Robert C. Wissmar,'Jeanetle E, Smith,'Bruce A. Mclntosh,,HiramW. Li,. Gordon H. Reeves.and James R. Sedell'

A Historyof ResourceUse and Disturbancein RiverineBasins of Eastern Oregonand Washington(Early 1800s-1990s)

Abstract

Rj\( r n.rsr, rr Cds.lde u rl|alrlo|ogicso1c\|n|Slhalshrpedthepresent'dailalrlsraprlsrn l.ii\||sl'rn|e!nroddriParianecosrstctnsllllldr'li!l's|oi'L|!7jrgand

anllril,rri!ndl.es.|edi1iiculttonanagebtaull]itl]cis|no{nlboU|holtheseecosrelnsfu dele|pprorrrlrrrr's|ortrl.rtingthesrInptonlsofd

{ith pluns lbr resoliirg t h$itatscontinuetodeclile'Altlrrratjrrl|r.nrrrbusin\!jelnan!genentst' hoPel'orinlp|ornlgthee.os}sl.jn]h;odjl('tsi|\anrlpopuationlelelsoffshaldirj1d]jn''PrioIili(jsi|r(|ullc|hePf

Nrtersheds (e.g.. roarll+: a

Introduction to$,ards"natur-al conditions" that nleetLhe hislr)ri- tal requirernentsoffish and t'ildlile. Some rnajor As a resull of PresidentClirrton's ! orcst Summit qucstions that need to be ansrererl arc. "How hale in PortlandOrcgon cluring Spring 19913.consider- hisloricalccosvstcms iunctionecl and ho* nale ntr ablc attention is heing licusecl on thc inllucnccs man a( lions changcd them'/'' of hre-t .rn,l,'tlrr'r r, -urrrr. mJnlrepmpntl,f;r.ti, c- orr lhe health of l'acific No|th$'esLecosystems. This drrcumcntrcvict's the environmentalhis- l\{anagcrncnt recornmendations of an inLer-agr:ncv torr ol theinfl.r-n, '-,,f h',rrrunJ, ti\'ti, - in cJ-l tcanrol scicntistspoint to the urgenLneed frrr irn- ern O|cgon and Waslington over lhe pasl l\\o in ccosvstemm:uagement (Foresl lic- lr|1^emcnts centurie-s.The purpose is lo (l ) dorunrcnt the chro osvslon Nlunagement,{-rsessment Tearn t993). nologr' of er.entsolresoulce uses ancl rntnlllcltcnl Som- nr.rtrrgetnerrlg'l,rr-,,11 f,'r th, , on-err.rliorr practi(:cslhdt cumulativelv shapecl presenl-rJuv and resLor-ationof fish spccics antl stocLsthaL coulrl landscapcsol'str-carn and ripaian ecosyslemsand be lisLcdas lhrcatcned or end:ugered specieson (2) provide baseline information for rclerencing fcdcral lancls.Of particulartoncer-n l() lhc Forcst and cvaluatingpast and ftlLufe managemcntdc- S.ni," in th, l'.rcilie\nrttr$e-r i- lh. rFrl,,rrliun tions.(lase histories of sclcctrivcl basinspro!ide of salmon stocks.habit:lls, streanls. and riparian rcprcscntltive chronologies for liverinc landsc.tpcs ccosrstcm-sof upl:rndfbrests. A primary obircti\.c throughoutcastcrn Washingtonand Oregon {Fig- is to relllrn ecosrslcm fundions and collecLr\rL! rrre l). Thc histuricsclocument the effectson tLc

'S(hool environmenlcaused bv individualand cumulatir'e ol Fisherie-. (\'H l0l, tl'rn.Nih ,; * rshi,rsli,f. Sfllle. impacts ol Jilestor:k grazirrg. rnanagcmcnt of 'Deputment of Forest .'sr:i.,({i.Or.g,),r Strrc l,rir..rsih. 0r' foresls.$alcI storageand allocation.agricLrlturc. \allis. Or(is0n t);illl I load construdion. flood crrntrol.and mining. ,\d- rl.St\:S Oregon Cooperati!e Fishr\ t.rir. Oi.s,)n,slarr t njlel ditional histolic clocurnentatidr :rboLlLfaclors caus- silr. l)(t)artd!,,1 ol l'ish rnrl \iildlile. (lregon -rrate t..ir, r- inglo--e- of-rrlrn,'rr -tu, Ls rnrl h.rl'it.rt-irrer-tern sitr. Corrallis. O..son i)73ill aPacillc Northwe:t R.s.arh -qhrion. t SI)'\ I.oresr Serri.e. \\'ashington and Oregon can lr fountl in Xlclntosh 3200 s\\ .tflIi,fson sor. corrrlis. oreson 97331 ct a1. (1994a.b).

Norlhwest Science.\rol. 68. Spccial Is-.ue. 1992tr ^& llethowl. \& 0lrno

kim. l. Littl€Nrch.s l.

Grrnde nde R.

lohn Dly L

Figurel.\'laprl|t|l'||lijrlrjj]U||NrirersoftheCo]LrrllliaHil|rll|ainagci| rno bu"in" ol 11,..r{ hjnor! sludies ahj ,r,l(.d in t,old L\p..

Tlrr: rnanagcmcnthistory lir,:us.-"on l)rarliccs lequilementsfor salmon.Wc concludebv revieu- desiplnedto arldrcssproblerns and issuesof the ing rccomrnend:rtionsfor- net basin-lidc manage- dillerent resorrn'euscs. lmpoltant e)iamplesin- In, nl -lfJl.sic- lhcl iI, l dc eco.\-l-m p, fsl,..li\p- clude the tumLrlaLirccffctts of livestockgpazirrg. arr,l' rnph.r.izelong lerm l,r',t.,li,,r. r' -turJtiu . logging. ancl roarls on soils and $,alem :rncl on is- and monitoring activities. suesinrohing talcr allocationsand inslleant llorr

S'issmar. Smith, X'L:lntosh.Li. Rccvcs. ancl Scdell HistoricResource Uses in SelectRiver development.logging, and dam builclingw.crc all Basins sippificantaspccis oflionLier lifc and the derebp- menl of north central S'ashington.\'lan,- of these Thc case hisLoricsinclucle four rirer basins.the actir.ities had sLrbstantialimpacts on land and rla- Okanogan and Methow (north central Washington). 'lhe teL resourccs. major' activities inlluencing the LitLle Nachcs llir.er of LheYakima Iliver drain- strearns and riparian areas c'an be seen bv follot' ugc in the easlernCa,.cade lv.ountains. the Upper. ing a chronologr' of earlv historical cr.ent-s(Tablc CrancleRonde Rir.cr basin (Blue Mountains ofeast- J). Most of the earlv scttlcment hi-qLofvadlvrtv oc- rrn Oreplon).and the John llav Rir,er basin in north curred in thc Okanogan va]]cv, t'ith homestcacls (cntral Ore€ion(FigLrrc 1). The Okanoganclrain- not appeaing in lhe \'lcthow.RiverBasin until the agc arca includes the SirnilkameenRiver basin and 1890-q.Portrnan (1993) providesan c>icellenthis- co!ersabout 2l,238 kn':. $;lh 6,.175km'uiLhin lorv of thc Methow vallev, dcscribing seLrlcmcnt thc boundaries ol thc Llnited States(Figurc l). l'he pilltcrns and relaLedsocial and econornic der.elop- l\{cthorl River vallev lics just west ol thc Okano, rnents dufinli the tlr.entieth ccnturv. gan Rivcr and has a drainagearea of 4.662 km'z. Thc Little NachesRivcr, a fifth-order (398 basin Ear\ SettLement,I810- l B60s krn'?)in thc central CascaclcMountains. lies in thc headwaters of the Naches Rivc'r, a tributar-v of rhe Tht Rliti,.hlirst esLablishcda presen(,ein the re 'l'he \ akima Rivel drainage. IIpper Grande Roncle gion t'ith Lhebeginning of the fur traclcin lljt t. Ri,'er basin (13.000km') originatesin the Bluc In l816 the British,ou'neclNorth West Co. brrilt X'lounLainsof easternOregon und drairrsinto thc Fort Okanoplanat thc same site as J.J. Aslor's trad, SnakeRircr. The John Dav Rivcr in the high des- ing post.Furs from BritishCoiumbia (Nel Caledo- erl of north ccntral Oregon h:rs thc lburth largest nia.|and l'ort Colvillcwere collectedand shipped drainage area in the state (21,072 km'z).Impor- downstrearn.and supplies*crc receivedlron Fort tant sourcesofhistorical itribrrnation that desr:ribe Vancou!er aLlhc mouth oi the ColLrrnbia.tn t 82l srttlcmcnt patterns and rclated developmcntsil Hudson Bav Co. took o\ef the Norlh Wesl Co. Ilur- eastern Wllshin€ttonand Orcgon itrclude Steclc ing 183,1-36 the original ['or1 Okanogun las (1904),Kerr (1931).Diclen and Dickcn(I979). rcplaced rith a nelt l ort Okanogan closcr to the Highsmithand Kimcrling (I979). Holstine1987), ColLrrnbiaRir.er. Siilson (I990). Portman (l99ll), and Wissmar et The large influx of immigrants to Or-cgondur- ul. \1994). ing the 18,10sensured Amrrican controloINorth- $cst, with the fesull that in 18,16Lhe intcrnational Okanoganand lvlethowR ver Basins(North boundarv was sct at the ,19th parallcl. endingjoint Centra Washington) occufation of the Oregon territorv by Brirish and 'Ihe (lo. historical chronologl of seltlcmcnt. natural re- Amcricans. The follxdng vear the Hudson Bav sourceuses. and conllictsof lhc Okanoganr:oun- di-c,,ntinrr.,lluf tr.rdpl,'t$-Fn tsriri.ht.olLrrrrLi.r tI\ represenls:l mesocosmor limc cilpsuleof the ancl ! ort Okanogan. cffectivel;- ending Briti-shand Arnerican cventsand developmentsthat shapcdthc pre-qen! fur trade in the gcneral alea. Bclrrcen 1858-186l most cJaylandscapes ancl socio-economic conditions irr ofthc British prescncc in the area involved surr.eving the 49th parallel. eastcrn srashington and Olegon. The Okanogan valle'- (Figulc 1). as I'ell as most of north cenlral The ncxt decade u,as rclativelv quieL rrntil Washington. rra,. isolated but not insulated lrom 1858. lhcn a gold rush to the upper Frascr ltiler thc principal easl-w.cstcor dors of cornmercern resultedin movcmentof largeputie-s of mincrs on thc l'acific North$'rst.'l'he location and the late thc CaribooTrail alongthe Columbiaand Okano- arrival of the railloacl sloled developrncntand gan rirers. The prerious discoveryoi gold in the Jrresencd frontierJike conrlitions into the 2Oth ccn- licinity oi Coh'illc and the Yakirna River ol tur'\. Ftrr lrilcling. overland cxplonrtion, minilg. en- W'ashingronin 1855 had alreadv incired mincls countels beLr'rcn lluro-Amelir,ans and Native to emigrateto the north countrv (Steele190,1). ln trrnericans,creation and moclilicationol \atilc 1859 gold r\,xs discovered in thc louer American reservations.cattle drivcs. homestead- Similkamecn River valler near the Enloe Dam r,".cst ing. conllicts belr,'ecnsheepmen and cattlcmen. of Oroville. Washin;Jton(Tahle 1). Thc booming or.r vr.rzinguf rarrg.s...ri1ru.rrJ huil'line. irr i;.rtiun popLrlationof 1.200-3.000 minels conclucted

Environmenlal Historv of Rirers. Oregon and Srashington arrdrncr rrllrs. \laior srrrnts o1inlnrrnatiorr irr lur|: ,strr'lc1901. Kcrr li)lll. trilson l9!10.od Porrmu 1993.

Dole Erent

18l I Fur rrade l,egins Johr Jacob Astor (l'!.i11. li,f {i,.) .stahlish.s tradins posLdt tlni (1,,!11!(i,((,)l t}rc Okanogan !,i{l Cr,l!nbi! Rnars l8l6 fur trrdnrg *Supplr of bearer nea l erhousted in the Okrnogan countrv suggestirg bearer remoral changed riparian and strcaDi {urditidF. l8,1ar L.S. British boundarr lnternattunal boundarr set at.19th parlllel. llj.1; Fur trade ends Hudur Bai Co. ends fur trade (r.'.r'- r, 1853 \iashingtor Terrltur oeated T-.," ir-t ..,, r'n ^ tr-Ji'1 ,', rir,'r. LlJ55 \ llimr R(\.nltio,, (t(i!t,id \ aLirra lndiarr R,is(ir!!ti{),,( n,!t,i il.2 tillnrn acrcs)

1858 Colrl discorercrl in tlritish "(jokl rush on the Cariboo Trail nr the Okanogan countrr cohunLir lllr;9 (lnd di*rrrtd ir Olarogan *(irlrl dissrrrnrl ir l,rd -rnrilladn- Plarr.r rrining ol rirr:r r hanncl tnrl larrls nar har. rL'grrdrtl Lhc ri!,if..os)sr...i.

1[]60 \\aLcr dircrsion lr l*r,r +Chi.d Dit(ih construcrerlabove morrh ol \terho( Rirer to delirer large rolumes 18[]0 \lr,tho* Rirlr ol Nlli,r to ! ri( c bori:s Ior phor nrifing suggrsl polcnlid dornuge to ripfiirn anrl sneom habitats. Facilitr conrerted to ir garion in the 1920s b! the Chnu Ditch reclanratior districr. desrroreil b! 1948 nood. lOrrrgrrzing 1860s Cattle drircs orr the Caril,o0 rn .rngi,s srgg.srs I,,,ri,friulli,r cri)si,'r in rhc lloo,lplein! ol rhe 'lrail Okunogrn Rircr. ilrrlc dri!(s on the Cari|oo Truil supplicd mining toirns in B.C.

Srttlcmenr in 0krnogar Hiram F. Smith nedf Llke Osoross first residenr orrle faDcher.

Selmon hen.sl *treir rcross the Okrnogan Rner br rhites anrl catching solmor leods to possi blc or.r hd,acn of rrnins ldulr fisl,. dbour 20 $ason loods of salmon per dar. lll;l) Populdrnrn.31 non \urile Federal census of the Okanogan rallev. r\rnerLcons lB;2 0,1!illl Rcsr^rLior i rc!t,!l Colrilc Inrliar R(iscr!ntio,rlorn!l ro tsoh. lud o$n.rship queslion! c.used b! pllr.rns ol $hilr settlemenls.l\rea ersl ol Okanogrn Rirer included todar's Ferrv Counrr 12.5 nrilion &res).

lil?2 lhins 1cr Firsr resulation of mniing chnns.

I IJ;I] Popul.llon. .1.1 non Nrlire Sterers Counq cen s. {rea of Sterers Courtr fron 1861 urtil l8BB nr,ludcrl ^nrericnns in 0kuosu toclar's counties of Okanogan. Chelar. Ferrr. Sterens and I'end Oreille.

I []79 \10$ s '(inirrati0n .ft'at{ d An.a $csL of ohanogan ri) (rcn olCanad, \lrs. rnrl lrom l.!k. Chelan noih ro I BBO

I ilil0s Setllemenls inoerse iD r'I'opulation of senleri begils to noease suggestng lard rl,arins arrl u,rncrsi,,n {)kanogrn rallev

IB86 Ol,arogan Dinirrs brnnr +Nlirringboorr l).gan $fsr ,)l 0l,anogan Rircr rn,l nin.rs. rrn,,h.rs lnd {ters Inorr ,)nr,)rh,i U,,srs R.$rrarion. t'larr.r niring ol rirr:r chrrrc and Lanks. loile minnrg ard rrunrrrus qrrrrrli dr:sigrrrl (1),nc,nrating!nd llotrrnn, mills. high dail! {!t.r d.mards (..s..60-000 gallrrs)- and In!lu.ii,n,)l lalin,.rr $!({.s n,!r hlr. inrl)act(tl r;r.r (r)s!(rns.

\{oi s nin,Nuriof ot,.fdl lo minds en,l nrrkrh. I tJ83- l9l al

]BBB Okarogarr (i,Lrntr rrlatlrl lrclurlcrl Lr ar's 0harrrgar it Chr'lan Orrntns.

1illJ9 t ashingtor becomes a state

11190 fopulation of 1.509 non Nrdk Okanogan Countr census. Olanogar ft,untr nrcluded today-s l,rntics oi Okano- -\mericdns in 0kanogan tuntt|.u.c/l. nqt ylgt

U i--',,rr.S",irl,. \1,1,,r,'.h. Ti. R-.\... Jn,lS,,l, ll T{BLE l- contirrcd

I tl9il Ol,aDogal.rining ,lir ll.es I'rice oI silvcr d(a lircs (lurnrS L.S. re..ssi,r, 'r100 I B.l1 Flood lear flo,,d a,xl ,ldris dan break flood rl*trov ro*ns of Comurulli anrl Silrer. High probabilitr ol mrior charges ir sLri,um dn,l ripfiaD hlhirars.

l8!r0s ]{id)g i,, th,. Nl.rlro$ -ilar. Cri{k Disrrid il'lammoth \li J n,ar liurr's Pass -.uppli.d l)\ n,.$ iosrr of WiDthi,r, {1891). The Red -shirr.i Al,l.f N'ljnesol rhe Trisp,lisrriir \L,.renu

l8q; Iinmg resrnnisin l.oonrls *NuDerous rnh minrs fesume ope.!tio,N. f i,r rrlrs of inreD-relod.i n,i,,ins I)istricl {1895 19051 ard ,r!rrrons |oorh ilesigr.d (1rnlr,trarifs und flotarnD nills. high rlailv irater derrarrls. ml production of sedimtrrt rasLr.s rnar hare d|grudd lrer ecos\steors-

lll9; \\ rshinslon forest nes.J\.i Wshlngton Forest Rcs*rc i:strblished br I'residrrt Cloc aril.

I Bq') Okoogan (buoti arlri rrl in Formation of trxlar's Okanogo & Chelar Countn.s- Popu rrions irer. 2-8:19 in Okanogan ard 1.321 in Chelon counties (St..l,i l.l0:r).

- 1900 Sheeparrire nr 0kanosan *Sheepmen begir t,) n,ttl. in lhe aikanogar.

Sheepdrires *Orergraznig of sumttl rrnges sussest ind.as(tl rrosion ol rrtersheds ard n,rlilicatlon of ripariar & stn.am hlblrors. +Rf,rorol 1905 lrislrion,lerelopment ol nater frur rirlrs arrl streams rerlLred o. n,.grr,rl the derelop ,ri,.l ol rit[rian & stream hlbitat\. - 1910 t St'Screared

+1915 N'lininsnr the -slare(li!,L +The Azurite \'lin. r,ar Hlrts P.ss and the lJallards(1918 193:t) and.{SR(lo DisrrnJ ( 93.1 l!142) perhds. Road connruction :ilong th. L,l,rn.r Nl.rhoiL Rirer and

*AlL(irrLi(,, +1916 Ilailrarl urrl high$arcon ol rircr rallers leadi l(, (ir)si,'r. rernoral ard (Dslr!i,,rrnl 01 shlr.lion riparian !.d stn,!m h$ilrts-

l'll6 Homest.a(lA(L *Opered h,rr:stoding and deoeasd o1r.n 'a' g,,.

