop, to make a popping noise √ep;≈;m to scatter things, (leaves) √ to fall √eqt long √eqtß;n long leg √ the (oblique) • Article used with √eqt;lé≈;n long arm proper nouns in the oblique case. √eqt;ps;m giraffe √a÷t to comfort him/her, to stop √e√;®;m salty him/her from crying √ew;œ;m (light) to flicker, to √a¬;µƒ;t driving, steering (boat, spark car, plane) √e∑œ bottom, buttocks √am to be enough, to fit √e∑;¬s to bark (Nanaimo) √am;ls to have enough money, to √ey;œ;m (fire) to smoke afford √haœø to fall over √am;t to arrive before, to get √i÷ there before to be difficult, hard √i÷t √am;t to try it on to like it, to treasure it √ic;t √am;≈;n ~ √;¬ám;≈;n butterfly to crochet, to knit in a design (Nanaimo) √iç;t to sneak up on it , to stalk it √ay;qs hollow log drum √i˚ø;∫ peas √ç;t to put or weave them close √im;n bowstring, tendon, leadline √e÷ß;n to invite people to the √iµ ~ √;¬ím ~ √;lí:µ very winter dance much so, really √i∫; √e÷;m to propose marriage • To go eulachon oil to potential wife’s family and stay √i√;p to be down below around waiting to be approved. √i√;pt;∫ underclothes, skirt √e÷;ß;t to invite him/her √i∑ to sneak off, to run away √e˚ø√;˚ø;∫ lighthouse, blinking √pa¬wí¬;µ to be underneath, to light go underneath √e˚ø;≈;n goose • ‘long wing’. √pet large waterproof basket √el stained √pil to go down, to sink √e:¬txø False Narrows, main √q;t to even it out, to make them village site, site of rich clam bed the same • ‘rich place’

172 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

√œø;t to wrap it up, to clean it up, √;qtém;˙ tall person to put outer clothing on √;síp licorice fern someone √;√éc; rocks (Nanaimo) √ßet to rip it, to plow it up √;√í:ç;m;˙ short √ße≈;n to burst (tire, balloon) √;∑œ;µ flickering √ß;n;p to plow √;xø to get covered √;ç to be close together √;≈él; bird lice √;ç; rock (Nanaimo) √;≈ø to be hard √;kø;né÷ deaf √;≈øám;t puzzle, something hard √;˚ø;n (light, fire) to go out to do √;˚ø;nt to turn it off, to put it out √;≈ø√;≈ø oyster √;lí:µ ~ √;¬ím ~ √iµ very √;y;œt;n tongs much so, really √;¥œ to be pinned down, held √;lpál;s Cowichan Bay down √;lqéls to pop, to spatter, (grease, √xøat to cover it, to give him/her fire) to sparkle gifts in bighouse ceremony √;l;mƒ;t to drive, to rudder, to √xøi÷qøt;n scarf, headscarf, steer (boat, car) kerchief √;¬ám;≈;n ~ √am;≈;n butterfly √xø;m to get warm (Nanaimo) √xø;n;q to win √;¬ím ~ √;lí:µ ~ √iµ very √xø;t to beat him/her in game, to much so, really be ahead of him/her √;¬√;lm;t to stare at him/her √;má:st to go pick him/her up, to go and get him/her √;m˚øt to pop it with the teeth √;mq;n all day √;p to be deep √;pqén;m going downhill √;p≈ to scatter, to spread, to spill √;p≈t to scatter them, to spread them out, to throw them down √;p≈ƒ;t (people) to spread out, to split up √;qtá:¬s oval • From ‘long’ and ‘round’. √;qté¬ç long-haired

