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The Role of Streptococcal and Staphylococcal Exotoxins and Proteases in Human Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
toxins Review The Role of Streptococcal and Staphylococcal Exotoxins and Proteases in Human Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections Patience Shumba 1, Srikanth Mairpady Shambat 2 and Nikolai Siemens 1,* 1 Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany; [email protected] 2 Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-3834-420-5711 Received: 20 May 2019; Accepted: 10 June 2019; Published: 11 June 2019 Abstract: Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are critical clinical conditions characterized by extensive necrosis of any layer of the soft tissue and systemic toxicity. Group A streptococci (GAS) and Staphylococcus aureus are two major pathogens associated with monomicrobial NSTIs. In the tissue environment, both Gram-positive bacteria secrete a variety of molecules, including pore-forming exotoxins, superantigens, and proteases with cytolytic and immunomodulatory functions. The present review summarizes the current knowledge about streptococcal and staphylococcal toxins in NSTIs with a special focus on their contribution to disease progression, tissue pathology, and immune evasion strategies. Keywords: Streptococcus pyogenes; group A streptococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; skin infections; necrotizing soft tissue infections; pore-forming toxins; superantigens; immunomodulatory proteases; immune responses Key Contribution: Group A streptococcal and Staphylococcus aureus toxins manipulate host physiological and immunological responses to promote disease severity and progression. 1. Introduction Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are rare and represent a more severe rapidly progressing form of soft tissue infections that account for significant morbidity and mortality [1]. -
Report from the 26Th Meeting on Toxinology,“Bioengineering Of
toxins Meeting Report Report from the 26th Meeting on Toxinology, “Bioengineering of Toxins”, Organized by the French Society of Toxinology (SFET) and Held in Paris, France, 4–5 December 2019 Pascale Marchot 1,* , Sylvie Diochot 2, Michel R. Popoff 3 and Evelyne Benoit 4 1 Laboratoire ‘Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques’, CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté des Sciences-Campus Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 09, France 2 Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, 06550 Valbonne, France; [email protected] 3 Bacterial Toxins, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; michel-robert.popoff@pasteur.fr 4 Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA de Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-4-9182-5579 Received: 18 December 2019; Accepted: 27 December 2019; Published: 3 January 2020 1. Preface This 26th edition of the annual Meeting on Toxinology (RT26) of the SFET (http://sfet.asso.fr/ international) was held at the Institut Pasteur of Paris on 4–5 December 2019. The central theme selected for this meeting, “Bioengineering of Toxins”, gave rise to two thematic sessions: one on animal and plant toxins (one of our “core” themes), and a second one on bacterial toxins in honour of Dr. Michel R. Popoff (Institut Pasteur, Paris, France), both sessions being aimed at emphasizing the latest findings on their respective topics. Nine speakers from eight countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Russia, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America) were invited as international experts to present their work, and other researchers and students presented theirs through 23 shorter lectures and 27 posters. -
OPTIONS X Programme
Options X for the Control of Influenza | WELCOME MESSAGES BREAKTHROUGH INFLUENZA VACCINES TAKE LARGE DOSES OF INNOVATION Protecting people from the ever-changing threat of influenza takes unwavering commitment. That’s why we’re dedicated to developing advanced technologies and vaccines that can fight influenza as it evolves. We’re with you. ON THE FRONT LINETM BREAKTHROUGH INFLUENZA VACCINES TAKE LARGE DOSES OF INNOVATION CONTENT OPTIONS X SUPPORTERS ------------------- 4 OPTIONS X EXHIBITORS & COMMITTEES ------------------- 5 AWARD INFORMATION ------------------- 6 WELCOME MESSAGES ------------------- 7 SCHEDULE AT A GLANCE ------------------- 10 CONFERENCE INFORMATION ------------------- 11 SOCIAL PROGRAMME ------------------- 14 ABOUT SINGAPORE ------------------- 15 SUNTEC FLOORPLAN ------------------- 16 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATIONS ------------------- 17 PROGRAMME ------------------- 19 SPEAKERS ------------------- 31 SPONSORED SYMPOSIA ------------------- 39 ORAL PRESENTATION LISTINGS ------------------- 42 POSTER PRESENTATION LISTINGS ------------------- 51 ABSTRACTS POSTER DISPLAY LISTINGS ------------------- 54 SPONSOR AND EXHIBITOR LISTINGS ------------------- 80 EXHIBITION FLOORPLAN ------------------- 83 Protecting people from the ever-changing threat of NOTE ------------------- 84 influenza takes unwavering commitment. That’s why we’re dedicated to developing advanced technologies and vaccines that can fight influenza as it evolves. We’re with you. ON THE FRONT LINETM Options X for the Control of Influenza | OPTIONS X SUPPORTERS -