+ 1920 Logging *Alr.rrLi,'r ol Notersheclsleads Lo , n,siof. chlnses iD hrdfolosii an,l g{o tr!).t)hi. li arures of riparian ard srnin,f habilrls. *(lri.ar,rl + 1930 Dan brrilding nrjsforion banier: for lish anil rlrer rirer and ripari!,, l,nbir.rs {or iish- N!ji,r.hlnscs irclLrde altered rirr:r flo$r. iQrer terrpelar,r-s. haLirer carry.apa.itics hr llsh and predabr o, itn,,rs.

intensiveplaccr rrriningin the SimilkameenRilcr (lolumbia Rircr dams. and habiLallosscs due to channcl until the,vstampeded north to large gold irrigation :rnd other clcvclopmental prujccts striles in thc Frtser Ilivel anrl Caliboo areas of throLrghoLrtthc Okrnogan bas;n. thcsc carlv aclions Ilritish Columbia duf;ng 1860. These strikes devastatedanadf{rmous lish runs. Springchinook cansed manv m;ncrs to pass through the Okano- salmcn \Oncorhlnc hus tsha.l.\ts(:ho lV alhaumJ). (.r)Lrnlrv gan rnd rcslllted iir the firsl sdtlcmcnt near nativc(endemic) summcr/fall chinook salmon and T.akc Osovoos. Orovillc. S'ashington. \Iin;ng steelhead (0. r4Aisr [S albaum]) stocks \relc I claims in thc f. nited Statesrvere nol rcgulated un tuallv climinated, and sockcvc salmon (0. aerAo til the lB72 \Iining Act. [S albauml) runs n'crc depressed (Jim Spotts, Tn thc earlv IB60s. seLtltrshad a direct elhcl OLanoganNational !'orest. prrs. comm.). on salmon resourccs rthen thev mav ha\e ovcrhar.- lested salmon nlns in LheOkanogan llir.er. John lllining. L estu:L, and Agricu,lture. IB60yI9|0 fJtz. r'ho settlednear Lakc Osovoos.construc{erl a $'eir acros-clhc rivcr. He trapped as manr ds 20 Frorn the 1860s to 1900 mining took placc wagonloadsof salmon a .la.!-to scll to \ative ^meri- throughout the Okanogancountry from thc Che can-r.In c{)mbinationt'ith later impdctsof iltten lart nountains east$ardaeross the Slethowto tht: si\.c commercial fishing. the building of thc ConeorrullrRrnv,. .{rth"ughnn do, rrmlntrrtiun

Envjronrnental Historv of Rir.ers, Oregon anrJ Washington exisLsof the difecLeflects of mining on sLr-eanand 3,931 in 1900,and 7.547 in 1903. T*entl pcr- riparian resources.the possibility 1brimpacts is im' cent of the county's population $,as in Wen:rtchee 1'1i.dLr th- -rt, rrtrrrrl ,l.rrrti,,rr ,,f rninin;.r, tir i- duling 190i:i (Steelet 904). ties. Some of the lnost extensive sih.er and gold (iattle began to appear in consicleralllc num- strikes {placer and Lxle mining) ucre on Sihcr bers cluringthe 1B6Osin north central Washing- Creek in the Salmon and Rub,y districts northeast ton (Table l). The cattle Nere d ven r ong tlre of tocla_-v'sOkanogan City. on Loop Loop Crcck, Cariboo Trail, rvhir.hled to the gold strikcs in thc and along thc SimilkarnccnRivcr ncar-Loornis. l'r:r-serIliver and Cariboo rnining districts. Ertencl- During Lhe IIJ{16-9iJ boom r-ears. the Rub!- ing 960 km {600 mi) from Thc Ddllcs on thc lowcr Conconullv districts tere considered amon€i the Columbia lliver to the upper l'raser Ri!er \,allev. richesLmining areasin LhePacific Northwest (Siil- the Cariboo Trail sLrppliedbeel (mostlv from thc son 1990). Othcr important districts wele Palmer Willamctto and Yakimd \.allc_ys)to thc northcrn l\Iountain.Chesaw, \'letho*, and Trlisp. Vlineral miDilpi camps via the Okanogan River valle,v.Dur- production du|ing the mining boom in Okanogan ing thc pcak vcars oI thc c,attlcdrivcs (1862-6.X). (iount_vranlied only behind lerrv, Stevens. and British custornsat OsovoosLake collecteddLrlv on Chclan countics (Okanogan Count,vvas clcatcd in 7.720 cattlc,5,378 horscs,1,317 sheep.and 9.lB 1t388 [Tabie l]). The first discovervofsiher and mules.Ben Snipes.a prin(.it)alcattlemen using Lhc gold in lhe Xlethor \.alley r\,asin I8B? at the toln Cariboo Trail. lras rcpoficd at onc timc as haling of Sillef near Trisp. DLrringLhe boom Lheabun- over 100.000 head of cattle and 20.000 horses dunce of othel natural resources 1md the alea's grazing in LheYaLirna rallev (Wilson 1990). milcltlim:rtc alsoinrluccd incrcascdscttlcmcnt bl The Yakima ralley rrasalso the principal sup- farmers. slocknran,and lu mberman. plier of cattle for Seattle. The Seattle market was originally sLrppliedlith bccf clrivcn from thr l\{aps oI mining districts(Hodges l{397) sug- YaLima valley acros-qSnoqua[nie Pas-q.S'hen the gest that nurnerous mining claims ilere located in rangeof thc Yakima ,'allcv bccamc ovcr-crorldcd and edjacentto ri,'ersand their tribulafies.Placer $.ith cattle in the 1870s. the cattle companv Phelps mining of river channels and banks. lode mining. & Wadleigh shilied some of their operations to the and u'aslesfrorn nLrmeroLrspooflr- dcsigncd con- Okanogan arca. Phclps & Wadlcigh t'as thc largcst centratingand floLationmills mav have degraded cattle buver in the S'ashingtonlerdtorv LrnLillhc severa.lrivel ecosvstems(35 to 40 mills in Okano wintcr $cathel of lBB0-Bl lbrced them into gan Countl). A primc cxamplc of an affcctcd svs- receivership.Such u'catherdemonstrated lhe prob- lem was Salmon Creek nr:ar Okanogan City. lcms o{ livcstock in thc Okanogan valtel- Salmon (lreek n'as essentiallv destro,ved bv the €rrazing throughout the vear. Neverlheless.lhe cattle indus- falid constrlrct;onof the Rubv and Conq)nully tlv olthe valley managedlo sufvive.In 1896 cat- tor,;n sitcs and dcvclopmcnt of claims throughout tlc tcrc bcing drivcn from the Okanogan vallev the drainage.Bv Lli{JIJabout ll} miles northeast to WenaLcheefor shipmcnt ria thc Crcat North- of Okanogan Citl'. Rub,y Cit,y ertended a quarter' ern Railroad to Seattle. oi rnile within and adjacentto the channelof 'l'he Salrnon Creek. destruction of Salmon Creek The CaribooTrail openedthe Okanogan.nun- has ben particularlydevastating Lo spring chinook llr' lo lhc outsidc rvorld and lcd to thc first rrhite salmon (Jim Spotts. Okanogtn \ational !'orcst. scttlc$ in the area in the earlv l860s. Hiram F. pels, cornm.l. Smith. the first residenLcaLtle ranchef of thc Okanogan, sdtlcd ncar l-akc Osovoos around I'lincs of thc rcgion vcre supplied bv stern- 1860 (Tablc 1). I{c also plantccl an applc orchard. \rheeled riverboatson the ColLrmbiaRirer fronr ran a lrading posl. and made the first discovcry \\'enatchee to Ble\rster and bv the North l'acilic of gold. The opening o[ the Col,'illc Rcscnation Railload. Railroads did noLalrivc in the Okano- in 1896 and boundarl changesin IlJ9{l led to gan vallcr until 1916. ltailroaclscrmc to Spok:mc changcs in mirring clairns and premature staking !alls and Ellensburg in 1883, (lolville in 1890. of lands for falmland ancl stoek rangcs. ['enatchee in II392 (Steele 1901. Kefr 1931). As scltlcrs bcgan to mor.c into Okanogan The irnpact of railroads on population €irowth r\,as CoLrntv.the number of hones and other livcstock \eN e\idcnl in ChelarrCountv. r,'hercthe popula- climbed steadil) betu'ccn l{:}90 anrl 1905. Al- tion incre:rsedliom I,321 in lB99 (Table 1) to though the-"eincreases u'ere considerablc"othcr

S'.issmar..-Smith. l\'ftrlntosh. Li. Reeves.and Scdcll counties\\,ith carlier settlerncnt and groiringpopu- Irrigation s,vstemsundoubtedlv causrd lnrjor lations as tell as higher agriculturalproduction. problern-fnr rriyrrrlirre-alm,,n. Th, mcirrirrigu- -u, h r- rh,.rt. .hor'-d .r, rr EfcJterirrrca-, s in tion canalson the floodplainsof OkanoganRiver, lir,estock.!'or erample, in 1904 [.hitrnan Countv lor cxampie.were constructedparallel to the river l,r,l2b.7rx, lr,,r-,. .rnd I l.{r7| r.;rrlecom|cred channel. interccpting mosL tf;butan- streams. with Okanogan's 7.0(X) horscs and mules and AnadronrousIish migratingfrom the main rivcr.ap 21.058 cattle. peared effectivc\' blocked Irom cntering tributarr Ibout 1900. sheepmanbcgan to serrlein slreitms bv these canais. -Suchirrigalion canal sys- Okanogan(iountv (Talrlc 1). rviLhthc number of tems appearcdless ertensivc in the Metholv and sheep increasingdrrmaticallv from (2,000 bc- SimilkameenRiver vallcrs. fore 1890 to -i]I.757 in 190.1.X'lan1 othcr pre- setllcd counties harl cvcn more shecp. ln 190,1 The L tt e Nachesand NachesFiver Basrns Yakima. thr: greate-.tsheep-producing county. hacl (CentraWash ngton) 'Ihroughoul aboul 147.000 shccp. eastern This case histon bcgins with an o\.cr-\'iewof earl.v- \\'ashington and Oregon. shccp grazing alractcd seltlcmcnt(I850-1930s) and resourceuscs in the thc attentionof cstablishedcaule rarlcrers. $n(r Naches and Yakima River basinsand concludcs believcd that sheep ruincclpasture [of iivcstock. rith historicstudies ofhabitats changes in the Lit, Onc incident, near thc tor'n oi Okanogan(during tlc Naches River. Rctrospective analvscsol the Lit- tlrer.int.r ,'f lo02-03r.,,t .lr,,.p gr.rzirrg in ,,,r, tle Naches Rivcr describe Lrng-tcrm r:hanges in pasLuresrcsulted in a night raiding par.tyancl the sLrcarnund riparian habitats hetwecn 1935 ancl slaughtel ol an r:stimated900 shccp. 1992 afier thc intense impacts of livestock graz- During the mid-1890s agfirultur.e relxaceo ing (pre-1930) and during periods of;ncreased tinr- mining as the principal cconomic activit\,-.ln ber harvest. The LirLIe Naches River. locatcd OkanoganCountv between 1900 and 1903. crops slightlvnorth and ctst ofllount Rainicr.is :r tribu- increascd from about 1.500 acres to 1i:i,000 acrcs. tarv of the NachcsRiver in thc hcaclrvatersof thc l\'[ost lurmable lancls vcre iocated in converted Yakima River drainagc (Figure l). Thc \aches river ilooclplainsand rr.etlands.Thc extent of Lhc Rivcr basin ploricles summer and l'all rcaring hab- Okanoganlliver flooclplainsand the prescnceo1 itat lor 3070 to 370/oof thc anadr.omoussalmonid (mainlv historic uetlancls fiorn Tonasket to Osoyoos fi'v and smolts in the Yakirna Basin (l'ast er ol. Lake) r,,.cresuggested by rcports in I BB2 of dense 199 i ). The ba-sinalso (mtains 5906 of thc rcmain- s\rarms of mosquitoes(Pierce 1BB2). Bv 1900 r,ra- ing han'establetimber in the Yakima lliver drain- rcr srs.lcJrl\ [imitirrs.rrrJ irriertior prL,j, cls \crp age {S'cnatoheeNational Forest l99t)). In i 990, nccded to susLainpopulation grortth and agricul- fedcral harvest plans targeted the I-ittlc Naches tulal derelopment. Rir.cr as the primarr area for har\est o\.er.the ncxt 'l'he 0kanogan Reclamation IJrojcct, authorized clecaclc(Wenatchee \ational l'orest 1990). bv Congress in 1905. r,".asone of the first irriga- tion pfojecls Lrndert:rkenb,v the LS Reclamation Early Settlentent, Lircstock Grazing, and Sen'icc (Table l). This project uas appr.oled rl'ilh- AgriculuLrul Uses.I 850- 1930s out suffic;cnt investigationinto Iater supplv in Belore l{}50 the Nachesanrl Yakima Rirer irasins terns ol thc local climatc and hvdrologic rcgime \!efc primarilv unseltled b,vpioneers, and most of ol'the latersheds. The Rer:lamationSerr.ice en- thr population was comp sed of Nati\.eAmericans. counlered problems not onlv bccauseoi the fail- -Althoughthe Native society was one ofhunting and urc ol the waLershcdto lurnish sufficientrunofl, 'l'hese gathering. earl,virrigation canals for crop cullir.u- but bccause of poor-rnana€tement practiccs. tion rrcre buill during the IB50s undcr Catholit: problems intlutlcd inexperiencccl conrracrors. wa- missionarv authoritv (Daviclson19513). Carholic ler being put on lanclsrrith sandv soils not suited 'fampi(r, missionsat ParkerBottom. and Naneurn for irrigation. and public hrnds being misused bv n'crc the first non-native settlementsin the Yakima providing rvatcribr privaLelands. tsv I9iJ1 lhr:n vallev. Oncc thc rnissionarieswcre estahlishcd. the a majo.itv ol the ir|igatcd land ras undcr the settlersfollowed rapicllv. Okarogan Irligttion District. elcctric pumps. not 'lhe irrigationditches. providcd mosl ol thr vuter liom lbw of immigrants was stimulated by thc the Olanogan River' (Kerr 1931). IIcClcll.rn exploralion partv's sur!ev oI the Naches

EnvironmentalHistorv of Rirers. Oreplon ancl S'ashington 7 Pass area for il roule to Puget SounclrJuring the Elum ridges and the main Taneum vallcv (areas lB,10s(Gossett 1979). Thc first perm:uentsctllcrs eastand nofth ol the NachesRivcr basin)were all afdved around I {}60 near Xloxcc. br;nging several closedot'ing to thcir overgrazedconditions. The hurrdreclhead of crLtle. Soon alier. thc Yakirna Val- loss o[ ]and and watcr resollr(ies and thc closurc lcv bccame one of thc prirnarr areas lbr caltle of grazing areas caused largc-scale conllicts be- ranching rast ol the (lascadcs.Cattle *ere also lrveen livestock ranchers and thc burgeoning drivcn irrto the headrvatcrsof tributar,yrivcr ba- :rgriculturcindustrv. ln 1923 only six allotments s;ns to graze in rlluvial floodplains and glacial val- rr.er-epresent in thc T,iltle Naches druinage (S. 'Ihc leys. cattle drires peakccJin the lBBOs. Carter, Supcn'isor's Ollice, !(Ienatc'hee National Shccpgrazing soon becamc ()ne of the p marr l'orest. S'en:rtchec. S A, unpubl. data). Rcports uses oi thr upprr lribut:rrv basins. Sheep \!'ere to Congr-cssin the 1930s indicatt Lhatthe Srazing "drivclals"' clrivenalong into the upland forcsts are:rs lrithin thc forest $'ere heavil,v degraded (Anonvmous lbr sumnrcr foraging.Sheep ranoh;ng peaked at 1930. CooperatireWestern Range ofsheep thc tLrrnol the centun and again du ng W-orld Association193{3). B,v I930 thc nurnber was ( l0% o{ War I rvhen thc dernancllbr and value of sheep permittcd on femaininei allotments many plodurls wefe at theil grcatest.Records lbr 190? the historicalpeak numbers.By I950 allot- indicate 260,000 sheep NeIe pcrmitted inLothe ments$crc either abandoncdor severelvreduccd Naches and Tieton rivcr basins (l ebelackcr 1980). in nurnber. During this period. the \achcs basin held 5590 of While the impacts of the sheep and cattlc in- the sheep in LheYakima and 83r)'tol the Epazing dustrr in thc carlr days l'ere hcavily concentrated cattlr and horses (S. Cartcr'.SLrperrisor's C)ffic'c, in tlibulary headwatcrs, brrrgeoning irrigation and Stcnatchee \ational Forcst.S'enatchec. SiA. un- agricultural der.clopmenls t'ere changing the publ. data). Yakima River ancl tributary landscapes. as t'ell as ts_""1900 Lhe public recognizc.l that areas ol the economvof thc area. In 1860 thc Toppenish- the Forest Rcscrvcs *ere beinpl ovcrgrazed. Live Simcrc canal svstem \!as builL near the Yakima stock grazing.the usc of rJriveways.trnd burning Indian RcscrvaLion.By 1869 a large r:anal drain- ol lbrests lo prornote pastulc $'cre in direct con- ing the Naches vallev rr,asirrigating lands below llict *ith other uscs of the forestlike lccrealion. the conlluenceof the Nachcsand Yakima Rivcrs. timber har-rcsl and r!ater fol irligution. Sheep and Railroaclsand the conslructionof the Sunnyside cattle drivewavs t'erc cstablished along most of the (lanal in I893 furthel stimulatcd agricultural de- ridge crests bclween tributaries. fr{an--vof the ridges vtlopment. lrrigation and the extensjon of the :rnd lrib tary !allcys contain naturallv crosive s()ils \orthcrn Pacific Railroad into the Yakima vallcy ancl spllrse \regetationthat $'cro irrpacted bv shccp openedup thousandsof acresof unarableland to and cattleclrircs during summersantJ sul)sequent dcvclopment. Lancl uscd to grow ha-v ancl fced ,coilcrosion in \\,etseasons. BeLr!een the lB50s and crops lbr crttle and sheep er.cntuall) gave lrav to ,'allev-. tgj3os. soil crosion on hillslopesanrl and IO\\'CrOpS.permanent crops soch as hops.grapcs. inputs to slreams $'ere likclv enhanced b,v scvcr:rl and orchards. factors. including {rrergrazinpi b-!'' livestock. rep,.11'rl lr.rrrrirrg prJr'lii1: l,r irr,re.r-e Pr.rzinc Water Dixersions arul, Iish, 1905-1990s areas.ancl lillfires (Srnith1993). Rerieus ofsoil 1,,.-.-in rrpLrntlrrFr: llr.rtc\ppri. I', -r,.--ire The lleclarnation EnabJingAct of 1905 empo- €tlazing pressures su€tgcsl (tnsiderable erosion r..r-d rhe Ierler.rlBurearr nI Reehm.rtiunlo cl- (Dunne and Leopolcl 1978. Sidie er ol. 1985. propriate wtlters for irrigation purposes. including Platts1991. SwansLonI991). cminent domain for rights of wa,v for canals and A grazing allotrnent svstem \ras begun h,v the reseno s. \o mjnirnum fish flows ol othcr fish pro- Fcderal governmentin the ltt8Os in rcsponseto tection rncasureswere dcsignatedin the act. Bc- complaintsabout the grazing and burning ol the tween 1905 and 1915 the damage to migrating forests.lhc formationin l89? oi the Washington and resident fish populations n'as dcvastating. Forest Reservc.covering most ol toda,v'sOkano- Many of theseearlv svstems.such as the Sunnv- (lanal !ian. Sicndtchee. and Nlt. Baker-Srroqualmie na- sicle and thc Tieton Canal. r'cre constructed tional forests. lbcilitatctJ the irnplementation oI the t'ithout fish ladders or sorccns, whit:h were not rc- ellotmentsvslcm. B,' 1909 the N{cnasLashand Cle quired until the Fish T,adclerLart r-as enaded in

Wis-.mar. Snrith. l\IcInto-.h. Li, Rccles, and Sedell 1915. Although some fish lacldcrslere built a[- bccome a high*av lcross the (lasr:ades.Tod:w. ler-1915, scrcensthat pre,renljul.cnilesalmon en- much of the trail includes Forcst Service Road trapmenL in lhc canals lr.ere not placcd until the r 900. I 930s. ['ast et al. (1991) cstimate900i of the an- nual runs of salmon and steelhcadtlout $,asde- I-he LitLle Naches Riter BasirL: Roads and'l'intbet ,.troved br thc carh 1990s. PdmaN factor.sleading Iltrtest. l9.l0s-1990s to the decline in salmon runs included construc- The lands<,apcofthe Little NachesRivcr basinlre- tion ol darns and canal-sl'ithout adeqLratcfish pas gan to changeuith thc graveling(1929) and pav- saElefacilities such as laddefs and scrccns, log nrg (193:1) of Road 1900 road for 9.7 Lm d lcs in river chanrrelsthat erodedspawning and upstrcamof the rnouth.This t'as the prirnaryroad rearing habitats, rnd incliscrirninatelocal and com- unlil I qr,2.ulr.rr in, re.rsed timh-r l,Jr!,.l .nli\ it\ mercial fishing. lhcse iirctors. togethcr $'ith in initiaLedthc corlstructionof new roads. l'rom Lhe crc:rsed n'ater Lernpcraturesand lolr, streamflorys lurn ol the centur! to I962. there wele onlv 32 duc to r,".aterdiversions. and irigh suspendccJsccli- to 4{3 krn ofpriman and secondarr'roads through- mcnt loads and chem;cill pollutants liom fofest and out the basin. Betvccn 1962 and 1990. 483 km agricultulalrunofl comprisclong-term cumulalive of roads ltcre conslructecl.Roacl dcnsities in differ- eflitrs ( ) 100 that have (r)nlributcd to poor 1.cars) cnt watershedsin 1990 ranged from 2.6 to 8 salmon suraival. km Lrn':lEhing, r. \llclre- Rrrrs,r Di-triet.per-. conm.). Rccreational pressurcsincreased with tht: The Littlc \aches Riler Bosin. 1800s-19.30 constructionof ncrl roads. Historicallv. land uscs in the LiLLleNachcs River Riparian areas near roads became popular in basininchrded intensivc livestock grazing (11380 to the 1950s and continue to lie significantsites of 1930). some selectiveLirnbcr h:rnest in lloodpJains. rccreational activitv. Carnpingwith vehidcs and ofi, and re(ireal;r)n. l hc riclge crests alrng rvith ripar- road equipmcnt rcduced riparian undcrstorv veEJe- ian arcas tere heavilv uscrJas grazing. sorting, and talion and rooting strength"ancl caused soil cro- clriver,;avareas prior to the alloLmenlsystcm. O\.er- sion and cornpactionncnr strearnbanks and trail grazing and natural- and rnan-induced lires most and road crossings.Stream and riparian habitats likelv darnagcd vegetation and soils, r'hich led to also cxhibit morlifications ofriprap and olher chan erosion and thc opening o1 riparian canopies ol nelizalion practices that prolect campgrounds from streams. Around l{350 a large and e\tfcmclv hot stream llows ancl processesof erosiorrancl depo- *ilclfirc burrred most oI thc nonhwcstern por-tionof the basin and two-thirds of the mainstcm \.allev A uniclue aspcct of thc Little Naclres lancl-use rPlrrrnmerlqU2. r;n---r l'r7rr.I chch,.l.r l'r80j. historv is thc rclatively late entrv of timber har- This natural evtnl. coupled with valious land use r-slini.,t,mlrred sirh rrrli,.r hJr\c-t a,ti\ili, - in l'rr, l;.e- -ujlFe:tsl,,nX-t, rm eumulatir- impu,t. 'l'he $'estern Wash;nfiton. basin was fairlv isolated. across thc rir.erine landscapc. ln the Little Naches and lccess lrom the Yakima Vallev was difficult. River. chronicallv eroded areas huvc been identi- partlv bccduse of steep lan

