A Revolução Em Película: a Relação Cinema-História E a Transformação Do Paradigma Historiográfico

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A Revolução Em Película: a Relação Cinema-História E a Transformação Do Paradigma Historiográfico UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA Rafael Hansen Quinsani A REVOLUÇÃO EM PELÍCULA: A RELAÇÃO CINEMA-HISTÓRIA E A TRANSFORMAÇÃO DO PARADIGMA HISTORIOGRÁFICO Porto Alegre 2015 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA Rafael Hansen Quinsani A REVOLUÇÃO EM PELÍCULA: A RELAÇÃO CINEMA-HISTÓRIA E A TRANSFORMAÇÃO DO PARADIGMA HISTORIOGRÁFICO Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em História. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Cesar Augusto Barcellos Guazzelli Porto Alegre 2015 Rafael Hansen Quinsani A REVOLUÇÃO EM PELÍCULA: A RELAÇÃO CINEMA-HISTÓRIA E A TRANSFORMAÇÃO DO PARADIGMA HISTORIOGRÁFICO Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em História. BANCA EXAMINADORA _____________________________ Prof. Dr. Rafael Rosa Hagemeyer Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC-História) ________________________ Prof. Dr. Amadeu de Oliveira Weinmann Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS-Psicologia) ________________________ Prof. Dra. Natalia Pietra Méndez Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS-História) _____________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Mathias Seibel Luce Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS-História) O filme, imagem ou não da realidade, documento ou ficção, intriga autêntica ou pura invenção, é HISTÓRIA. Marc Ferro Os historiadores têm como ofício alguma coisa que é parte da vida de todos: destrinchar o entrelaçamento de verdadeiro, falso e fictício que é a trama do nosso estar no mundo. Carlo Ginzburg AGRADECIMENTOS Mais anos foram acrescidos, o trabalho ficou mais extenso, mas ainda faço questão de agradecer à Escola pública brasileira, responsável pela minha matriz educacional. O fato de ter concluído a Licenciatura, o Bacharelado e o Mestrado em História em uma Universidade pública, gratuita e de qualidade, muito me orgulha, e espero ver o dia em que todos os brasileiros tenham a mesma oportunidade. Imprescindível para a realização desta Tese foi a bolsa da CAPES que pude desfrutar nestes quatro anos. Aos professores que compartilharam comigo essa jornada, em especial José Rivair Macedo, Temístocles Cezar, Enrique Serra Padrós, Anderson Zalewski Vargas, Fernando Seffner e Nilton Mullet Pereira. Aos amigos da velha guarda: César Augusto Oliveira de Almeida, Daniel Francisco De Bem, Leandro de Souza Machado; aos amigos da Horda da História (a grama continua não nascendo por onde ela passa) e da Barra 02, obrigado por tudo! Ao Josué Berlesi, Miriam Orling e José Orestes Beck (Rossé, Rossé, Rossé...), grandes amigos, obrigado pelas alegrias e galhardias nestes anos. À querida Sílvia Simões, pela imensa ajuda com a leitura e revisão destas mal traçadas linhas. Gracias por todo! Ao Professor Charles, eternamente o “Mister”, obrigado pela amizade, pelo apoio, pelas conversas e por acreditar na História, afinal a função dos historiadores é lembrar o que os outros esquecem! Se tu tens Maximilian e Fidel, eu tenho Emiliano e Doroteo! Pela inestimável contribuição com livros e filmes: José Orestes Beck, Charles Sidarta Machado Domingos, Nilton Goulart, Anderson Zalewski Vargas, Mathias Luce, Daniel De Bem, e quem mais me fugiu à lembrança... Também aos meus amigos da Ladeira Livros, a atenciosa e querida Ana e ao Mauro, que continua sendo o livreiro picareta mais querido da cidade, devo um obrigado especial. Ao Professor LD*, aquele, meu “orientador oculto” das redes sociais, meu obrigado por tornar esses anos mais aprazíveis e a História mais combativa! Aos membros da banca de avaliação, agradeço ao Mathias e a Natália pelo acompanhamento desde a Qualificação e pelas valorosas contribuições. Ao Amadeu e ao Rafael agradeço a disponibilidade para compartilhar suas contribuições com este trabalho. Não poderia faltar meu imperioso Orientador, aquele que é Cesar Augusto, mas também O Guazzelli! Esta tese e minha trajetória acadêmica não teriam acontecido sem a tua presença, incentivo e peripécias em prol do Cinema e da História! Obrigado por gostar de Western (e de Western Spaghetti!), de futebol, de café e de um bom churrasco, fatores que tornaram a Pós-Graduação inigualáveis! Guardarei comigo todos os ensinamentos, os “causos” e as aventuras, e espero poder compartilhar muitos momentos neste futuro que nos espera! Ainda finalizo meus agradecimentos para a maior das professoras, minha Mãe, Maria Helena Hansen. O êxito que obtenho e as conquistas que alcancei devem-se, em grande parte, ao mérito de sua educação, seu carinho e seus valores, que