ICC SPECIAL ISSUE 2011 CARTOGRAPHY & GEOINFORMATICS IN FINLAND

Useful and usable map services.

Insights into the development of spatial data infrastructure in Finland.

▶ GIS is coming to schools pages 5–7 ▶ Automated generalization of topographic data pages 17–19 ▶ Global forest mapping for carbon sink assessment pages 32–34 PRODUCTS & SERVICES MARKETS

Aerial Imagery & Surveying Government & Public Administration LiDAR & Height Data Forestry Blom Online Services (BlomURBEX™) Environment & Renewables Blom Applications Mining & Quarrying Mapping & Modeling Transport & Infrastructure GIS Services & Analysis Defense & Security Ground Surveying Media, Leisure & Tourism Data Models & Geographical Databases Utilities Mobile Mapping Solutions

BLOM DENMARK BLOM FINLAND BLOM NORWAY BLOM SWEDEN

BlomInfo A/S Blom Kartta Oy Blom Geomatics AS Blom Sweden AB Masnedøgade 20 Pasilanraitio 5 Drammensveien 165 Hammarbacken 6B 2100 København FI-00240 Helsinki NO-0212 Oslo 191 49 Sollentuna

Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Tel.: +45 70 20 02 26 Tel.: +358 9 229 306 0 Tel.: +47 23 25 45 00 Tel.: +46 8 578 247 00 Fax: +45 70 20 02 27 Fax: +358 9 229 306 57 Fax: +47 23 25 45 01 Fax: +46 8 578 247 01

WWW.BLOMASA.COM positio icc 2011 ▶ 3

Opening access

ou are reading the third edition of the technology. PaikkaOppi special issue of Positio magazine. It service is bringing GIS reports some of the progress made in to the Finnish schools Finland in the geoinformation field. The promising users aware previous issues were published in 2007 of geographic data Yand 2003. This issue is also our national report to resources in the future. the International Cartographic Conference in Paris The research on GIS 2011 which is celebrating its 25th anniversary. The maturity model for the Cartographic Society was responsible for editing first time provides organizations with a systematic this issue and it is published in co-operation with means to evaluate whether they utilize GIS in full the National Land Survey of Finland (NLS). I would extent and what are the disabling factors in their like to thank the NLS and the advertisers for their case. financial support. Last but not the least importantly, there is strong The main trend you notice reading the articles ongoing work on implementing the Spatial Data is that access to geoinformation has improved and Infrastructure in Finland. The Finnish Geoportal has government policy on its data is going towards open been opened and it received the innovation prize and even free access. I read today in a Finnish news- from Excellence Finland in their public sector series. paper that a geographic app has taken the number It is built up with open source code and therefore is one place in the Apple’s App Store, and this applica- available to others as well. tion is using free data from the NLS. Understanding the history is important, and we Another much used application in Finland is the also include an article of Swedish military mapping Journey Planner of the Helsinki Region Transport. in Finland just before the war between Sweden It is promoting the use of public transport by mak- and Russia in 1808. Finland will be hosting the ing it easy to find the routes and connections and it International Conference on History of Cartogra- even supports the planning of cycling and walking. phy in July 2013 (www.ichc2013.fi) with the theme It includes information on steep hills, coffee shops “Four elements – the Essentials of the History of and users can add new information. This is a good Cartography”. There will be many exhibitions, one example of using the power of social networks. including the Nordenskiöld map collection. This Loisto (in English sector light), software of Kart- collection is in the list of the UNESCO world herit- takeskus offers automatic routing along waterways. age. A. E. Nordenskiöld was the first man to complete It combines marine charts with topographic data the Northeast Passage. offering a clearer visual experience for both profes- We hope you find the articles in this issue inter- sional and leisure users. If you never have experi- esting and inspiring in opening access to geoinfor- enced the archipelago of Finland, I would strongly mation. ◀ advise you to do so, it is an unforgettable experience. An important aspect of “opening access” is Antti Jakobsson ensuring that people have skills to utilize new chair of the Cartographic Society of Finland 4 ◀ positio icc 2011

Contents From the editor: 3 Opening access PaikkaOppi brings GIS to schools Learning geography through one’s own discovery is the aim of a web-based GIS 5 service for Finnish schools. USEFUL AND USABLE MAP SERVICES to everybody MenoMaps: multichannel maps 9 Paper maps, web maps, mobile maps, maps on a multi-touch screen – the MenoMaps projects study the multichannel use of maps and social media in support of outdoor leisure activities. Open interface of Journey Planner encourages application development 12 Intermodal door-to-door routing supports the use of public transport in Helsinki region. The development of new services is encouraged by opening access to the timetable and route data. Navigating the Baltic Sea labyrinth 14 Loisto navigation programs serve the professionals in the maintenance of fairways or in search and rescue as well as leisure boaters sailing the shallow waters. Piekka generalizes topographic data for small scale maps 17 National Land Survey has improved the production process of small scale map databases by creating an application for automated generalization. Swedish military mapping in Finland 1776 – 1805 20 Newly found Swedish military maps are giving information about the 18th century mapping of Finland. Building up spatial data infrastructure Opening access to spatial data 24 The National Land Survey has opened some of its datasets to use free of charge and with extensive rights of use. This is to gain experience for further actions. National Geoportal in the core of the spatial data infrastructure 26 The National Geoportal not only provides discovery and view services but also enables publishing of embe- dded maps. The portal received a national innovation prize in 2010. GIS maturity model as a tool for developing the utilisation of spatial data 28 The capabilities of an organisation in utilising spatial data can be assessed by a GIS maturity model. Lahti leads the way in the transformation of local coordinate systems 30 Finland recently implemented a new reference frame and a new height system. The city of Lahti is giving an example in carrying out transformations to the new systems. Global forest mapping for carbon sink assessment 32 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland is developing a forest monitoring system to improve the accuracy of forest resources assessment from satellites.

▶ POSITIO ICC 2011 Special Issue – CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOINFORMATICS IN FINLAND ▶ Editors: Kirsi Mäkinen, [email protected], Paula Ahonen-Rainio, [email protected] ▶ Editorial assistant Päivi Varis, [email protected] ▶ Layout Pekka Jussila ▶ Publisher: National Land Survey of Finland, PL 84, FI-00521 HELSINKI, FINLAND. [email protected], www.positio-lehti.fi ▶ Printed by Kirjapaino Uusimaa, Porvoo 2011 ▶ ISSN 1236-1070 ▶ Circulation 2700 pcs. ◀

▶ This issue has been made in cooperation with the Cartographic Society of Finland c/o Annamaija Krannila ▶ National Land Survey of Finland ▶ [email protected] positio icc 2011 ▶ 5

photo © T ulivuori Jukka © photo ▶ Tuuli Toivonen & Juha Riihelä PaikkaOppi brings GIS to schools Imagine yourself as a school kid having easy access to spatial information of your neighbourhood. Supported by an enthusiastic teacher, you could examine the patterns and interrelations of the environment. How does topography relate to vegetation, soils with land use, and what can you see from aerial photos and satellite images? How do your own field observations fit to the mapped reality? Such an idea – learning geography through own discovery – has been the basis for developing PaikkaOppi service for Finnish schools. 6 ◀ positio icc 2011

PaikkaOppi user interface is easy to use and intuitive. It allows analyses of detailed map data and aerial photos from all parts of Finland. screenshot © paikkaoppi © screenshot

innish curricula for upper secondary schools place in the school surroundings. The content had to changed in 2003. The renewed curricula be thematically extensive to allow multiple inspec- introduced such themes as active learning, tion angles to the environment. In addition, the technology and society, active citizenship service had to support active learning, so that your andF media skills to all subjects. In the curricula for own mapping exercises, sharing your own data with geography, applying GIS as a tool for making your others and reporting to teachers had to be enabled. own regional analyses become reality – at least on Importantly too, the service had to be easily usable paper. In practice, teachers were puzzled by the and technically stable to make teachers to adopt it. world of different GIS software, data formats and Tuuli Toivonen is a all the technical fuzz. Data products by Finnish Map work and group work senior lecturer of authorities were highly prized and buying them geoinformatics at the from different sources was considered too time- fter several rounds of improvement, the University of Helsinki. consuming. The principal idea of using GIS for active developers of PaikkaOppi can be quite sat- She has been involved learning was brilliant, but the practical realisation isfied. The service has a well-functioning with education using seemed impossible in many schools. Students were map interface. It allows visual analyses of GIS for more than a about to become unequal, depending on the techni- theA most detailed environmental data sets in Fin- decade. cal interest of the teachers and the budget and data land, from different topographic maps and aerial Juha Riihelä is the policy of the municipalities. photos to information on soils, fluvial system, infra- coordinator of the structure and population. From some areas, also PaikkaOppi service. PaikkaOppi provided a solution historic maps are included. Most data are available Currently, he is from scale 1:20 000 onwards, covering the entire transforming PaikkaOppi aikkaOppi project started as a pilot dur- country. The data sets are up-to-date: Most maps from a pilot to some- ing the year 2008 with the aim to create are fetched on-line from the servers of different data thing permanent. a web-based GIS for Finnish schools. The providers. The only major data deficiency relates to Contact idea was to combine spatial data of various a common data policy problem in Finland: Local tuuli.toivonen Ptopics to a pedagogic web mapping interface. The scale statistics on demography and population have @helsinki.fi coverage had to be the entire Finland, to ensure not been available for the service with a reasonable equality among the students. The data had to be price. Population data is nevertheless available on juha.riihela so detailed that geographic inspections could take a municipality level and it can be visualised with @lounaispaikka.fi positio icc 2011 ▶ 7