Environmcntal History of Rir.crs.Oregon and $'ashington in rirer rallers out-"iclethe !'orest llcscnr rras corrl- The objectivcs ofresun'eys in LheLittle Naches pletely loggeclb-v 19,14. Truck hgging created the Rircr basin $ere to assesschanges in pool habitats rrccclltrr road irnprorernents.l'hrough the 1970s and substralesize composition bctlccn 1935 ancl sclcctir.ctimbcr harfests \rere extendcclthlough- 1990 (Smith (1993). The 1990 resurr.evsshot' out the Little Nachcs Rivcr r,aller and pofiions .l1 Lhefrequencv ol large pools incrcasrd frorn 1.7 dol nslrearnLrihutaries. Bett'een 1963 and I 975. to 4.6 pools/km.Sigrificant changes also occurrcd 170/ool the han'establc acrcs olthe basin were har in gravcl. finc. and coarse'sizedsubstate pafiiclcs. vcstcd. Comnercial thinning rras initiatcd in dcnse For the mainstem channel. the pcrccntagc o[ forcsl stands around I975. spar!ning-size grar.el clec,lincclb,v 50Yo while fine sediments()6 mm) increasedby 6%. The in- In 1975 the {irst timbcr clcar-cutsal}peared cfeasein fine sedimentscolrcsponds wilh the ap- in lotcr' ol the Little NachesRivcr basin. lxrrtions parcnt high cmbeddedness of lines within largcr From 1975 to l9B5 clear and parli:rl cuts cx- substrates(-150/0 to 30% of thc 20-krn main- tcndcd throughoutthe basin, incluclingthe heacl- 'Ihe stem). compactionor embeddednessof large r{ateraleas ofthc SouthFork. l\{iddle Fork. Sand substrates Nith finc scdiments can change chan- Cr,. k. .rn,l\l.rttlr-s Creek. t.leJr-crl- un pri\rlr ncl {nd erosi!e condiLionsduring diflercnt strcaln land holdings in the hcadn'atcrs rrere also iniLiated flrxr lerels (Beschta and l'latts 1986), frrr exarn- in 1975. About 26oi percent of the hancstablc ple. the eflectivcncss of moderaLedischarge levels acresin the brsin tcrc hawesled b! 1985,32o/o lo translrorLgravels (Lisle 1982). Potcntiallong- by 1990. and 350/oby 1992. PotcnLiallong-term term eflectsin thc Little \aches River appear as imp.rct- uf 1h,., linrl,-r hcrre-t .retiriti,- lcductions in gravels and spat'ning arcas for (19::i;-1992) near stleams rnd fipafian areasof the Little \achcs River appear as chronicall,v (Srnith crcded afeas on aerial photos 1993). The 1990 sun'ey indicatcd that the rnajolitv of pools \,''clc bcdfrrrm scour pools controlled bv The Liule ]'iaches lliter: CharLgesin Streont Jargesubstrale and bedrock. fhcsc largc subslrates Habitut\ l9:15-1992 replesent thc major rooghnesselements in the Thc mainstemofthe dver e\tends -21.2 km rrp- channcls because of past removal o{ logs bv the -(tfeamliom its confluencr $ith the Arnerican River Forest Sen'ice and potcntial low inputs of rvood to thc conflucnceoi the l\liddle and North Forks. liom riparian arcas (Smith l99il). These results The rallev altemates betn'ccn narror and t'ide rnd obscNationsof the I935 surr.ey.suggcst tbat rcachcs. r,;ith the Llrer end being more constldined large pool habitats t'ere naturdlly sparse or had lretrreerrhr-rlt -1"p,*rrnJ rp.lf'rrn .rr.a-.otrlrin- beerr,legr.rJ, 'l I'r hdrnarrdi-trrll'cnce prior lo ing reaches with lide alluvial lalleys. Nlost of the l9il5. Bv 1990. ltrrgesubstratcs or boLrldersin- basin lics lithin lhe S'enatcheeNational Foresl. creascd significanLl,v.comprising almost 50Yo o{thc rvith portions ol the hcudlraten under checker- slream bottom substrrtcs. Xlan,vof the pools in board or,".ncrshipbJ Plurn Creek Timber (lo. 1990 werc in thc constrained rear:hesof the Little NachesRiver. there largerbouldcrs and exposed From 1990 1992 thc I'acific North*'est Re bedrock permittcd scouring of srnaller particles and scru-chStation (llSFS). nr cooperation\rith the lhe formation of more lreguent ancl largcr pools. [-lnivcrsitvof Washingtonand the WenatchccNa- Crcalcr confinernent of 800/oof the mrin channcl tional l'orest, resune-vcd ovcr B0 km of historicallv h-v road and lipr-ap conslruotion also increased sun'cvcd(LS BLrreauofFisheries. 1930s and 40s) strram energ!. magnifying the effects of scour at tfibolaries in the Yakima Rir.cl clrainage.The high flows and the displaccmcnlol smaller par- reslrn'e,vs.thich intlurle the Little Nrches lliver. ticlcs. RatLlesnaleCleek. :ud the Amcrican River of Lhe Naches Rjvcr llasin, shouecl millor tncreasesLn The Little \aches lTier: Chtnges in Ripariort pcxrlhabitats in both mdndgcd and unmanagedpor- IldbitaLs,1949-198s tions ol the Yalirna Rir.er tsasin (Smith 199i1, \'lclntoshet o1. 1994b). Over the sameperiod, thc q rFtr.-f., ti!e rnrlr-i- "fclr,rlyinerit'ari.rrr ,,,n- dominanl suhstratesize changcd fi-orngravel to ditionsusing histolical aerial photos (Smith 199i3) coarser rubblc and fine particles in the Little included the Lrwer and upper mainstemsofthc Lit- Nuchcs Rivcr. tle \ache-" lliver. Crazing. [rcs. roads, recfeation.

10 \\'issmar" Snrith, l\{r:Intosh.Li. Reeves.and Scdcll % Frequencyof Conifer 100

80

60

40

20

o 1949 1962 YEAR

I Rigntsank %te|t Bank

|.ig!ri.2.P.|Cenhgeo|prdr|!r.!inl1)|ii.rregel!tioD right |tnks are asslgnedin do{nstrcum dlrecrion. Drta drllrtrtl lronr !.rirl phoros and dprs*r1 a" |crc,.nr of rhe ( l,rnn, l .ngrh for rhe l*er D,din"L.n lsmillr lgll:Jl. ancltimbcr halrest impact thesearcas cliffcrentlv Thc lcduction in conifer stands,increase" in 1,.,a,rr,,i,lillcren, e. irrrall-' r:,.,rn,,rI'hulug\ .rnrl un\.ef(etatedareas. and riparian canof\' olx nings tlre tirrrirg,,f r'-ulree ,r-e.Tl^. l,,srr mrin.tem adj:rcent to thr: strcam channels (Figrrrc ztr)sLrggcst (- l2 kn of channel)is naturallv conslraincdbv the cornbincd impads of differcnl rcsourceuses basalt bluffs, lith ripalian vegetationbcing limited rrJ n.rlurJldi-turh.rr',,*. lh, m"-t anl,rr.rrtim- 'lhc lo small trrcasalong the channcl. mosl dr-a- pacLsincludc selectire harrest in thc 1960-".lloods maticchanges lor'the lo$cr mainsternoccurred be- in 196,1 and 1977. inclcased r-er:realionalusc. t$een 19,tr9 and l9B5 on the left side ilooking high$av construction.and thc pl.rcing oi ripr.alr downstleam)of Lhcrivcr. l he percenLconife'r arca rlorrgllr mairr,l'ann,l. l'"r thcl.\\'r ',rrir-r,m. dccreasedfrom 66{/oin ]949 to 2i:}ol)in l9ar2 an{l the rnean *idth of liparian canopv opcning dur 12io in l9B5 (FigLrrc2). Tn theseripanan asscm- ing thc last.10 1r-sincreasecl frorn 36 nr in I9,19 blages.the pfopoflion of matule and old grorrrh to 67 rn in l9[t5 (Figurc,1). During this prliocl trees decreascd fiom 670/oin 1949 lo l3(/o irl lhr-'mcanacti\.e channel ridLh rcrnainedconstrnt 1962 and thcn 500/oin 19ti.->.The coniitr ibrest at 20 n (Figure 4). nas rcplaced bv unvegerarc{lground {280/oto 5601, iFigurc 3). r,rithsorne mixerrl coniicr and deciclu- The upper mainsLr:m(-B km o1 cnannt Ll rs ous tfccs stillplesenl. On the rightside olthe r.ir.er.. lessconsLricted than the clolnslrearnchanncl and the decline in conifcrslas lessdrarnatic {78% to rneandersthrough large. c4ren allrrvirl vallets r,;ith 53Yo). Here. Lhc'pr-opoltionol rnatLrreand old- well-dcvclopedsoils and riparianurcas. Here. tht gron'th areas decreascd florn 5670 in 19,19to ll,tlo degradation of ripali:rn vegetalion and slrearn in 1962. followedbrl an increaseof jJToloin I985. habitatsbv grazingtendrd to pcrsistthloLrgh thc Conilirs rere rcpltcccl by r voung. rnired l'orcst. earlv l9:10s. During the iblloling 20 to il5 vrs.

llnvironmentalIlistorv of llivers. Oregon anrJ\\ ashingron I I % FrequencyU nvegetated 70

60

40

30

10

1949 '1962 YEAR

I nisht Bank AZ Lett Bank

Iliglrci}'Perceltageo|unregehled|ipa|ianar'laiorrgtIrr'|r*r'rrnainstr.mr urersignedhdoirlstIerndile.lil'l'lia|a.0ll..r(1I lor thf loNer nr.insrem lSnrirh 1993).

Mean Width (m) 70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 1962 YEAR

7V4 I Channelwidth canopyopenins I

Figure1'\'Ieanartircc|jnnnl.]li{l1hrndc!noP\ lidthisdcl]ncrldslh.|nrponjoDofthechalle1l)lnt('ninn!.nc|lIhrbir]|o.(ltr.nslrorl. lsnirh 19931 ritl .hrnnel rnd canopr openDg ridths in r,.rs 1n,).

12 Wissrnar. Smith. I'lclntosh. Li, Reeve-..ancl Seclell % Frequencyof Conifer

tvoz YEAR

I nignteanx ZZ Leftgank

Figurc5'll.nr.ltagcrr1ril)arirnd|e!]n rightharrksan.l'"igrcr1inrlo*nstreanldire.til)|'I)ahl1)|lt|c{]l'ronaeria1photosandcrprc*l1 clarrr.l lcrrgth 1;r rh, ul)fcr nronNrenr(Snith lq93t.

'lhc lhere was t hiatrrsirom inlcnsivelancl,u-se distur- cnvilonment:rl historr- or channcl and bancc. pcrmitting riparian !egelalionto €ttowand rir,.lriarr.rr-.r. ,,i tl , l ittl, \.r, hc- Rirer -ugg.-t. mature. In l9B5 thc parirn \eSetationon bolh largc porlions ol the ripalian nreas1ar:k the cepacitr the leli and right banks rlas still clominated bv to bufler streamsfronr lancl-uscimpilcts ovel the (34?o conilcrs to 700lr). brrt Lhc agc groups had nc\t decade.Retrospecli!e ohsefvations sholr dc shiftcd from old and mniure trees lo roung and i|1r-ir in mrrtr"n euhiler-. irrer..r.'- irr L,n- snall lrccs. Conilers der:reasedorc'r 50(/oon the vegrLalc(lafcas" ilnd widcr canopv openings. fhese left bank lrccauscof constructionol lhe rnainroad , harrF.-in,li, rt' rrl',s, r',.r1,r,itr uI rip,rli.rrr.rlee- through Lhe riparian arca (ligulc 5t. to prolide inputs oi large rrood to r:hannrlsend Betteen 1919 and 1962. both the mean protect stre:rrnsfrom land seslhat ci[lsc stlcanl u irlths of thc riparian canopr operringanrl actir.c bank erosion anrl tlcvatccl lcvels oi line sedirnents. channelfor-the rrpJrcr mainstem decleased - 30o/o substrateembeddedncss. ilnd w.alcrlctnpelatures (l'igure 6). The decrcascclr\ralian widths of the (Ehingcr 1990). Although the long-ternrobscrlr- upper mainstern.onLfesLr!;th lhc increasedrticlths tions suggest sorne' incrcasc of lhc dolnstle:rm nleinsL{'rn.Bctr,;ccn 1962 :rnd in large pool fre- I985. no dctcctablechanEles occurrcd in thc up- qLrcncv. most habiial compon{rnls critical to per \aller. rhich is partiallvcrpldned bv the cle- abundant and healthl fish splrrning nnd re:uinE1 ]a-vin timbcr harrest unLil 1975 anrl thc minimal habiLatsdcclincd over the last 55 1-rs.s.ithouL impact rrf two largc floodsin I964 and I977.Cu- propcr mana€tementand IlroLecLi.rn.Lhcsc habitat mulatir'eeffecls of timbcr han'est atrd road con- condilionscould dcgrarJcfurthcr tith lirture tim, strlrction $ere not cvidcnl in the aerial photo bcr harrest levels and recreationalprcssLrr-cs.

EntifonmenLal iston' of ltivcrs. Orcgon and \l'ashinplon t3 Mean Width (m) 80 70 60 tn

40 30 20 10 0 1949 1962 1985 YEAR

I channelWidth 2Z CanopyOpening l,.igrrl.6'\'lelnrc|iIe(hdnnel$idth(n)rndcanoplopenulgtitlth(n])il)lh.l|IIj|l]!;lSk. rhannel wnlth is delinerl u the propoltion ofthe channel bottorn nfluerced lr bedioad rarsport. I)at! is l;,)n, n.riel plotos iSmith l9!l:tl {irh .hlnneL ud canopr opennrg$idrh-. merers {n).

UpperGrande Ronde River (Eastern Oregon) (iiorn ll.9 to 6.9 pools/km)orer the 50-vr pcriod (Serlcll and livcrcst 1990, \'lclntoshet ol. I994b). Lcntl Itses antl Chu,ngesin Strean Haltitttt: Thc changesin the Lpper Crande Ronde River In 1990 the Pacific Northwcst Rcscarch Strtion Basin -"ince19,11 suggesL thal lhe cLrmulativccf- (l'N\\ ) conductedstrerm -rur!e!sto examinehow fcc|s ofland-use have cau-.edextreme degradation anadrornoLrsfish habitathad chrngcd ovcr time in of stream and riparian hatritatsafross thc cntilc the t,pper (lrancle Ronde Rir'el basin bv fepcat- rivcrinc landscape.l'he lossoi pool habitatsincli ing suncvs originalll conducted in 1941 b,vthe caLesfewer reaf;ng areas forjuvcnilc fish and rcst- L.-sBureau ol l-isheries {Rich l94lt. Parkhurst ing habitatslor adult fish prior to spalninpl. The 1950). The L9ztrl-qLrlvev of the upperrbasin sug- lcduction in pools also points to minirnal rehrgia. gesteclconsiclcrablc impacts of land use distur lhich enable adults and juvenihs to avoid cata- banceson slreem habitats(\'lclntosh 1992). Thc strophic elents like {1oods.ice lloivs. droughts. and I990 rcsurrcv shot a continualdisturbance $ith fires (Sedeller aL. 1990). Thc lossof habitatcom a )60!4 Lrssin rncanlargc pool habitat densitl'. plexit,v.along rrith pool substrateand $ater tem- Bcttccn 19,11 and 1990 pool habitat-sdeclinecl peratLlre.ondiliorrs,also lends to causc fish to (6.I lo 2.1 pools/km1and fine scdimcntlclcls in- crolcl into smaller spacesand be increa-.inglvsus- , r'r.-'l tlrr,'.rr.:h,,',t' l-irr,",l -.rln un -l'Jsning.rrer- ccptibie to disease,cornpelition. and predation. (Mclntosh ct a1. 1994b). (iomplementarl P\s. The 1990 strean resLrrvevsindicatcd that iinc resurre'-s of *ildelness strcams {1990-92) scdinrcntlcr.els were high throughout the head- throughoutthe ColumbiaRirer Basinhave shown laters of the flpper Crandc Rondc Rivcr. Cunent that mean large lrool habilill dcnsilv incrcascd fine sediment conclitionsale rr'ell in excessollcvtls

14 Wissmar. Smith. Xlclntosh. Li. Reeves.and -sedell recognized as consistcntlv reducing egg survivabil- catessignificanl changcs in theseparamelers sincc itr ( ) 200i sur{acc fincs; Bjornn and Reiser I 991). 1904. Streamflot recor-dsshor, a ncar doubling in l)ast studies hare denronstr.atcdthc cletrimental ef- the summer basc flor,; (-3hr the annual uatcr fecL oi finc scdiments on salmonirJ rcpruduction ri-ldl. IT,'r',r, .. Jrrringrlri- 1,-ri,"l pr., ipitrrtion (Everestet al. 1987, Chtpman 19BB). The pres- lclcls rlcclined. suggesLinglactors othel thlur climate 'lhe cnct ofcrccssive lelels ol fine substratcslirnits the change irrfluence basr: flows. increased basc qLranlihand e\tent ol spar\,ninghabilat as rrell as flows appear related to past inscct infestationsand surrnrer anrl rdnter cover foljurenile fish and other timber harresl.which removedtree canopics.'lhe ecosvstcmftrnctions {Nleehan 1991). los,.of 1brcstcanofv arca rcducesl,ater lossthr-ough e\al)otransp;ration (Sidle ei t9tl5J. Thc BoLhthe loss of pool habitat and problernsof nl. rcsult i,. highlv degraded riparian habitat and e\treme \'!a- rnor-crrater being fetained ;n soils and rvailable ter ternpcralurcs in the [lppel Granclc Ronde River 1br release ltr stfeans through subsurface flrts. Basin (Janes 1984" Orcgon Dept. Fish and S ikl- Ho*ever-" thc higher base flows did not trarslate liie 1987. \orthrest I'jolcr l'}lanningCouncil 1990, into increa.sedannual dischargcs(Mclntosh 1992). 'lhe V allola-[rhitman National Iorest 1990) suggest high levei o[ han'est in the Upper Grandc lhat anadromous fish habitat rcmains in c tical con- Roncle River Basin since the 1930s may have rliLion.Forcst Serrice strearn sun'cvs in 1990 indi- caused the timing of snolr.melt and peal dischargc cate that habitats in over' 700/oof Lhestream milcs rates Lo sh;ft to about I mo earlicr in the \'-ear. ()rarde in the Upper Ronrlc Rivcr Basin fail to meet Ilvdrologic studies irr Oregon shorr greater snou- desired Forcst Plan strearn standards for line sedi- fall accumulaLions in the clear cut-q. which mclt rnents. slrcarn shading. large $'ood cJcbrisdensities, 'l'he earlicr' lrith incre:ued exposLrretr-r solar radiation ancl nater tcmpcratures, erlremelv lolt return (Harr l9{33). Tn eastern Oregon. earlicr sntx,".melt ol adults(1990 cstimatc-.of ( 100 fish)in thc L[- and pealllows redrce watcr storagein surface and pel Crande Rondc suggcststh:rt poor habitat con- subsurfaccar-clr.s of channelsarrl floodplains.lhich ditions. along uith high ler.cLs oi morlditr aL can lcad to lol'er annual dischargc and instrearn rnrirr-tlrrr,l.rm.. hrr", oirtril,rrr.,l-iyrrifi,.rntlr ro the flows arailable for stream habitats (Elmorc and depressedspling chinook runs Zakel. Orcgon {J. Beschta 1987, Sedell and Beschta1991). Dcp. l'ish Wildl.. Salem.pcrs. comm.). The l pper Cr'.rnJ,Il"nJe fclrc-ert\ r l,rirn:rn-p.rsning area The carlicr pealllot's mav also influcncc the su lor thr spring chinook. currently listed as threatened rirrl o[ .alm,,rrsrrr,,lt. b,. rrr-e li-h orrtnri;r.rti,'n. in LheSnakc Riler dlainage under lhc lindangered uhich involves r r:ritir:al phvsiological ph:se in SpeciesA< t. salmon life history. is timcd largely to peak flo*s (McIntr)sh 1992). Earlv peakflows could lbrce Historic iand-use rccords intlicate that domes- smolts to outmigrale prior to thc smoltilication anrl tic lircstock grazing. -"plr-shdarns and irssociatcdlog loler llsh survival. drives. along with mining, signilicantlv irrrpactcd anadrornousfish hubitat and streamlllrs prior-to l9,lL Streamchannclization, due to the availabil- Rettoration Efforts itv oi hearr equipmenl aftcr s'orld War II. alscr Rcstontion ol strean and riparim habitat in the [\r- gfcatlr rcduced strearn haliitat divcrsin throughout per Glande Rondc lliler ba-sin will rr-'quirc fun- man\ pr)fti{)ns oi thc Upper Or:rndeRoncle. l'im- darnental changes in upland and riparian bcr han'est and nrarl construction have inr:reaserl mirrJgpnrenlprarti, c- .rndr lorrg-term, nmrnitm, nl substantiallv since the I950s. bccoming the domi- to scienLificallvbased and biologicallv crcdible ec, nanl land-use acti\.itiesin the llppcr CrancleIlonde o,(vstemmanagement. A liame$,ork has been dc- Rir,erbasin.'lhc legacyol hisloricland uscs,cou- ,'elopcd in the IIppel Crandc Ronde River plecllith thc impactsof current ul)slopcmanage- Anadrornous Fish Habitat l'rotection, Reslofation. ment practices, is pcrr;asir.e and contrnLlcs lo and Nlonitoring Plan (Anderson er ol. 1992). Pro- forcstall the recorerv r)f strcarn habitats (X'[cInLosh tcction oI the besLhabitat :rlong u'ith lesLorationof 1992. N'lclntos]r et al.. l994bl. historic habitat should be the long-Lermobjcdi\.e. In the short-tclm, anadrornous fish stocks need re- Lond-Usesantl Clnnget i.rt SueumflorLs lief liom highly unhrvomble rearing and sparrning -{nalysis of lonfl-term strearnfl{ru' ancl climate conditions. This may best bc acc,omplishedthrough records for lhc Llpper (irande Ronde Rivcr indi- proteclion and rcstolation ol these critical habitats

l-nvironmenLal Iliston of River-s.Oregon anrJ S ashington L5 E E o E 6

1950 1960 year

NN volumeharvested

}-igure;'\irlunro|.tiull,rhln.\|.lljnthc'IohnDarRirerba..in.l92;1990i()njg0n|)(])anl'|l0l levels erpressed as dilli,tr, l,,,arl l., t lnrnrbl).

bv facilitatingincreased she:rmllo*s and re.rrrnect- whcrc strcam and ri1rari:rnhabilats are highl-vcon- ing stream reaches and adjoining rclirge area ncctcd(Crcgor-v er al. 1989. Lambertiet o1.I989. Xlooreand Cregory1989). The inrportanccof un- constrainccl reaches in the l,plrer Crandc Ronclc ITistoricrlanalvses ol the [,pper OrandeRorrrle Rivcr basin is er.ident in the clistribution of prlol Rivcr lancl ancl r,;ater'useimpacLs on stream and h:rbitats.Nlost of Lheprxrl habitat. both in 19.11 and ripali:rn habitats arrd other-rivcr basins of castern 1990. occurredin unc.nstrainedreaches in l iclcr ['ashington and Olcgon (\'lclntosh et al. l994Lt) vallevstith floodplains. ln 1941 the unconstrained provide u-"eful tinre frarncs ior idcntifiing desired channel rcachcs. r'hilc comprising 4O0i of Lheto- frrtrrn, unJiti,'n..rrrJ "p1'"rtuniti.- l,'f fF-t',fati,,r. t:rlslream lcn$h. containcd69Yo of the pool habi- Stre:rrn and ripalian habitats havc variablc distri, tat. Br 1990 the same re'achcshcld onlv.l80/ool bLrtionsin rlifftrcnt river basinsbecause Lheir er:o- the pool hairitat. The historic Lr-endsfor str-camand logical iirnctionsdepend on inflLrr:nccsof scrcral riparianhabitats in thc Upper Cr:rndeRonde Rircr errrironmenlalirrncliLions. In thc fppcr Crande basin indic:lte rnana€t-enlenLeiions should bc 1o Ronde River. as in othcr rivcr basin-..the develop- cuscrJ on improving habitats in unconsLraincd ment ol riparian and strealn habitill-sovcr timc viuics reaches.Thcsc arcas commonly erhibit fluvial ancl *ith clirnatc.lanclform, and hvdrolog,r.An irnpor- geonorphic charactcristicsthat livor h;rbitatdc- tant lanclscapelactor- inciudes unconstllincd reaches !elopnlenl and faslcr r-alcsof lccoter-\'.