173 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

wi¬ to appear, to come into view wiq;s to yawn wu:¬ tule w;lálm;xø to make banging noise by falling ; w;lá:µ echo w;¬é∑k;∫ little wagons w;® already -;lm;n ~ -;¬m;∫ want • w;®≈;s March • ‘time of the tree Desiderative suffix. frogs’. When the tree frogs started singing, it was time to stop the winter dances. w;nmé® niece, nephew, cousin’s child when the parent is deceased (address form) w;œels to dig a hole, to dig up w w;œ;œ land snail w;œø downstream, east wa¬a maybe, perhaps • Evidential w;œø;≈;n downstream, east particle expressing a conjecture on the w;t;œ to have gas, to fart part of the speaker. w;˙éls to pry, to knit weci÷ perch w;˙;lé÷ct prybar we∆ watch, clock • From English. w;˙⁄∫;m to pry under side of wek;n wagon • From English. canoe, sturdy the canoe we¬;k;n wagons w;√;ç to fall, to stumble and fall we®;t to shoo them away w;wá÷;s to bark (Chemainus, wenß to throw it Nanoose) weœ;t to dig it w;∑é÷˙;¬s prying, digging wet who (Nanaimo) • This word w;≈;s tree frog introduces a question. w;yw⁄yst;n;q jealousy wet ÷a¬; whoever (Nanaimo) • This phrase introduces a question. we˙;t to pry it we∑∆ little watch we∑k;∫ little wagon wi÷;lt to show, to bring out

174 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

xøç;ƒ;t to go between, to be in the middle xø∆apaníq;n to speak Japanese xø∆eym;nq;n to speak Chinese xøe÷ to go down, to decrease in xø quantity xøe÷ß;n to walk, to take a foot step xø÷i∑c;s⁄∫;q teacher of how to xøe÷xøe÷ fast runner do things xøel;ß;m to drip xø÷;®q;¥;m Snake Island • ‘snake xøe¬ß;µ dripping place’. xøen;c to starve xø÷;¥;m qa÷ spring water, clear xøe:t to lower it down water xøe¥;∑s;∫;q waker, one who xøa÷;s to scare game when urges you on hunting by breaking sticks, xøflen∆q;n to speak French making noise when scaring xøi÷íw;n game generous xøi˚ø;s xøan;˚ø;m to breathe heavily, to Pacific loon (winter phase) rasp • ‘grey head’. xøi÷⁄¥;q;p xøat wise, clever to be always joking xøi÷;¥;¥;q;p ~ xøi÷⁄¥;q;p xøaƒ;t to get down, to come down joker xøi÷xø˚øat;¬ ~ xø;wxø˚øat;¬ xøay;m to sell tug-of-war xøay;m;st to sell it to him/her xøi÷xø;˙é:n;µ ~ xøcakø low tide xø;xø;˙én;m seesaw, teeter- xøcel to go where • This word totter introduces a question. xøikø;t to brush close by xøc;t to guess the ones in between xøi˚ø;l in the bonegame to turn gray, to fade out xøin xøçe∫;c;m to sit down to be relieved xøis;t xøçe∫;c;µ⁄lm;n to want to sit to shake it xøi:t • From English. xøç;mí:¬;c;n Twin Beaches, wheat xøiw;l Gabriola Island • ‘close together to come forward, to come beach’. to the front, (salmon) to go xøç;si÷ Bonsall Creek, Chemainus upriver xøiw;lst;xø Reserve # 6 • ‘go between’. to have him/her come forward

175 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English xøiya÷ƒ;wíc rock cod (Nanaimo) xøm;kø;ƒ;t to kiss him/her xøiyé÷q;p;m joke xøm;œøál;st to poke him in the xøiy;né:µ to listen eye xøiy;ne:µst;náµ;t to pretend xøm;skøi÷;m ~ xøm;ƒkøi÷;m to listen Musqueam xøiy;né:µst;xø to get him/her to xøm;skøi÷;mq;n ~ listen xøm;ƒkøi÷;mq;n to speak xøiy;qø;s face to get burnt Musqueam xøkø;ml;xø;ƒ;n Coffin Point xøne÷;ntq;n supper, the evening area • ‘root place’. meal (Chemainus, Nanoose) xøkø;nkø;n®nén;m hunter, xøne∫;tq;n supper, the evening good provider meal (Nanaimo) xøkø;n;∑;n half full xønet;®q;n ~ ßnet;®q;n xø˚øa¬;xø;m Qualicum breakfast xø˚øast to pull it, to drag it, to xøniqø;s;m to nod tow it xøπa:t to blow it up xø˚øat to pull it, to pull the slack xøq;l;m qa÷ dirty water, muddy up water xø˚øe÷˙;líqø;m to somersault xøq;l;w;n bad-tempered, mean xø˚øels to sand something xøq;∑⁄c;∫q;n to speak xø˚øet≈⁄µn;c ~ ˚øet≈;µn;c Cowichan rattlesnake xøqøe÷et to drill it xø˚ø;lím pregnant xøqøe¬qø;¬í∑;∫ thinking xøl;klít to lock it xøqøe:n;t to pierce his/her ear xøl;kø;wí÷c ~ l;kø;wí÷c to xøs÷;ß÷;ß;l paddler break back xøs÷;∑c;st to teach him/her how xøl;mi÷ Lummi Island, Lummi to do something people xøs˚øa˚øiy;qø fisherman • Using a xø®aœø;st to slap him/her on the rod and reel. face xøsl;hé¬ bone game player xø®ec;q;n dark place, enclosed xøs®;∑®nén;m hunter, provider place of food xø®œøiw;t to slap him/her on the xøsm;¬m;¬q ~ xøsm;¬mi¬q bottom absent-minded, forgetful xø®;w;t to shuck it (shellfish) xøspen;ßq;n to speak Spanish xøma÷álqs;n;m to blow one’s xøsqa÷qa÷ alcoholic nose xøsœ;w;t;m drummer