interactive thematic maps. Users can set the clas- the landscape and how particular physical features sification and colours for maps, and thus, also study or man-made structures have changed over time. the basics of thematic cartography. PaikkaOppi’s map service was used to study and Your own point and track data can be entered compare original maps dating from the 18th century directly from a GPS device. These data may be clas- to the current maps and aerial photos. Datasets were sified to different attribute classes represented with overlaid in the map service and basic visual analyses different symbology. Your own interpretations can were executed. be drawn on top of other data layers as points, lines and polygons with attributes. Students have used Experimental group effort these data production options to map out social values in their own environment, create nature he development of PaikkaOppi has been a paths or digital herbariums with pictures and texts. technological experiment. The service has Sharing reports with others is supported by evolved at the same time with web mapping PaikkaOppi design. The map outputs can be saved techniques, tools and standards. The service as workspaces to be opened later in the map service, Thas been developed using open source tools taking or they can be stored as images to be exported to advantage of the recent web mapping and data shar- PaikkaOppi’s own wiki workbook. The wiki work- ing standards. The content building has benefitted book provides each user his or her own space where from the implementation of the INSPIRE directive content can be added. Students can use the space in Finland, as the number of WMS and WFS services to save documents and assignments or simply as a has grown during the development years. library to store their map outputs. All content saved The development of PaikkaOppi has been to a workbook can be shared with all users and even truly a group effort. The lead of the project is in with non-users since browsing the workbook does the hands Lounaispaikka network, coordinated not require registration. by the Regional Council of Southwest Finland. The technical expertise comes from a private GIS PaikkaOppi in use company Arbonaut and the Geodetic Survey of Finland. Schools in the cities of Joensuu and Turku he first courses using PaikkaOppi were have been crucial in commenting on the pedagogic arranged in pilot schools in the autumn of part. Universities of Helsinki and Turku have pro- 2008. Since then, the platform has been vided further pedagogical expertise. Development widely used in geography courses. The has been financially supported and directed by Tusers range from students on lower grades of basic the National Council of Education. The increased education to those on special courses of geography number of users has provided important feedback in the upper secondary schools. Recently, the ser- for the developers. vice has aroused interest also at the university level. In geography courses, students have used Paik- Bright future of the service? kaOppi to study the basic geography of Finland. This is facilitated by the broad content of the service and he pilot phase of PaikkaOppi began with the observations made with GPS devices. The basics three schools in Joensuu and Turku regions. of GIS become familiar when studying the environ- Since the year 2008, PaikkaOppi has been ment: Students work with different datasets, browse taken in active use in dozens of schools through them and their metadata, and compare Taround Finland. Today, the number of registered them by overlays in the map service. teachers is well above 400. The number of monthly PaikkaOppi has been seen useful also for dis- users has climbed to around 5 000. The service ciplines other than geography. Especially biology, has been noticed also by the geoinformatics com- history and social studies may benefit from the GIS munity: PaikkaOppi received the GIS innovation tools and datasets provided by PaikkaOppi. One price of the Finnish ProGIS society last year. There example of the cross-disciplinary activity is a land- are still many things to develop and improve in the scape history course arranged in the city of Turku service. Currently, the biggest development chal- during the spring 2010. The course was planned lenge is, however, administrative in nature: Who jointly by the teachers of geography, history and in our project-oriented society should maintain landscape studies. The aim was to study changes in permanent services like PaikkaOppi? ◀ 8 ◀ positio icc 2011

Useful and usable map services to everybody

Efficient map production today and in the past positio icc 2011 ▶ 9

Hikers in the near future will have the possibility to choose MenoMaps: which media to use for interacting with their maps and to retrieve hiking information for planning the hikes: paper maps, web maps, mobile maps or maps on a multi-touch multichannel screen. maps ▶ Tapani Sarjakoski & L. Tiina Sarjakoski

A service to be exhibited ndulging in outdoor leisure activities, such as hiking, has become a trend in Finland. Maps he “Multi-Publishing in Supporting have always played a dominant role in planning Leisure Outdoor Activities” (MenoMaps) the hike and in ensuring that you are on the project was carried out between the years right trail. Outdoor leisure activities still lack 2008 and 2010. The main outcome of Iuseful services for personal navigation, even though the project was a map-based multichan- many users need easy-to-use mobile guidance while nelT service prototype. The follow-up project “Map hiking in the forest. Services for Outdoor Leisure Activities Supported Hiking is more than just the act of going out into by Social Networks” (MenoMaps II) is being carried nature. Preparing, planning and reminiscing about out between the years 2010 and 2013 and is being the trips are also a part of the hiking experience. For funded by Tekes – the Finnish Funding Agency for such purposes, printed graphic maps, newspapers, Technology and Innovation. The service prototype web and mobile phones together form an interface will be further developed during the MenoMaps II to information on nature. Map-based multichannel project, and it will be exhibited at the end of 2012 services open up new opportunities for developing in the new Nuuksio Nature Centre, which is close versatile geospatial services. The challenge of such to Helsinki in Finland, and also in the Töölö Sports services involves how to exploit their interaction Hall in Helsinki. possibilities in such a way that the user would have The project also aims to discover new kinds of a holistic user experience with a single service, even possibilities for business models for multi-channel when utilising different media channels while inter- map-based services. We are currently studying acting with the service. different kinds of development challenges. This The voluntary updating of spatial data by social includes addressing the following questions: What networks is another trend that should be considered kinds of business possibilities are provided by when developing map-based services. Users are the new interaction techniques of the map-based willing to share their knowledge and information services? What kinds of new user experiences and about unknown environments in the form of com- interaction possibilities could the business models ments, photos, videos, and so forth with other users being studied provide when designing the user and user groups. When users adopt map-based interfaces? services as a part of their everyday life the user The project is being carried out in co-operation requirements and usability of the service should between the Finnish Geodetic Institute (FGI), be considered more thoroughly than ever before. Department of Geoinformatics and Cartography, Furthermore, we need to develop services that are and Aalto University, School of Art and Design, the also fun, entertaining, and aesthetically pleasing. Department of Design. The other partners in the 10 ◀ positio icc 2011

project represent the entire value chain for style. The presentation tier displays the JavaScript programming language, which leisure outdoor services1). maps on the client side through the enables the dynamic modification of HTML channels. The data access tier supplies through the Document Object Model. The Channels and architecture of the geographical data requested by the web map functionality has been realised clients. MapServer is used for supplying using OpenLayers API, a free and open the MenoMaps the raster data together with the Tile- source web map user interface program- he MenoMaps map-based mul- Cache caching service, and TinyOWS ming library in JavaScript that takes care of tichannel service allows the supplies the vector data. The data storage the Open Web Services data requests, data user to access the same spatial tier contains and delivers the source data rendering and map interaction. information contents from a on the server. The data is stored using single data core through differ- GeoTiff image files for raster and Post- Mobile map application entT channels such as printed maps, a web greSQL database for vector data. map, a mobile map application, and a map We implemented the MenoMaps mobile application on a multi-touch screen. The Web map application map application on the iPhone platform channels of the service are linked through based on an in-house built framework. the UpCode data matrix technology, sup- The web map application is directed to a The base framework handles flexible map porting users’ easy switch from one chan- use case before or after a hike: exploring navigation, data downloading, storage, nel to another. the area and planning outdoor activities as and presentation. For instance, the map well as memorising and sharing the activi- can be oriented according to the walking Architecture ties. The web map user interface aims at direction of the user, stored maps can be providing a complete tool to interact with viewed offline and data can be accessed We implemented the MenoMaps service the maps being delivered and it shares a through standardised Open Web Service according to the three-tier architectural similar design with the other channels. interfaces. In addition, map symbols can We applied the “minimalist” and “direct be used to deliver multimedia in a variety 1) The partners are: Nuuksiokeskus Ltd. manipulation” design paradigms to the of forms to the users, such as verbalising (Finnish Nature Centre), Folkhälsan Ut- bildning Ab (a sports institute), UpCode Ltd. user interface design, which make it easy to the environment in audio, presenting a (mobile datamatrix solutions), Tunturilatu use and spares the user a certain amount of scenic photo or playing back a video of a ry (an association for Finnish outdoor en- cognitive overload. possible target location. thusiasts), Karttakeskus Ltd. (map products We implemented the web map client We further developed the base as part and services), the City of Espoo, the City of application using Asynchronous JavaS- of the project and created an extension Helsinki, Metsähallitus (Natural Heritage cript and XML web technologies. We used specifically for the MenoMaps project. Services), the National Land Survey of Fin- HyperText Markup Language (HTML) for The extension adds a coherent visual land, AtlasArt Ltd. (a publishing company), creating the general website layout, the interface with the other publishing chan- Tracker Software Inc. (outdoor mobile solutions), Sito-group (infrastructure, appearance of which we defined using Cas- nels to the base application and allows the traffic and environmental services), and cading Style Sheets. The web map interac- UpCode data matrixes to be used to deliver Arbonaut Oy (GIS-solutions for forestry). tivity with the user has been produced with map data to the mobile media. In future

MenoMaps delivers maps for hikers from a single spatial data core through different channels: paper maps, a web map, a mobile map Spatial application, and a map application Data on a multi-touch screen. photos © finnish geodetic institute geodetic finnish © photos positio icc 2011 ▶ 11

Additional information, such as the considering the results of the usability current weather forecast for the area, evaluations during this process. The con- may be linked to the maps by UpCode sistency of the multi-publishing service is data matrix technology. one of the key issues to ensure and it is also one of the greatest challenges in designing multichannel services.