S:..rrr;"- S'rith. \1,Int,,.lr. Li. Reere-.arr,l S-d..1 JohnDay Fiver (North Central Oregon) o1(llarno and Shaniko.Shrep rterc introduccd in thc l8B0s, and b,vthe I900s. rhen the railroad Earh SettlenLentantl Ltmd Uses r,".asestabli-shecl, Shaniko beclrnc onc ofthc rcorld's Historicd accountsoithr John Da,vRivcr describe largest sh;pp;ng centcrs oflool. Earlv photoppaphs iLsstrearnbanks as co\.crcd\\.ith dense grotths of shor, thc hillsides so thick with sheep that on firsl dspen. poplar. :rnd willow. AnecdoLalr-eports. such glance it appears as if the,varc snot clrilis (Oregon as lhe;nab;lilv ofPctcr SkeneOgden, a lur trader IlistoricalSocietv, Portland. Oregon). Throughout during the LB20s.to ford horscsacross the river this period. grazingintensitv wus high. !'or exam- near thc tot'n of Prairie City cluring sunrmer lorv ple. Alcler Creek. a small r,'atershcclof 89 km', Ilot's. suggest that the hvdrograph has changed had heavy glazing by 30.000 sheep over a fe\r srbstantially (lludson Bav Histodr:al Societ,v rclru. Soon after sheep were introduced. caLtlefol- 1950). Bcavert'ere alsoreported lo be verl abrrn- lot'ed. The introduJohn Day bccn disruptcd.therebv changing nutrient cvcling ncar Canvon Citv. the Middle l'olL of the John Dav and paLternsof planl succcssion.The present plant near (;alena.and Lhe\orth Fork of thc John Da,v communitiesbear little reserrblamceto the origi- near Sumptcr-.Orcgon. Placer mining and. later'. nal flora. Thcse changcs undoubtedl,vhar.e altered dredge rnining drastically changrd thc charactcr the natural hydrologic cycle. oI the iandscalre.Dredging disturbul riparian vege- Nativc plant cornmunities changed as a resolt talion, o.icl-tulnedbottom substrates,r:hannelized ol the erpan.innof re.teln j'rrrip,r rlunip.ru"or slrearns. and clelaslalecJspa$ning gravcls $,ith the citlentalis) and sngebllsh. and exotic plants. in- dcposition of line sediments.The legacv o[ this cluding those not palatablc us forage. began to peliod rernainstoda_-v. r.ith manv kilometers of crolr'd out native bunchgrasses.The prescnt plant dredge spoils adjacent to strearn channcls and comrnuniLiesarc lcss subjcct to the low intensitv retarding ritrarian plant dcr.clopmcnt. f)redge range fircs of thc past. r,".hichreinlorces LheI'fes- deposits arc cspcc,iallyeliclent along the North ancl ent plant assemblagestructure (J. Boonc Kauffman. X'liddle! orks ol the John Day. and scttlingponds Dept. RangelandRcsourccs, Oregon State [1niv.. in the uppr:r\orth lolk remain a sourr:eof toxic I'pr:. comrn.l.Th- er1'rrr-i,,nnf lrnip, r i. e1'e- (Hudson hear',vmetals Bay I{istorical Society cialJynoticcablc t'hcn comparinghisloric and re- 1950). Strcamflol in severalcreeks in the N'[al- cent photographsofspecific locations. lor inskrnce. heur National Forest gocs subsurfircctlecause ot aerial photographstaken ol the area surround;ng streanrbeddisruption and subslrateaggr'adation. thc cities ol John Day ancl Can,vonCitv shot that During this eally perirxl,irrigation and logpfng juniper were confined lo small pocketsin 1939 began. The first sarrmillnas establishedin 1862 (OregonWatcr Rcsourcesf)epartmenl 19136).Pho- (Oregon S'ater ResourcesDeparlmenl l986). Cat- tographs taken in l986 shorv that junrpers norl' tle grazing opcrutions began during the 1{:}60s. dominatc the landscape.S'estern jurrpcr ci.rrrrrr plima lt near Lowel Rock Crcck and the tol,ns lercept and lrdnspirc us much as 250/o of the

Enrironrnental History of Rivers, Oreplonand Washington I7 prccipitation. Junipcrs in central Oregon ranEle ,\cvcrc increases in w.atcr temperalLlres. both lrorn 160 to 10,10trees/ha. Estimates indicate Lhat summer and Nintcr'. are r:rilical limiting lactors lor for a I 6l.BB0 ha watclshed.t'ith 61{3jLrnipcrs/ha. salrnonidsovel rnanv po ;ons of the John Dav lrater lost through transpiratiorlcould bc equiva- Rivcr basin (Aclarrrset ol. in press. Li er ol. 1992. lenr ro 99 to 212 mr/sec/dav(l.lt. Sedell, Pac. Li et a1.in prcssi.Tiedemann and Higgins(19139) \ortht. Res. SLa..(irrrallis. Oregon. pers. ormm..|. iound that the shortterm threshold for rainbor,". (23.{3oC), Thc Blur'frlountainFor-cst lleserve ras estab- trout as lecommendcd by the t,S En- li-shedin 1906. and b,vthe 1920s linber han'est vironmental Protec{ion Agency. was regularl,v ex- ceeded ;n stleams \'\'herecxpc mental grazing was had bccome an im forlant :rctivitv ill the b:uin. Cur ,e\,er. lentlr. timber harr;cstis the rnajor land-use atltir,itr tcstcd. Ho thcv clid not attribute this to graz- (rn ,,r rl,F0,hu,o. I rn.rrillrr..r'|J \1.'llr"urr'rri,,rr.rl ing practices.Li et aL. press)found that dailv forcsts.lhe hisLoricalrccord indicatesthat timber lFrrpirJllfc: reeularl' , r," eded tlre Lr11r.rin- (26.5oC. huresL steadilv increasedurrtil about 1950 anrl cipient lethal Lempcr.atule Bidgood and BelsL1969) for steelheadtrout in Rock. N'[ountain. hasrcmained al thcscincreased lerels b lhc pres- 'l'hese enL (Figurc i). and Alder creeks. tributarv strcamsof rhc John Ilav ltiver have becn highlv impacLedbv cat- Clnnges in Strcant otul Rilturion Habitat tle grazing. Con tlitiorts Hypotheseshavc been aclvancrdthat the in- land rainborv trout populations of thc John Dar Ba- Thc combinedirnpacts oI all human acLirities havc sin arc more adaptable to higher temperaturesthan dramaticallrchanged the riverinelandscape of the other stra;ns.Hol'ever. Li et ol. (1992) lbund that John Drw basin.Thc hvdrographhas changcd sig lainbow troul selectcd coldt'ater habitats lvhen the nilit'antlv. tith base 11o*sincrcasing in :rll managed ambient tcmperature of thc main stream p- latersheds and rcrnaining the sarne in the rr.ilder- proached 24oC. Tnterestinglv. rainborr tr.oul $,ere ness drairragc. I'his suggeststhat the land (e.g.. rarelv in cold-r\.atel habitats !.|.hcnthe stream tem- riparianhabitats) has lost the cap:rcitvro slorc.\rlr- pcruture \{as belorr 20oC. Li et 01, (1992) s\tg tcr ibr releasecluring thc low flow perirxJsoi sum- gcst that unless milps oftempefatLlre microhabitats mer (l\'lcTntcrshet aL. 19941i1. ar'edcscribed, the infcrencc concerningtempcra- Hvdrologic chdngesare also irnplicd bv the ture adaptabilitv of inland rainbow trout mav be morc iicquenl:rncl sevcrc flash llooclsancl thcir mislcadinpJ. subsequent impacts. ltecent rescarch suEiEieststhat IIigh temperaturescan har.esere|al diffcrent the irnpactsofllash lboding rre 1armore delttcri- impads ill slream ccosvstems. Fish ciln be sul)- ous on lish comrnLrniticsin highlv aitercd stream jecl lo lethdl and sublethal lhc nal stressesrhat reaches than those in morc natrlrd condilions imposc severemetabol;c costs. In the John Day (Pcarsons et a1. 1992). Turbitlitv in some partsof basin, sone strcam reaches that cxcccd 32c(l clur- (lottonworxl the basirr.such as Crcek. a tributarv ing the diel cycle in thc sumrner are dcvoicl of all lo thc \orlh Fork, is notoriousl,vhigh aftcr storm lish (Li et dl. in press).Stuclies for the John Dav erenLs. Thc resulting siltation oI stream bcds usinplthe metabolic model ol S'urtsbaugh ancl clcucase-saqLralir, inscct producLion und cicgrades Daris (1977) suggest that thc rnetabolir:rnain- sp:r$lrmlIgr l.cls, tenancc clemandbv juvenile steelheadincrcased Thc liparian canopl-'is completelv gone in manv 23Yo to 4iJo/ofrom the coolesLlo thc warmesr parts oi the John Dal lliver basin. r,;ithlcss stream stream rc ches lLi et al. 1992. in press).Spring covcr antl shading than the recornrnerrdcd750lo chinook in LheJohn Dav River mav be erel nrore closure.A sludv ol sevefalsmall tributan streams alfectcd b,vhigh Lemperatures.The optimal tem- inclicatedthe impilct to r\)arian \,egclalioltaDd per:rlure range lbr juvenile spring chinouk is -lre,rl|r\rl' r tptnpetct.rf-:, rrn be quit. --r-.- 7.9-l3.Bc(l (Reiserand Bjorn I979) and thc up, *hcrc thc rip:rri:rn habitat hu been alLeredthrough per incipient lethal temperature is ncar'25oO (Br.err atJilities such as grazing (Pearsons et al. 191)2). r9s2). l recluentlvthcrc is insufficienl covcr. increa.sedrra- lhc lJ,k ,,|.thcrmrl ror-. Lr ril,rri.rne,o- lcr tcrnperature. ancl minimal r:old-r|atcr refugia .r-t, m- irrthe Jolrrr Dur Bc-ir',rl-o rp1,..rr. tu im in rircr cfiannel-sol Lheregion (Bennan and Quinn pacL fish food l.ebs. Higher solar radiation levcls 1991. Rhodcs ancl XlcCulloughin press.). at sheam surfacesand benthic algal production can

Lli fiiissmar. Srnith. \'lclntosh. Li. Ree,'es.and Sedell inducc ol alter the dcvcioprnentol prev lvpcs that cal problcm of rrater-lonpcrature. Lhemajor limit mav or mav nol be available as lish foorJ (Tait et ing 1lrror in Camp (ireel. Thc olrjectiveol Lhc al. 1994). For erample. in thc lohn Dav basin habitatcnhancemenL fr{)gram $'asto lncreascthe .lJndin9,r,,l'-,'l .rly.r. L.c,,m' l'uh, r.n c',po-",J numlrr oi pools irr a rifflc-dominatecl srstcrn. The - r-eachcs{no riparian r:ovr:r)of streamsowing to light ellect oi insLalling 280 log u,cirs(- 5750 1xr enhancemcntol prim:rrvpr-ocluction. Horrerer. thc Jogleir) rlas to increasepoolr.olume bl loh. Nlorc- ino eased algul ibrage base for aquatic insecLsdid oler. increaseclrainbol troul densiticsancl use ol not translatc into Eireaterprel' availabilitv lbr Llre habitats r,".ereinsignifi cant. iishes. The algac supported additiondl inverlebrale A visual eraluation rl1 habiLal rch bilitation bioma-sscompriscd of large. sLone-cascdcacldis- projetts nas maclein the John Dav basin.Beschra li '. D'r",n,'c ,t' gil, ip"s. r' ho.e tir, , :r-e- frot., et al. (199I) as-"esseclthc statlrs oI r4)arian vcge rendered thcm invulnerable to prcclatiol bv fish. t.rt.,'rrrlerel,,l,rnent .rn,1 geomorl,lri, pr,.. --F- irl stleam channels.The authorsconcluded Lhatcl- Sheam anrL Ripuriun Habitat Rehabilitatiort lbrts to rehabililatcstrcrm habitaLon a site specilit SLrcamand riparian ecosvstemsol the John Day basisl ithoutexamining thc cntire rirel arrtJripar and olhef eastcrn Oregon !,,alershcdsha\.e suffered ian basin landscapcconlribuled to thc liilure of liorn poor lir'estock and forestry practiccs (Kaull- ma v projccts.Beschta er a1. (1991) suggr:stthat man and l(lueger l9ll,1. Kauffman I9BB. Bcschta thc most effecti\e rncansof restoringhabitat is Lo r',ri.IqqIl. \lthn'rshm,-tul rlreerid.n,,i.rnee licilit:rte natural ripari:rn plant succcssion and Lo dotal. conr.entionaluisdorn holds that the reduccthe mostdelrirnedliil source ol dislLlrbance. carrv- 'l'hev ing capacitiesofthcse streamsftrr salmonids hare livestockgrazing. alsosuggcst that catrlee\- bcen greatlv diminished.As a result, large surns closurescan be excellcnttools Ior ltabitatrestolt- of monev have been invcstedin habital lcstora- tion. Ilafd-stmcture ernplaccmcnts in slrearn tion in castcrrrOreplon as part ofthe long-telrn plan chunels appearrd lo create lninimal bcnelits at to restole anadromoussalmonids in LhcColumbia the cosl of disruptingthe natural plocesse-cof Lh( Rirer -q.,-stc'm.!'or e:iarnple.thc BonnevillePorver slrearnchalnels and interactionsrrith lloodplains Administration(BPA)spent -$6,000.000 in rhe All thc abor.estudies indicrtc that mosLof thc John Dav basin(Rir.k Stoots. Bonneville Porlcr Ad- cnhancemenLprograms are non-palliativein :rd- min.. pers. comm.). l,nI;rlunatclv. no lun.ls \\'erc dressingthe ba-siccauses of habitatchangcs. l\rr allocated for nronitoring projecls bccruse evalua- thermore. bcausc of the ltrr'k of basic phvsic:rl and lion \{ls not consideredin the design of rcstora- ecologicalinibrmaLion. currcnt reh:rhilitalion pro tion u,ork. Thc rcsult oi this polic,vis that the degr.ee grams could be crcating the illusion lhat habiler of cffectivenes-sof various restoration cfforts is resloratir)ncan bc quicLlv accomplishedrhrough unlno\! n. le<.hnologicalmeans. For cnhancemenlprograrns to succeed,the! nccd betler landscapc Ilrre- -rllrr.rti.rrr-tudi'- ,,t hrbit.rtlehel,ilire- inlorrna- lion about habital stnrcturc ancl{uncLions. This tion elfolts hare bccn conducted undcr thc adr.er-se clata e.rnl'. oLtrin'rl :i g ,rn!-t, i ri.rmstirircc\ol harirrynu .rr.rilehl.rn,,rritur.ng rm rn,,ritnrirr" t'.,,- gr.rnr-.(..rrefu', orr-i,l, rrrtiun mrr-t he n tu terr- data frorn bcfore or after irnplcmcntationof en- Birr porrl scak:s of salmonid lifc hancementprojcct,.. Thcse evaluations;nclude (a) cvcles. fish relalionshipsto streamhabitilt changes an{l a bio-errrnornicstudy of habitatrcstoration (Adams l.iplr ian plant successionpatterns. and in{lucncesol , / .r/. in ple--r.rl,r rr -t',tlr ol l^! -ill l,,B$, ir cm- restofalionclibrts. placcnrcntsin C:rmpCrcck of the John Dal basin et 1992), (c) \Li al. and a field rcvier,r of streanr Historic enhancenrenlprojrcts (Beschta Cumulativelmpacts of Resource in easternOr-cgon Usesand Management et ol. I99I). Adams (in on Streamand e, al. pres-<)iound that RiparianEcosystems diflerenL slrcam lactors limitcd the capaciLl of 'lhev 'fhe habitatsin difierenLph-vsiographic settings. casc hisbries ibr Lhc Okanogan. \IeLhot. suggestedlhat increasedsurnrner strcamllot and Nachcs. Crande Ronclcancl John Dar' Rivcr ba rcduced ternperalurcscould increase fish use oi sins shol lhaLstr-cam and riparian ccosysternshavc habir rs. Li ei al. (1992) found that insrallationof erpericnced long-lelm cumulatire irrpacts bv log leirs in Camp (ireek did not addresslhe criti- numerous rcsoulce uses and rnanagerncnl

Lnvironmental Historl oi Rivels. Oregon and fira-qhington 19 prrdiccs. (bntinuous inlpacts tlnd neglect orer lhe rrilroads. and llood conlrol lerees Iithin t)estI (X)-150 vrs hare caLrsr:rlconsitlcrablc habi- lloodplainurcas {liuniss er aL L99l. R.W. tat drmagc (Kauifrnanand Klueger' 1984, Kaull: Beck Associates19713); and mtrn 1988. Elmore and Beschtat9ti7. Be-schtaer g. lhe lolal loss of strearn anrl ripal.ian a1. I99l). Thesr inpacls comrnorrhirrflucncc ccos,vstcrnsbccause ol n'ater.remor.al lor strcalr and ripalian sr'stcmsat the sametime be -rtorageand diversion projects {Caldwell {riluse$aters. soils.and plantsaR: conncclcd and and Crttcrson 1992). lirnction togethel hv e\changing r':rter. sedimenls. 'fhe order ol impo ance ol the nrajor factors nLrlrir:nls.and organicnrattcr'(\linshall ct al. 1989. irrpactingripariarr con idorshas br:cncstirnatcd lbr Vissrnar nnd Srran-.r-,n1990. (iregorl et a!. 1991. l I clifierent river ba-einstll e:rstem Oregon (Han- Belr pr dl. 1992. T,eonardei ul. 1992J. -.on 1987): livestockgrazing > linrbrr har\csl Stleam and r'\rali:rn ecosvsternso{ easlern Ore- practires > agricultural practiccs ) road con gorrand Siashinglorrhavc brcn and arc bcing con- struction > Ilood events (Table 2). Sevelal tinuou-slvimpactecl bv erosion. sedimentalion. rnr''r,;,ri.rl l .rtrrrr'ss, n r',,,,gniz,.lir- iml'urtJnl c\( cssivc $alcr tcnrpclaturcs. ancl {atcr losscs in- .,,,rlfil,rlor- l. rlrF-'\'fit! ,,f tlrr-. irrrt'.r,t-. duced br lirestotL grazing. foresl management plinrarih nrixcd land ot'ncrship. overlapping practices(r:.g.. han'csl. r'oads. and fil-c).{iltcl stor- lnana€{emenljurisdiclions. and minimal aLLention agc rncl divcrsion {dnrns and irrigrtion). li-.helies. to redrrcingdanraged ecosvstons. Thc folloving rnining. :rnd recre;rtion(\'leehan 1991. I'lLrllanet .,.1,,'r-r, \i' \\ lh, m.riurmJnrrEcmerrl J.li\ilic- n1. 19112.l)ctcrson et ul. 11)92,\ational Council that h:lve iniluenced sLr-eanrand r-iparial oi the Prper lndustrv ior Air and StlearnImpror,e- ccosrstcnrs in r-ir,crbasins of eastern \Vashinliton rncnt 1992). A surnmarvol the major changesin and Oregon. stre&lrlarrd riparian ecosvstcnrsfo1lrr|s: llr, lu-- ul ril'rfiJn -oil- .rrr,ln.rrr"r.in. ol L vestockGrazing ripari:rn lore-st corrid.-'fs due to fofesL {s -shownby the cese hisLofies.lire'stock grazing rr.,rr:FnrFrr.lirc-t,,r'l iny. re,r, rrti,,n sr.ru Legarrnith the arrival of mincrs and scttlcrsdur'- and olhcl land'uscs (Kovalchik I987. ing the secondhalfofthe 19th centruv.OversLock- Kaufinan l9{lll. Clrrk anrlCibbons 199 | . ing of thc alailablc rangcsdur-ing the late 1800s Kovalchil and -0hnole 1991. Elrrrore and o\,ergrazingin the early 1900s causedwidc- 1992. Pcarsonser al. l9()2. Smith l993, sprcad damagc. iitcling riparian phnt diversin and \\ issrnaret al. I9913): compacting and eroding soils {Elmore 1992). b. the lossoflarge u'rxxlrecruitment arrrl stor- Changesin sLre'amanrl riparianhabilal slructures irgc in sllcilm channclsbccuusc ol thc dc- commonlv followccl hcarl gruing o1 1\,atershed-r cline in ri1rarianlbrest corridors (Bilbv :rncl because of increases in surface rLrnofl and \\'asser.rranl9fl9. Carlson et al. 1990); sedincnlation. nd dcclclscs in in- c. lllcrel-res llt suntme] tvaler tem])eratures E3orurrhlater llltration(Hibbelt 1976. Platts19f31). arrd lclalcd ,.trcsscson llsh and tildlile be- cruse of the lack of shading bv riparrarr Th, :r,,sth,,fth, lir,.-tu,L in,lrrstlrirr cn.terrr canopics anrl sirallolcr scdinrcnt-lillcd V ashingtonand Oregonincreased the nurnLerof shcam channels((lorner 1992. Tdt et al. animalsbevond the afee's( afrving capac;tv(l)latts 1997. Li ct n1. ir prcss.Nlalonel et ol. in l99l). Bl thc 1920s ovcrgrazingof!orest Ser vice lands and drought condilions carrsedthe r-ange ,1. int'reasesin \\iitefpollulion du('lo ugficLrl- lo fuflhcr ddcIior.otc to the extent that Congre-ss ture alcl lirrest chemical-. (Norlis er al. passeclthe Taylor OrazingAc,t in l93,l to irnprovr: 1991)r public rangclands. A federal report on the slatus tl'" 1".- ol li-lr 1,.rr'rrng .,rrd r".rrin.. ol the conclitionof Lheserangelands indicatcs that habiLaLsbecause of sedinent ernbedderl- ^'501o of thr' l.'orcstScrricc and BLX{ rangelancls nc'ssof strr:arnbctlsand lot stlcanllor,;s in thc 1r'estem Lnited State-"$'ere in lair lo poor (Bcschtaancl Platts 1986. Comer 1992. condition ha-"edon \egetativepotential (Covcrn- Srrith 1993. NTcrlrrtoshet a1. 199,1b): ncnt AccountingOffice 19BB).ln l9B5 a similar lossol strearnalcl filari:u ecos!-qLembio- repolt for non-fecieralrangelands in Olcgon indi- dilcrsilr. lhrough confincmcnt bl highr,;rws. cates - TBVoolthe plir':rtelands were also in poor

20 \tissmm. Smith. N'lclntosh.Li. Reeres.:rnd Sedell T.{BLE 2. ,qunrrarvolthe rnalorfartorsallictirrgripurianueas-inth.dilir:urr rnerbasinsofeasr|rnO(eon iHrn-.on L9IJ7).