176 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English xøsqø≈øaµ;ßq;n to speak xø˙;®qín;m to quench one’s Squamish thirst, snack, teatime xøsœø;yœø;yil;ß someone who xø˙≈øast to wash his/her face likes to dance xø˙≈øas;m to wash one’s face xøs†ic;m swimmer xø√a¥kø;s;m to wink xøs;n∆áƒ;n to speak Saanich xø√i÷ stingy xøs;yáµ;s salmonberry worm xø√i÷íws stingy xøswen;m orphan xø√;p deep place xøßam;sels to smoke-dry fish xø√;p la÷ƒ;n bowl • ‘deep plate’. xøßam;st to smoke-dry it (fish) xø√;pnéc Maple Bay xøßç;µín;sq;n to speak xø√;qtn;c cougar Chemainus xø;- become • Inchoative prefix. xøßißé÷®q;n to speak Seshelt xø;÷ál;m to come back, to go xøßit;m t; t;m;xø earthquake • back, to return (Chemainus, ‘The earth shakes.’ Nanoose) xøßqø;¬qøá¬;w;n knowledgeable xø;÷ál;mst;xø to refund it to person him/her, to bring him/her back xøßsen;c ~ xøßsin;c Saanich xø;÷é:xøe÷ to be lightweight xøßsen;cq;n to speak Saanich xø;ç to get wedged between xøtaxøskøéy;lq;n dinner, the xø;˚ønec;m salamander noon meal xø;lm;xø First Nations person xøtit;µ;®t;∫ coach in canoe xø;lm;xøq;n to speak a First racing, captain Nations language xøtqet to close it xø;lm;xøq;nst;xø to get xøtseq;n to have sore throat him/her to speak a First Nations xøt;l;t to bail it out, to clear (a language forest) xø;l;nít;m White people xøt;qnéc beaver dam xø;¬íxø;¬m;xø little First Nations xø†aœøwí:¬s shortcut people xøƒa:l˙ Maude Island xø;né÷ent evening xøƒiq;n loudmouth, bigmouth xø;né÷en;t evening (Nanaimo) xøƒqet;m bushy, thick woods, xø;néµ to be away from thick forest xø;ní÷ to get there xøƒ;xø;µ⁄¬qs;∫ to have a xø;nít;m White person bloody nose xø;nít;mq;n to speak English xøƒxøam;lqs;n bloody nose xø;n⁄n;ça÷ single person canoe xø˙axøqí∫;µ gargling xø;sá:¥ to be ready

177 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English xø;sœíœ;¬; preserves, preserved food xø;s;lén;xø October • This refers to the falling leaves. xø;t;s heavy xø;t;smá:t pregnant, heavy with child xø;wc;st to teach him/her, to show him/her how to do something with hands xø;wxø˚øat;¬ ~ xøi÷xø˚øat;¬ tug-of-war xø;xøílm;xø First Nations people xø;xøiyéµ sand flea xø;xø;˙én;m ~ xøi÷xø;˙é:n;µ seesaw, teeter- totter xø;xø;yím leech xø;y to wake up xø;ypél; wheelbarrow • From English. xø;¥áƒ;∫;q language teacher xø;¥qø;¬;® ferry, steamship, train • This word refers to anything with a steam engine. xø;¥xøiyás to awake early, to be an early bird xøya≈ø;t to open it xøy;n;m;s to smile xøy;n;m;sst;xø to make him/her smile xøy;syé÷s;¬a two-person canoe