Welcome! database. In addition, we utilised the topo- graphical data sets from the National Land he final goal of the MenoMaps Survey of Finland at the scales of 1:25 000 project is – on top of the research and 1:100 000. challenges – to encourage citi- All of the maps designed for the Meno- zens of today’s technology soci- Maps consisted of information at two ety to find their way to the rec- photo © finnish geodetic institute geodetic finnish © photo levels: 1) static background maps and 2) reationalT activities in nature and to have dynamic thematic contents, including hik- fun. If you pass through Helsinki during ing routes and point-of-interest (POI) data. autumn 2012, you are welcome to visit releases, the extension will be extended, We stored all of the background maps on Nuuksio Nature Centre and to see how the for instance, to deliver data for the other the server as raster data, while making MenoMaps meets this challenge! And if you publishing channels, such as photographs the overlaid thematic content available cannot come to Finland, you may still go to of visited places. as vector data. We developed the design the Internet and click on the MenoMaps of the vector data to fit together with the web map (www.fgi.fi, available August 2012) Multi-touch screen background maps. with soundscapes: you will hear birds sing- In the design core, we fixed the use ing in Nuuksio National Park. ◀ The MenoMaps map application is also of six scale levels for the web maps being implemented on a multi-touch (1:1 500 – 1:48000) to be able to cover the screen. This is a natural user interface full visualisation potential of the avail- where the fingers of users act as input to able data sets, to satisfy the expected user the system, much like a mouse and key- needs of the national park visitors and to board would on a traditional computer. serve as the starting point for adapting the When users touch the screen surface, the design to the other channels. Furthermore, multi-touch screen recognizes the users’ related to the use contexts (generic, hiking, finger movements as gestures. These ges- biking, skiing), we created the design for tures can be used to control the interface several map types, which we named the Authors directly and intuitively. The users can, for “Topographic map”, the “Relief map”, the Professor Tapani Sarjakoski, Head of example, move, rotate and scale pictures “Forest map”, the “Orthophoto maps” and Dept., MenoMaps project leader, Finnish just by touching them or complete more the “Winter map”. Geodetic Institute, Department of Geoin- challenging tasks, depending upon the formatics and Cartography application logic. A multi-touch screen Usability testing MenoMaps Project Group: has the advantage of not limiting the + at the Finnish Geodetic Institute, Depart- number of touch points on the screen e have conducted usabil- ment of Geoinformatics and Cartography surface, which means that, theoretically, ity evaluations accord- Dr. L. Tiina Sarjakoski, Chief Research any number of users can interact with the ing to the user-centred Scientist, MenoMaps project manager interface at the same time. Multiple users, design approach for the Dr. Juha Oksanen, Specialist Research using several different fingers for input, web map application, the Scientist present many challenges for the map inter- mobileW map application on an iPhone and Hanna-Marika Flink, Research Scientist face design, such as non-linear workflows. printed maps. We evaluated the printed Pyry Kettunen, Senior Research Scientist Janne Kovanen, Senior Research Scientist maps by utilising questionnaires that Jaakko Kähkönen, Senior Research Scientist MenoMaps maps were distributed to an information centre Mari Laakso, Senior Research Scientist in Nuuksio National Park. Three of the Ulla Pyysalo, Specialist Research Scientist We have utilised the FGI’s test environ- maps accompanying the questionnaire Mikko Rönneberg, Research Scientist ment for ubiquitous geospatial services were test maps created at the FGI and one Friederike Schwarzbach, Research As- for the project. The environment includes of the maps was part of a “Karttakeskus sistant various spatial datasets and covers Nuuk- Nuuksio-Luukkaa outdoor map” available sio National Park and the adjacent outdoor on the market. We received a total of 538 + at Aalto University, School of Art and Design, the Department of Design areas. The data core for the MenoMaps ser- completed questionnaires, and we are Jari-Pekka Kola, research assistant, vice includes the FGI’s LIDAR point cloud, still in the process of conducting the final Salu Ylirisku, design researcher LIDAR DEMs with a resolution of 1 – 10 m, analysis. The MenoMaps multi-publishing real- and false-colour orthophotos with a service, as well as the different channels, Contact resolution of 0.2 m, and a GPS-based trail is being further developed, and we are [email protected] 12 ◀ positio icc 2011

▶ Kerkko Vanhanen Open interface of Journey Planner encourages application development Journey Planner has served users of public transport in Helsinki region already for a decade. It serves tens of thousands route requests daily. A parallel service is helping cyclists to find suitable routes, and new applications are emerging now that an open access to the data is provided for developers.

Competition of mobile apps he Journey Planner is a service for users of pub- lic transport in the Helsinki region (Helsinki, n spring 2011, HRT organized a mobile service TEspoo, Kauniainen, Vantaa, Kerava and Kirkko- competition. The aim of the competition was to nummi) providing the users with intermodal door- Idevelop services for users of mobile devices that to-door routing. The service is based on timetable encourage them to cycle, walk and use public trans- data including bus, metro and commuter trains with port. Competition entries could be almost anything information on both sudden and anticipated route from a sensible and efficient aid for weekday travel and timetable changes; all street addresses in the to a game inspiring people to embark on an urban region and plenty of other place names; and routes adventure. Entries could be services and applica- including the pedestrian access to stops and stations. tions working on mobile devices that were already The service is maintained by Helsinki Region Trans- in use, ones that were developed especially for the port (HRT) at www.reittiopas.fi/en. competition, or ones that were still in the demo stage. The only requirement was that the timetable Attraction to public transport and route information must be based on the data provided by HRT’s APIs. n efficient traffic system is a necessary con- The competition also sought to find new insights dition for the vitality of Helsinki region into how applications should work and what kinds Awhere traffic levels have been increasing of advanced technical solutions the participants both within the metropolitan area and between have utilized. At least the following trends are the surrounding municipalities. A key factor in discernible in the development of HRT's electronic ensuring the smooth flow of traffic is that as many services: personal location and location of vehicles, people as possible use public transport. Thus, public the use of real-time information, authentication and transport should be made as viable and attractive as payment. There were no separate categories in the possible to residents, commuters as well as visitors competition but the panel of judges sought to award to the area. entries made for different purposes and in different A large part of the 1.3 million inhabitants of Hel- stages of development in a balanced manner. Kerkko Vanhanen works as the head sinki region are potential users of public transport Using public transport routes always include of the development and, thus, of the Journey Planner. When develop- walking or cycling. Including other modes of team of Journey ing information services, one has to think about transport to public transport routing helps users to Planner in Helsinki how to adapt the solution for a large number of manage all the stages of their journeys. HRT wants Region Transport. users as well as for different devices, and how to to promote low-emission transport and encourage achieve the highest user potential for the service. people to cycle and walk. Contact On the other hand, it is important to meet indi- HRT supports the development of services that [email protected] vidual user needs. combine information provided by users. An open positio icc 2011 ▶ 13

operating environment makes it possible to link the routing to other information. A journey always has a purpose. It can be related, for example, to an interesting place or event. Information provided by other users can facilitate the route choice or make the journey more enjoyable.

Open Journey Planner interface

RT grants access rights to the Journey Plan- ner interface for development and test use Hprovided that the new application promotes public transport and availability of passenger information. The development and test use of the interfaces is free of charge. Commercial use of the interface has to be negotiated separately. At the moment, there are two possible ways to access the timetable and route data: ▶ HTTP GET interface which gives a response in XML format ▶ Nationally specified XML database dump file which carries all data in a single file.

In most queries, it is possible to limit the values in the response with URL parameters, and for exam- ple, the coordinate system and language used in the response can be selected. The API server has the most recent timetable data provided by HRT. Due to security and load reasons the API server has been separated from other parts of the Journey Planner system. However, the API server is automatically updated with new data simultaneously with the other parts. The timetable data is updated weekly. ◀ ntero A altonen A ntero © photo

Walking and cycling routes from Journey Planner

The Journey Planner provides you with the best cycling routes in Helsinki region. Whether the best route is the shortest one or a route via you favourite places is up to you. The Planner also tells your energy consumption during the journey expressed as pieces of chocolate.

The Journey Planner for Cycling and walking is available in par- In addition to finding routes, the Journey Planner tells you how allel with the Journey Planner of public transport at http://pk.hsl. many calories you burn during the journey. The energy con- fi/en/. You can search for routes by clicking a place on the map sumption is expressed as pieces of chocolate. The “chocolate or by entering a street address and you can define points along calculator” tells your energy consumption during a journey made the route via which you want to go. Where possible, the suggest- on foot or by bike. Energy consumption is calculated for a 70 kg ed route follows pedestrian and cycle paths. You can also search person so that cycling burns 25 kilocalories per kilometre and for routes that favour asphalt or gravelled roads. The route is walking 50 kilocalories per kilometre. One piece of chocolate (10 shown on a map or a satellite image. g) is estimated to have 52 kcal.

Cafes and steep hills The number of users has been steadily increasing. Last sum- In addition to routes, the service provides you with lots of other mer the number of users was 10 000 on the busiest days and on useful information. You can, for example, view national cycling average there were 5 000 – 6 000 daily users. routes, the entire route network of the Helsinki metropolitan area presented on an outdoor map, sports venues, steep hills, cafes and lodges, construction sites and traffic signals. 14 ◀ positio icc 2011

▶ Laura Ertimo

Navigating the Baltic Sea labyrinth

Thanks to its geologic history Baltic Sea has one of the world’s most beautiful and yet treacherous archipelagos. This makes navigation in the area a challenge, as well to merchant ships and SAR vessels as to the hundreds of thousands of leisure boaters that sail through our short summer. Loisto is trying to ease the challenge by versatile functions and vector maps in various navigation programs.

Laura Ertimo is a geographer working at Karttakeskus Oy as a product manager.

Contact laura.ertimo @karttakeskus.fi positio icc 2011 ▶ 15

– Loisto software finds you a safe route

ast few Ice Ages have formed a basin with labyrinthine rocky shores and relatively shallow waters between Finland, Sweden and the Baltic countries and their major ports. These conditions form a geographical setting for both merchant shipping and utility traffic as well as yachting. Navigational conditions in Finnish waters differ highly from those on e.g. Mediterranean or North Sea areas and Lrequirements for both map data and navigation programs are particular. In comparison with larger seas with strong currents and tidal waves to consider, seafaring in the Baltic Sea is mostly about navigating to avoiding islets and rocks underwater. Loisto navigation programs are designed to meet these special conditions.

Loisto software for pros and enthusiasts

annu Säles, the creator of Loisto navigation software, started out with a strong programming background, experience in leisure boating and an order from The Finnish Maritime Administra- tion. In 1994, he was asked to create a program to aid the maintaining and improving of fairways. At the beginning of 2011 Hannu Säles sold Loisto software making Karttakeskus the developer andH distributor of Loisto programs. There are 8 200 kilometers of coastal fairways and 8 000 kilometers of inland waterways with over 33 000 aids to navigation – that is lighthouses, beacons, buoys and such to maintain. Every year ice shield covering most of the Finnish waters moves and damages these crucial aids and makes maintenance both time-consuming and expensive. The most versatile of Loisto programs, Iso Loisto, is made for professional use for the maintenance of ports and fairways. Other professional users of Loisto software include members of The Finnish Lifeboat Institution. Iso Loisto and Uusi Loisto programs are installed in computers on board on over 100 SAR vessels. These pro- grams provide several special functions designed for rescuing purposes. They include the generation of search and rescue patterns for rescue vessels and helicopters as well as the generation of night navigation k shutterstoc © © photo 16 ◀ positio icc 2011

notations from an automatically created WGS84 vector data in the modern INT-FI cal data is added to marine chart shallow route plan. format allows versatile functions such as ridges and reed beds appear more clearly. Although Loisto programs were ini- automatic routing on waterways, specific The combination of topographical and tially designed for professional use there information on aids of navigation and other marine chart data is visualized emphasiz- is a growing group of leisure boaters, chart objects, and adjusting chart display ing the marine chart data. recreational fishers and sailors using Uusi options. Many boaters find it easier to read Loisto and the newest addition to Loisto Loisto maps that have the same colors as Automatic routing along waterways hanks to the high quality of INT-FI marine chart vector data, Loisto programs are able to auto- matically route a vessel from a givenT point to any destination along the waterway network within the Finnish ter- ritorial waters. This is an option familiar to all users of car navigation systems but far less known in marine conditions. In chart plotters tracks are created manually point by point. Loisto programs create routes simply between a starting point and a destination and variations for different weather conditions are easy to check by just adding a point on the route. In Uusi Loisto, routing can be modified to suite the vessel in use by giving its draft and so the program will only use deep