Slft tm clurncl Cr!;,s l.ogsing Roads iuatior lLul. hisrti,D chemicals!;u,s Asr(. Durs ehsnD drvf. Rf(re.rioD

Rirer Basnr

\I! h.ur R. O{\h.r R.

anarhll.

DeschuresIl.

HoodIi.

J.hr Do! R. t matilh R.

Excellent(3.0%) Good(19.0%) Poor(40.0%)

Fair(38.0%)

Figure 8. Range .ondiri,,ns ol non federal rang(jl! s in Oregon (-soilC.,ns.,nario,j S.njce 19851. Rargt rlnilirions erpressed ds percenr .ir.(lk nr. goorl frn ard prnr of non tederal rangeland ata. to fair conditionbased on vcgctativecal)acilv (Soil ranges.minimal gains tere obserlcd in ripar.ian (ion-senati.rnScrvice 198.5) (Figurc B). and stream areas (Behnke and Raleigh 1978). Throughoutthe 1960s and 70s. the US Forest Other changcs in grazing practices.such as the Jivc- Service.[]S Burcuu of Land Nlanagcment.llS Soil stockindustrv's shift from grazingsheep to cattle. Convcrsion Service and plivate land ouners iunher complicaLedthc situation. Cattle, which pre changed grazing practicesbv using a varietv of fer to graze in streamside arcas. cause considera- managementstratcgies. Ho$evcr. minimal atten- ble rietcriorationoI riparian and stream habitats tion rvasgivcn to assessingthe impactsof grazing (l'l.rtt.IqBl. lqql). {llcrnJri\cgrdzir,s.rrJl, gip- on riparian and stream ccosvstemsl,ithin range hare L'.n sugg'{ted to I'r.rr, I unJ r' -torc ril'.rr- allotments (Elmore l9B{l). For cxample, lhilc ian areas (Elrnore and tseschta1987). brrt t'hether range conditions tendcd to improve in upland differont grazing praclices can reduce grazing

flnvironmentalHistory of Rivers. Oregon and Washington 2I Colville

Winema

o Wenatchee o o Wallowa-Whitman IL Umatilla

Okanogan

z Malh€ur

Fremonl

Deschutes

10000 20000 30000 Riparian area in grazing allotments (hectares)

I Tot.hectares

(l.SDA ligur.9. Riparia! areas ilirhin Frazins !llormfnrs ol Nationdl l,)r.ists ir.altenr sashinsron and 0.rgon Ii)ri\t S(i^i(1'. Resion 6. l(r92 Rang. R.r),rr. Pr,rtlud. ORr. Riparian area expressed $ h.(itars ihrl

irnpactson riparian and stream habitatshas not within allotmentsrvith thc totalripalian acreageol been frrllv resolved(Rhodes and McCulJoughin different national lbrcsts. press). ForestN/lanagement and Eroson: Timber Ilinimal inlormatione\isLs about the quantity, Harvest,Foads, and Fire tvpes. and conditions of riparian ccosvstemsin easternWashington and Orcgon.The ForestSer- During the last centur"!and carl,v1900s. settlers vice rcccntlv initiatcd inventories of riparian initiall_,-harvested lbrests of castern Oregon and ecosystcms associatcd with grazing allotments Washington in river valle,vs.riparian areas. and ad- (Quigle,vet ol. 1989. LSDA Forest Sen'ice llegion jaccnthillslopes using a varietvoI high gradingand 6. FY-92 Range Report. Portland. t)r'cgon).Esti- olher select harvest strategics(I'lrrmrner 1902). mates for l0 national forests sholcrl thal rifarian Harvest records kept b,v thc llS Forest Selvice, vegelation areas comprise 406 of the grazing allot- Washington Dep{rtmcnt of Natural Resources ments (161,493 ha). Thc national loresis lith (WDNR, 1985). and Oregon Departmcntof For- grcatcstr;parian areasin grazingallolments were estry (ODF, 1985) sincc about 1925 indicatclro the Winema (I6.809 ha) and tlmatilla (23.620 dilferent putterns of timbcr harvest in eastern L)re- ha). and those with iolest t'erc the Colvillc (5"6,tr6 gon and Washington(ligure l0). Halvest ler.els ha) and thc Wenatchee(4.59i3 ha) (Figure9). Al- in eastern Oregon incrcascd dfamaticall,v priol to though the l'orest Service's inventorv gircs partial and a{tcr Worlcl War II iollot'ed by lurthcr in- estimatcs of the sizes of riparian areas ivithin al- creasesthrough the 1950s and l9B0s. In txrntrast, lotments,a more cxtcnsivoprogram nccds t{);n- harrest lerels in eastern Washington hare re- cludc (a) futLrre management objectives. (b) mainerlat fairlv stableler.els since 1925. increas- amounts oI riparian acreagesadjacent to terrestlial ing slightlyover the past 65 years.Harlest levels .r.tem.. and rcrc.,mp.rrr-on. rf ril'lri.rnllr,.rc-. in easternVashington havc been about one third

22 [.issmar. Smith. Mclntosh. Li. Recvcs, trnd Scdel] = ra - ,.v

o

=l o

YEAR

-- EasternWashington - EasternOregon lisure 10. Tnnb.r harren lerels iD east,im Vahinston aDd i)r.g,',. 1925 198; (Washin$on Deparrm,i,r ol NarLrral[{esourrr:s 1985. Orcgon D.plrtmenr of I.ori\trv l9il5l. HlN.sr l,,rs miliion bonl teer (mmbr'1.

Lhoseol crsteln Oregon (scc also FigLrre7, total Many of the water'-rclatedissues pertaining lo harveslincludes private, statc und lederal).These influences of forcst management rcquired the clc- -65010 differcnccs can be partially attributed to velopmcntof severalmanagement methods. Some of lhc l'orest -qervicelands in easternS'ashington ofthe importantissues i!'ere thc influencesoI lrcc bcing in r,ilderncssand roadlessconditions, l hich han,cst. roads. and fircs on (a) de-svnchronization lcduced the land available for Limbcr harvesr a

EnvironmcntalHistorv of Rivers, O|egon and Vashington 2:l (Halversonand Smith 1974,'Iroendlc and King thc KWCEA model include sitc erosivilv-cncrp- 1987). Horvcr.er. these findings appl)' Lo forested potential based on prccipitation (R). site surfacc regions outsiclethc Pacilic Northwest. Harr (1987) crosion lirctor (E). slope srabilitv factor (S), hydro poirlLsout that de-synchronizationor svnchroniza- logic sensitivitv characteristic (H). topographic fic- tion of llorvs dcpends on horr flot's cornbinc from tor {T). total area of activit_v(Al). and total arca dillcrent runoff sources and tributities t., produce ol watershed(A2). streamllo\r regimrs in dolnslream reache-".In real- Thc model providcs a condition index or thresh- iLv.bccause of thc lack of inlcrrmationabout hot' 'fhe old fori\,atclshed degraclation. thrcshold sug- flowscombine undcr naturalconditions east ofthc gcsts relati,re cumulative effccts and provides Cascadc Mountains. managers havr grcat diflicultr- risk-rating lcvels of past. current. and future for- in evaluating the inlluences ol logging-induced esl mandgfmentpracticcs li.e.. harvcstand roads) ,lir' r.irr ,,l f,1r'-1-13n1-,,rr hr,lrologie ...1',ns, - and worst-caseconditions (Klock l9B5). The (Wasson et tLl. 1992). model's thrcsholds only apply after cefiain levels LrfJegr.rdati,,n hrre oc.urr-d. -rrch a. imprer- Tn recent sludics in northern ldaho. King causetibv floods.Thc model has minimal applica- (l 9891 has eraluatcd streamflowrcspon-ses using bility for assessingchanges in stream and riparian !'oresl Scrviceversions of the equi!alcnt clear-cut habitat conditions. arca {E(lA) method.This methodattemprs k} fore- cast strcdmlloi! responscsto vegeLalionr.emoval bv Some of thc limiting characteristics of the limber hcrr-.ting. ro.rd L'ril,lirrg.cnd fir.. Th,. KWCEA Modcl include the nccd lbr (a) marhema! ECA procedure has also been used to cleveloptim- ical validation of modcl behavior. (b) statistir:alvali- ber harvcst schedules(USDA l'oresr Scrr.ice 1974. dation oI risk values. (c) improved data compilation 1977). ECA timber har\,estguidelines havc com- procedures, and (d) the addition of preclictive monl,vplaced limits on expectcd increasesin the hydrologic and meteonrlogical inl'ormation. These monthlv strcnmflo$ during spring runoffto prevent shortcomings arise from the modcl being derir.cd increases in high flows. Hor,".cr.er.King (1989) liom the flnivcrsal Soil Loss Equation (trST,E)and found that short-duration streamflowsor high peak subsequcnt modifir:ations for specific $ate$hed florrs cornrnonlvcaused sed;mcnt bedload rnove problems on the cast side of thc CascadeMoun- menl dnd alteredslrcam channelconditions (King tains (Mullan et aL. 1992). (I989) 1989). King recommendedthat m iimum The LISLE and its various versions havc been ,l.rilr -tr..rmflur'- pro\idF L, llcf -trcam prL,lcction used bv managemcnt organizalions over the past than monthl,vincrcases in streamflo$'.This studv 20 yrs. especiallyfor pre.lictingsheet and rill ero- also iclentificd the need of applving guidclines for sion in agricultura.l areas (Foster 1987, Slaughrer 'l'he rnaximum dailv streamllows tl) smaller head$,atcr. and Aldrich L9B9). procedruc r.as derivcd strearns w.hcre hrge incrcases in maximum daily Iiom the basic cquations o[ Zingg (-t940) Ior the streamllows can occur follot'ing timber han cst. lt effect ofslope length and steepnesson crosion. Thc should be noted that a major requiremenrfor thc LSLE is an empirical approach with a lumped improlcment ol forcst managemenlprocedures, model structure that severel,l lim its its potential for like the ECA. r,,,illbe the acquisition ol high-qua.litv impro!emcnt nnd increascd accuracy. This "black Lrcal streamfbrv and precipitationrecords. bor" model does not define separatc relationships ftrr fundarnental hvdrologir: processes of prccipi- *til Erosirln tation. infiltration, runoff, and the basic erosional proccssesof substate detachrnent by raindrop Soil loss can be r.ierred as the major response of im- pacls. lransport, and cleposition. rtatcr and soils to problernatic llnd-use practiccs. To bctter managc soil erosion problems. thc ''Klock" Soil Compactiort S'atershed Cumulative Effecs Analysis rkU CE{, \lo,l, I r'.r.aJapr.,l rKlock lqB5r fn,m Agencics,such as the LS Forest Serviceand flS the Ilnivcrsal Soil Loss Equation (Slaughter and Burcau of Land Management havc also developcd Aldrich l9B9). Thc model u,asclcsigned lor thc prueedure.fur the eraluatiunul -oil ,.rrnpretiorr assessmentofthe potcntialimpads olforest prac- causccl bv timber har-vest. road building, and tices in srnall t'atersheds ( > 4,000 ha) on the easr recreational acti\.ilies. A common assumption has side ofthe Cascade!lountains. The paramctcrsof bccn that soil compaction of 120loof rhc total

21 Vissmar, Srnith, Slclntosh. Li. Reer.es.and Sedell lr'atcrchcd are:lpro\'ides a thresholclfor dctriment:rl and organic dcbris tlclir.credlo slream.hannels. changesin slrcarnflo{. l'he origin of this thrcsh- FoI erample.-studies of nuLficntlransfcl to stfeams old appealsunclear and pooriv dourmcnted. lle in easLsideirrcsts of \l ashington:rnd Oregon in- viel oi the relationship Lcttccn flo* increasesand dicatc lhal organic nitrogenlevels ahoLrL doublcd soil cornpaclionlcrcls tlenron-strate-srnajor difficrrl- cluringthe iirst vear (Tieclernanrret rr1.1 979). I'he tics in usingthis 12olrthreshold (lIarr et al. 1975. mosl significitrrlclfccts ol lires oD slreams and l9i9: Halr J9,90:Harr 1987).Han il 9tl7l dc- r-ivrr-.l,;ere the increased am()Lrnlsof surface run fincd a curvilinear relationshipbctw.ccn llow in- olf. serlirrrent.and dcbris delivered to thc-chan- crcascand thc amountol compacLionas Incrcasrng nel-..ru,li-. ,'f lhr Inti.rt Rirer br.in in .r"t.rl crponentiallv *ith soil conpaction.'l'his rel:rLion- Siashingronhave -.hortn thaL rhile stleurnflols in- shilr docs not indicatc a thre-shold.Soil rrornpac crcased iblloring fires, Lhc curnulatir.c ellects oi ti,'rr',1 12^oeo"re1',,rr,l',1 t,, .r 32"n in,re.r-e ir' rapid snormc1l.high-intcnsitl rainstolrns. and thc p"rk llor'.ir',1i, :rtirr:,,'rr-,J, ".rl'1" .r,lr er -e i'rrl,r,t- deslrLrclionof above and belo*ground vcgctation in strcanrs.Thc relationshipinclicates that di[fcr- have re-.ultedin massivcdcbris torrents {ldock and 'fhe ent slre:lrns\\ ilh varvirrgchanncl geomorphologies ITclvcv 1976). frequenciesof thc rlcbris tor coulclbc aclrerselvimpacLecl br rnuchlowcr llots rentsincreascd to l0 to 28 timesgrealer tha bc- 'lhcsc than Lri1206 incr-casc. lesults indicate thal iirrc lilcs (Helvev l9tio). thc phvsicalcharacteristics of a partirular shcrnl mllst be consideredin order to not ubitlarily set WaterDivers on and Quaity Problems the same lerel of cornpactionibr' 1streams.Re- IrrigaLionanrl rclilted rruter use-"hare exparrdcd viol of both the -roil tr)mpacliorr antl closion grn.rth rlurirrgtlre prrst 25 r,.rr- in ec-t-rrr rnanagemcnt procctlures indicates that past Siashingtonand Oregon.lncreased l ithchatal ol rnanagernentthreshoLls and guidclineshar.e min- r,raler-lrorndams and rlclls rclates to ne\'\'lvl)es ir'rl .,1'1,1i,.rL,ilit' lur .-r--e--irrgclrrrrg-- ir -lr'irnr of sprinklers, other ilrigation devcloprncntsand the nnd lipaian habitaLrrrnrlitions. Thcv clo not con needsol non-aliriculturaluscs. lhc availahilitvof sider streanrbarrkancl charurclgeornoqrhologies. $rtef froh dams and t'ells combined with lalgc strt'anr c}anncl gradieDts.and

l-nvironrnenLalHiston of Rir.crs.Oregon and $,-ashington 25 :rnd assrx'ialedIiparian ccosvsterns.\{ ateI diver- range from 37tyoto 510/n(No hwestPou,el Plan- -.ionshale elevatr:rlsunlnrcr Nater ternperatureaird ning (iouncil Srafl l9U6). increasedpollulion and gas srrpo-sahrrationprob- Additional losses ol upper and lor,".crColum lerns in both thc Snnke and Yalima Rirers. Al- bia Rirer salmon runs havc occurred though irnprovr:rl$alcr trcatment facilities have mixed-stockoccan fisheies and overfishirrgo{ been responsiblelor decrcascdlcvcls of biochem weakerup-river and *ild fish stocks.l'ish harvest ical orvgen demand iBOD). pollLrtionproblcms latcs in the ocean have been comrnonlv set for thc persistbec:luse ol nonpointsour-ccs oI organicand slronger, lo$er Columbia River fish runs dorrn- inorganicto\ic malefialsan(l sedirnr:nts.Nonpoint strcam liom lhe BonnevilleDarrr. Thesc lish runs sourccsin rnostliver b:rsinsof easLernSrashing- are sLrongerbecaLlsc thcv have received consider- ton and Orr-'gonappcdr dolninlted bv more than ablc hatchcrl' supplementation. The MiLc.hellAtr 20 million acre feet oi irrigation lr-turn flot's (High- (16 USC 750) 1or hatcherv programs in 1949 snrith and KimerJing 19i9). These nrarragemenl causecl clrr,rnslrr:arnriver h.ttchery production in prarl;ccs cr-catcother maiol drainage problems the 1960s to surpassnatural produttion. This ex surh as ovcr-irrigrtion and seepage.rncreases lr tensivc production of hatchery lish along with oler- soil salinitv anrl altcrcclrftrtcr qualitv and storage lishing ol t'ild ancl uprirer runs, and pclmlnent in llooclpl:rinsand grorrrrdwalers. blockagcbv largc dams has led to the elirninaLion of somclish runs as well a-schanges in the gcnctic WaterStorage and F lmpacts sheries on character of rnanv stocks (N{)rthwcst lto1{cr ltlan- Samon Runs ning CourrcilStaff 1986). ln rnost liver b:rsirrsof easLernSiasirington ancl Olcgon, thc loss and clegradationof salmon and l\,4inmum nstreamF- ows for Sa mon Hab tats steellrrad habilat and run sizeslras ensured frv per- {nulherimlortarrt hi-l,,ri, al Jn,l, unl,mp"rrrn im- m rent blockageol'riverinc channclst'ith dams facL on salnon populationsand habitatsin east- ftrr hrdroclcctric poter and ilrigation. An ercel- crn Orcgon and Washington has been Lhedivcrsion lent historical erample of problcm the Ias thc clam and allocation ofslream !!aters. Thc Mcthov River mingof thc Mcthot' River basin.The Xletho* Rir'er basin providesan cxccllcnt erample of these wa- wrls.onpletelv l9l2 blxrkcd from until the l9llOs ter uses (l'igure l). Historicalll' and todav, irriga- bt a h1-droeler'tricdam at Patcros ncar thc river 'lhe tion rrithdralals during summer low florvpeliocls rnouth. Paterosdam causedLhc e:.tinction of have limited salmon Jrfodud;on and sur-\'ivalin the a fi)ho salinon run and pcrhaps other salmonids. river. Currcnt sllmon runs include sLeelhead. -A.ltcrtire d:rnis rernoral. lhc l\'[ethor,;Rircr l'as spring chinook. summer chinook. fall chinook, and planterJu'ith hatchcrr and trap releasedsalmon sockere salm{)n.Life historv characteistics and and possib!- colonized bv sLraling Columbia Rir.cr lirnitinglactors of anadromouslish in the Methow fish. Thc dums on tire Columbia Riler curr-enllv and Okanogan rivers har'e been documcnted in the limit fish passagcand clcatc othcr sllnival prob- SubbasinSalmon and SteelheadProduction Plan (e.g.. lern-r preclationanrJ tonpcraturc) lbr Xlethor,; ([rashingLonDepaltmcnt of Wild]ile eral. 19t't9). fish stocks. Kohn (1987, l9BB. 19t19).Edson (1990). Mcckin (1991). and Langness(1991). Large (irlurnbia Rivcr dnrns.sur:h as the Chief Joscpirand (irand (bulee on the uppcr Columbia \\ ater diversion and allrcation issuesin the Rirer anrl thc Hclls Canvon on the -\nake River. N{ethow River basin inr.olr.e local interest groups rrere conslrurlcd bct$ccn the 1930s and 60s. l|rLl-ine.-.egri, ultrrrul. r., r,.rliun.rl.cnr ilonmerr. 'l hese large darns, sorre l ithout fcasiblc fish pas tal) as ncll as thc Methow Vallev lrrigaLiorrDis- -.ry, hciliti"-. .rrrrrrJat-drir-r-. d'-tr,\irp r, rr- trirt. OkanoganCoLrnt,v. thc Yakima lndi:rn \ation ing and spalning habitats and lengthening (YIN.|"Collille Con{ederatedTribcs (CCT), US Fish clolmstrearnmigfaLion tirnc. Thc strcam rnilesof and Vildlife Servtue (tlSFS S). Srashington St:rte anaclrornousfish habitat above ol the Bonnerille DepartmenLolFishcrics (-Wl)1,).V a-"hingtonSLaLe LJarnhas declinedirorr -11.700 to -7.600 f)cpar.tmcnt of \\ ildlile (WDW) and Washington milcs. Curnulatile passagemoltalitv for jur'enilc State Deparlment ol Ecologr' (DOE). DOE is fish rnoring dovnstrcaln can approach 77oi to rcsponsible lbr the revierv ol previoLrsh .rdopted 96%. rrhile adrrltpassagc mor-taLitv Llpstream can minirnuminstrcam flows and the assessmentof lhe

