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Biology of Pyrenophora Spot Blotch on Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Incited by Pyrenophora Teres Drechs. F. Sp. Maculata Smedeg. A

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Biology of Pyrenophora Spot Blotch on Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Incited by Pyrenophora Teres Drechs. F. Sp. Maculata Smedeg. A Biology of pyrenophora spot blotch on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) incited by Pyrenophora teres Drechs. F. Sp. Maculata Smedeg. and genetics of resistance by Chandra Bahadur Karki A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Pathology Montana State University © Copyright by Chandra Bahadur Karki (1985) Abstract: Pyrenophora spot blotch (PSB) caused by Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f. sp. macu/ata Smedeg. is a newly reported and an important disease on barley (Hordeum vu/gare L.) in Montana and other parts of the world. Research was initiated to gain a better understanding of the disease, pathogen and host parasite interaction. Tests conducted to determine the pathogenic variation of 14 PSB isolates from Montana, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey using 20 barley cuItivars under growth chamber conditions showed smaller lesions and higher amount of chlorosis and necrosis with the Montana isolates than with isolates from North Africa and Turkey. Cultivars Unitan, Cl 9214, Cl 5401, Cl 9440 and Cl 9776 were resistant and Dekap, KIages, Nupana and Cl 13727 were susceptible to all isolates. Cultivars Cl 7584, Cl 9819, Cl 9825 and Tifang showed differential reactions between the PSB isolates from Montana and other countries. Isolates Turk 74-Pt6, Tun 79-30, Mts Plent82 and Mts Eddy 82-5 were the most virulent among 15 isolates. A study on conidium and conidio-phore characteristics of PSB isolates revealed that isolates from Morocco and Tunisia produced significantly longer conidiophores while Montana isolates produced a higher number of geniculations. The basal conidium cell was rounded in Montana isolates and conical or snake-headed in the isolates from North Africa. A comparison of two isolates from Montana and Morocco showed no differential effects on yield components and spike length averaged over four barley cultivars. Infected cuItivar Dekap showed reductions as high as 75% in kernel number and 16% in kernel weight. Symptoms varied between cultivars screened in the growth chamber and in the field. Cultivars Tifang, Minn 21, Himalaya, Oderbrucker, Cl 1615, Cl 5401, Cl 6475, Cl 9214, Cl, 9440 and Cl 9776 were resistant in both conditions. Cultivars showing good sources of resistance were studied in the F1 F2 and BC1 generations to determine gene action and gene number conditioning resistance to a PSB isolate. Crosses involving resistant and susceptible barley cultivars showed often a monogenic or digenic recessive resistance in the growth chamber and often a monogenic or digenic dominant resistance in the field. Among the various crosses evidence was also found for multigenic resistance, maternal inheritance, transgressive segregation, and no allelism. BIOLOGY OF PYRENOPHORA SPOT BLOTCH ON BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L) INCITED ZY PYRENOPHORA TERES DRECHS. F. SP. MACULATA SMEDEG. AND GENETICS OF RESISTANCE by Chandra Bahadur Karki A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Pathology MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana June 1985 D37? KHi (Lap, 2- ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Chandra Bahadur Karki This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citation, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the College of Graduate Studies. Date Chairperson, Graduate Committee Approved for the Major Department 5^3/-£ V Date Head, Major Department Approved for the College of Graduate Studies ^ - / / - / Date Graduate Dean iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a doctoral degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. I further agree that copying of this thesis is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with "fair use" as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for extensive copying or reproduction of this thesis should be referred to Uni­ versity Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, to whom I have granted "the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute copies of the disser­ tation in and from microfilm and the right to reproduce and distribute by abstract in any format." Signature ------ --------------------------------- Date TUKSL L j, ___________ iv In dedication to: My wife, son, daughters, father, and mother. > V V ITA Chandra Bahadur Karki, son of Rudra Bahadur and Jagat Kumari Karki, was born on September 5 ,1944 in Kothe Gaon, Sindhupalchok District, Nepal. He grew up and received preliminary education in Kothe area where his father farms and ranches. Chandra graduated from Shanti Vidya Griha High School in Kathmandu, Nepal in 1965. He obtained a scholarship under the USAID-Participant Program to pursue a B.S. degree in Agriculture at University of Udaipur, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, where he gradu­ ated with honors in 1970. He returned to Nepal and was employed as an Assistant Plant Pathologist in the Division of Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Nepal. In 1975, he went to India to pursue a M.S. degree in Mycology and Plant Pathology at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, and graduated in 1977. While stationed in Nepal, Chandra travelled to England, India, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, and the U.S.A. where he participated in short training courses, international meetings or symposia. He came to Montana State University in 1981 as a doctoral candidate in Plant Pathology and anticipates completion of a Ph.D. degree in June 1985. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I sincerely wish to express my gratitude and appreciation to the following personnel and organizations: Dr. E. L. Sharp, my major professor, for his invaluable guidance, constructive criti­ cism, encouragement, and sincere advice throughout the course of this study. Drs. D. E. Math re, E. A. Hockett, T. W. Carroll, J. M. Martin, and W. C. Flemingfor their contributions as members of my graduate committee and invaluable suggestions and advice from time to time. Dr. H. E. Bockelman for his sincere help and guidance in planning and conducting the research and constructive criticism in preparation of this thesis, th e faculty, staffs, and all fellow graduate students of Plant Pathology Department for their help, advice, and support in making this study a success. My wife, Uma, for her constant love, encouragement, inspiration, patience and sacri­ fice throughout my study. My daughters, Rina, Resa, and my son, Roshan, for their love and inspiration. My brother, Kiran, for his encouragement and support. My parents, sisters, relatives and friends in Nepal and abroad for being my well wishers whose blessings have brought me up to this level. Mr. P. M. Amatya, Chief Plant Pathologist, Division of Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Nepal, for his support, suggestions, and encouragement from time to time. Ms. Jean Julian for typing this thesis. Last but not least the Plant Pathology Department, Montana State University, for providing me financial assistance and His Majesty's Government of Nepal for granting me leave during the course of this study. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A PP R O VA L............................................................................................................................... ii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE.................. iii DEDICATION............................................................................................................................. iv VITA ........................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. ......................................................................................................... vii LISTO F TABLES...................................................................................................................... ix LISTO F FIGURES.................................. xii ABSTRACT......... ! ................................................................................................................... xiii IN TR O D U C TIO N ...................................................................................................................... I REVIEW OF LITERATURE..................................................................................... 4 Origin and Distribution.............................. Disease Symptoms....................................... Disease Rating................................ ............. Pathogen and Systematics.......................... Culture Media and Culture of the Fungus Cultural Variation, Cross Fertility and Heterothallism CO CO 'vj O) Ul Toxin T h eo ry...................................................................................................................... 10 Pathogenicity and Virulence............................................................................ ............... 11 Disease Cycle and Epidemiology...................................................................................... 13 Control Measures..................................................................................................... 14 Sources and Inheritance of Resistance.................................. 14 MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................. 16 Isolate Origin and Designation.........................................................................................
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