© karttakeskus © enough waterways. Users can add their own routes to the route network and include them in automatic routing. Routing options are also applicable on mainland. All Loisto SCREENSHOT map packages include Digiroad ® dataset Combining marine chart and topographical data. This screenshot of Tasku Loisto II route for the Finnish roads. planning view gives an idea of the advantages in combined map data. There is a plain The datasets for Loisto programs cover marine chart on the left hand side and the combination on the right. Combining data is no all the Finnish territorial waters and those news in geoinformatics but it is rarely seen in navigation programs. navigable lakes that are charted by the Finnish Transport Agency’s Maritime Ser- family Tasku Loisto II. The basic elements printed sea charts in comparison to chart vices. Topographic data covers all Finland. of Loisto programs are visual and digital plotter maps that tend to have the opposite In addition to the Finnish data, there are positioning (when connected to GPS color schemes. marine chart datasets also for Estonia and device), two to four parallel map views INT-FI data provides more elaborate Sweden. ◀ with different scales, map data or content information for small vessels and leisure and route planning options. Uusi Loisto boating that use shallow waterways and and Iso Loisto programs can be connected move also off fairways than data produced ▶ Karttakeskus Oy is a Finnish geo- to self-steering gear, compass, radar and within S57 standard for large merchant information company that provides anemometer, for instance. When con- shipping vessels. Loisto programs also have GIS software solutions, outsource nected to required devices Uusi Loisto a unique option to combine marine chart services, GIS consultation, spatial data produces data about sailboats performance data with the topographical vector data and a large variety of domestic, foreign and diverse log information. from The National Land Survey of Finland and customized map products. in order to create even a more detailed ▶ Iso Loisto and Uusi Loisto are versatile Combining marine chart and picture of the coastal areas. This is one of navigation programs for PC/iMac users. topographical data the features cherished by the SAR troops ▶ Tasku Loisto II is easy-to-use multi- as they need to be able to move where ever platform software that operates in ne of the key elements that set help is called for. Windows CE and Symbian systems Loisto programs apart from The combination of a marine chart as well as in ordinary Windows chart plotters and other naviga- and topographical data can be viewed as a environments. tion programs is the high qual- safety issue. Vessels have to be able to give ▶ The name Loisto stands for “Sector ityO of the map data. The data for the Finnish way to each other and move away from the Light” in Finnish, so Iso Loisto is “Big territorial waters is obtained from the Finn- fairways which can prove to be hazardous SL”, Uusi Loisto is “New SL” and Tasku ish Transport Agency’s Maritime Services. on narrow channels. When topographi- Loisto is “Pocket SL”. positio icc 2011 ▶ 17

▶ Veijo Pätynen & Riitta Sairinen Piekka generalizes topographic data for small scale maps An application for vector-based generalization of geographic data was developed at the National Land Survey of Finland and has been used for the production of small scale maps for a couple of years now. The quality of map databases as well as the efficiency of the production process is well improved.

ntil 2006, the production of The whole generalization process is The Piekka application contains all digital small scale maps at the done in vector format. The tools can be necessary generalization tools for the National Land Survey of Fin- used for the generalization of different selection, simplification, combination, land was organized as separate scales after the parameters of a desired collapse, typification and enhancement productionU lines of each map scale. The generalization step have been defined. of points, lines and polygons. The tools 1:100 000 scale map was generalized from are listed in Table 1 below. They include the Topographic Database of 1:10 000, tools for both automated and interactive but the rest were scanned and vectorized Selection by editing. from printed maps. The needs of the cus- ▶ Attributes of features tomers of that time were fulfilled, but the ▶ Length or size Parameters control the generalization suitability of the produced digital maps Grouping together for present-day needs would have been ▶ Reclassify attribute values he parameters of the generaliza- inadequate. tion steps are based on the mini- Collapsing feature type mum sizes or widths of objects or ▶ Polygon à line the minimum distances between A far automated process ▶ Polygon à point Tobjects, depending on the desired scale ▶ Line à point he development project of the new of generalized data. All parameters for production system was carried Eliminate smaller than regional minimum controlling the generalization process are out in 2003 – 2006. Three system Model-based river network selection pre-defined and stored into the tables of designers and three application a separate control database. This ensures Tdevelopers worked in the project that cre- Line fusion and line merge that all data are generalized in the same ated the generalization application called Polygon aggregation (fusion, merge) way and the users of the system cannot Piekka. The basic idea of the production using control rules use wrong parameter values by mistake. system was to avoid interactive work on Removing branch lines under minimum Many functions of the Piekka application the generalization and to use automation length are based on finding and exploiting the whenever it is possible. The production center lines of polygons; Delaunay triangu- process is general in a sense that it is not Simplification lation is applied to find these center lines. intended for any specific map portrayal. ▶ Simplify bends For instance, there is a tool for collapsing The generalization application is based ▶ Straighten twists narrow rivers represented by polygons to on ArcGis by ESRI. The ArcObjects tech- Displacement of buildings lying near lines. This tool finds narrow sections of river nology provides a wide component library road line polygons, automatically creates the center for developing your own generalization ▶ Move from nearest lines and connects lines to tributaries, and tools. The tools in Piekka are developed ▶ Move to nearest then deletes the redundant river polygons. using Visual Basic and C# scripts and Typification of dense building This is shown step-wise in Figure 1. integrated into an ArcMap application. The clusters (maintain the general pattern The tools for polygon aggregation, espe- database format is ArcGis FileGeodatabase. of buildings shown in their approximate cially, are very versatile. All the different In the database, the topological relation- locations) classes of land cover (agricultural areas, ships between features are maintained rocky areas, wetlands, etc.) can be general- with ArcGis topology tools. Table 1: The generalization tools of Piekka. ized in the same process as the application maps © national land survey of finland 2011 by stage from the original datato the generalisedpolygons. by stagefromtheoriginal process oflandcoverdatashownstage Figure 2.Thegeneralization Figure 1. Step-wise collapse of narrow river polygons. Figure 1.Step-wisecollapseofnarrowriver 18

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positio icc 2011 ▶ 19

controls the priority and processing rules graphic data about the Finnish topogra- of different area classes. The rules for con- phy corresponding the scale of 1:10 000. trolling the process are pre-defined and In the first phase, the 1:100 000 scale map stored into a separate table of the control database was produced. The full coverage database. of Finland, 390 000 km2, was achieved The different types of rules are: at the end of 2009. The production con- ▶ Priority rules tinued with the 1:250 000 scale map Specifying the importance of features database that was generalized from the ▶ Geometry rules 1:100 000 scale data. This database was Concerning distance, size, or shape completed at the end of 2010. Produc- ▶ Blocking rules tion continues with the map databases Preventing areas to spread over certain of scales 1:1 million and 1:4.5 million. Veijo Pätynen works areas Around 10 operators are involved in the as a Senior Application ▶ Similarity rules production. Specialist and Riitta Allowing fusion of similar features Efficiency of the new process is Sairinen as an Expert in the Development Centre remarkably better than that of the old of the National Land Figure 2 shows the stages of the gen- production system. The Piekka applica- Survey of Finland. eralization process of areas in different tion enables the establishing of homoge- classes of land cover. neous, high-quality small scale databases Contact that cover whole Finland. The applica- [email protected] Two map databases tion can be used for the generalization [email protected] are produced already of different scales just by defining the parameters. The Piekka application in its he source data for the gener- current form is intended for the creation alization is derived from the of databases. Development work for an Topographic Database that incor- appropriate maintenance system of these T porates the most accurate geo- databases is still to be done. ◀

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SwedishSwedish militarymilitary mappingmapping inin FinlandFinland 1776–18051776–1805 S weden of iv es Arch ry Milita © m ap positio icc 2011 ▶ 21

▶ Erkki-Sakari Harju

Topographic maps of the scales from 1:20 000 to 1:160 000 have been found in the Military Archives of Sweden, and research on them is now giving new information about the 18th century mapping of Finland.

he Swedish military carried out a 3–4 fair drawn and colored maps per one sheet large military mapping in Finland were produced. The sheet division system based on during the years 1776–1805. This the map sheets on the scale of 1:20 000. The origin mapping is not at all well known, one located at the Svartholm fortress close to Loviisa reason perhaps being that practically and extended from there as a rectangular system all maps that are left are located in to West and East and to North. Stockholm, Sweden, in the Military Archives. Now In 1790, the mapping area was extended to cover theT maps have been found again and the research the coastal areas of the Gulf of Finland. Gustaf III on them has started. had modernized his navy with ships that were capa- Large scale topographic maps were found very ble of moving in the shallow waters of the archi- important in the military operations of Sweden dur- pelago. These ships needed exact maps from the ing the 18th century. The art of map making had been shoaly waters that are typical in the archipelago. By learnt during the era of Sweden as a Great Power 1796, the coastal waters were mapped and plumbed from Middle-Europe, mainly from Germany and from the mouth of the river Kymijoki to the Pork- France. The production of military maps was based kala peninsula on the scale of 1:20 000. on the updating of civilian, mainly cadastral maps, The field work was completed on manuscripts of with the important military objects. 1:20 000 scale. For the military purposes the manu- The military mapping in Finland started on 7th scripts were updated with roads, settlements and August 1776 by the order of King Gustaf III. The names. Maps were fair drawn and coloured and filed primary area of the mapping was in southern Fin- in the Drawing Office of the Southern Mapping Area land, the lands west from the river Kymijoki that in Helsinki or in the similar office of the Northern was then the border to Russia. Colonel Fredrik Mapping Area in Kuopio. One set of the maps was Jakob Nordencreutz was ordered as the chief of sent to Stockholm to the Map Archives of the King. this mapping area. The other mapping area was in When Sweden had lost the war against Russia, Savo, where Colonel Göran Magnus Sprengtporten in the Peace Pact of Hamina on 17th September 1809 had started the mapping of Savo and Carelia areas Sweden was ordered to deliver to Russia all military without an order from the king. In 1781, the map- maps covering Finland. Maps were delivered, but ping areas were incorporated and Colonel Carl not all of them. A part of the maps was still in the Nathanael af Klercker was nominated as the chief. Map Archives of the King, from where they were The mapping area was enlarged and was now over later moved to the Military Archives of Sweden. Due 110 000 km² extending from the Bothnian Bay to to the deliveries to Russia, the map series are not Lake Ladoga and from the Gulf of Finland to the line complete. For example, the Southern Mapping area of Pori – Tampere – Jyväskylä – Kuopio – Joensuu. is covered both with the 1:20 000 and 1:40 000 scale The military mapping produced map series in maps, but the northern area only with 1:20 000 a standard sheet division system on the scales of scale maps. Only one third of these maps are fair 1:20 000, 1:40 000, 1:80 000 and 1:160 000. In addi- drawn, the remaining area is in the stage of manu- tion, the officers produced special maps of objects scripts or maps are missing. The only uniform map with military interest on the scales of 1:4 000– series that covers the entire mapping area is the 1:10 000. A special group of maps were the recon- road map of 1:160 000 naissance maps from Russia. The volume of the scale. Only one set of maps was remarkable as the number of map sheets this map has remained. Surveyor Counsellor Erkki-Sakari Harju of 1:20 000 and 1:40 000 scales was approximately It consisting of nine retired from 1250 and the number of map sheets of 1:160 000 map sheet assemblies Karttakeskus in 2009. scale was 64. The maps were not printed; normally glued on linen cloth. ◀ Contact Part of the mapsheet XXVIII of Savo region in the scale of 1:20 000. erkki-sakari.harju The original mapsheet belongs to the Military Archieves of Sweden. @kolumbus.fi