178 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

≈e¥;m to call to competitors in a match, to cheer, to boo ≈e¥;t to call to them, to cheer them, to boo them ≈i÷ to appear, to become visible ≈ ≈i÷≈e÷ to be ashamed, embarassed ≈i÷≈e÷mé÷t to be ashamed of him/her ≈a÷q;n marten ≈i÷≈e÷n;xø to embarrass him/her ≈aca÷ lake accidentally ≈a¬;ca÷ lakes ≈i÷≈e÷st;xø to shame, embarrass ≈a:m;ƒ;t to weep him/her on purpose ≈a≈ca÷ little lake, pond ≈i˚ø;t to gnaw on it, to chew it ≈ay√ cold ≈il;≈ to go to war ≈cec;st;n pattern ≈il;≈l;w;® warship ≈c;t to figure it out, to decide it ≈im;t to grab it, to hold it with ≈e÷≈e÷ sacred, holy claws ≈el; rare, unusual ≈in;ps;m Greenpoint ≈e:¬s the Transformer, the ≈i∫;m to growl Changer ≈ip;t to strip it/them off, to pick ≈e¬;∑ ladle, wooden spoon it/them ≈e:m to cry ≈iπ;®ct to scratch it for him/her ≈e:mst;náµ;t to pretend to cry ≈iπ;t to scratch, to scrape, to claw ≈e:m;st;xø to cause him/her to it cry ≈iœ;t to scratch it (an itch) ≈etßt;m to have mucus in the ≈is;¬ fierce, scary chest ≈i˙;m to get itchy ≈e†˚øt whittling on it ≈ixøe red sea urchin ≈e:˙ measurement, buoy, channel ≈i≈;méls ~ ≈;≈;méls hawk • marker ‘grabbing’. ≈e:˙t to measure it ≈˚øat to wedge it in, to stick it in ≈e√ storm, gale, to be windy, water between to be rough ≈˚øi˙ét;n clothespin, clothespeg ≈e√;t to lay it across, to block it ≈®as to eat ≈e∑s new ≈®ast;l to eat together, to have a ≈e∑s si¬án;m New Year meal together ≈®ast;∫;q to feed people

179 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

≈®eµ to look, to watch ≈;®é:∫;÷ to have an earache ≈®;t to hurt him/her/it ≈;®ín;s to have a pain in the ≈pe¥ cedar chest ≈pe¥c;s cedar boughs ≈;®í∑s to have a sore body ≈pe¥;®p cedar tree ≈;®n;xø to hurt him/her/it ≈te÷ to do, to make accidentally ≈te˚ø to carve ≈;®ß;n to hurt one’s foot ≈†;t to jinx him/her, to throw ≈;®tál to hurt each other powers at him/her ≈;®;n;s to have a toothache ≈ƒet to jerk it ≈;®;q;n to have a sore throat ≈ƒ;m box ≈;®;∑i÷c to have a sore back, to ≈ƒ;t to burn it in half hurt one’s back ≈√in;st;n collarbone, clavicle ≈;mxø;s;mé∑txø barbershop ≈;÷áƒ;n four ≈;m≈ø;s;m to get a haircut ≈;÷áƒ;n neç;w;c four hundred ≈;µ≈;µ horsetail ≈;cté∫ marker, index, indicator, ≈;n;œt to open one’s eyes signal, measure ≈;p⁄n;p to harrow ≈;˚ø to be stuck, to get stuck ≈;œn;xø to scratch him/her/it ≈;lçƒ;t to turn it around accidentally ≈;lé¬txø village on Chemainus ≈;ß†é∫ nits, flea or head louse River, Westholme, Halalt Indian eggs Reserve • ‘painted house’. ≈;ß;∫ animal trap ≈;l;m black Katy chiton ≈;ß;∫t to trap it ≈;l;∑salkø® new dancers ≈;té÷;m to make something ≈;l≈;¬ß;∫ to have sore feet ≈;ténxø to manage to make it ≈;¬çn;xø to manage to roll it over ≈;†é˚ø;m ÷;≈t;n • wood- ≈;¬t;n pen, pencil carving knife (Nanaimo) ≈;¬;®c;t to write it for him/her ≈;†˚øt to whittle on it ≈;¬;m to write ≈;ƒínamat four pieces of stuff ≈;¬;t to write it ≈;ƒí:n; four people ≈;¬≈;¬ç brant ≈;ƒín;w;® four conveyances ≈;¬≈⁄¬;s raccoon (Nanaimo) ≈;ƒí∫;q;n four containers ≈;® to hurt, to ache, to meet with ≈;ƒí∫;s four dollars misfortune, to run out of money ≈;ƒí∫;∑txø four buildings, ≈;®á÷qø to have a headache rooms ≈;®c;s to hurt one’s hand ≈;ƒ;nál;s four circular objects ≈;ƒ;n®ßá÷;s forty dollars

