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Indiawhatcanitteoomull pailTCET. N ntC. APR 1884 D S 425 Divlsltn cction :TT9 Uo, +• .v. rvA Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/indiawhatcanitteOOmull : INDIA: WIIAT CAN IT TEACH US? % Course of ^ertures DELIVERED BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE BY F. MAX MULLER, K.M. TEXT AND FOOT-NOTES COMPLETE. WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY PROF. ALEXANDER WILDER, M.D. NEW YORK FUNK & WAGNALLS, Publishers, 10 and 12 Dey Street. NOTE OF THE AMERICAN PUBLISHERS. This volume contains the entire text of the English edition, also all the foot- notes. Those portions of the Appendix which serve to illustrate the text are inserted in their appropriate places as foot-notes That part of the Appendix which is of special interest only to the Sanscrit scholar is omitted. Professor Max Muller writes in this book not as a theologian but as a scholar, not intending either to attack or defend Christian theology. His style is charming, because he always writes with freedom and animation. In some passages possibly his language might be misunderstood. We have thought it best to add a few notes. The notes of the American editor are signed “ A. W.;” ours, “ Am. Pubs.” Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by FUNK & WAGNALLS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. DEDICATED TO E. B. COWELL M.A., LL.D., PR0FES80R OP SANSKRIT AND FELLOW OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. 9 My dear Cowell : As these Lectures would never have been written or delivered but for your hearty encouragement, I hope you will now allow me to dedi- cate them to you, not only as a token of my sincere admiration of your great achievements as an Oriental scholar, but also as a memorial of our friendship, now more than thirty years old, a friendship which has grown from year to year, has weathered many a storm, and will last, I trust, for what to both of us may remain of our short passage from shore to shore. I must add, however, that in dedicating these Lectures to you, I do not wish to throw upon you any responsi- bility for the views which I have put forward in them. 1 know that you do not agree with some of my views on the ancient religion and literature of India, and I am well aware that with regard to the recent date which I have assigned to the whole of what is commonly called the Classical Sanskrit Literature, I stand almost alone. No, if friendship can claim any voice in the courts of science and literature, let me assure you that I shall con- sider your outspoken criticism of my Lectures as the very best proof of your true and honest friendship. I have through life considered it the greatest honor if real scholars, I mean men not only of learning, but of judg- ment and character, have considered my writings worthy of far a severe and searching criticism ; and I have cared more for the production of one single new fact, though VI DEDICATION. it spoke against me, than for any amount of empty praise or empty abuse. Sincere d votion to his studies and an unswerving love of truth ought to furnish the true scholar with an armor impermeable to flattery or abuse, and with a visor that shuts out no ray of light, from whatever quarter it may come. More light, more truth, more facts, more combination of facts, these are his quest. And if in that quest he fails, as many have failed before him, he knows that in the search for truth failures are sometimes the condition of victory, and the true conquerors often those whom the world calls the vanquished. You know better than anybody else the present state of Sanskrit scholarship. You know that at present and for some time to come Sanskrit scholarship means dis- covery and conquest. Every one of your own works marks a real advance, and a permanent occupation of new ground. But you know also how small a strip has as yet been explored of the vast continent of Sanskrit literature, and how much still remains terra incognita. No doubt this exploring work is troublesome, and often disappointing, but young students must learn the truth of a remark lately made by a distinguished member of the Indian Civil Service, whose death we all deplore, Dr. Burnell, “that no trouble is thrown away which saves trouble to others.” We want men who will work their labors unrequited bard, even at the risk of seeing ; we want strong and bold men who are not afraid of storms and shipwrecks. The worst sailors are not those who suffer shipwreck, but those who only dabble in pud- dles and are afraid of wetting their feet. It is easy now to criticise the labors of Sir William Jones, Thomas Oolebrooke, and Horace Hayman Wilson, but what would have become of Sanskrit scholarship if DEDICATION'. Vll they had not rushed in where even now so many fear to tread ? and what will become of Sanskrit scholarship if their conquests are forever to mark the limits of our knowledge ? You know best that there is more to be discovered in Sanskrit literature than Xalas and Aakun- talas, and surely the young men who every year go out to India are not deficient in the spirit of enterprise, or even of adventure ? Why, then, should it be said that the race of bold explorers, who once rendered the name of the Indian Civil Service illustrious over the whole world, has well-nigh become extinct, and that England, which offers the strongest incentives and the most brill- iant opportunities for the study of the ancient language, literature, and history of India, is no longer in the van of Sanskrit scholarship ? If some of the young candidates for the Indian Civil Service who listened to my Lectures, quietly made up their minds that such a reproach shall be wiped out, if a few of them at least determined to follow in the foot- steps of Sir William Jones, and to show to the world that Englishmen who have been able to achieve by pluck, by perseverance, and by real political genius the material conquest of India, do not mean to leave the laurels of its intellectual conquest entirely to other coun- tries, then I shall indeed rejoice, and feel that I have paid back, in however small a degree, the large debt of gratitude which I owe to my adopted country and to some of its greatest statesmen, who have given me the opportunity which I could find nowhere else of realizing the dreams of my life —the publication of the text and commentary of the Rig- Veda, the most ancient book of Sanskrit, aye of Aryan literature, and now the edition of “ the translations of the Sacred Books of the East.” I have left my Lectures very much as I delivered yin DEDICATION. them at Cambridge. I am fond of the form of Lect- ures, because it seems to me tbe most natural form which in our age didactic composition ought to take. As in ancient Greece the dialogue reflected most truly the intellectual life of the people, and as in the Middle Ages learned literature naturally assumed with the re- cluse in his monastic cell the form of a long monologue, so with us the lecture places the writer most readily in that position in which he is accustomed to deal with his fellow-men, and to communicate his knowledge to others. It has no doubt certain disadvantages. In a lecture which is meant to he didactic, we have, for the sake of completeness, to say and to repeat certain things which must he familiar to some of our readers, while we are also forced to leave out information which, even in its imperfect form, we should probably not hesitate to submit to our fellow-students, but which we feel we have not yet sufficiently mastered and matured to enable us to place it clearly and simply before a larger public. But the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. A lecture, by keeping a critical audience constantly before our eyes, forces us to condense our subject, to discrimi- nate between what is important and what is not, and often to deny ourselves the pleasure of displaying what may have cost us the greatest labor, but is of little con- sequence to other scholars. In lecturing we are con- stantly reminded of what students are so apt to forget, that their knowledge is meant not for themselves only, but for others, and that to know well means to be able to teach well. I confess I can never write unless I think of somebody for whom I write, and I should never wish for a better audience to have before my mind than the learned, brilliant, and kind-hearted assembly by which I was greeted in your University, bEDidAfiosr. ix Still I must confess that I did not succeed in bringing all I wished to say, and more particularly the evidence on which some of my statements rested, up to the higher level of a lecture and I have therefore added a number ; of notes containing the less-organized matter which re- sisted as yet that treatment which is necessary before our studies can realize their highest purpose, that of feeding, invigorating, and inspiriting the minds of others. Yours affectionately, F. MAX MULLER. Oxfoed, December, 1882. CONTENTS PAGE - iii Dedication , - Introduction xiii , Lecture I.
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