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Bedrock Geology of the North Saanich-Cobble Hill Area, British Columbia, Canada

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Bedrock Geology of the North Saanich-Cobble Hill Area, British Columbia, Canada AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF John Michael Kachelmeyer for the degree ofMaster of Science in Geology presented on May 30, 1978 Title: BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF THE NORTHSAANICH-COBBLE HILL AREAS, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy Keith F./Oles The bedrock of the North Saanich-Cobble Hill areas consists of igneous and sedimentary rocks of Early Jurassic through Late Cretaceous age.Early Jurassic andesitic Bonanza Volcanics are intruded by Middle Jurassic Saanich Granodiorite plutonic rocksand dikes.Late Cretaceous Nanaimo Group clastic rocksnonconformably overlie these Jurassic units.The four oldest formations of the group (Comox, Has lam, Extension-Protection, and Cedar District) are exposed within the study area. The Nanaimo Group formations were deposited within a subsid- ing marine basin (the Nanaimo Basin) located to the east ofsouthern Vancouver Island.Uplift of pre-Late Cretaceous basement rocks on Vancouver Island to the west and on mainland British Columbia tothe east of the basin created rugged, high-relief source areasthat were chemically weathered in a warm tropical climate and mechanically eroded by high-energy braided stream systems. The Comox and Has lam sediments were deposited in response to a continual transgression of a Late Cretaceous seaway overthis rugged terrain.Braided stream systems trending north-northwest into the basin deposited Comox (Benson Member) gravelsand sands onto a high-energy, cliffed shoreline.Erosion of the highlands and transgression of the marine seaway resulted in subduedtopographic relief and the deposition of sediments by low-energymeandering streams within a river traversed coastal plain, followedby silt and clay deposition in tidal flat and lagoonal environments,and finally by sand deposition in a higher energy barrier bar environment.Contin- ued marine transgression resulted in the depositionof massive marine mudstones and cyclic sandstone to mudstone sequencesof the Has lam Formation. Localized uplift within the basin elevated these units prior to complete lithification and possibly caused soft sedimentdeformation of upper Has lam Formation strata. An eroded surfacedeveloped on the top of the Has lam on which basal conglomerates of theExtension- Protection were deposited.Extension-Protection units represent cycles of basin deepening, delta progradation and apparentmarine regression, and a resumption of marine transgression. Lower energy regimes and subdued topography are reflected by thefiner grained sediments deposited from late Extension-Protectionthrough early Cedar District time.Shallow- to intermediate-marine silts and muds deposited during early Cedar District time may representdistal turbidite flows of a prodelta environment. As the deltaprograded seaward, these sediments were overlain by proximalturbidites. Delta progradation probably continued through earlyDeCourcy time. The structure within the study area apparently is controlledby regional north-south compressional stresses.Strata dip from 20 to almost 90 degrees to the north and northeast, with verticaland over- turned, southward-dipping beds common at some locations.Fault block tilting and drag of bedding along fault planes ratherthan folding probably are responsible for these attitudes.Northwest-striking faults cut Nanaimo Group strata perpendicular to almostparallel to strike.Structure is complicated by northeast-striking splays ofthe San Juan fault system which are interpreted asimbricate and reverse faults. Sandstones within the formations contain little or no porosity and thus cannot be considered as reservoir rocks.Diagenetic altera- tion of mafic minerals to clays, calcite and silicaprecipitation, and prehnite formation have reduced porosity within these units tothis minimum. Bedrock Geology of the North Saanich-Cobble Hill Area, British Columbia, Canada by John Michael Kachelmeyer A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed May 30, 1978 Commencement June 1979 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Professor of"Ceology / in charge of major Redacted for Privacy Chairman of Department Geology Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented May 30, 1978 Typed by Opal Grossnicklaus for John Michael Kachelmeyer ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express mygratitude to my family for their understandingand patience throughout my college career.I especially thank my parents for theircontinued confidence and support and my grandmother for her generousasOstance. Special thanks to the Union Oil Company ofCalifornia for finan- cial support during the past five years. The advice, assistance, and guidance of Dr. Keith F.Oles is greatly appreciated. I thank the other committee member s, Dr. J.G. Johnson, Dr.. H. E. Enlows, and Professor J. G. Mingle, fortheir critical reading of the thesis manuscript and their thoughtfulsuggestions. Mr. J. P. Olson provided petrographic advice,manuscript proofreading, and friendship.The pinochle gang, including J. Olson, J. Schlaefer, J. Allmaras, and L. Stitt, provided necessarycomic relief.Squirrel's provided refreshments. Many thanks arealso due to the Mikulic's for making a fellow Milwaukeeanfeel at home. Last, but obviously not the least, heartfeltthanks to the Trelawny's and the Savory's of Vancouver Island for opening uptheir homes to a stranger and for treating him as oneof the family. