MOST UNWANTED: INVASIVE SPECIES HIT LIST Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge

AO - Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 62): Small plants may be hand pulled but, larger plants require a combination of cutting and herbicides.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 145-147): Young seedlings can be hand- pulled, especially when soil is moist. You can apply glyphosate or triclopyr to cut stumps. The treatment is most effective in late summer. Other herbicide treatments include foliar spray & applying herbicides to the base of the trunk. Burning the root crown with the flame-weeder can kill plants too.

BA - Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p.64): Shrubs can be mowe d or cut repeatedly. Other treatment includes systemic herbicides, such as glyphosate or triclopyr.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 142-144): Use mechanical control, such as a hoe or mattock to dig up root systems. Also, controlled burns & propane burning can be used to burn stems in spring with a follow-up burn in the summer. Herbicides labeled for brush control can be painted on stumps after cutting.

BR- Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis) Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman p. 424-426): Burning in late Spring before flowering stems emerge achieves good control. Repeated mowing can reduce Smooth Brome populations. Glyphosate can be sprayed on plants before flowering or in fall.

CR - Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p.26, 32): Use of an herbicide containing 53-54% glysphosate being sprayed between the months of June to October, but the herbicide is most effective right after the plants flower in the fall. Cutting the plant at waist height and then using a Nalgene squirt bottle with a bent and pointed tip and fill with a 50:50 glysophate and water mixture plus a blue marking dye to help track applications.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p.406-408): Small stands can be controlled by repeated cutting, or by cutting & dripping herbicide. Controls for large stands include: burning, flooding, grazing, disking, & aerial spraying of herbicides. Special pe rmits often required to treat those growing along waterways.

CL - Chinese Lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p.38, 56): Mowing the plant down as much as possible during its flowering period for two to three seasons may help to control it. Systemic herbicides can be effective when used in early to mid-summer.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 354-356): Mowing for several successive years before flowering. Goats used to control. Herbicides can be sprayed on early summer to mid-summer, just before flowering.

Common Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 40-41): Plants can be dug up using a shovel to loosen the soil so that the entire root system with tubers can be removed. Otherwise, resprouting will likely occur. Herbicides like glyphosate with systemic action are also effective.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman p. 252-254): In fall dig up or plow daylilies, then rake to remove all plant parts. Or cut plants close to ground and apply glyphosate to cut surfaces. A newly introduced fungus, daylily rust, could cause significant damage to daylilies.

English Ivy (Hedera helix) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 105-106): Individual vines can be pulled by hand when soil is moist. Vines covering the ground can be uprooted and gathered using a heavy duty rake, then close to the ground with pruning snips, Swedish brush axe or cutting tool. Gathered vines can be piled up and allowed to desiccate and rot which will occur quickly, in a matter of days. Vines climbing up trees can be cut a few feet from the ground, for convenience, to kill upper portions and then apply systemic herbicide to cut lower portions.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman p. 196-199): Vines can be pulled out by hand or dug up. Vines on the ground can also be smothered by covering them with plastic or a thick layer of newspaper and mulch over the summer. Goats can browse. Climbing vines can be contained by cutting stems at convenient height. Clear 1-2 foot area of vines off of tree trunks and do not try to remove vines from high branches. Broad leaf herbicides will also kill ivy, but because of waxy coating on leaves, application to cut stems or spraying herbicide when new leaves are expanding in spring may be more effective. Since ivy can reproduce by cutting or vines in contact with earth, do not leave cut leaves on the ground.

GM - Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 45, 57): Long term hand-weeding and removing the root of the plant is required for up to five years in the affected area. Cutting the flowers off of the plants in the spring may help prevent seed growth; however the cut plant can regrow. Herbicide use is also possible, but requires many treatments to the area due to the large seed bank in the soil from the plants.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 294-296): Plants can be easily pulled up when the soil is moist. For large areas, second year plants can be cut at ground level in the spring, or sprayed with herbicide in late far or very early spring.

GI - Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 47, 55): Hand Tools are the best option when the soil is damp. The use of a long toothed rake will allow for full removal of the plant and its root structure from the ground. The use of systemic herbicides with glyphosate is also recommended. A biological enemy of the plant is a rust fungus called Puccinia glechomatis attacks ground ivy causing damage or death.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 244-246): Small patches can be hand pulled or rake d in damp soil. Chemical control has mixed results, but fall application of glyphosate, triclopyr, or 2,4-D may have some success.

SB - Star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum nutans or umbellatum) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 50, 55): Digging the bulb of the plant up as soon as it is noticed. The bulb will usually be buried deep.

BH - Amur Honeysuckle [bush] (Lonicera maackii) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p.61): Young plants can be hand pulled while larger plants should be removed with a weed pulling tool or cutting the plant repeatedly. The use of herbicides containing glyphosate or triclopyr can be applied to the foliage, bark, or cut stems.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 179-181): Shrubs can be pulled or dug out of the ground, or repeatedly cut in spring & fall. Using a flame weeder on the root crown 2 or more times can kill shrubs. Control using mechanical means may take 3-5 years, especially for large shrubs in sunny areas. Herbicides sprayed on the foliage late in the growing season or painted on cut stumps from summer through winter will also kill shrubs. Goats also used.

MH - Morrow Honeysuckle [bush] (Lonicera morrowii) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p.68): Young plants may be hand pulled while larger plants may require a hand tool or being cut at the stem.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 179-181): Shrubs can be pulled or dug out of the ground, or repeatedly cut in spring & fall. Using a flame weeder on the root crown 2 or more times can kill shrubs. Control using mechanical means may take 3-5 years, especially for large shrubs in sunny areas. Herbicides sprayed on the foliage late in the growing season or painted on cut stumps from summer through winter will also kill shrubs. Goats also used.