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ArcGis_online_Positio_kv_05_2011.indd 1 5/23/2011 2:38:04 PM positio icc 2011 ▶ 23

Building up spatial data infra- structure

Easy access, common reference frame, standard interfaces. Assessment and cooperation. 24 ◀ positio icc 2011

▶ Risto Nuuros Opening access to spatial data Public administration possesses data that should be opened to the public and be reusable free of charge. Suggestions of this kind have gained support in the discussions about social development and in international connections. The National Land Survey has opened some of its datasets to gain experience for further actions.

he role of information as a basic infrastruc- The government believes this to promote innova- ture is included as one of the themes in the tion activities, the development of digital products, new national strategy of information society services and markets as well as the efficiency, impact T in Finland. The EU commission requires and transparency of public administration and citi- measures of the member states to improve the uti- zens’ participation in decision-making. Promises are lisation of the potential of public data. The enhance- made to develop an open data infrastructure and ment of open data is considered as an important maintain it by providing long-term funding. The new element in the development of information implementation of the resolution will be assessed society in Finland as well as in Europe. in the government programme drawn up after the parliament election held this spring. Keen discussions Progress is slow? pen data is a widely discussed topic. The issue of open data is currently on the patial data is an essential subject in this agenda of several administrative working discussion. The PSI (Public Sector Informa- Ogroups in Finland. Discussions are essential tion) and INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial in order to achieve a common understanding, but as SInformation in the European Community) an extensive network of actors is involved, the com- directives and their national implementation play mon decision-making becomes time-consuming. At an important part. However, open data is not a new the same time, the Ministry of Transport and Com- subject as such. When discussions about the shared munications has published a guidebook on public use of spatial data started in 1980’s, the possibility data, which aims to explain how data resources can of freely available data was debated. A firm belief is be opened up in a controlled manner. that sharing data held by the public sector free of Also the government is doing its share and has charge is advantageous on the whole, but it is rather promised to define the policies that allow opening based on opinion than on facts. Some studies have the information held by the public sector without been carried out over the years that have resulted jeopardising data protection. For this, the Council in various effective estimates and there are a few of State has given a resolution on improving the examples at the international level. Open data still availability and promoting the reuse of public sec- seems to strongly divide opinions. tor information resources. The aim is that digital The progress of opening data has been slow information resources become openly available and partly due to the fact that after the previous eco- reusable under clear and common terms of use that nomic recession a model was created to increase are equal to all. cost awareness and understanding of the fact that Nordkapp Gamvik Honningsvåg Havöysund Kjöllefjord Berlevåg NORSKEHAVET HAMMERFEST Kåfjord Tanafjorden NORJANMERI Porsangerhalvöya Laksefjorden Båtsfjord Söröyä Hasvik Kvalsund Lebesby VARDÖ Seiland Porsangen BARENTSEVO MORE Lopphavet Öksfjord Varangerhalvöya BARENTSINMERI Vanna Arnöy Tana Nesseby Skjervöy VADSÖ Ringvassöy Hansnes Nuorgam Alteidet Lakselv a n Varangerfjorden ALTA Ta Rastegai`sa Nordreisa o Utsjoki TROMSÖ Lyngen A n Rybatsi poluostrov l t e a T Neiden e KIRKENES Kalastajasaarento Kåfjord l Liinahamari Gryllefjord Lyngen va Jiesjavvre Motovski zaliv Andenes Lyngen Paistunturit Petsenga Petsamo (Muotkavuono) Senja Masi Storsteinnes Skibotn Karasjok ZAPOLJARNYI Andöya Sevettijärvi Myre Finnsnes Halti NIKEL Storfjord Karigasniemi Bidjovagge Teriberka Andselv Suosjavrre POLJARNYI Straumsjöen Muotkatunturit Partakko Salangen Langöya HARSTAD Kilpisjärvi Nyrud SEVEROMORSK

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i Zasejek Uddjaur k ijo Yli-Kitka Rukatunturi Nuorunen Pjaozero Louhi Morjärv m e Pääjärvi K Karunki Tervola Posio 100 Ambarnyi Kestenga Storavan HAPARANDA KUUSAMO Kiestinki BODEN Töre Haaparanta TORNIO Ranua Topozero Älvsbyn Kalix Keminmaa Arvidsjaur i Sorsele k Iivaara Tuoppajärvi Borkan KEMI jo Tungozero o 110 im LULEÅ Simo S Oijärvi Iso-Syöte Kuivaniemi Stornäs Taivalkoski Pongoma Malå Storuman PUDASJÄRVI Hossa PITEÅ Ii Iijoki Kalevala PERÄMERI Yli-Ii Kepa (Uhtua) Somba Jörn Voinitsa Juma Haukipudas Juntusranta Kuito ozero BOTTENVIKEN Näljänkä Vuonninen Kuittijärvet Kiiminki Kiantajärvi Norsjö Boliden Hailuoto Vilhelmina Oulunsalo OULU Ylikiiminki Voknavolok Vuokkiniemi em Kempele Suomussalmi K LYCKSELE SKELLEFTEÅ Puolanka Siikajoki Muhos Liminka Å n Utajärvi Jyskyjärvi g e U Hyrynsalmi Dorotea m Burträsk rm Ruukki a e RAAHE n ä Vaala ä lv lve e S KOSTOMUKSA n i n Pyhäjoki Vihanti ika Rantsila Pusnoi Paltamo Ristijärvi Kostamus jo Åsele k Oulujärvi Vindeln i Lentiira Kestilä 122 Fredrika Robertsfors KALAJOKI Strömsund OULAINEN Pulkkila KAJAANI Rugozero Vuolijoki Bjurholm HAAPAVESI positioRuka iccjärvi 2011 ▶ 25 Otanmäki Sotkamo Lohtaja Himanka YLIVIESKA Pyhäntä KUHMO Junsele Vännäs KOKKOLA KANNUS Mujezerski Ondozero UMEÅ Kärsämäki Muujärvi KARLEBY Sievi NIVALA K Reboly a la Repola JAKOBSTAD jo HAAPAJÄRVI Sukeva Mellansel Toholampi ki Vieremä Mazlozero Nordmaling PIETARSAARI Valtimo KIURUVESI Voijärvi NYKARLEBY Pedersöre Reisjärvi Sonkajärvi Kaustinen NURMES UUSIKAARLEPYY PYHÄJÄRVI always someone has to pens. Some experiments are already being carried Veteli Lestijärvi IISALMI Björköby Rautavaara ÖRNSKÖLDSVIK Oravais pay the costs. Presently, out in FinlandL inend variousery administrative sectors. The SOLLEFTEÅ Lentiera Padany Bispgården Oravainen Kinnula Pihtipudas the public is aware that National Land Survey (NLS) has recently opened Kortesjärvi Lapinlahti LIEKSA VAASA Alahärmä Lappajärvi the dataJu uheldka byPiel intheen the place name register and the one-to-one million KRAMFORS Perho Keitele Pielavesi NILSIÄ In VASA KAUHAVA d Vimpeli public sector is not free scale datasets to be freely used in business and by a Kivijärvi lsä Isokyrö Lappajärvi Maaninka Malax Kyyjärvi VIITASAARI of Jcharge,UANKOS KbutI if desired,Koli citizens with extensive rights of use. The NLS has lve Ylistaro Koitere Maalahti LAPUA Siilinjärvi n Laihia Kaavi Kannonkoski can be made available offered the Citizen’s MapSite, a service forJus tviewingozero Lj ALAJÄRVI Tervo Hattuvaara un HÄRNÖSAND Korsnäs Polvijärvi ga SEINÄJOKI Kuortane Soini Keitele KUOPIOto free use. Several data Emapsno free of charge, for about 15 years. The public n Timrå Karstula Tuusniemi Porosozero Konginkangas Jurva Ilmajoki systems are created on sector authoritiesIlomantsi are able to usePor athejärvi datasets of SAARIJÄRVI OUTOKUMPU Kuolismaa SUNDSVALL NÄRPES KURIKKA Rautalampi ALAVUS ÄÄNEKOSKI the basis of current dataJO ENStheUU NLS free of charge when carrying out official NÄRPIÖ Teuva POHJANLAHTI ÄHTÄRI Konnevesi SUONENJOKI and their principles of duties. The NLS also has experience of providing the KASKINEN Leppävirta Liperi Tuupovaara Jalasjärvi SUOLAHTI KASKÖ Multia use. Changes of these cause additional work and municipalities with a chance to use its datasets free BOTTNISKA VIKEN Uurainen Heinävesi Pyhäselkä KAUHAJOKI Laukaa Hankasalmi Naistenjärvi KRISTINESTAD need for structural changes.VARKAUS Besides, it is difficultRääkky läto of charge for a fixed period of time. The use of data Haapamäki KEURUU Tolvajärvi Ljusdal KRISTIINANKAUPUNKI Kihniö JYVÄSgiveKYL Äup and change established procedures. Tresourcesohmajärvi increases continuously. For instance, in Isojoki LauhanvuoriKarvia VIRRAT Petäjävesi PIEKSÄMÄKI Joroinen Värtsilä SUOJÄRVI Muurame 2010, the increase was 10 per cent. Honkajoki Enonkoski KITEE Sjamozero HUDIKSVALL PARKANO Vilppula TheJän iideasjärvi to expand the range of open data to spa- L MÄNTTÄ KorpilahtOnwardi Kangasn iewithmi pilot projects Rantasalmi Loimola j u Merikarvia Suistamo sn Ruovesi Haukivuori Kerimäki tial datasets is incorporated in the resolution of the a Kuru JÄMSÄNKOSKI Juva Ruskeala n Näsijärvi JÄMSÄ o far, the assessments of open data are Council of State. Related to this, the NLS is currently KANKAANPÄÄ SAVONLINNA Kolatselga SELKÄMERI Noormarkku IKAALINEN Luhanka merelyPuula indicative. The use continues to establishing in collaboration with the Ministry of BOLLNÄS ORIVESI Joutsa Punkaharju Hämeenkyrö SORTAVALA Lavia Päijänne increase inMI Kadministration,KELI and businesses Agriculture and ForestryPITKÄRA NwhetherTA the basic map SÖDERHAMN BOTTENHAVET YLÖJÄRVI PORI NOKIA TAMPERE Kuhmoinen Hartola provide product ideas on how toPa utiliserikkala free dataLAH inDE NrasterPOHJA form could be opened up in the near Ristiina Puumala Luvia ULVILA 78 S Rautjärvi Salmi Kangasala Sysmä Saimadata.a Final decisions on future underV amorelaam open policy on pricing and con- HARJAVALTA VAMMALA Mäntyharju Lempäälä Valamo Eurajoki Padasjoki openingRuo kdataolahti – from the ditions of use. Consequently, we could determine HUITTINEN Viiala VALKEAKOSKI RAUMA KOKEMÄKI Asikkala Savitaipresolutionale through the the effects of different alternatives in the pricing and Hauho HEINOLA IMATRA TOIJALA Eura Säkylä government programmeSVETOGORSK availability policies, as regards this one particular Pyhäjärvi Urjala Lammi Jaala JOUTSENO (Enso) PRIOZJORSK GÄVLE to legislation and budg- dataset entity. The working group OonLO pricingNETS policy HÄMEENLINNA LAPPEENRANTA (Käkisalmi) Yläne LAHTI Aunus UUSIKAUPUNKI LAITILA LOIMAA Nastola etary decisionsKAME –N NtakeOGOR SK set by the Ministry of Finance has not yet provided FORSSA Turenki i Oripää KUUSANKOSKI Luumäki time, perhaps even their final proposals. r KOUVOLA LADOZSKOJE OZERO yvä n Mynämäki Hausjärvi ORIMATTILA VYBORG S lve Åland years. However, it is not Loppi Losevo r alä RIIHIMÄKI Viipuri LAATOKKA D Tierp Ahvenanmaa Kustavi Aura Zitkovo vi SOMERO Miehikkappropriateälä to stay put V S RAISIO TURKU HYVINKÄÄ Mäntsälä Elimäki Readyuo toZa pproceedorozskoje Geta Pyhtää HAMINA ksi Sviritsa Brändö NAANTALI ÅBO KARKKILA VandYSO TwaitSK through the (Metsäpirtti) ÖSTHAMMAR PAIMIO JÄRVENPÄÄ Pyttis Finström Saltvik SALO Nurmijärvi KAARINA LOVIISA whole process. What Pise rvomaiskoje he basic map data is an entity of adequate Kumlinge PARGAS PORVOO KOTKA KERAVA PRIMORSK (Kivennapa) Hallstavik Eckerö Jomala PARAINEN KAUNIAINEN BORGÅ LOVISA now required is unprej- size for experimenting. It is one of the essen- VANTAA (Koivisto) UPPSALA Perniö LOHJA GRANKULLA udiced experimentation.ZELENOGOR SK Toktialsovo spatial data resources supporting the MARIEHAMN Korpo Nagu ESPOO VANDA (Terijoki) NOVAJA LADOGA Korppoo Nauvo MAARIANHAMINA Föglö Owing to wide public digital services of public administration, and KARIS ESBO HELSINKI SESTRORETSK NORRTÄLJE Kökar Dragsfjärd Kirkkonummi T KARJAA Kyrkslätt HELSINGFORdataS resources of good quality and technical know-PIETAforRI its part, forms the foundation of theVOL nationalHOV spa- EKENÄS how, Finland seems to be in a particularLOMON positionOSOV to tial data infrastructure. The topographic database, Kapellskär TAMMISAARI KIROVSK Vallentuna HANKO SUOMENLAHTIbecome a trendsetter as an openSOSN OdataVYI Bsociety.OR on which also the basic map is based, is compared