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 Purposes 1 Location and Accessibility 1 Geomorphology, Vegetation 4 Climate 6 Study Methods 6 Previous Studies 8 Regional Geologic Setting 12 PRE-CRETACEOUS STRATIGRAPHY 17 Bonanza Volcanic s 17 Nomenclature 17 Areal Extent, General Description 17 Island Intrusions (Saanich Granodiorite) 20 Nomenclature 20 Areal Extent, General Description 21 LATE CRETACEOUS STRATIGRAPHY 26 General Statement 26 Comox Formation 27 Nomenclature 27 Stratigraphy 28 Haslam Formation 41 Nomenclature 41 Stratigraphy 41 Extension - Protection Formation 49 Nomenclature 49 Stratigraphy 49 Cedar District Formation 55 Nomenclature 55 Stratigraphy 56 PETROLOGY 62 Igneous Rocks 62 Bonanza Volcanics 62 Saanich Granodiorite 63 Sandstones 66 Introduction 66 Textures 66 Framework Grains 67 Quartz 67 Che rt 68 Rock Fragments 70 Feldspars 74 Micas 75 Mafic Minerals 76 Opaque s 76 Skeletal Calcite 77 Matrix 77 Cements 79 Porosity and Diagenesis 79 Classifications 82 Introduction 82 Comox Formation 83 Haslam Formation 84 Extension- Protection Formation 85 Cedar District Formation 86 Conglomerates 88 Introduction 88 Comox Formation 90 Extension-Protection Formation 92 Clay Mineralogy 93 Procedure 93 Identification Criteria and Results 95 STRUCTURE 99 Regional Structure 99 Areal Structure 102 GEOLOGIC HISTORY 108 Paleocurr ent Data 108 Introduction 108 Comox Formation 109 Extension-Protection Formation 112 Postulated Source Areas 113 Depositional Environments 116 Comox Formation 116 Haslam Formation 121 Extension-Protection Formation 123 Cedar District Formation 126 Geologic Summary 128 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 132 Construction Materials 132 Coal 133 Petroleum Potential 133 SELECTED REFERENCES 136 APPENDICES Appendix IMeasured Sections 144 Appendix II Modal Analyses 152 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Index map showing location of study area. 3 2. Outline map of Cordilleran belts. 13 3. Geological sketch map of Vancouver Island. 14 4. Bonanza Volcanics distribution and sample localities. 18 5. Saanich Granodiorite distribution and sample localities. 22 6. Comox Formation distribution and sample localities for modal analyses and pebble counts. 29 7. Overturned, nonconformable contact between Benson conglomerate and underlying Saanich Granodiorite. 32 8. Flame structures, parallel laminations, and convolute laminations within Benson Member sandstone unit. 32 Contact between Bonanza Volcanics and Comox Formation. 35 10. Trough cross-bedding within Comox sandstone. 35 11. Gallery structure within Comox sandstone. 38 12. Concretions sampled from Comox Formation. 38 13. Loading phenomenon within Comox Formation. 40 14. Contact between normally graded Comox sequences. 40 15. Has lam Formation distribution and sample localities for modal analyses and X-ray diffractions. 43 16. Contact between Has lam Formation and overlying Extension-Protection Formation. 45 17. Convolute laminations within Has lam Formation silty sandstone units. 45 Figure Page 18. Chevron folding within Has lam Formation. 48 19. Conglomerate channel-fill within Extension- Protection Formation. 48 20. Extension-Protection Formation distribution and sample localities for modal analyses and pebble counts. 50 21. Cedar District Formation distribution andsample localities for modal analyses and X-raydiffractions. 57 22. Cyclic nature of Cedar District sandstone-siltstone- mudstone sequences. 59 23. Inoceramus molds sampled from Cedar District Formation. 59 24. Photomicrograph of Saanich Granodiorite tonalite. 65 25. Photomicrograph of Comox lithic arenite. 69 26. Photomicrograph of Comox lithic arenite. 71 27. Photomicrograph of Extension-Protection lithic arenite. 72 28. Photomicrograph of Extension- Protectionsubfeldspathic lithic arenite. 78 29. Photomicrograph of Has lam feldspathic wacke. 78 30. Classifications of Comox, Has lam, Extension- Protection, and Cedar District sandstones. 87 31. Photomicrograph of Benson conglomerate matrix. 89 32. Pebble count data for Comox and Extension- Protection Formations. 91 33. Diffractograms of clay mineralogy for the Has lam Formation mudstones. 96 Figure Page 34.
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