VH - Japanese Honeysuckle [vine] (Lonicera japonica) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 107): Small plants may be hand pulled while larger plants may require multiple mowings per year.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 201-203): Shrubs can be pulled or dug out of the ground, or repeatedly cut in spring & fall. Using a flame weeder on the root crown 2 or more times can kill shrubs. Control using mechanical means may take 3-5 years, especially for large shrubs in sunny areas. Herbicides sprayed on the foliage late in the growing season or painted on cut stumps from summer through winter will also kill shrubs.

Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia escula) Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman p. 265- 267): Uses a combination of methods: the leafy spurge flea beetle and other biological control agents, along with herbicides, grazing regimes, clipping, tilling, and/or burning. Sheep and goats will graze. Picloram will control it with little harm to grasses, but can travel through soils and will kill other perennials as well as trees and shrubs. Persons handling should wear gloves since the sap can be a skin irritant.

LV - Linden Viburnum (Viburnum dilatatum) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 66): Using herbicides will help to prevent resprouting. Seedlings may be hand pulled. Seed heads should be removed from adult plants to prevent seed dispersal.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 189-191): Young plants can be dug or pulled out. Small shrubs can be sprayed with systemic herbicides during the growing season. They can also be cut near ground level, with the shrubs painted with glyphosate.

MR - Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 69): The best removal is a combination of herbicides, hand tools, mowing, and hand pulling of the plants. Mowing should be done three to six times per for two to four years. Herbicides should be used to spray freshly cut stems and to help control the large seed bank from the plants in an established area.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 150-152): For small patches, have 1 or more persons hold the canes back, with pitchforks while another person cuts the canes towards the base of the plant. Resprouts will need to be cut repeatedly or the rootstock dug out. Cut canes can also be painted with glyphosate or triclopyr. Fields can be mowe d repeatedly during the mowing season with a brush mower for 2-4 years. Goats can also be used.

MU- Woolly Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 287-289): Pulling the plants up by hand or hoed up in loose soils. Glyphosate or triclopyr can be sprayed on plants in early spring before most other plants emerge.

MG- Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman p. 301-303): Small infestations can be hand pulled or dug up, but root fragments will resprout. Repeated monthly mowing for several years will control spread. Herbicides like clopyralid and glyphosate applied several times during the growing season will help control.

OB - Oriental Bittersweet (Viburnum dilatatum) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 115): Plants can be removed by hand or hand tools or herbicides. Removal of the seeds and roots is essential for long term control.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 189-191): Young plants can be dug/pulled out. Small shrubs can be sprayed with systemic herbicide during the growing season. It can be cut near ground level & the stumps painted with glyphosate.

PO - Porce lainbe rry (Ampelopsis brevipedunculate) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 118): Pulling the plants up by hand or systemic herbicide use is recommended for control.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 215-217): Pull vines up before fruiting to reduce the spread of seeds. Herbicides containing glyphosate or triclopyr can be sprayed on the foliage or applied to individual leaves for small infestations. Cut vines back in summer, and then spray new sprouts in early autumn before leaves drop-off.

PR - Privets (Ligustrum sp.) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 71): Small plants may be hand pulled or dug out with a hand tool. Larger plants can be cut or treated with systemic herbicides.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 95-97): Young plants can be hand pulled or with tool. For large stands, plants can be cut & the resprouts sprayed with glyphosate or triclopyr, which can also be painted on stumps/bark.

TH - Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 87): Long term use of herbicides, while specifically targeting large female trees. Be careful to properly identify this tree and not confuse it with a natural ash, walnut, or staghorn sumac.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 104-106): Small trees can be pulled out by hand or with weed wrench. The hack & squirt method can be used for larger trees as does cutting trees and applying herbicide to the cut stump in the summer.

VI - Common Periwinkle (Vinca minor) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 104): Can be controlled by removing the whole plant from the ground by hand or raking. Mowing can also be used to control and area along with the use of herbicides.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 208-210): Small populations can be pulled by hand. Herbicides with glyphosate are the most effective. Triclopyr also works but not as effectively.

WI - Chinese and Japanese Wisteria (Viburnum dilatatum) Treatment/Control Methods (Swearingen et al. 2010, p. 101, 110): Cut vines to relieve trees of the weight and girdling. Then treat stem portions with systemic herbicide containing glyphosate or triclopyr.

Treatment/Control Methods (Kaufman & Kaufman, p. 234-236): You must cut all vines back as close to the ground as possible & then keep cutting all new shoots back every week or so, until the cutting effectively starves the root. You can also cut close to the ground & apply herbicide to the stems.

YM- Garde n Ye llow-Rocket (Barbarea vulgaris) Small populations of this annual or biannual plant can be hand pulled (Bromley N.D.). Repeated mowing before seed production (in late spring, early summer) may help reduce spread, but multiple years of mowing will be needed to control any plants left to overwinter (Bromley N.D.). Large populations of plants can be treated with an herbicide such as glyphosate (Bromley N.D.). There is some evidence that suggests that this plant can survive repeated mowing, so other treatment options may be more preferable. http://www.msuturfweeds.net/details/_/yellow_rocket_35/

REFERENCES Bromley, B.J. N.D. Fundamentals of Weed Management in Turf. Master Gardeners of Mercer County. http://www.mgofmc.org/docs/weedbasics.pdf

Swearingen, J, B. Slattery, K. Reshetiloff, and S. Zwicker. 2010. Plant Invaders of the Mid- Atlantic Natural Areas, 4th ed. National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, DC. 168pp.