HANGÖ FINSKA VIKEN The government resolutionKurgolovo also encourages us to with the society’sKOLPINO basic registers inv the Act on data o PUSKIN h STOCKHOLM l continue. Along with its preparation it was stated: administration. o SÖDERTÄLJE TALLINN Loksa GATTSINA V TOSNO KIRISI TALLINNA ”Let’sK ulaunchnda pilot projects and follow experimentsHa tsina Publishing open data is in line with the stra- ITÄMERI already in progressKOHTLA-JÄ forRVE improving the reuse of dataVol osovotegic objectives of the NLS, which aim at making PALDISKI held by the public sector, making in particular the data resources available to be used widely and proceedings or tools for assembling and distributing increasingly by the public. Increased use means datasets and contents as well as opening and pro- that more impact is derived from the investments moting reuse of popular data resources (for instance made during decades on topographic data and KNR100_PK-seutu_2008.TXT Skatanniemi;Skatanniemi;1;suomi;345;Niemi;6676418;2565537;6677221;3399120;667441spatial and map data) the the entire topographic data system. As to the 8;398992;6676425;2565617;;;6677224;3399200;;;6674421;399072;;;0;;10;Universobjects of assessment”. NLS, required policies should be defined as soon 45;165;10;Musta;18;;091;Helsinki - Helsingfors;011;Helsinki - Helsingfors;01;Uusimaa - Nyland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;1;Etelä-Suomi - as possible and a common will among the dif- Södra Finland;203409D;19O4A2;L4133H1;1;Virallinen kieli;1;Enemmistön kieli;1;Maastotietokanta;10343049;40343049;70824734 NLS is already ferent actors should Mäntysaari;Mäntysaari;1;suomi;350;Saari;6671223;2546926;6672876;3380290;6670075; be found in order Risto Nuuros is the 380169;6671279;2547017;;;6672928;3380384;;;6670127;380263;;;0;;10;Universexperimenting Deputy Director General 45;165;10;Musta;18;;091;Helsinki - Helsingfors;011;Helsinki - to achieve desired Helsingfors;01;Uusimaa - Nyland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;1;Etelä-Suomi - responsible for Cadas- Södra Finland;203403C;19O4A1;L4133A2;1;Virallinen kieli;1;Enemmistönt is better to rely on results. The results kieli;1;Maastotietokanta;10342032;40342032;70824746 tre and Mapping at the Mustakupu;Mustakupu;1;suomi;350;Saari;6670238;2563948;6671119;3397252;6668319;39experiments rather must be assessed, National Land Survey of 7124;6670215;2564065;;;6671091;3397368;;;6668291;397240;;;0;;10;Univers 45;165;10;Musta;18;;091;Helsinki - Helsingfors;011;Helsinkithan - on mental and consequently Finland. Helsingfors;01;Uusimaa - Nyland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;1;Etelä-Suomiimages, to encourage - the use of map data Södra Finland;203409A;19O4A2;L4133E3;1;Virallinen kieli;1;Enemmistön kieli;1;Maastotietokanta;10342808;40342808;70824747 I Contact the utilisation of data has to reach the Ådholms Långgrund;Ådholms Långgrund;2;ruotsi;350;Saari;6669309;2546384;6670988;3379662;6668188;379541;6669and observe what hap- potential level. ◀ [email protected] 314;2546425;;;6670992;3379703;;;6668192;379582;;;0;;10;Univers pictures © national land survey of finland 2011 finland of survey land national © pictures 45;165;10;Musta;18;;049;Espoo - Esbo;011;Helsinki - Helsingfors;01;Uusimaa - Nyland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;203402D;19O3B2;L4131G3;1;Virallinen kieli;2;Vähemmistön kieli;1;Maastotietokanta;10341881;40341881;70824751 Svartholmen;Svartholmen;2;ruotsi;350;Saari;6668347;2541263;6670260;3374502;66674 60;374384;6668343;2541394;;;6670250;3374632;;;6667450;374514;;;0;;10;Univers 45;165;10;Musta;18;;049;Espoo - Esbo;011;Helsinki - Helsingfors;01;Uusimaa - Nyland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;203402B;19O3B2;L4131G1;1;Virallinen kieli;2;Vähemmistön kieli;1;Maastotietokanta;10341830;40341830;70824754 Träskholm;Träskholm;2;ruotsi;350;Saari;6667767;2542152;6669640;3375364;6666840;3 75245;6667707;2542215;;;6669577;3375424;;;6666777;375305;;;0;;10;Univers 45;165;10;Musta;18;;049;Espoo - Esbo;011;Helsinki - Helsingfors;01;Uusimaa - Nyland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;203402B;19O3B4;L4131G1;1;Virallinen kieli;2;Vähemmistön kieli;1;Maastotietokanta;10341844;40341844;70824755 Sipulipaasi;Sipulipaasi;1;suomi;350;Saari;6667459;2564033;6668339;3397211;666554 0;397083;6667441;2564135;;;6668316;3397312;;;6665517;397184;;;0;;10;Univers 45;165;10;Musta;18;;091;Helsinki - Helsingfors;011;Helsinki - Helsingfors;01;Uusimaa - Nyland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;203408B;19O4A4;K4244F4;1;Virallinen kieli;1;Enemmistön kieli;1;Maastotietokanta;10342768;40342768;70824756 Peninkarit;Peninkarit;1;suomi;350;Saari;6667041;2560167;6668097;3393329;6665298; 393203;6667052;2560257;;;6668104;3393420;;;6665305;393294;;;0;;10;Univers 45;165;10;Musta;18;;091;Helsinki - Helsingfors;011;Helsinki - Helsingfors;01;Uusimaa - Nyland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;203408B;19O4A4;K4244F2;1;Virallinen kieli;1;Enemmistön kieli;1;Maastotietokanta;10342771;40342771;70824757 Kuivakari;Kuivakari;1;suomi;350;Saari;6666903;2557729;6668070;3390887;6665271;39 0762;6667087;2557790;;;6668251;3390957;;;6665452;390832;;;0;;10;Univers 45;165;10;Musta;18;;091;Helsinki - Helsingfors;011;Helsinki - Helsingfors;01;Uusimaa - Nyland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;203405D;19O4A4;K4244D4;1;Virallinen kieli;1;Enemmistön kieli;1;Maastotietokanta;10342374;40342374;70824758 Louekari;Louekari;1;suomi;350;Saari;6665449;2548946;6667016;3382046;6664217;3819 25;6665458;2549027;;;6667021;3382128;;;6664222;382006;;;0;;10;Univers 45;165;10;Musta;18;;091;Helsinki - Helsingfors;011;Helsinki - Helsingfors;01;Uusimaa - Nyland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;203402D;19O4A3;K4244B2;1;Virallinen kieli;1;Enemmistön kieli;1;Maastotietokanta;10341904;40341904;70824761 Laakapaasi;Laakapaasi;1;suomi;350;Saari;6665099;2551917;6666531;3384999;6663732; 384876;6665244;2552007;;;6666672;3385095;;;6663873;384972;;;0;;10;Univers 45;165;10;Musta;18;;091;Helsinki - Helsingfors;011;Helsinki - Helsingfors;01;Uusimaa - Nyland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;1;Etelä-Suomi - Södra Finland;203405B;19O4A3;K4244B4;1;Virallinen kieli;1;Enemmistön kieli;1;Maastotietokanta;10342356;40342356;70824762 Länsitoukki;Länsitoukki;1;suomi;350;Saari;6665011;2563122;6665935;3396190;666313 Sivu 1 26 ◀ positio icc 2011