Hemolysin CB with Human C5a Receptors Γ Valentine Leukocidin
Differential Interaction of the Staphylococcal Toxins Panton−Valentine Leukocidin and γ -Hemolysin CB with Human C5a Receptors This information is current as András N. Spaan, Ariën Schiepers, Carla J. C. de Haas, of October 1, 2021. Davy D. J. J. van Hooijdonk, Cédric Badiou, Hugues Contamin, François Vandenesch, Gérard Lina, Norma P. Gerard, Craig Gerard, Kok P. M. van Kessel, Thomas Henry and Jos A. G. van Strijp J Immunol 2015; 195:1034-1043; Prepublished online 19 June 2015; Downloaded from doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500604 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/195/3/1034 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2015/06/19/jimmunol.150060 Material 4.DCSupplemental References This article cites 46 articles, 14 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/195/3/1034.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. by guest on October 1, 2021 • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2015 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. -
Bin Brook Easter 2018
Bin Brook Draft 4 AW.qxp_Layout 1 01/08/2018 13:48 Page 1 BIN EASTER 2018 BROOK ROBINSON COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE Diversifying Robinson Bringing Focus on Medicine From bats to Travels with our students India Remembering Robinson the brightest and best to Cambridge herpes with Robinson's medics and Iraq with Zhuan and Molly Dr Mary Stewart's living legacy Bin Brook Draft 4 AW.qxp_Layout 1 01/08/2018 13:48 Page 2 02 Contents WELCOME 03 News in brief 04 Diversifying Robinson Bin Brook is Robinson’s flagship publication, keeping our alumni and friends 05 Access to Robinson Eleanor Humphrey in touch with the College and with each other. In view of its importance 06 My Robinson Dr Ben Guy we felt it was owed a facelift, and we hope you like the new look. 07 e Cancer Problem Dr Gary Doherty 08 Must all that lives die? Dr Anke Timmerman Easter 2018 is the first in a series of themed issues, focusing this time on the ground- breaking work of our Fellows in Medicine. ere can be few of us whose lives have 09 Fighting fluProfessor Wendy Barclay been untouched by illnesses such as cancer, viral disease or dementia, and it’s exciting to see that the research that may change the direction of our approaches 10 Bats in the limelight Dr Oliver Restif to these modern-day plagues may come out of Robinson. 11 Learning about memory Dr Brian McCabe Oxbridge admissions have been in the media spotlight recently and we are pleased to offer an 12 Brain Training Dr Duncan Astle insight into our outreach work, answering some of our readers’ questions on this most important 13 e Medic’s Tale Oliver Fox subject that is so close to Robinson’s heart and heritage. -
Panton-Valentine Leukocidin: a Review
Reprinted from www.antimicrobe.org Panton-Valentine Leukocidin: A Review Marina Morgan F.R.C.Path. Venkata Meka, M.D. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a bi-component, pore-forming exotoxin produced by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Also termed a synergohymenotropic toxin (i.e. acts on membranes through the synergistic activity of 2 non-associated secretory proteins, component S and component F) (9), PVL toxin components assemble into heptamers on the neutrophil membrane, resulting in lytic pores and membrane damage. Injection of purified PVL induces histamine release from human basophilic granulocytes, enzymes (such as β-glucuronidase and lysozyme), chemotactic factors (such as leukotriene B4 and interleukin (IL-) 8), and oxygen metabolites from human neutrophilic granulocytes (5). Intradermal injection of purified PVL in rabbits causes severe inflammatory lesions with capillary dilation, chemotaxis, polymorphonuclear (PMN) infiltration, PMN karyorrhexis, and skin necrosis (17). PVL production is encoded by two contiguous and cotranscribed genes, lukS-PV and lukF-PV, found in a prophage segment integrated in the S. aureus chromosome (9). Traditionally some 2% of S. aureus produce PVL, however in certain groups in close contact with each other, such as military personnel, prisoners, and families of patients with infected skin lesions, skin to skin transmission is common resulting in a far higher carriage rates. Different PVL-positive S. aureus strains carry differing phage sequences, which can move into other strains methicillin and resistant, empowering them with PVl production genes (15). Many patients with PVL-positive necrotizing pneumonia have a preceding illness resembling influenza, with rigors pyrexia and myalgia. Expression of most S. -