26 ['issnrar, Smith, \{clntosh. Li. Ree,'es.anr] Scdcll irnpacts of nelr l!'aLer right appropriations on Ertcnsive vallev-flocxlplains t'ith alluvial geo- salmonhabitat. Since l98ll DOIi has uscclthe In, morphic deposits and groLrndrvatcrflows like those stream !'lo$, Incremcntal \'lethodologl (IFI\I) to in thc Methov Vallev have bccn sho\\.n to be e-\- provide informationfor minimurn instrcam llot's tremelv ;mportant to the ecologv ofthc rivcr. !'lood- (Bovee 1982. XlilhoLrsef al. 1976. I9B9). The plains having hvdraulic connections r,ith chlnnels IFII\T defincs lish habitat in terrns of rvatcr depth. can supporl dccp belo$ppourrrlhabitats pcnctrated velocitl. subslralc, and cover. bv rilerine animals.These animalsand cstimates o[ rnasslrdnsport of nut ents frorn llor.ing ground- \{ost of the local interest groups have distgrccd $atcr habitatsor hyporheic hubitatspoint to the with the lindings of thc DOE projects (Caldwell and exlremc impo anceof thesesubsurface n'aters to Cattrrson 1992). DOE rnaintainsthat setting of the bbbgical productivitv of the channcl ancl ripar- rninimum instfeern flows presen'eslish habitat dur- 'llhe ian erosvsterns(Stanford and Wald l9BB, Wiss- ing Lrw flows. continuous disscnl olthe lpoups mar et dl. in press).Thcsc hyporheicsvslems also has onlv adcled to thc plight of llsh ancl the lack -.r',e a. r.f'rg- f,,r mreroirrrertehralF,,,mmJni- ol rrater.'l'he major conccrns include DOE's as- ties cluring timc of drought and therrnal stress. sLrrnptionspcrlainiDg to (a) wherc and at $hat tirnes ualer is wilhdrlr.l,"n.and (b) the fateof\ratcr t'hen irrigation ceases(Calducll and (iatterson 1992). N/llningActiv t es Somc groups bcJiele thal all the watcl rcturn,. bacl Mining in eastcrn Washington and Oregon has to the rivel uhile othersdisagree. ,{dditional con- been basedon a gfe t varictv of mineralssuch as cerns havc involved DOE's plans for (a) adopting gold, silver, copper, nickcl, chromium as *ell as consertationstrategies ibr agricrrlLuraluscs: (b) re- grar"l arrdhuilJinr .tun". \'lineralmirring l tiri quiring enr'ironrncntalstrndards for $,aterlcmper- ties in areaslikc the Okanoganand Vlcthot'River atulc. \r'aterqualilv, and scdimentloads (CaldweJl basins have dcclincd during the past half ccntuN and Cattcrson 1992): and (cJ sr:ttingadditional ber:ause deposits ncre lorv grade ancl rJispcrscd. minimum inslrearn flolts nccessary for the incu- \-evertheless.cumulatir.e and continLlous;mpacts baLionof cggs.smolt outmiglation,fish passageto on stream and riparian ecosystemshave oc.curred spawninggrounds, and preventionof lrr and ju- kcause of past minirrg opcrations. Past placer and vcnilc stranding. Thc Yakima Indian Nation has hvdraulic (1860s-1900). bucketline dredgcs ;l-1,,r'r-,.d, urr-iderehl. 'li-s.n-iun b1 reque.ting (f900-:30). and loclc mining (after 1900) havc moratoriums on nul r,".ellsin the \'lethot Vallcv . caused erosion. rclcascd leachales. and altcrcd In the Metlrol Rivcr basin.m:rnv of the abovc stream {1or\,s,damaging stream and ripurian concerns lcrc discussed in the Environmcntal lm- habitats.From the 1860s to 1900. ber:ausecon- pact Statementfor thc l.larlvWinters Alpine Win- sidcrable later tas needed for t'orking plar:er and tel SporlsSnrclv (Okanogan National Forcst 1990). hvdraulic operations. long ditchcs r.ere constructed 'lhe EIS lecognized thc cxteme imporlance of pro- to dir.crt large quantitiesof $atcr to the mining lccling hlclraulic continuilv oI ground!ruters$,ith rucft. ln the BIue Mountains of Oregon, the El su bce rr,aters(Washin€iton State Water Resour.ccs Dorado ditch flowecl morc than 160 Lm lrom thc {, r lq7l. ll(lW (:l,Jt'r-r'ro.54rbul g.rremini- hcadrr'atersof the Burnt Rivcr to the placers at l\'lal- mal lttention Lowater qrrality rncl the productivity h,urtl)iclencndDi,l-n lqTa).5in.e \1at.r i. j,rt- of riverine and ripiu-ianecosvslems. Becausc ofthe urally scarce in most of these rrpland regions. both high clcgrcc oi hvdraulic continuitv beh\,een Lhemining opcrations and water dir.ersionsgreatlv 2roun'lsrter:rnd{ud.rcc rlrlcr- in lhF \'l-rlrur,\ rl- impactcd streamsand riparian svstems.Hydrau- le,v(Colcler Associates 1 991 ). groundwater'flows lic mining pits and scars and del.atered strearn can reverscdircctions. causing rveil lcr.cls to vary chrnnels can still be found in manv localiLies.Ex- as flots change in the rivcr channel (().eoEngineers ccllent histories of the influcnces of minirrg and thc 1990). Su<.hvariations in ilorvs could causc cx- ertraction of minerals on streams and head$,ater lreme w:rlcr pollution problems whcn combined drainagescan be found in Nelson et ol. (1991) and nith possibleimpacts o[ nutricnt loadings lrom IJortman (I99ij). NIore reocnt impacts inclucle cv- aglicultural and urban storm runoff. golf cou$e aniclcchemical-leach mining lcrr gold from old rnine Icrtilization. llaste trealmcnt. altl $'aste disposal dcposits and the excavationofstrcam channels and (Willrns and Kendra I990). floodplains for sanrl and gravcl.

Enrironmental History of Rirers. Orcgon and S'ashington 27 'fhe value oI sand. gravel.gvpsum. and lime- crernfor conflicting issucs]ikc t'ater allocationsand 51,,11,pruJ.r, 1- c\lra.lcd in rno-lcorrnlic. in ca-l- minimum instreem llows irrr fish cornnronh clis- ern Vashington and Orr-'gorrhas amountcd to agrccr,ith plansand rccommendations1or resolv- 'l'he scvcral timcs that oi precious metals (Highsmith ing thcsc issues. continuousdissent bv these and Kimerling1979. Wilson 1990). Pratticcssuch groups onlv adds to the plight of fish as availablr as mining of rivcr bcd gralels depositslithin the \1rtcr.-trrJrr. rn,l ril,.rrirnf, -urtril:.untih c tu r,,eltedpcr;mctcr oI a rivcr using dredges. bull- decline. dozers.and lrrnt-end loadcrs can bc dctrimcntal Historicallv. lher-earc {crr managcmert meas to salmoniclhabitats (Ririef ancl Sequirr 1985. ures 1brellectivel,v prolecLing and festoringthcsc I'aulcv ct a1. l989). Alteled h:rbitat conditions in- ecosvstenrs.Sornc cflcdivc mdn gcmcnt actionsfor clude chrngesin (a)shapes. depths. flow pattcrns. irrproving strcam and riparian ecosvstemsilx'lude and bottorn substlate compositions rl1 (Lrannels. (a) moratoriums on lip:rri:rn grazing; (b) foad ([l;F and (b) Ierels ol sLrspr:nrJcdscdimcnts and ton- eraLionin riparian zoncsr(c) dcsignationol ripar pcrdtures in vaters (\\,ydoski and Helnr 19{10. i.rrrr"."ne- logging.r',Jd r nr-trr. liun. Rivicr and Sequier 1985, (ialling 19871. The-"e lrohil,iting and mining; (1.)protcction of unstable streambanls changescarr advcrsclvimpact fish fcocl- lrhvsical and adjacenthillslopes; (e) prolectionand lcsto- ing and migrationbehaviors. poprrlatiorr levcls. and ration of rcfugia arcas for fish and lildlife; and availablc habitats for lish and rnacroinrertebrate (f) rcduction ol sedimentdelivered to slrearnsin communitie-q(Binns and Eiserrnann1972. Etnicr l,otlrirrta, t and dar"rg.,1srter-h'rl-. J972, Milncr er al. 1981, lloore ancl Oregorr 1988. Bjornn and Reiserl99l). New basin-u,idemanagernent stratcgics offed elal upienciesand environmentalgroups provide Conclusions hope irrr irnprovingthc biodivcrsitv and popuia- tion leveL-.of stream and ripalian ecrrsvstcms(Dop- As shor,;n bt this clocument. histolir: cumulatire pell el al. 1993, Forcst EcosvstcmManagement eflect-scraused br man's use and managcmcntof AsscssmcntTeam 1993). Priorities inclrrde thc lancland $,atcr-rcsourcesoler the pastt\ro cenlu- protection.rest.'ralion. and nonitoring of habitats rie-.are greatlv altering thr: hcalth o[ rircr basins and netr,rorkslhal conncd stlcam and ripa an in rastcrn Oregon and ['tr..hiDgton. Pasl effects on ecosystems.'lhe strateiies emphasizeecosv,clcm thc cnvir-onmcntleslrlting iiom individual ancl cu- conncctivitvin both degradedand relativelyintact rnrrlatireimpacts of livcstockgrazing. management latersheds. Intact and pristinc r,'atcrshcds(c.g.. of lbre-rts.nater stofageancl allocaLiorr. agric,ultLrrc, roadless and {ildclnrss areas.iser\.e to function road constr-uction,llood control. and mining be- as critical habitats and biotit' refuge arcas l'or fish 'l come collecLi!elvsignificanl oter long lirnc pcriorJs and wildlite oi acljoiningccos,vstcms. hc lirst pri and arr:rrntinuing lo occur todal. Bv document- ority is plotcction of critical hairitats and netu'orks ing pa-.tdisturbances and acLionsof hurnarrinsli- connecLillgstfeam and ripariarrsvstcms. lhis re lLrlions lhal ultcr- ccosvstems, r,".ehope this cluires a basin lride plan that considers the lile his- environrnenlalhisLoly will provide valuablc basc- tof! requircmcnls oI fish and r,".ildlifeusing clitical lincs lor rcfcr-cncing and evaluatinp(past and lu- habitats. ture m r:rgementcnte a. Biotic rcluges provide (a) sourcesof colorrisls In eastc'rn Orcgon and \ilashington. histories to adjacenlareas. (b) critical habitatslor different oflancl and water rnanagenlentacti\,ities in selecl life history stagcs,and (c) protecti\.ecover and rest- rirel basins shol rninimal actions fol leducing ing areaslbr nigrating spccics(-scdcll er al. 1990. damage to stre:rrn and riparian ecosvslems. Doppdt et al. 1993). Ilelirge areasol differenr river l\{anagcmcnl institutions commonlv perpetuate the basinsare idenLifiedbv charactcristicsol natural notion that stre:rrnsand riparian arras arc difficult habittt complexitv, nati\.e species ancl high watr:r to managebecaLrsc littlc is knoltn rbout hol these qua.LiLr'.Refuge funttions are prolirlcd bv (a) in- ccosvslcms lirnction. \'lnnv lgencies stlive 1()de- tact head$aLrrwalcrshcds, (b) intact dol,".nstream \.elop procedures for treating the svrrptorrs of rivcr rcachcs lnd lbrested lloodplains thal contain cleglacled and polcntiiillv dcgraded ecosvstems internal intefconnectedrefugcs" and (c) small un while giving little considefation lo the causcs.Othcr disturbed but dispersedhabiLats like pools ancl sidc .ry"n,i,* rnrl p"i\lllc intprc-lgr'".rp- -lror' irrg , on- channels ol slrcan ccosl'stcms.

28 \tri--'rJr. srnitlr. \l,l',roJr. T i. F,' r,*. .rnJS,,l, ll 'l'ire serrrnd prioritv is the restoralion of c ti- cooperatit-corjoint monilorin€iprograrns. Fnr er- cal slrcam habitals and ripa an corridors. The pri- ample. * hen flood events in large rivcr basins in- marv objective is to leturn strearn and riparian leract rr;th clispersedlanclslidcs and road lailures structure. lirnction. and ecosvstemconncctivitv to- to ftrrm debris torrents. joint monitoring projcds "natural wards conditions" lhat meet the life his- provide the capacity for evahratingbasin-r,ide con tory requirernenls oflish and l.ildliie. A basin-r.ide ditions rclatcd to streambankstability. responses stralctv- str.i\'eslbr securing and connecting refuge of riparian vegctiltion.and changes incluced in areas and critical habitats as well as pro\.iclin€icon- slreamchannels bv sedimentcrosion anrl r'ooting. ncctionsto more drgrdded habitats.Thesc rcsto- Such monitoring prograrnsneed to be explicitll raLionplans also provide lol expandinglloodplain linkcd to specific objectivcsthat include critcria arcas to protect crjlical strcam habitats and ripar- lbr success(S issmar I9913).Ior examplc. objec ian corridors.Arr importantcriteria ftrr succcssof tives that inciude criteria for asscssinglirture con- resloraLionclforts is documentationof dec]inesin dilions in restored eco,cvstcms((;ore 19115.Maurizi intcrllctionsbel$een human-inducedimpacls and and Poillon l992). natural disturbancefegimes lhat clcrte long-Lerm Thc USDA l'orest icc's cumulative effects. Sen managementhis- torr lar,,r.tlrr J, r,lopmerrl,rl l,,nA-l,rrn morritnr- The devclopmentof nen'managcmcnt stlate- ing programs lbr forest. strcam. and riparian gies for rir.cr basins east of lhc Cascade Mountains ccosvsternsin easlern Oregon and Washington. rr'ill require l,atershed scrcening analvses that usc The Forest Senicc's historv is Lhelongcst historv hi-torir I'r.-lin, ,l.rtr .rnd fiel,l re!,)nnrilllxces. of land-use planning of anv €iovernment agcncy. Thcsc analvsesserr,e to document lirnctionaland The initial L:galbasis began with thc Organic-r\cr clvsfunctionalcomponenls ol ecosvsterls.r-arge- ol 1897, lhich gavc thc Forest Serrice a w.ide scale,b:rsin-wide asscssmcnts couplecl Lo ongoing rnanagerncntlindol to plan lor improvement and moniloring pro€ilamsnot onlv clcfine ecosyslern plotection of national forests fbr the purposr o{ Iunetion-brrt h-lt, i,l,ntil\ the mo.t ct't,r,'prirl, "securing favorable conditions of watcr 1lol. and protection and rcstolation measures. Scvcral led to furn;sh a continuoLlssuppJv of timber." eral agcncics recomrnend llatershcd ana.tvsest()r muredetailed r--c--m, nt- L,fcco-t-t.rnlrrn, tiun. A morc recent act, the \alional l'orest Manage- (Forest Ecrsystem llanagemenl AsscssmentTeam ment Acl of 1976 (NI'[,IA). sels a slrong pr.ece, 1993). dent for developinglong-tcrm strategies.NFMA New generationsof basin rvide rnanagcment loeu:e.F,rre-t Serriee nr.rrragem.rrl Ir le,luirirrg strategies(Doppelt et ol. 1993, Forcst Ecosvsrem comprchcnsiveForest Plans. \\ c recommendlhat \4:rn:rgcmenl\----:m.nt T, Jrn ltrq:tr\ill h,,p,- the directires ol thc NI'MA can be bclcr im- iullv avoicl the problems ol past "banrl-aid manage plernented by developing cooperativc basin,uide nlent stratcldes.''Bancl-aid stratcgies comrnonlv striltcgics and moniloring programs betlreen agcn- identill' the nrost clcgraded sites. alhcatc all funds cies rviLh objcctivcs and activities rigor.ouslv ar- tached to long-term time frarnes. Scr.cral to trcat thcse areas. and then apply Eienericlech- "up niques1() bring the sites to standarcls."'l'hese publicationsprovide useful inlcrrmationfor develop- uncoordinated approachesdo not identify ancl pro- ing nev strategiesfor rivcr basin managemcnt (Na, tect impoflanl relirgia areas and ecosvstem func- tional Rescarch Council 1990" 1992a, br the tions. Band-aid approaches LrsLrallvcausc relilge PACFISH strategr, [ISDA Forcst Sewice 1992]; ar"rs .rnrlcritical hrl'itrts t,, Le -ul,jecrrn ,.'n- ForestEcosvstem Mdnlgement AssessmentTeam pt tinued disturbance and loss whilc thc most severelv lqo3: H, njrrm ol. leq1t. In clo-ing. m.,r. ,Lm.rgedarea- r., -i\, lh, rp-loratinrrr-",,u.,,.. historir:perspcclivcs of ecosvslempfolcction and "Hor 'l'he restoration do eist. as in Van Cleel's to rc- implementaLionof basin,r'ide slraregicsftrr store our troLrtstrcams" (lB[35). prolecLionand restorationoI strcamsand riparian ecosvstcms requires cooxJination between cliffer- Acknowledgements cnt managementjnstinrtions. (loordination bcneen resource managcrs!such as the Forcst Scnice. Bu- Wc thank the manv pcoplc rvho assisted in com- reau of Land Nlanagemcnt,Bonneville Powel Ad- pletion ol this paper bv proriding historicalinlor- ministral;on.tllld stateagencies in crstern Oregon mation lrom eastern \Vashington and Orcgon. and \{ ashingtoncan be accomplisheclb,-v using Specialthanks to lblks from the \ational Forests

EnvironnrentalHiston of Rirers. Orcgon and [.ashington 29 (llSDA-Forcst Serr.ice):Kim Clarkin.urd Bert Was- Asscssmenl" (Coordinated bv Ilichard Evefctt and sen ((iol'ille N.F.); Jcnnifer frlolesworth.Jim Spotts PauJ Hcssburg, !orestrv Scienccs Laboratorv. and llTtl l3cnnett (Okanogan N-.F.): Bill Carligues. S'cnatchee, trA) and thc US[)A Forest Sr:nice Ton ltobison.Ken X{acDonald(Wenatchee N.F.): AgreementsPNS 91-0055 and P\W 92-0224. and the revie*ers ofthe manuscript (Kent Russell. Special thanks go to llarcrrs Dukc. School oi Fish- PeterRisson, Jim Andersonand JonathanRhodes). crics Uditor, Ior his fine cclitorial skills and saving Portions ofthis studv Ncre supported br thc USDA- a few bucks in pages charges. "Easlside Forest Scrr'ice For-estEcosvstem Heallh

LiteratureCited Ililbr', R. E. and L. l- WassiJman. 1989. Foresr prr(iti(i,s and fiparian managenntt i', Wa5hington Stalc: DaLa based p. {drms. R. L. R. l'. Btr(ns. A. Ce a. C. Klns.inan. !tut n,guhtion derelopment.lu R. ll. Gresswell. B. A. Iirr- H. S. Li. tr pn.ss. Eronomic ard natural s|n.ncc in tor. arrl J. L. Kershner {ed.l l'ractical approaches to I,t.!tii),, ir rerine managenlr: ru| oltheJohn Dar r4,a.i$, ,lisource management. tlS l),?t. lnterior. BL]{_ Rner. Riyers. Billi.gs. NlT. Pp. il7 9,1 \ndersor, J.tr. lir92- t,r)po Grdrde Ronde Hircr anadrcnrus Bilb,-. H. E. anl .1.tr. Ward. 1989. Changr:sin characteris ',,, fiih l,ubiral protection. r.srdaLion rnrl monitoring plar. ,, " ,1 "n ofro"d' J"lri' ",r, i1. .J.i1g-il" t pper Crardc Ronrlc Tech. S orking Crouqr.Supi:rri ir str.lms in westem \lashirgtorr. Trlns. Am. Fish. soir (lmd'- W! l,,r'a S'hitman l\at ial fon\t. Uaker Soc. 11B:368-378. {ijr\. OR- 2l p. Bnus, \. .4.. and l. N'I. Flisernonn. 1972. QurnLillcarion 01 flnlial trout halillt in Wroming. Tr.ns. A ir. I,'ish. An.leis,ri. J- Il.. R. I . Bes.hta. l'. L. Brr.hnr:.D. Bnson. Il. Soc. 108: 215 228. Gill. t].,{. I'l.lnrosh. ll. D. Purser. J. J. nhodts. J. 8i...,,,.Lr,nd D. tl. ll"-r. lonl. H..brrr.rF.lun,,,.,r. S . -q.d.ll lnd .1. LLke| 1992. A mrp*.ll,nsire rp ol salmonids in srFans. h W. N'1.MeehaD led-) In- ptuach lo resloring habiLaL(on,litions needed to pro- lhrences of forests and rrngeland rnaDag.nxlL on lect rlneaten.(l salnron srrecies in a -rerereh dcsr!(ld sulmonid lishes and th,iir habiloG. Amer. Fish. So(. rirc. lhe Upper Grande Iiond. Anodromous Rn.r Fish Sprc. Pub. 19. Pp. 83-138. Ilrbil.t Prote.lidr- H(isrordtion lnd I'lonitoring l,lan. tsohl(i- Tod{l S. 1994. StreaD t.mr,crrLures. riPadan r.,g.La- Riporion trllanag.in!int: Comno. Thread! ard Shlr!l t. arrl channel morphologr in thr: upper Crande (;TR IDteresrs.tlsl,s RII 226. I,p. 175-179. Rorde Rivcr $utr:rshed. Oregon- \1.,s. $csjs. OregoD .\nonrDbos. 1.130. Rcthrl to the Sed.tar\ ol Agri{lue on State LniversiLr. Q,rvallis. 116 p. irquirv inro rhe condiri(', o1 irarersheds in dre &,!.e. K. D. l9il2. .{ sunl. Lo sLream habitat aralysis using trenatchee Natn,nal lirst. 33 p. the Instream Flow lrcremenhl tr{ethodologv. Innfeum BehDk . R. J. anl R. F. Rolejsh. 197B. Grlzins ar u u,e lpnr Flol!Paper r 2. r.\t sioBs ll2i26.us Fishwit, . sen.. ien zone: impa.t and hlnagonr.nt perspectiles. Fon,d,: Fort (iollnis,C0. Intera.liohs bi,L\L,a,ngrlzing rnd other r4rlfiaf/strenr BreLl.J. R. 1952. li,orruarure toleranceof roung Prcilic (! osrsr,.n, uses: 1978 Nolenltr 3-,[; Dcnver. CO. Pp. s,Llmon,genus onarhycttu. J. Fish. He.. u"r.d 263-267. Crn{d!. 19: 265 :123. Bclt-G. tl.. J.O'Laughh ard l. Nlcrrill.1992. Desigr ofli,r- Calduell. B and D- Cauerson.1992. {cthos Riler b6n) fish habilit rnalrsis esl.ip&ian bufii. strit,slor lhe protecti.,noI$at(r qual using the Insbearn l.loq Incremental tr'lethoddk,s\.Pub. No. 92 82. $ !t.r R,isou.cesPro n': Arralvsisol scientificliteratLrn:. R,irD.r iJ. Id.ho gran. trashingtonSrote Dep&lm.nL (,f l.l(oloFr,Olu, lbrest. \i ildtife and Ransc Policy .{nrlvsls Crou1,. pia- WA. tJnn.NiL\ ol l(hho. \'loscoir.35p. CarLing,P. A. 1q8i. tled srabilif,in grali,l srr.!ms. $ith ref.r- Benntu,-C. H. and T. P. I991. U, hrrnral rhermoregu, Quinn. encc t,) sLrcrmregxl.tioD and e.,,1ofl. /n K. Richards larionand hou;s br sr,.ingchnrooh salnon, Oarorlna- (ed.)Ri!.r.hrrncls: enrironmentanrl proccss. Basil (tr'rlbaunr) rizs tslmh'tsr:ln nr the Yaudra Riv.r. J. Blackivelllrc.- \r:w York. NY. I'p. 321-3,1?. Fish tsnl. ilq:::|0|:12. (iafl{n. J. Y.. C. W. Ardrus arrl H. A. FroeLich.1990. Woodv Beschta.R. L- !n{l $. S. I'lans. l98fi. \'lorphologr feanrres (l.bris. chdnnel feanrres,ard nrucroinrertebraresol ol small streams: sl6rificurcr: tnd lLrnction-\later sLrc!tr,5i{ilh loggedand urrlistLrrbedriparian rimh,r lesour.. Bu l. 2213):3693i9. in ,orthelsten airegoD.tlSA. Can.J. Fish..{rparn,. Beschta.R. 1...tr. S. I'lans.and J. u. Kuullman.1991. Field Sci.:[i: L103l Ll]. rerie\r of fidr h!biral inrprorenreDtproj.i Ls in Lh. (iarl,ir.S. 1990. A histon oflircsrr,[ grrvingon theWrnarchci: Crar{l. Ro,id.,und JohnDar ri\.ir bdsinsol easrerD \atn,na Forest.Unpuhlish.d .ir!,rt for SupenisorsOl: Ori,gor. BP.{ Reporr. J)r(i(r l Nl. 9 | 069. BoDDeliI.l li(r.. \tr'i,nltchee\ational lirri.st. Wenurchee.SA. PoN.f ^dninistlati(ri. D;visn,nof Fish and Wildlile- Chapmar,D. \l. lt)88. Criticalrevieu olrariabhs usedto de Porthnd. OIl. fine effectsof lhc in rllds oflarse salnlr,nls- Trons. llirlgood.B. F. ard A. H. Ur.rst.1969. Lethalr(alr,crlrures An. Fish.Soc. I15:662-670. Clarl- R. N. undD. R. Cibhors-1991. Re(rearion. /n W. Nl. ior Grilr l.ukrs r|nrboN trorr. J. l isl- Rcs. UorudCan. ['leeh!n Inlluen.ris 26:156,159. led.) ol Foresrs and Rarsr:land tr'lonagementor Srlnonid Fishesand thc; Hab;{ats. ,\mer. Fish.-qor:. Stl. Pub. 19. Pp. 159-'181.