▶ Antti Rainio National Geoportal in the core of the spatial data infrastructure More than an overview of spatial datasets is available at the national geoportal of Finland. In addition to the basic services of geoportals, the Finnish portal enables design and publishing of embedded maps by building on the web service interfaces of many data providers at the national and local levels. Eventually, GIS is transforming little by little from systems to services.

he roots of the national geoportal in browsing of more than 150 different map developed further in order to reach better TFinland dates back to 1980’s when layers provided by 20 data suppliers. They flexibility and modularity. the first spatial data directory service include both national agencies and major To users, the spatial data infrastructure was released. In the mid 1990s, the Map cities. The maps are available in various manifests itself as data products available Site offering the browsing of topographic categories, such as terrain, real property, for reuse. The geoportal contains a schema maps was opened in the Internet and since soil, land use, and transport networks. In service that allows the browsing of data then the service has been one of the most addition to ordinary functionalities, the product specifications including their popular web sites in Finland with annual maps can be viewed as transparent layers xml-schemas. 100 million map searches. on top of each other. The National Geographic Information The view services are based on standard Embedded maps bring benefits Strategy 2005 – 2010 set the target for the web map service interfaces (WMS). In addi- implementation of a national geoportal. The tion, the portal enables standard web feature he geoportal allows users to design National Land Survey of Finland started a services (WFS) and browsing of features in Tembedded maps. Using the map pub- pilot project in 2008 and the pilot portal an integrated view where data are visualized lisher wizard, the user can choose back- was opened in July 2009. The pilot portal as maps and tables of attributes. The down- round maps or ortophotos and other map was available for about one year while the loading of data for reuse is coming available, layers to be included in the embedded map. national geoportal was under construction. but the availability of data products will Moreover, the publishers can customize The national geoportal of Finland, Paik- depend on licenses and user profiles. the map size and even select tools like an katietoikkuna in Finnish, was introduced in The map window client running in a index map, scale bar, address search etc. June 2010. The portal is composed of open browser is supported by the geoportal The usability is nurtured with the reliable source components and its development server that takes care of rights management principle “what you see is what you get”. continues by agile system development and visualization of features, for example. The development of the design interface methods so that several new functions have for publishers of embedded maps is chal- been released after the opening. Metadata is available for discovery lenging when the number of alternative map In November 2010, the portal won the layers increases. It is even more challenging Quality Innovation of the Year award in a etadata of spatial datasets have been to integrate in the interface some function- competition organized by the Excellence Mcollected in Finland at the national ality for analysis and visualizations that a Finland. level since 1985. Today, the creation of publisher may want to offer to end users. metadata is based on the international An easy-to-use map design service Map window for viewing data standards and the European implementing may stimulate partners to take benefit of rules. Now the metadata covers not only the spatial data infrastructure. Depend- he geoportal provides spatial data about 200 datasets but also some 30 service ing on the national data policy the Tdiscovery and view services as well as interfaces. benefits are guidelines for implementing the Inspire On the national geoportal, the browsing available for Antti Rainio is a senior directive and for building the national of the metadata is based on the standard a minor or advisor working on spatial data infrastructure. In addition, the Catalog Service for Web (CSW) interface, wider audi- spatial data infra- structure issues at the portal enables the publishing of embedded which allows all queries listed in the ence. Today National Land Survey maps. All the services are free of charge Inspire guidelines. The national meta- the technol- of Finland, Development which limits the supply of datasets to data service is implemented by applying ogy is not any Centre. some extent. GeoNetwork that is an open source code more a bar- Today, the map user interface is the library for the purpose. In 2010 in the Nor- rier to apply Contact most popular part of the portal offering the dic cooperation project, GeoNetwork was spatial data. ◀ [email protected] positio icc 2011 ▶ 27

INSPIRE in Finland

Legislation ▶ SDI law 17.6.2009, SDI act 12.10.2009 ▶ concerns 20 national agencies and all municipalities

National Council for Geographic Information ▶ representatives of seven ministries, municipalities and enterprises

National Inspire Network ▶ 300 experts, 140 organisations, 6 working groups

GEOPORTAL BUILT UP WITH OPEN SOURCE CODE National SDI strategy 2010 – 2015 screenshot © national land survey of finland 2011 finland of survey land national © screenshot ▶ high quality data, smooth cooperation, improving The Finnish geoportal is implemented by applying open source processes, research and training code libraries and the results of the development are available as open source code under EUPL or MIT licenses. The portal is Technical guidance based on the Liferay platform and the map window portlet is ▶ administrative recommendations on the built up mainly with the OpenLayers and the Ext Java Script spatial data sharing code libraries. 28 ◀ positio icc 2011

▶ Jaana Mäkelä GIS maturity model as a tool for developing the utilisation of spatial data Implementation of the INSPIRE directive enables the extensive use of spatial data. However, are the user organisations ready to take advantage? A GIS maturity model is a tool for the user organisations to measure their capabilities in the utilisation of spatial data resources and to set development targets.

Five levels of GIS maturity he implementation of the INSPIRE been actively involved in the devel- directive and the national spatial opment of the model. The testing of GIS maturity model can be used not Tdata infrastructures enable the and feedback on the model from pilot only to assess the current GIS matu- extensive use of spatial data both in pub- organisations have been invaluable in the Arity of an organisation but also to set lic organisations and in private companies. a target level for the future development. development. Organisations can improve decision mak- The content of our GIS maturity model ing, increase productivity or develop new Enabling and disabling factors is based on theories on maturity models, products and services by spatial data when systems thinking, systems intelligence, they get an easy access to the data. How- he SDI utilization group carried out and the results of the survey. The maturity ever, many factors in the organisations a survey that gave valuable infor- model embodies those key areas and sub- may hinder the utilisation of spatial data Tmation for the development of the areas that are identified to be meaningful in full extent. model. 86 public organisations that use to the development of GIS maturity. The capabilities of an organisation spatial data answered a questionnaire. The The maturity model takes into account can be assessed by a GIS maturity model. organisations were asked to name factors both the enabling capabilities and the A maturity model provides a formal that enable or disable the utilisation of execution abilities that are vital for the framework for the assessment. It defines spatial data in their activities. Almost half utilisation of spatial data. The key area of the levels of GIS maturity that describe of the respondents named the lack of both IT architecture includes sub-areas such as the capability of a user organisation to financial and human resources as the larg- spatial databases, applications and tech- utilise spatial data and related technol- est constraint. The second largest obstacle nologies that enable the use of spatial data. ogy in order to realise its business goals. was the lack of competence of employees The second key area processes and services The level of maturity has a direct impact in using spatial data in their duties. Also, the reveals how extensively an organisation on the extent of social and economic lack of information about the availability uses spatial data in internal processes or benefits that the organisation is able to and benefits of spatial data was named as in customer services. If the maturity of the achieve. an internal obstacle as were the uninter- third key area capability is high enough, We are developing a GIS maturity ested attitudes, old practises and lack of the organisation is able to execute its model at the Aalto University based on cooperation. vision of a spatially enabled entity. The IT maturity On the other hand, the respondents capability includes sub-areas such as lead- Jaana Mäkelä is models and named an enthusiastic atmosphere, ership, communication, competence, and preparing her doctoral research on employees’ skills and activeness and good cooperation. For example, human capa- thesis at Aalto Universi- what matters internal and external cooperation as ena- bility includes both the technical compe- ty about enhancing the in GIS matu- bling factors in the successful utilisation of tence of using spatial data and technology use of spatial informa- rity and its spatial data and services. All actions that and the will of promoting the utilisation of tion in complex systems. She worked over two evaluation. make the availability of spatial data easier spatial data to potential users. Cooperation decades in business of The SDI utili- were stated to increase the utilisation. means the capability of an organisation geoinformatics before sation group Many of the respondents stated that the both to cooperate internally and to net- returning to academia. of the Finn- support of management is a prerequisite work with different stakeholders. ish Inspire for the growth of the utilisation of spatial The model comprises five levels of Contact Network has data and technology. maturity. An organisation can increase its [email protected] positio icc 2011 ▶ 29

maturity from the ad hoc to coordinated “We have never discussed together and finally to the strategically optimised so much about the possibilities of Aalto University utilisation of spatial data. The maturity spatial data” model defines level by level those factors Established in 2010, the Aalto University in every sub-area that must come true. ix organisations that are members is a new university with centuries of ex- Some examples of the contents of the of the SDI utilisation group have perience. It was created from the merger maturity model: Stested the model and assessed their of three Finnish universities: The Helsinki ▶ Level 1 – The utilisation of spatial data GIS maturities. The detailed results of the School of Economics, Helsinki University is dependent on one or few enthusi- evaluation are not yet available, but the of Technology and The University of Art asts. (Human capability) general feedback from the organisations and Design Helsinki. ▶ Level 2 – The discussion about the has been very positive. Those who were benefits of spatial data is confined in charge of the GIS maturity assessment The combination of six schools, four of to one single line of business. (Com- founded out that the assessment process them representing technology opens munication) gave them a good reason to talk about up new possibilities for strong multi- ▶ Level 3 – The versatility of spatial data spatial data and technology with the disciplinary education and research. The has been identified. All processes in managers of business. One of them com- new university's ambitious goal is to be which spatial data are utilised or mented that “we have never discussed one of the leading institutions in the world could be utilised have been docu- together so much about the possibilities in terms of research and education in its mented. (Processes and services) of spatial data in our organisation”. At the own specialized disciplines. ▶ Level 4 – A strategic plan directs the same time, participants were astonished comprehensive use of spatial data in about how differently spatial data users, Teaching of cartography, geoinformatics, the organisation and the develop- spatial data professionals and managers geodesy, photogrammetry and remote ment of competence of the potential evaluated the level of maturity of certain sensing is given by the Dept. of Surveying users. (Leadership) sub-areas. in the School of Engineering, but research ▶ Level 5 – The organisation provides The Finnish Inspire Network is plan- relating to geoinformatics is wide spread user friendly ontology-based services ning to use the maturity model as a tool in the University. for spatial data discovery and assess- for measuring the development of the ment. (Spatial databases) national spatial infrastructure. Therefore, www.aalto.fi/en/ a user friendly Internet version of the The future target level of GIS maturity maturity model will be implemented. is always organisation-specific because the Then every organisation has a possibility business goals of organisations are differ- to assess its GIS maturity and compare ent and thus their needs to utilise spatial their results with those of similar organi- data are divergent. The target level should sations. More details of the model and the be chosen to be achievable and reasonable maturity assessment will be published for the organisation. later in a scientific paper. ◀

strategically optimised

The five levels of GIS maturity comprehen- sively managed

centrally coordinated

Managed by lines of business SOLVED case- SPECIFICALLY 30 ◀ positio icc 2011

Lahti, Finland Greetings from Lahti!