Impact of Bacterial Toxins in the Lungs
toxins Review Impact of Bacterial Toxins in the Lungs 1,2,3, , 4,5, 3 2 Rudolf Lucas * y, Yalda Hadizamani y, Joyce Gonzales , Boris Gorshkov , Thomas Bodmer 6, Yves Berthiaume 7, Ueli Moehrlen 8, Hartmut Lode 9, Hanno Huwer 10, Martina Hudel 11, Mobarak Abu Mraheil 11, Haroldo Alfredo Flores Toque 1,2, 11 4,5,12,13, , Trinad Chakraborty and Jürg Hamacher * y 1 Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; hfl[email protected] 2 Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; [email protected] 4 Lungen-und Atmungsstiftung, Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; [email protected] 5 Pneumology, Clinic for General Internal Medicine, Lindenhofspital Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland 6 Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstr. 37 CH-3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland; [email protected] 7 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; [email protected] 8 Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital, Zürich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zürch, Switzerland; [email protected] 9 Insitut für klinische Pharmakologie, Charité, Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Reichsstrasse 2, D-14052 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] 10 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Voelklingen Heart Center, 66333 -
The Future of Vaccination the FUTURE of VACCINATION the FUTURE of VACCINATION
The future of vaccination THE FUTURE OF VACCINATION THE FUTURE OF VACCINATION Vaccines are one of the greatest triumphs in modern medicine, saving up to 3m lives each year. They are widely regarded as the single most cost-effective public health intervention: every dollar spent on childhood immunisations in Africa returns $44 in economic benefits. We mostly think of vaccines as a way of protecting against communicable (infectious) childhood diseases such as measles. Professor Robin Shattock, In fact, vaccines are far more versatile. They offer hope for Professor Wendy Barclay combating HIV as well as non-communicable diseases such and Professor Jason Hallett as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease, due in part to the presented their research to development of DNA and RNA vaccination techniques. the World Economic Forum in Davos. Fast-tracked vaccines have the potential to contain disease outbreaks before they escalate into epidemics or pandemics. Such research offers the opportunity to innovate in science Vaccines can also target antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and manufacturing; to save lives; enhance wellbeing; and a growing threat that jeopardises hard-won gains in public even to safeguard the future of humanity. health and could claim as many as 10m lives annually by 2050. The feature includes interviews with academics in the cross- This feature offers a broad overview on vaccines, covering disciplinary Imperial Network for Vaccine Research, and other the following five areas: researchers and policymakers. These interviews focus on future vaccine research and the policy changes needed to maximise • what is a vaccine and how does it work? the benefits of that research. -
The Impact of NMR and MRI
WELLCOME WITNESSES TO TWENTIETH CENTURY MEDICINE _____________________________________________________________________________ MAKING THE HUMAN BODY TRANSPARENT: THE IMPACT OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING _________________________________________________ RESEARCH IN GENERAL PRACTICE __________________________________ DRUGS IN PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE ______________________ THE MRC COMMON COLD UNIT ____________________________________ WITNESS SEMINAR TRANSCRIPTS EDITED BY: E M TANSEY D A CHRISTIE L A REYNOLDS Volume Two – September 1998 ©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 1998 First published by the Wellcome Trust, 1998 Occasional Publication no. 6, 1998 The Wellcome Trust is a registered charity, no. 210183. ISBN 978 186983 539 1 All volumes are freely available online at www.