30 S'issmar. Smith. llTr:Intosh, Li. Reeves. and Seclcll Coopeutlre Sestern Ronge -stud!. 193{1. An anallsis ofraDg. CtoErgnn.rs-1990. RrporLof phasc3 hvrlroogrc se^,ces. problems in Kittitas Countr, trash;rgto.. a,d ! tlan proposedspring r:hinooksatr'llitc la.ilitv. \l inrhtur,. Ior tleir ,"lution,. I'J,LJ-er -r Lr.rr S rshlnSon. Preparedfor the Douglas(lourl l'Lrbln. Corner, It. A. 1992. Effect of clearcuttirrg ard rr:hatal t.rilirrDislri( r. scarificalion on stream sednnentatnn in small rnour' ColderAssociates. l99l. (;roL,ndrlat.rrbdrling ol rl(. rf tain watersheds ofnonheast Washingt,,n. ll.S. th.sis. per \'lerho$ !ile!. A repot to the earlr trirrters Hc \i$hni$oD Srate Unilersitl, I'ulltuan, W1. 7l I,. so Proj.rcl 893 1169.001. Gokler Associates. Drvidur. F. A. l9;3. Hist,,ri.al noLesrn rl'vcJoprtnt of B(i .lu.. WA_26 r). \al,ima Ri!,r Bdsin- Flllobburs. Wrl. PuLhsher Gor. J. A. lrrl.l. 1985.Tl( cbflrion ol rirefs.nd srre.ms: 'lh.(,ri(is aDd.\ffri,.r(f. ButlcrsodhPu|lishers. 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L. 1990. -qprirs .hrook spaurrirg grounrl survcvs lilB6. lb- l,l2-1.19. o{the N'lethowRner ba:nr. } alisE hdia. \!tio.. l"ish- Cregorr. S. \i.. C. A. Lambeti. and K. S. \Ioor.. l.r8t). lr- efies Resource I'lanagement. Toppenish. trashnrgtor. Fh,,r.,.\\. lrou LIl, \hrp-ni\pr -r-:'r1-.np. proj",l lluence of laIel- ludfofms on strean ecos_rsterns-1a l'ro...dinss ol th,i 11r,rL. \ach:s Rmgr:r Disrriiil. tr.rurch.re \arionllFof Cdl;J;rnitrRilrrirf S\sr.msCon .st. Na.h(is. \1 A. ference:I'rotection. tr{anagen.nt, and H,storltio,, l;r lll.ror.i- U . I gBB. Rans.ld,,d ri|arian svslcms./l Clljlorri! 1990, Daris, California.September 22-2,1. lgUB. G,,. Riprirn Sr"src,nsConlcftlce Procee{linss.LS For. Tech. Rep. PSW ll0. Pac. SourhiL.For. RangeErp. S(Jr. G, n,rr Trr.hni(al Rcpolt f'Str lt0. Befkele!. Sro. For. Sen.. USD-{. Berkelev.C.{. Pp. 3 [1. Calilotu,ia PP {)3-95 Gn:soN.S. V.. F. J. Saanson.S. ^. I'lcKee.lnd K. X. Cum q,',aa-\-t, . 1992. Rit,!ri!,, rcsfons.s r,) grving procri(.s. ,? ,' -.l4ol. n l,,.,",ir, . l rt.',i-,/.n-.. It. J. Naiman (ed.l \[atershc,l nianag.d,.nt: bald,n.ins Bioscience4l(8J:510-550. israinabilit! and enrirnnental r:hange. Sprnrger' Crnr. C. C. l9?5. Wildfire effectson nutrientdistribution and \i:r ag. N.1'. Pp. .1:t2 4;?. L,arhnrgin a rrnilirrrrs rrlsistr.nr-Can..l- For. Res. lllrrorc. W. rnd R. 1..Bi:s( hr!. I gil7. Rip.riln de$: percep 5:599 607. lions in nrrnlgemenr. Runsehftls 9(6i:260 265. H.kerson. H. r.-i.aDd J. L. Snrith.1971. (iortollng solarlliahr llrni, r. D. r\. 1972. The ellect ol annual rechannelingon a od heatnr r forestbv managhgshado* sources.Res. srrcur llsh fopuhlion. TLons. Lmer. Fish. Soc. PaperFSS 102. trS Dept.AgricultLrre. For. Serr., I'a' r0r:3?2 3?5. .ifi (i,sourhw,stfof,,st and IirperimenrSrotion. Berkeler. Er.njsr. l. H.. R. 1..Ucs(hru. .1. (1. Sonod. KV. Kosli, J. (lA. l1 p. H. Sed.lland C. J. Crr]{,rlrrlm.198;. I,'in.srrlirrrnt Hrnson. lL L. r987. niparian,one-. ni ean.n) Or.s,D. On! ard salmodd pr.dtrd r: a parador../l E. 0. ,sal, ard son Enrironmrnral C(urcil. Porrl$d, OR. ;1 p. T. S. Cundr {eds.lStrearnside tr{anagenert: Forestry Harr, R. l). l9:9. Eii!,Ls,)lLiorhcr haftcn on srrenmllo{in tnd Fishen lnterrctions:Proceednrgs of o Svnrposnun. the rain domiraled portionoftlni tla.ific \ortln'.sl. /a Lnir. Sashingtonlnst. ForestResour.es- -seanle. SA. Proceednrgs.N'orkshop or Srhclulnrg Iiinhcr Hantst Pp. 98 l{2. for Hldrologic Concerns,Portland. OR. \orcmbrr Fast.D., Hubble.l'1.Kohn, and B. Satson.1991. Yakina J. l; 19. 1979. USDepr. ,{gric.. For. Sen.. I'adfi. \orth- Rirer sprnrychniook enharcement stud_r'. Final Report. Nfsl Forsl dnd Ronge Exp. Sta. ,t5 p. Bonnelille Poiler .{dminisrrtion. I'ortland. OR. 1980. SLr.amllx {licr purch lossins in srna Ii)r'sl lilsvsltim l\leDlgementlssessrnent Team. 1993. For drainages uithin the Bull R,,n \lurn it,al WrL(irsl.,l. , st (t1)s!str.n!nr!nrg,,m.nt: rn trkrgicd. economic. and social assessurt. rr A,luaLiclir)slst, n, {ss, ss- Orgon. Res. Paper PNtr 268. US Dept. Agriculture. ment,(ihap. 5. flepon ofth. lor.st E.,)s!sldn \luugi: li,r. S.rr.. P!(. Norrhr. For. Rense L\p. Sta. Pofr ment Tear!. l-S Corfinntrrt t'rintins Olll(1..Pr). land. 0R. l6 p. 79:l 0;1. . 1983. l'oL.nriall,,r lugtrri.Lifg {aro \ie {l rhfough Fosrer.C. R. l.onrpikif).l9Bi. I s.r R,atuininnrs: t,SDi forest practi.es in {estem trJasl;rgln a,nl \L(is! m ofc Xater Eroshr I'r.dhnx, Pfuj(r.t(WllPn. \SllR1. Ri,- gon. Sat. Iles. Bu . 19(3):383-3iJ3. port No.l. Natnnal Soil Emsnn Rrs.an h Lah,raLor\- -. l9il7. Iilhs and misconceptior-. about lorest ttSD-{ AgriculturalResearch Serai.e. tr. Lafar.tt., l]\- h,,'drolosi, srskrms end (Lrmu atire ellects. 1n Proceed ,1tt0I,. ings, CalilorDia !f atershed Nlaras.nni,,t &,trl.rin(r.i lirrniss.Nl.1.. T. D.Ro.loli. DilC. S.Yee. l9ql.Roadcon \! est Saoamento, Cahfornia. Nolember 1B 20, 19B6. stnrtio,ra,rl ndinLcn!,,.i,./' \1. Nl.['lc(hen t]d.) ln Harr. R. D.. W- C. liarpcr,.l. T. Kngier and F. S. Hsleh. l9;5. lluc r.s of Ibasts !n,l Ra,,g.lundXlunagement on Chanscsin sLorrrhrrlargr!!hs lllcf road building and Saln,nrl Irislnsrnrl theirHdrirrrs.,\mer. Fish. Soc. .lraF(uLtins in dn, Orson CorrstRange. Srt. Resource ,{f(!. t,ub. tr). Pr,.2{)7 323. Res. l L:.1:16,114.

Envilonmental Historv of Rir'els. Oregon ancl fiiashington .tl Han. R. D.. n. L. l.r.dri(kseD.and J. Rolhlcher.l97i). Kohn. Nl. ,s. t98i. Sprnig a!{l {mmer chnrnl sparning Charrgcsin streamflorli,lli$nrs rnnberhdk sLin sourh grourd suncrs. \'lethor an,l Okanosrn Ri!.r hasins. $edern Or.sor. Rfs. Peper l)\\t-2d9. trs Det,r. Yalcma hdian \rtion. Fisheries Rrsource ltaragenrrrL. -{gricultun..In,r. Serr..I'a.. \,)rrliw. For. ItaDg. Firl,. Irlpenish. trA. Sta.P,, hnd.0H. 22 r,. Kohn. lL S. 19B8. Spring lrd srmmd chinook sp$niog (1. Hartnan.G. F rnd J. S.riv,.ner.1990. ln,r)rcrs offofesrn grouncl surv.vs. W(n!r.hee, I.rhorL ud Okarogarr practres (iarnatir)ri '|aknra on I colslil streamraroirsrem, Rivcr bosnis. Inrli& Narion. l;h.rirs Resour.e (lR!k. (o. DrnishC,,lunbi!. Bu1l.lish. ,\quar.-sci. Nlanasdnent. Toppe,,ish. \i {. 22:i. l lll f. . 1989. Spring ard sunn,erchinoolsparning grouncl Hrtrci..1. D. 1980.Lffrr rs olo nofh.entrrl$ ushngron$ikl- iur!(irs. X'lerhos aDd Otarogun River basirs. yukima firt rn runoll rnd sednrcmtr&ducrion. Wat.r Ri,s.lld.. lndia,, Nlltion. Fisheries Hrsrun,e \{aragemrL. Top Am. \!ater. Hrs- Assoc.-It(,11:ai2i-6:1,1. penish. $A. lliLbe . A. It. 1.176.lhrohtioD anl str.amllows ni.ang. nl Koral.hik. Il. L. r987. Ri|Nrien zone assoriationsof the forcsLlanrls. /a H. l. Hlarlr. D. J. Fall.ihors. und D.s(truLcs. Ochoco, Ircn,nr and Silern! Nnrional I. P. Riler'(eds.r.l'rrr:cdnrgs, 5th Workshopon \!a Forests. tj-qDA f0r. Serr., I,a.ific Norrhwest Regior 6. lershed \lanagement or Rrng. end Forest Lanrls. R6 LCOL TP-29;-87. Portland, OR. l7l p. I nircd Srares.{usrralilnRogelands I'arr.l. L.rrh -srare Kolal+il. B. L. and tr - lllrrorc. 1991. Elfecrs ol cartle graz, tlbn.rs;r\. L lah nesearrhl.aboraron. Logan. t.1. Pp. |,! -.-r-r'-,,r, tri1,,".,1,,mrJrpd | .,,.-u,r,rio1- in ()l t-2. I,L, rr rrtral Oregon. 1n Srurq,osium on Ecologr- and I'lanrge- Highsnith.R. \L ,rndJ. K. Kn!, rling{eds.l. 1979. Arlasol nFrr ol Riplrian Shnrb Comnrunities, -qun Valtev. Lli. Pecfic \oflh$.sr.6tlr Ldition.Or.gor SrateLnilef Tdaho.\la\ t,)-2 t. t991. c 1R-INT 289, U-qUA. Iir sit\'Ilrss. (lorallls. OIt. l3r; r,. i\t Se,aice. Irternn,nrlin Res. Sta., Os{len. LT. I,p. Henjui. M. G.. J. R. Karr, ti. L. Rnrom.D. A. l,.rr\. J. C. I t-t t!1. Brlnurz. S. C. Wrishr.S. \. BeckriLrenrl l. Beck l.anberti, (1. A.- S. \'. c.eSor!. L. Il. Ashkenas,R. {i. \{rikl sitt. l9().1. Intednrpdc.rio,i lbr latesucressi0rr man. aDd A. (;. Sreirnnan.19U9. Inlluence ofchanncl llrcsts.lishern's anrl ratersheds: \aLnr,"'o'esrs ear morphologr on ri,tfn{ion o{ dissol!,rl rnd particrlarc of thr Cascuilecresr. Onisof and \iashnrgron. Tfc maller in a C$.!.lc mountaiD str.am. /a Proceedirgs \ViklLife-soiietr - li:thcsdr.lfD.2:[5, ,n rh. Culi{ornia Riparidn Srsrems Onfcrcncc: Proter- Hoilges.L. K- 181)?.\linnig iii th. Plcillc \orthresr. SfN|]ts tion. $ogemenl, and R,isLoraLionlor rhe 1990s. Daris. R,srI.telligen.e.. S.a lc tr!. Cdifornia. 22 24 Septeml,.f 1988. cen. T.dr. Ri,p. H,,lsLin..C. E. 1987. lirsouen conrr: A hi5roNofthe Col- PStr ll0. I S 1,,f. Scn.. Pa.. -courhrv(sr.For RarE. rill'NaLiontlForest. \\'aslinsrof. Cohi e Sl!r(ismln l-\r,. ,sr.. Befkele!. CA. Pf. 256 261 Errminer. Lr.. C(nrill.. tr-{ {I-cB\ 0-9115103 0t. Lr;n"--. tt. l'. o'l \un1rF ,Lrr,",k..rrror L:]:JI. 1':"r.rrg grould sun.!s ol rhe 1letho* an.l Okanogar Rn.r Huds,,,,B!\ Histod.alSo,i.rr. 1950. Perfi Sli:rc Ogdens bu sins h 1990. Conlcderated Trihs ol the Cohille Rcscr SDakeOn,nrr Journals.I821-25 od lfl25-26. t\rt, ration. Fish and Wildlife Depart,rcnt. Inrtiors of theHrrl*n s Bavnecorrl ,srricrr. l.ondor. \espelen. \ti A. Ledianl. S. G.. C. -stajdl. K. A. Janrs. C l9ll1. (lr!,,(l, RondeRi!.r lllsin: Recommend{!l J. Oebhadr ard D. E. Prichard. 1992. Vn$point: srlm, ud s'eelheailhal)jtaL improrenreDr D(ias!r.s. tlahg(i sirf/ecological sir. inturmatioD rp,tr'ri,,,,r- ,l:'..i',. ,,,,,,r Cooi.(l,.nr.iTfibe olrh{. t.mrlith Inilial R.sc^!rn r. ", ri\Fri1"ril,",,rn tt,rll.ron. 0n. ;9 p. ccosrsrem-r. J. Ransc X'lsmt. X5:'131-1i15. Kaufln!.- j. B l98B. 1hcsrdrus of fipariarh!t)ir.(s niPa Li. H. U.. T. N. Pedfsons {1. K. T!;1. J. L. Li aDd R. canher. cilic\orthrcst lbrcsts.1rik. J. Rr.dcketed.) Sheah- 1992. Al,froeches to e\al,lat,.hlbitar impro!.i!,nl lfo sir|, \lanrgement: Hilariln S ildlife and I,'oresrn srams in sLreams of the John Dar Bas . Conrqrlerion Inrorctions.Llir.Aitr ol \i ashiDgt.nInstitulr ofForest report to thr: Orgon Departn,nt ol Fish and Wilrllill. Re<,rrrts OrntrlbutionNo. 59. Pp. :1555. Project F-J.17-R2. Conallis. OR. 167 p. Kluffrnao.I. B. rnd tr. C. Krrrrs.r. 198.1.Liresr,n.k impucrs l-i, H. W.. C. A. Larrbrrri. T. N. Pearsrns. C. K. Tait. arrl ''' i,,.,r.J, p, *J ,,- ,,'l -rrF:'n- J, ',"r,np , in J. 1.. Li. In press. Cumulltire effecrs of riq,arian distur 1,r'utions: .{ n,ri(\. .1.Range Ign,L. 3?::l:}0437. banre ir snrall streams ofthc John Dw B*in. Orr:gon. K.fr. ILJ. l93l Ahisl,,rr olthetorrol Okanogon.Olaro- Trons. An. lish. Soc. gar Indqr:rdlnt. Okanogarr-WA. l12 p. Lislc, l. ll. l9iJ2. Effe.ts of aggraddior and ocgraoaoon or King.J. (;. 198!i.Slreamllo* n+ponses ro roadhrrillirg and rifilr:qroolniorphologr nr rrutural gravel chanrrls. north hrrresting:a ror,purison{ith th,i(rJuiQlenl clear.ul $estcrn Celilbrnia. \l rLc. Resourc. Ri]s. l8(6): areapnrirl,,re. t 5D.{ Fof.S.N.. InreDnountri,iRi\. 1613-t651 . St!-- Res.Prf. l\ f-101. OsdeD.1.1 . l3 p. \IucDonald. L.. A. Snart and fi. C. Wissmar. 1991. M,,niror Kl,{k. (;. O. l9l}5. tr'lor|ling the curruiarirc r.lli.crs of foresr irs Cuiilelines r,, Ivuluare Efferts o{ Foresrry.{diri- pra.tr.ei on dosfslferm aquatif(lsvsrems. J. Soil Li|s on Streanr nr Lh: Pacific Northrr:st and Alasla. trat. fi,nstrv. t0.237 21L. t S Enrifun. Protect.-A.ger.v EPA/910/9 91-001. ld Klock.C.0. !,,d J. D. Helrer. 1976.,soi rarer trerdslirllorv \Lrrds Broth(irs. Ann ^rbor, trln,h. 166 p. i,rg{il,llirc on the EDtilt lirprrimental Forcsr-t'uted \1J,\. H. \. 'n.l l. \. ll,..,rr,-,,n. t,,ii2. | \,,1,rri..1r.r -.ppf,, irgs. Tall Ti t.rs Fire E.otosr conleren.e rith liw large. hrnvcd niammals. Am. Nar. L5:19:l-200. 119:757 7?3.