Lahti leads the way in the transformation of local coordinate systems A new reference frame EUREF-FIN and a new national height system N2000 in Finland keep surveyors busy. Transformation to the new systems is a current project in several Finnish municipalities. The city of Lahti is giving an example. ▶ Petri Honkanen

The Lahti Sports Centre in Winter

City of Lahti iina R ekola. T iina

Lahti is located in southern Finland, only 100 kilometers from Helsinki. With a population of approximately 100 000, Lahti is the eighth largest Petri Honkanen city in Finland. Worldwide, Lahti is works as the head of probably best known for the Lahti the surveying centre of ski games and many other world class the city of Lahti. sporting events. Lahti is also well-known Contact for its nature and cultural events. [email protected] u, R einihar j u, I lona P hotographers: lahti. of city © photos positio icc 2011 ▶ 31

ncreasing regional co-operation and local transformations. So Lahti was the The transformations of the height sys- consolidations of municipalities have first Finnish municipality to introduce tems in the other municipalities of the co- created the need for the harmoniza- the EUREF-FIN coordinate system with operation area are being realized this year. tion of spatial data and the introduc- ETRS-GK26 projection in November 2005. They are carried out again by the land use tion of common coordinate systems. In 2006, the land use department of the department of the city of Lahti. The expe- The municipalities of the Lahti region city of Lahti executed similar transforma- rience gained during the transformation haveI carried out long term GIS co-opera- tions in other municipalities of the area of process in Lahti can be applied. tion. One of the main projects has been the co-operation. creation of a common GIS database for all Information campaign proved these municipalities. Then the height system useful The main requirement of a common GIS database was the quantification of uring 2008, the National Land Survey UREF-FIN has been the operational common coordinate and height systems Dmeasured enough N2000 height con- Ecoordinate system in the city of Lahti in the area of co-operation. Originally, the trol points in the area of the city of Lahti now for more than five years. Before the municipalities of the area used the old national grid KKJ and the local system of Lahti as their plane coordinate systems EUREF-FIN is the Finnish realization of the European ETRS-89 reference frame. and N60, N43 and the so called Lahti system as their height systems. Land in ETRS-TM35FIN is a coordinate system used with EUREF-FIN and intended for small Finland rises approximately 3 – 9 mm scale mapping. It is based on the transverse Mercator projection. One projection zone of annually. The uplift alters heights, and this 13 degrees covers the whole country. The central meridian of the projection zone is 27°. is the main reason for updating the height systems. ETRS-GKn is a coordinate system used with EUREF-FIN and intended for large scale mapping. It is based on the Gauss-Grüger projection and the projection zone is recom- First the plane coordinates mended to be one degree wide in maximum. Letter n gives the zone number of the central meridian. So ETRS-GKn consists of 13 zones that cover the whole country. he city of Lahti was the first Finnish Tmunicipality to begin the EUREF-FIN FinnRef® is the fundamental EUREF-FIN network in Finland, operated by the Finnish transformation process in 2004. In the Geodetic Institute. first phase, the land use department of the city of Lahti measured EUREF-FIN coor- N2000 is the new Finnish national height system. It is based on the Third Levelling of dinates to the 10 first order control points Finland that was carried out during 1978–2006. N2000 is the Finnish realization of the in its area. The network was connected to European Vertical Reference Frame 2000 (EVRF2000). FinnRef ® that is a network of permanent GPS reference stations, the backbone of the EUREF-FIN, ETRS-TM35FIN, ETRS-GKn and N2000 are defined in the public administra- Finnish realization of EUREF. Transforma- tion recommendations JHS 153, JHS 154 and JHS 163.They also provide transformation parameters and formulas. tion between the new and the old systems was carried out by a 7-parameter affine transformation. Helmert transformation parameters were determined for later and the transformation of the height sys- transformation procedure, the city ran an use as well. The RMS values of the affine tem could be carried out. The height differ- extensive information campaign aimed transformation were calculated as 19 mm. ence between the Lahti system and N2000 at planning and construction industries Because of the lack of practical refer- was solved by leveling N2000 heights to as well as the general public. Because no ences, the basics of the transformation and the 94 control points of the Lahti system. major problems appeared after the trans- its testing were carried out on an extensive The height difference was determined formation, it seems that the campaign was scale. One of the main interests was the to be 382 mm. Leveling showed that the worth the effort. changes in the areas of real estates caused height network was homogenous and The common plane and height systems by the transformation. The areas were the transformation could be carried out have benefited subsidiary and private com- investigated and compared between the old by using one rigid vertical correction for panies working with GIS-solutions in the and new systems. Relative changes of the the entire city area. The GIS database of Lahti area. Dealing with many transforma- areas turned out to be 0.182 ppm. In prac- the city of Lahti was transformed to the tions is now unnecessary when only one tice that means that the area of an ordinary N2000 system in January 2010. plane and one height system is in use in the 1000 m2 real estate decreased by 0.09 m2. A laser scanning of the area was car- operational area. Also data transfer between Testing included the measuring of ried out in parallel to the transformation the municipalities and governmental the plane coordinate network of Lahti. process, and now the city has an accurate institutions is now more straightforward The results showed that the network is elevation model and contours of 1 meter than it was when dealing with m any local homogenous and there was no need for interval in the new height system. coordinate and height systems. ◀ 32 ◀ positio icc 2011

▶ Tuomas Häme Global forest mapping for carbon sink assessment Natural resources satellites that circulate the globe frequently collect images that can be used for forest monitoring from local to global extents. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland is developing a satellite image based forest monitoring system that improves the accuracy of forest resources assessment from satellites. The system is developed in the Recover project that is VTT led study with an international consortium. ouvain UCL © ESA 2010 and 2010 ESA © map he world’s total forest area is just over biomass are concerned. Some researchers think that 4 billion hectares, which corresponds increased forest growth largely has compensated to an average of 0.6 ha for every man. the carbon reduction by deforestation. On the other The forests store 289 gigatonnes (Gt) hand, particularly the tropical forests are degrading. of carbon in their biomass alone. How- This means that the ground remains forested but ever, the global carbon stocks in forest the biomass has permanently decreased. Defor- biomassT decreased by an estimated 0.5 Gt annually estation and forest degradation are estimated to during the period 2005–2010. The main reason for contribute for more than 15 percent of global green- this is considered to be the reduction of the tropical house gas emissions but the figure is uncertain. forest area. In Europe and Asia, the forest area has Natural resources satellites that circulate the increased. globe frequently collect images that can be used for forest monitoring from local to global extents. An Forest is decreasing – or is it? attractive idea is just to make a satellite image map of forests and forget the laborious and expensive he most reliable statistical data on global forest forest inventories and questionnaires. extent comes from the Forest Resources Assess- Several global forest and land cover maps have Tment of the Food and Agriculture Organization actually been done. The most accurate global map- (FAO) of the United Nations. The assessment is based ping so far has been made under a contract by the on questionnaires that are filled in by the UN mem- European Space Agency ESA. This map has 300 ber countries. The quality and time of information meter ground resolution. collection vary from country to country. However, the comparison of such a map and The information becomes more unreliable other coarser maps with each other and ground data when characteristics more complex such as the has shown that although such maps are applicable 34 ◀ positio icc 2011

to give a general picture on forest distribution they and they are concentrated in urban regions. VTT has are unreliable as a source of forest inventory data. suggested launching a specific forest satellite, Silva- Even the satellite maps with thirty meter ground Sat to collect the very high resolution image sample resolution can include systematic over or underes- globally. Such satellite would cost approximately 50 timates of forest area, which endangers their use as million euros. a source of reliable statistical data. VTT is leading an international consortium to apply and further develop the SilvaSat concept and SilvaSat helps forests to Recover other methods for the monitoring of tropical forests. The project is funded by the 7th Framework Program TT Technical Research Centre of Finland is of the European Commission. The team includes developing a satellite image based forest moni- both research organizations and private enterprises. Vtoring system that takes into consideration the The project, Recover, started in November 2010 and drawbacks of the present methods. The principal will last three years. idea is to combine satellite images that have a coarse The services that are developed by Recover are ground resolution with a sample of very high resolu- particularly meant to support the REDD program tion images. The coarse images can cover the whole – Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and area of interest “wall to wall”, up to the whole globe. forest Degradation. The REDD program is an effort The sample of accurate images gives reliable infor- to create a financial value for the carbon stored in mation on the extent of forest area and the degree of forests. It offers incentives for developing countries degradation. With the help of ground measurements to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest and possible airborne laser scanner data, also forest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. The biomass can be estimated. Combination of “wall to Recover has its study sites and user partners in Latin wall” maps with the sampled information makes it America, Africa, and Oceania. possible to compute reliable statistical data on forests The methods that are developed can be applied everywhere. globally to improve information on forest resources Presently, the very high resolution images are and their changes and thus to further sustainable collected by commercial satellites on order basis forest management. ◀

Legend Natural forest ap © VTT © M ap I maging. S pace uropean Disturbed forest Scrub

lobe, provided by E by provided G lobe, Cleared forest Farmland atellite image © D igital © image S atellite

Tuomas Häme works as a Research Professor in Earth Observation at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. His special expertise area is forest inventory and monitor- ing from satellite data.

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