incorporei. Sigo na luta para me tornar um professor e um ser humano tal qual seus ensinamentos e exemplos merecem! ... Vielen Dank! RESUMO Esta Tese tem por objetivo problematizar sobre as implicações teóricas da relação Cinema- História, destacando como os filmes interpretam a História e quais as consequências desse processo para a História como ciência e para o meio social. Trata-se de pensar como o aporte de novas tecnologias constitui uma forma narrativa para a História apresentada, e se a divulgação da História por imagens filmográficas permite perceber a composição de um novo paradigma centrado na Razão Poética, que possibilite a reavaliação do próprio paradigma científico da História. O contexto escolhido para ancorar nossa análise é o da Revolução Mexicana, primeira Revolução a descortinar o breve, porém intenso, século XX. Este processo é sem dúvida um dos mais significativos na História contemporânea e mundial. Sua abrangência, seus efeitos e experiências proporcionadas ainda trazem impacto no presente vivido. O grande número de filmes realizados no México e no exterior permitiu a criação de um corpus fílmico invejável: mais de quinhentas películas produzidas desde o início do processo revolucionário, em 1910. O volume de ficções também é considerável, e sua realização incidiu em todas as décadas, seja no âmbito nacional, seja no internacional. Diante da magnitude da Revolução, as manifestações artísticas não ficaram imunes. O Estado e a sociedade trataram de abordá-la com diferentes prismas e interesses. Entre narrativas de convergência, imagens de consenso, desconstruções e solidificações de heróis, criou-se um corpus de produtos artísticos que compreendia a arte muralista, a literatura e o cinema. A Revolução tomada como um continuum permite elaborar um quadro inteligível da sociedade mexicana. Fora do México o interesse historiográfico e cinematográfico foi significativo. Para além do seu vizinho do Norte, Europa e URSS detiveram seu olhar sobre a Revolução. A escolha dos quatro filmes analisados nesta Tese recai sobre obras realizadas em dois eixos, batizados de Quadros ideológicos-temporais. O olhar estrangeiro destes cineastas de certa forma também coincide com o olhar do autor desta Tese sobre o processo mexicano. Os filmes são: Que Viva México!, México em Chamas, Companheiros e Uma bala para o General. Dessa forma, se buscará a partir das análises fílmicas, delinear alguns elementos teóricos do paradigma Cinema-História centrado no conceito de Razão Poética. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cinema-História. Revolução Mexicana. Método Histórico- Cinematográfico. História Contemporânea. Teoria da História. ABSTRACT This thesis aims to discuss about the theoretical implications of Cinema History relationship, highlighting how the film interpret the history and what the consequences of this process for the History as a science and the social environment. It is thought as the contribution of new technologies is a narrative form to the history presented, and the dissemination of history by filmográficas images allows us to see the composition of a new paradigm focused on Poetic Reason, which allows the revaluation of own scientific paradigm History. The context chosen to anchor our analysis is the Mexican Revolution, the first revolution to uncover the brief but intense twentieth century. This process is undoubtedly one of the most significant in contemporary world history. Its comprehensiveness, its effects and proportionate experiences still carry impact on the lived present. The large number of films made in Mexico and abroad allowed the creation of an enviable filmic corpus: more than five hundred films produced since the beginning of the revolutionary process in 1910. The volume of fictions is also considerable, and its realization focused on all decades, whether at the national, whether at international level. Considering the magnitude of the Revolution, artistic events were not immune. The state and society have tried to approach it with different perspectives and interests. Convergence between narratives, consensus pictures, deconstructions and solidification of heroes created a corpus of artistic products comprising the mural art, literature and cinema. The Revolution taken as a continuum allows develop a meaningful framework of Mexican society. Outside of Mexico and the historiographical cinematic interest was significant. Apart from its northern neighbor, Europe and the USSR arrested his gaze on the Revolution. The choice of the four films analyzed in this work lies with works carried out in two axes, dubbed ideological-temporal frameworks. Foreign look of these filmmakers somehow also coincides with the look of the author
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