180 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

≈;ƒ;n®ßé÷ forty ≈;ƒ;n®;ßí÷;q;n forty containers ≈;ƒ;∫é® four times ≈;†˚øá¬s ~ s≈;†˚øá¬s crystal ≈;√ß;n to pour rain ≈;√ß;t;n sail boom ≈;∑salkø® new dancer ≈;∑salkø®st;xø to initiate him/her as a new dancer ≈;∑≈;∑í:n®p thistle ≈;≈í¬t;n pencils, pens ≈;≈íƒ;µ boxes ≈;≈pé¥ cedar shakes ≈;≈πíc;∫ chipmunk ≈;≈;méls ~ ≈i≈;méls hawk • ‘grabbing’. ≈;≈;n;œt opening eyes ≈;≈⁄∫ frost ≈;y√;®qa÷ cold water ≈;¥;t to beat or hit him/her/it ≈;¥≈⁄¥√ cod eggs (lingcod roe)

181 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

≈øte÷ to go towards ≈ø;÷é to be like, to imitate, to copy ≈ø;÷≈øi÷é:µ storyteller ≈ø;l to be less, to be uneven ≈ø;l†;p mythical bird ≈ø ≈ø;¬≈ø;¬; duck net poles ≈ø;:m (water) to be rapid, swift, to be fast, to be in a hurry ≈øam®n;® throat, windpipe, (Chemainus, Nanoose) trachea, Adam’s apple ≈ø;:m can, to be able to ≈øa:œø merganser (common) (Chemainus, Nanoose) ≈øaœø;t to pole (a canoe or log) ≈ø;m;m (water) to be rapid, swift, ≈øat ~ ≈ø;t blanket from strips to be fast, to be in a hurry ≈øatqø;m Bellingham, Whatcom (Nanaimo) River ≈ø;m;m can, to be able to ≈øay red hot (Nanaimo) ≈øay for more than one person to ≈ø;µß;∫ fast walker die ≈ø;µxøi¥á÷ƒ;t spinning around ≈øa:yt to kill them ≈ø;œøtén shoulder ≈ø∆en;m to run ≈ø;œøt;n ~ ≈ø;œøtén pole for ≈ø∆en;mst;xø to make him/her canoe run ≈ø;t ~ ≈øat blanket from strips ≈ø∆en;µ⁄lm;n to want to run ≈ø;†ß;t;n boom, pole across ≈øe÷˙wí:¬s drying the dishes, bottom of the sail wiping the dishes ≈ø;y≈ø;yá¥; housefly ≈øe¬ß;µ sweating ≈ø;¥e÷ not yet ≈øes;m;®p soapberry bush ≈ø;¥qø;¬;® steamboat ≈øi÷éµ to tell a story ≈øi÷≈ø;÷ét copying it, imitating him/her ≈øi¬∂;qs chipmunk ≈øi¬;µ rope, thread ≈øiœø to get caught, (rope) to get hooked or tangled ≈ø˚øe¥;∫ pulling in a net ≈øu:m (water) to be rapid, swift (Chemainus, Nanoose)