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/wellcome_witnesses/ Please cite as : Tansey E M, Christie D A, Reynolds L A. (eds) (1998) Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 2. London: Wellcome Trust. Key Front cover photographs, L to R from the top: Professor Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, speaking (NMR) Professor Robert Steiner, Professor Sir Martin Wood, Professor Sir Rex Richards (NMR) Dr Alan Broadhurst, Dr David Healy (Psy) Dr James Lovelock, Mrs Betty Porterfield (CCU) Professor Alec Jenner (Psy) Professor David Hannay (GPs) Dr Donna Chaproniere (CCU) Professor Merton Sandler (Psy) Professor George Radda (NMR) Mr Keith (Tom) Thompson (CCU) Back cover photographs, L to R, from the top: Professor Hannah Steinberg, Professor -
Multiple Roles of Staphylococcus Aureus Enterotoxins: Pathogenicity, Superantigenic Activity, and Correlation to Antibiotic Resistance
Toxins 2010, 2, 2117-2131; doi:10.3390/toxins2082117 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Review Multiple Roles of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins: Pathogenicity, Superantigenic Activity, and Correlation to Antibiotic Resistance Elena Ortega, Hikmate Abriouel, Rosario Lucas and Antonio Gálvez * Area de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain; E-Mails: [email protected] (E.O.); [email protected] (H.A.); [email protected] (R.L.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +34 953 212160; Fax: +34 953 212943. Received: 3 July 2010 / Accepted: 9 August 2010 / Published: 10 August 2010 Abstract: Heat-stable enterotoxins are the most notable virulence factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogen associated with serious community and hospital acquired diseases. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) cause toxic shock-like syndromes and have been implicated in food poisoning. But SEs also act as superantigens that stimulate T-cell proliferation, and a high correlation between these activities has been detected. Most of the nosocomial S. aureus infections are caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, and those resistant to quinolones or multiresistant to other antibiotics are emerging, leaving a limited choice for their control. This review focuses on these diverse roles of SE, their possible correlations and the influence in disease progression and therapy. Keywords: enterotoxins; Staphylococcus aureus; superantigens; MRSA; immune response 1. Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen associated with serious community and hospital acquired diseases and has for a long time been considered as a major problem of Public Health [1]. -
Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Exotoxin Found in Intermediate Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Samples on Belmont University’S Campus
Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Exotoxin Found in Intermediate Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Samples on Belmont University’s Campus Jordan D. Helms and Jennifer T. Thomas, Ph.D. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus, results in thousands of infections and associated deaths each year. A strain of MRSA, USA300, has been identified as the most common cause of skin and soft tissue infections acquired from the community in the United States. The goal of our study is to determine the prevalence of the USA300 strain, responsible for new community-associated MRSA infections, on Belmont University’s campus via PCR detection of the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) gene, a bacterial toxin. We collected isolates from different locations on Belmont’s campus, confirmed them as MRSA using Gram staining, coagulase testing, and the use of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay. Bacterial DNA was isolated and PCR analysis performed to identify the PVL gene. We found PVL in Intermediate Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. This is surprising because the presence of PVL causes otherwise harmless Staph infections more severe and lethal if left untreated. In addition, there is very little literature on Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus infections alone, as well as its relationship with PVL. The presence of this exotoxin on Belmont’s campus puts individuals at greater risk of a severe infection and proper preventive protocol needs to be followed to ensure safety. INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus and Staph infections Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a gram-positive, coccus shaped bacterium. Microscopically, it appears in tetrads and grapelike clusters and forms large, convex, golden colonies on growth plates (aureus is Latin for “gold”). -