182 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English

yem;†;m (water) to ripple yeœ (tree) to fall down yeœ;t to fell it, to make it fall down (something tall and upright) y ye:wt to praise him/her ye¥s;¬; two people yi÷≈ø;le÷ eaglet ya÷ƒ;t to paddle backward, to yiç;t to sand it, to rub sand on it back up yiq to snow ya˚ø;m to break, to smash, (car) yiq;m (things) to fall, to tip over to break down yi†;m dirty sweat ya˚ø;t to break it, to smash it yi≈ø (house) to fall down, to cave ya:la÷ cow-parsnip (edible part) in, to collapse, to topple ya:m to order, to place an order yi¥n;s little tooth yaœø;m to sweat, to perspire y;c;mé:µ to pack something yasa÷qø hat (bundle, baby) on one’s back ya:t to warn him/her y;há¥;ƒ;t backing up, going yaƒ always backwards ya√;t to rub it y;h⁄∫q;µ diving down ya√;t to rub or massage it y;h⁄∫;µ before, going on to ya:wƒ;t to brag y;h⁄wœø;t;m floating away, ya≈ø to melt drifting ya:ys to work y;kø;né:t to take it along ya:ys÷⁄lm;n to want to work y;˚ø;®ct to break it up for ya:ysa÷qø workhat him/her ya:ysé∑txø ~ sya:ysé∑txø y;˚ø;t to scrub it, to rub it workroom, toolshed together ya:ysnám;t to manage to work y;lœøt to pick out, to pick ya:ysst;náµ;t to pretend to through, to sort out work y;¬é∑ after, past, past time, to pass ya:ysst;xø to have him/her/them by work y;¬é∑ taxø skøey;l afternoon ya:ys⁄lw;t workclothes y;mœt to rub him/her down with ya¥sa÷qø little hat something, such as cedar ye÷;t to vomit branches ye˚ø to hire y;µß;t;n leggings, leg warmers

183 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English y;µt;n corset for new mothers y;sœ;œíp to go together in a y;n;m to laugh group y;n;mst;xø to make him/her y;ßá÷xø;÷qø;¬ ~ ßá÷xø;÷qø;¬ laugh crossing y;n;s tooth y;†á†;˚ø going home y;ny;nt to laugh at him/her/it y;†á†;xø coming down from the y;π⁄π;kø coming to the surface mountains y;q;q;µ;¬ the tide is coming in y;ƒ;st to tell him/her y;œ to rub, to scrape against y;˙é˙;˚ø;¬ dawn, getting y;œét≈;µ to clank, noise of a daylight rolling object y;˙e˙;µ the tide is going out y;œíœ;¬t getting toward y;˙;˙;xø t; s;µßáƒ;t sunset • midmorning ‘The sun is going down.’ y;œ;st to sharpen it ;√œt to paint it y;œ;t to sharpen it, to rub them y;wá∫ƒ;t to go in front, to go together ahead y;qø to burn, to catch fire, to burn y;∑é∫ first down y;∑é∑;÷®;t chasing it (horse, y;qømín ashes children) y;qøn;xø to burn it accidentally y;xø must, must have, perhaps • y;qøt to burn it, to light a fire, to Evidential particle expressing doubt or turn it on inference. y;qø;®té÷≈ Lekwiltok • ‘the people y;xøa¬†;µ to go by fast, to zoom from the fiery north’. by y;qø;®té÷≈q;n to speak y;xøaqøt to drag it, to pull it, to Lekwiltok tow it y;œøíœø;¬;s spring, springtime • y;xøkøékøiy;¬ dawn, beginning ‘ripening’. of daybreak y;sá¬;mat two pieces of stuff y;≈á¥√ƒ;t fall, autumn • ‘time of y;sá¬;s two dollars, two circular getting cold’. objects y;≈ce÷t to bequeath it y;sé¬; two y;≈ø to come loose, to come y;sé¬; neç;w;c two hundred undone, to come untied y;se¬;qín;m February • ‘second y;≈ø;lá÷;s village on east side of box of stored food’. Kuper Island near Telegraph y;sé¬;q;n two containers Harbour • ‘eagle place’. y;spá¥s;k;¬ riding on a bicycle y;≈ø;le÷ bald eagle

184 Hu¬œumí∫uµ-to-English y;≈ø;t to undo it, to untie it, to unlock it

185