:J2 Wissmar'.Smith. Mclntosh. T,i. Reeves.and Scdell \lalorro. S. ll.. Higgirs. l). A.. Nlan. l). 8.. T. \t. Q sler', \ationulReseurch Cornci . 1990. l orcsrrr Rcscarrh: A \lan- A. Il. Tiedemann ard B. L. \lrtar. In press.Strur datr lor Changc- \arional Acr{l.m} t'ress. N!rhnig r.nrp.frl!r's if gr,(!l ji).{sL(!lral.Ah.(ls ol .aslelr ton I).(i.,81p. 0regon. J. Enrim. Qurlitr. . 1992o. X oter Tronsiers in rh. Ii, sr: !llli, i, n, \. l\'leurizi.,c. and Ir. R,ill,r, (.,1s.).l'192. ll(in,rdti(r ofA,lu!ti. F.quitrrnrlth linrinrrrrrnL. \ati,)tralA.!d.nr) t\.ss. Ecoslstem-.:Science. Technologr rnd f\rblic lhlicr. U ash;ngt{,r l}.(1. 300 p. \aLional Ararlcrnr l'RS.. \\ aslnrgr(n. l).{1.552 p. . 1992b. Itestoralion ol.\qu!lif Lolrn.rm!. \!ri('rdl \1 lnt,,sh- U. .\. 1992. Histori.al chrnge-. in rnadrornous llsh Acodemr Press. Sashirgton. D.C. 8.1 , habnat rhe Lpper lirunrlr RorrIr Rirr:r. Orcson. \elson. R. L.. lL L. NlcHenrv. rnl \1. S. t' atts. lr)91 . \lirr- 19.11-lt).)0.Nl.S. Lhisis. Or.is,tr, -qtar. tiIn.. CoNallii. nrg. ,? S . ]t. Nleehu led.l l,,llu, n(rs ol l ,,n sts rn(l BBf Rrnsf unil anascnrcnL on Su nnnnl f ishcs arrl thrir llclntosh. B. A.. J. R. Serie1..1. ll. Smith. R. C. Wi.snar- -s. fhh;tlls. Amr. f;h. -qo.- -sl)e.. t)uh. 19. I)r. 125-15;. E. (lL!rlr- (;. R. neeres- ard L. A. Bfom. 199,10. \orthrest i'o$er Plarnnis Council Strli. 19i36.Cornpiation N'hnrgcnrnt hi!loN ol c!"tsi(l, r(r)srstrlrs: (iharrgcs ol inlonratior on ',,lrnn lnd strrlhcad L,s*s nr Lhc i| fish hal,itatord lifir redi. 1935 1992. lien. Tech. L, l,i! Hno. {blun,bia lner B*iD tish u S ildMe Rep. P\\\ llTR ll2L t,sl)A Ior. ,srrr- Pac. \,rth$. ti, R.s. St!.- ltrrlard. (1ft.55 p. l\ogran. \orrhsest Porer I'lannnig Courcil. Portlanrl. . 1991b. Hiltorical .honges in llsh hdlrirrrlor scl.cr OIl. Appendix D. firer Iosnr5 ol elslfm Or.gon anrl Waslinst{rn. Sr,+ Northirest Power Plannnrg LounciL. l9ll9. John Ilar Rnlr rb i ial lss,,. No h$.ist S.idke 6ll::16 ;: brsnr salnronunrl stee hrarl r)ro,l!clion pla,,. C,,L,,nl Ileehln. \1. n. (ed.). 1991. lnlluen(es ol loftisrtrnd rug, la,xl bin lhsin Srsrcnrl'lrnni,,s- Norrhrcst tlro l'larrirg mrnrgc,n, nr on srnnhrr lishr. aod their habitats. Corrnlil aod thc As.n(ii.s ind lndian Trihes of the {meL. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. li). i5! , Colurnbia Basin Fish and triLdli{e .\urhorirr. \orLh$r'sl \1,! ltir- L l99l. Sl,.;,s.hnu)l spa$nnlg ground sur!e!s. Porvr:rPlarring Corrncil. PorLlarrl.OB. lletho$ orl Okrnogrn Rirer Lrsins. )aki.,! l, ilr 1990.(lrand. fiondeItner rl,bash srlnon rnd \utior. Iishr.rir.s U!trrg,inn'rr. Topperish, R(iso,,r(! sL(i.lh.!d frodudnD plar. Itrtland. OR. 129 p. trA. No'ris. L. d., H. tr. Lorz and S. \r. Creson. 1991. Forfsl \lilhous.It. T. . C. Sorh. ud D. Richrrlson.1976. I hr sa- Chemicals. h n'. X{. [IeehaD {ed.l lnlluences ol forr,"ls rcrrsn,rt\,; Ll,(\l, tli,)rbasil. Oifirt Hcp.56.Dept. and Rongelmd Xlhnegcmcfr on Slln,oni{l |i\1,.s a,!l Ecol,gr. Oh r,ria. S .{. rheir Habitats. .\m.f. fisli. So(- ,sl!!,. t\,1,. l . tlt,. \Tilhous.R. T.. \'1.r\. t lrlilc. arrl I). \1. Srhrenlr'r.19[]9. 20i-296. nrarual- I)h\.i.rl hrbitdt snnnlrlionlstem relerencc Olarogan\atioral Forest. 1990. D,ufr mprlcnxrnr ro rh. li \ersnn ll. 1n"Lr:rrrlln inli,rrnatiorrpepu 26. tlS Fi,sh nal en\iu,rk ,lel in,t)!(itsL!tcninl: Fiu.l\ \linl( 's al- tr ildl. -ser\..Eiolosiial Refod 8() al6). Ir.rr C,,llins-110. $inL.. sll)rts sludr. OLanogar Natioal Foresl. llih,.rr.\. J..nrllio,,..1.. Carlirg- f'. A. !n,l I). 1.Criip. l91ll. t)in(i Ih. clfcrts ofdischargeor sednnentdrnamics onrl con Olanosan. U A. (;rnde 'equenteflects on inreltebretcsrnd srhronirl"in rrqr 0(sod l)epanDretrt of Fi-.h rnd SiLdLife. L91li. Ronde hnrl rivrrs. {rlr. {11,. Biol.6:15i3-220. Itirer Bash fish habitat inlrorenient plar. Poltlurl. Nlinshall.(;. W..-c. E. andtr'. -s.Phtt. 198!1.The ecol 0R. 29 p. Jensen 'l ogr ol strern rnrl rifdriu hdhitrlsoJ th, (;r(ilt llasitr Oregon D.ra nrcnr ol In,tusrr\. 1985. On grrr ir,hr Hat- ll.si.,i: e .onnnulit\ profile.ttS FishWildl. Serr..B . r.sL R.t,,n. -saldn. i)H Rct).iJ;(;.2,1). Nnr. \rfrlanrls Res- (i,rrr.- -slidell. LL. . 1990. Oregon Timber Hrrrest Repolt. Su cm. OR llzt. Oregon n'ater Rcsour(s Di]Parr,n(inr.lt)8(,. J,,hr I)ar Rn.r llinre. K. \1. rnd S. l.lircgorr. 1988. Rcsqnrrscol rourg |ain nrx)rt. Salenr.{)n'gor. ol-th(!r.rf {,,ltlr)!t t.,)Lrtt,) rnanil latidr of habitol f'rrhhursL- Z- li- 1950. ,rrrrrN of the (ilurrbia llirer ancl its strLk]tLrf.iri a uull strean.Truns. tmer. l-ish.Soc. trihLrl!,it's.I'a 6. Area \. Snale Rirer from the mouth I l;:162 l;0. thrrngh thc Garde Ronde Rirer. US Fish niLdl. Sen.. (i!d)frrhic -- . l.l8q- ard ripariann{luences on the Spec. Sci. Ilep.. Fisheries\o.39. Iirshington. D.C. di-qributnramlabundrnce ofsrlnornl" in r Crscade 5il p. \rn.a,n. (i.]i{ornia nr)!nrain rt ti!!r,dhgs otthe Itipar Pau cv. G- I].. (1. L. Thorias. I). A. Nlarni and l). (1. \\eigDd. (onferencc: Prol(rion. Nluq..( r!,nt- a,xl iar -srsterns 1989. traluarion of the efe.ts of gforel brf sc,lpins R,\r,)fati,tr,i,). th. 1990s.l)a\is. Califomia. -seplenr on jurenile stlnonirJs in the Prvr lup Rnlr rlrainagc. be.22 21. lg|ii. Oen.Tech. Rep. PS$ ll0. Pai. Finul Repo.l lo \\'dsl,inglon l),I)artn,.nt o1 l'ishiri(is. Sourh$csr.li)r. Rdns. ll\r,. SLa..t.S 1,,r.S.rr. B.r' Sff. Q,nrrucr1620. On,l,- l ish. Rrs. L rrit.I nir. \\ usl. k.lc\- CA. l't,. 256 261 S( dLll.. \\ A. Nlrnlan.J. S .. K. Il. tr illirms.(1. Rhorlus. T. S. Hi Inrn ml Pctr*ns. 1- \.. H. \\'. l.i. arrl (1.A. Lamltrti. 1992. hflue!.e .1. D. Nl.lnrvr.. 992. t'rrlL(rlon and habitetof salnroridsnr N'lirlCohunbir ltirer Tributarr Strerms. of habitat cor4leritr on resisunce and and resilierce t S Fl'h \n ilrll.Sr:rr.. Norngrupl, l- l.rarcrrorth.\\ A. of stean lish $semblaecs to l1ruln,g. Truns. \n. l'isl,. Sor. l2l:12i-Jil6. lli() P. \rtnrna Cornril ol th. t'!tr'. lndList.rlir Air ard StreaDInr l'r.ttsor. N. l'.. A. Herdrr and T. P. Qunxr. 1992. \ssess prolemenl.1992. Slalus of thf NCISI c!nrululir.(a- ment ol cunulrtire ellects o. salno,ri,l l,ahilal: -i),r. tersheilellects prcgran, anrl nrcthorlol,6r. Irth. tirl1. mggesld prflnrlcfs dfl trfg.t .on,lilions. 1l\\- {r31.\atiofal Courril ofth.l'aptt hdustrr for-{n and Fll 92 001. Center lor Strcarrsirlr Strrlir*- l.nlrlrsit. -qtrearrLrprcrenert. Inc.. \eir \ork. \\. 23 p. of$aslingrl,r- Scatth- tr4. i5 p.

Environrnental History ol ltir.crs. Orcgon and Siashingtorr 33 l'n'rr c. l.t. H. H. t BB2.Repor oiarr crpeditirn irorr for Col- Smith.J. il. 1993. Rell,srx crile uahsis ol chongesir) \rram \ illc roPuget Sn,nd. Sash!)gr,,tr Teriron. b\ ${! ol an(ldparia! habilut characreristirs betreer t935 and I -(,. l. '" l" l', ,l ti ',.,1"'". r" ,',.,',..' r,,- 1990 in mo .asri,n Cas.!d{i51f.anrs. \t.-q. rh.sis grrstand Septenb|r lilll2. trs Go'r. PrnrrinsOttjr. S, hoo ofFish(iri, s. Lnilersirr ,)l \Iroshingr.n.S.!tte. trshnrston. D.C. \\ A. t.13p. Pl.rI-\ : l"ij,.-,,t...,r,. rl, .rr. . ., ,/n. r"!; ,,1 -soilCons.r*rion -ser!i,ri. 1i)135.Ortgor v,il: rt resourccon rpltan stfcam.'nliroDD.nrs./a Proceednrgs_Wildlile diLi,)nfeport. ll,rLlunrl. OR.2rr p. 1.n.stockRelatn,nships -s,rmposi,!. Foresr_$ il.ilile SraDh,rl.J. \. rnd I. l- trud. l9BB. The hlporh.j. hlbitat and Rangclirperim.nr Srrrion.l nir. tdaho I'tosrur. oI rirer crrrsvstems.\atuff 335:61-66. ID. Pp.25l-2;0. Stir'le.R. F. 1901.Hisronof\o h $ashiDgro,i:Srerens. Fena. . 1!191.Lir|stock graznig. /, \1. [L ]t..hrn (ed.t Olenogrn and Chilan Cound's. \\'esrern HisLorir:al Influcrrls of forestsanrl rangelardman.gemehL on ]',,bli(urionCo. -qr!,kune.trlA. B67 p sal'noniii nsl!\ dnd rheir hrl)irnrs.r\mer. tish. Soc 5r'rnston. D. l,l. l99L Naturalprocelses. /n tr!. tr'l. Nrchar 5pe.. tl,b. 19. Pp. 389-.123 (ed.) Inltuen.ei ol l-orsrs ard Rangr:und I'lara6r.rnttr Plunnny. Ir. G. 1902. I,i,rsr conilirio,,sin rhe Ca.cadcrunee. or SrlmonniFishes Inl rhen Hal,irars.^mer. Fish.,so.. Xashi|gLon.L S Ceol-,suner Prof. t,ar,. 6. Seriest. St(a. Pub. 19. Pr,.139 179. f orc(r!:J. 1l r,. Tdt. (i. K-..1. L. Li. C. A. l.amberi. l. \. PearnDs. rnd H. Portnan. S. 1993. Th.i Sni ing CouDrf\:A Histor\ of rhe W. Li. 1991. R(i{lionships h.r$(en npanlr iua,r ond \1"r1,,"\..11-'. tuhl-h,.1 1,..,rr \t,rr.rrrr R"-on 1r,.. th,.connnuhir! stn(lure ofhiiahrlesen sntanrs_ \\ inthrop.\\ A. 3l9 p. J. North Arn. Derthol.Soc.13(tl:,15-s6. (Juisle!.1. \r.. D. S.Dillant. .'. tl. Reese.l.c. Free.c. Hd,k,.. The tlnn.rsih T6L l,)rc,.. 1992.-{lremlrilc o.ri,Dslir rstor ^. S. S asn,rlnd \. F{iakcs.l9il9. \cs <,rireriafor irs rrd ni.htai ,s s! mond popularionson rhr rn(ids!ringrang. rnnagerneDr!.riririfs. U-qDAFor. O,lurn bia Riv.r srsten. A Pacilic Norrh$.\r E\r.nsion S.r.. Cer. Iia,h. Repo IrNW-GTR2.18. Pac. Nonhs. Publicad,n. The Land Granr Iles. Sta..Porttand.0R. 27 p. rnd Sea Granrunirersi- liesofOk6,,n.Iiashington lnd ldaho. t'N\l ,107. Harlill.D [. ahd P..]. Ho$eLl-1992. The srarus,)tbult rrour I,a.. North$.Res. Sr!. Pordan,l.0R. |,,irldlioDrin Oiison.1nFroccrrlings ofthe C|arhurr l ic{l.mann.-{. R..C. E. Conrsd. Iou,,Lainllu Trn,LWorkshop. Orcgon Chrpter rn rhr: .j.H. Diet.rillj. J. tr. H,,', becl. s . r.. N'tegahar.L. A. \mericar l isheriesSorn.L,-. CorraL]is, OR. tiere.L an,l D. D. S ad.. 1979. Ljl.(irs np -pr.I.H.:,nJ l.I. Hr,r r.. .a:'r.H.,t,rr:,. rp,l, r,.n,.1 ol fire oD $err:rresourccs: Nrrionat t ifu Elfects\lorkshop. of anadfunrs srln,orids.t,S For. S.n.. cen. Te.t. De.rcr. Colorado.April t0 11. R.r,r.P\W 96. 5:[ p. l.li9. U-qDAl.i)f. SeN.. ftn. Tech. Itep_\\ O t0. Washinsron. Hh,!l. s. J. J. and r). A. IcCLrllough.In press.A O,arseScreer- l).C. 2q p. Tiqlerrann. iirg tlrcccssfor Ilnrnrialrlpplicarion in Esa GnsulLa A- R. and D. A. llissins.1989. Chrpter5: ltl' tions. ColrrnrhirRirer tlLr:rTribal Fish Commissn'r- lects ol nrrnrFemeDtstfalfgres on {arr.r resour.es./a ll,ilund. i)n. T. L Quiste,.H. Sai.ti,Non.and H. Reed,rnd A. Rich.\l. H. lt)dil. A suh,r ol rheColLinbia Rirer arrl irs n. Tidlcmlnn ieds.l \l{nasing Inr.ri,,r Nonh$esrRrn rributariessith specialR li n,nceto thc nrrnagement gelands:the Oregor Rrnge Eraiuarirn Project. Cr:n. p\w pa(jific o1irs llshen resrrrrrr:s.t S Fish \\ j dl. Sen.. -qrrcc.Sci. Te.h. R,ip. ctR-238. USDAto.. SeN., Rep. 51. \fchington. I).C. 25 p. \oIrhkin RcserrchSraLion. Podand- OR. Pp. 56,91. Rilier. B. a.l J. Seqrnir.l9il;. I,h!s;.ri ond biol.,gn.!i,f linxl,,.C A. aD(lR. lf. King. l.l8?. The elti(r of p.rrial le.rs o1srar. ertroctirn in ririr beds.1a.1. S. r\labar rnd cledcut ,g on sbeamllx !r Deadh,,rs. Creek, (i,lorado. r.ir i,rl.l. H$irar U,rlill.atioDand l'rcsh$oterlishcrnrs. J. Hldi,logr'. 9il:1.15-l57. Bunenilnlis. l.ondol. tlr,. 131 116. L ebelacker.\L 1980. Land lnd Life in rh,.Na.hes Rn,ir th R. $'. U(ak\ssociat.is. l9?:1. Fl.rd plrin informaiii,,,\Iclhow snr:a Cu nrral liesrrrrceOrerier. WenarcheeNrrional Ricr: llazuna to l\ris1.,.Okanos!n Co.. S'A. SL!r,.ot ForisrRep.00,566-9 00560. V.n!rchee. WA. 390 p. Washirst,)n Dept. Ecol,gr. Olrrnpia. U A. 1.1p. L-s DepannrcntofAgrn rrlLLrre.1992. Uackgrourur(y)fl ror Sed.ll-l. R. oDdF. H. I.lrdest. 1990. Hisroricchao6.s in hall dor'lrrynent o{ li,rrst Seni.e n,a.lgemeDtstaLi,111-' tbr itat for ColumhiaHnr:r Brsin saimon u'ner sLLrurror I'ar iln, sJmon rrl sLrtlheril hahiL!r.Prepar.il br P, - . ."To1 I t- || - | . d. | |r. . | I- t.,..-"5 1'", 1..,1,. cilir Satnon s orl Grurp and Fn,ld Tran. t SDA rin. Ites.Sr!.Ornalir, OR. Sen. \lslinslon. D.(1.,11 p. Sedell.J. R.. G. H. R.di\. F. ti. Haucr.J.,\. Starli,rt.and l.S1)AForest Servn,i. l9;4. For.srhralrologr tr!.r-tt hldro- C. I). HarLkiDS.1990. Role ofrefugia in recorer fn,nr losiceSecrs ol vi,g.rrrltionnra,iir)uhrioD. I StlA I.or.Sen. .l.r.rh.r,,..,",p ,,i,.r,,rpi,.,.r,r,ri..,,nn",,,1 Uissoula-VL 229 p. rir.r slsreDrs-fln\iron trtlgtur.lJr;lt ;2.1. - 147;. \ .!n,,, . r,,,1,I rord", ,.'I ns k.'rpl "flio"' SfdeU.J. U. a,,dR. L. Besrhra. 1!ir9l. Bdrsirg brck rhe rir:ti] froD forcsrr.tiritn's. l,luho Panhan(llc\ariohal in bioeDgin,liins.Am.lish. Soc.51np. t0i t60 l;5. In,resrs.Cor,,r (l'{lene. ll). 36 p. S le. Il. C.. A. D. Pear.{i.and C. L. 0 Louslrhr.198;. Hitts l').,2.H. , lrr. 'rn,lr"t.,rr ',,, ,1.\.l,,tr , | ,,r| .. . lopeStal,il;r! rrd Land 1,s..lnrer. C.ophvs.Unr,r. ,jst,\cnice rnanagcm.rnrsbar.jg\ l;f P.cjlic srlnnn aDd $asLington.D.C. 1.10p. steel|ra,l h.bitat. Pr.t,ored br lla, ifi( Salmon !( ork SlaoghL,...C. \'. ar{:lJ. \l. Aldrnh. I989. AnDohr,!lbibljog Croupund Field Tean. LSD{ For.Scrv. Washnrsror. raph\ on ioil erosh,, an(l erosionr,,nrrol subarcLi(. D.C..ll p. dnd highllL;rudefegnDs,,f \orrh.{rn.rnt. Gen.Terh_ \a,, Clcel J. S. I B85. Horr to f.srorc our tour srr!ms. Atu.r. Rcf. P\W-CI R-253.t St)A lor. Serr..I'ac. \orrhir. Fish.Soc- 1.1:51 55. nes.Sru.. Portlan.l.0R.2:]4 p.

:11 S is"rner.{mith. V, Inr,,sh.Li. Rcrr, -. cnd :-J, ll \\ all,)$a-$hitmar N!ti{)oal l,)r'sL. 1q90. linrl .nrironnx.n' \\ issn,rr.R. C.. .1.Fl. Snirh. ll. A. \Iclntosh.H. W. t.i. C. lal ;.t)act stal(,nc,,t land urd mrnrg.nrnr I,lan. H. Rcocs. !n(lJ. R. Sqhl. 1q94.Fi,olosicd herlrh tralldra-trhitDan Nati{r)al I,o-st. t.-s1tA|r,r. -q.rr. ol rivrr basinsin lin,sLrrlrcgions olcasLr:m \\'uhing Baker Citr. OIt. ro,rand Or(igo,,.Gcn. li!h. Rcl. PNU-qlR-326. X ushington DepaltmenL of\atura.L Resources. 1985. lastern LSDA For. Sen.. I'ac. Norths. Ites. Sta..Itnllnd. OIt. $ !shington rinib.r hamst br oirnership.tr rshington 65P I)(jln. \dt!.rl R(iso,,r(r.s-0l\mpia. W{. Vissmaf.R. C..C. Ilolb€rr.J. Chu.and J. Dovle.1993. Sligir \\ a\hinsronl){.r)arrn ,,L,)lU il{llilii.\ r|(nrrr lndirn \arion. Col- \\ ikl rnd ScenicRiver: IfunasenenrStdrus and lssues. rillc l,xli!n R.rsfrurion. rn,l Wlshingron Depunmefr In B. Tellmon{ed.l Proceedlngs.Riporiar tr'lungenient: rn l ishrrics. 198'). tlelho$ !n(l Okrnosln Rir.rrs sub Connron Threads and Shareil Interests,A Sesterr basin salmor lnd sr.elheud lroduclion plan. Colum Regionr.lConferenoe on Rirer NlanagenrentSrategies. hia BasinSrst.nr Plannirrg.Northr.es Power Plunning :\lbuquerque.\ew llerico. Februon.l 6. 1993. X! (lourtil. tl,rLland. 0R. 201 p. Li,fRrsourccs Rcs.rrrch Ccntcr. Colkge ol lsriculrue. S a*on, B. R. tl. Itagar. B. Berlhlrdr and (l- -cmith. 1992. tloir. Arizona.Turson. AZ. Pr,.ll73-388. Hldrologic recorerr for the Colrille National Forest. S'issmar,R. C.. J. A. -qurford ard ll. K. Ellis. 1,,r)riss. Sta- Colrille Nation:il Forest, ttSD.{ For. -sen. Coliille. SA. ble trogeDisotope hacing oltophi. relatnhs ;i food Si:natchtt National Forest. 1990. Fnral [nrironmenta] Im websofrirer and hvporlieichabitats. h J. Cibert and pad Slatenenl Land and I'lanagement Plai. Senatchee J..{. -qtan{ordieds.). I'roceedirgs.Crourdlaro/Srrr' Nrtional Forest. LSDA For. -sen. Wenatchee. SA. {ace tr'ater Ecotones:Biological ard Hrdrol,nrlognal {illms. R. and tr. Kendra. 1990. tr'lethov Rirer irater qual Irteractionsard \'luagcrn.Dt. Lror- l ran(!.. Nlar ard itr rner anrl ossessnrentol compliarceidth r ater qur.l the BiosphereSeries. I'aris. France. irr sLanda(ls. Iinvircnm.nral Inr(srigarions and Xurtsbaugh. [. ,{ rnd G. E. Dtris. 1917. Effectsoftenper Lah,ratorr,scnir!s l'a,grrr,. !ilshingt,n Dct)arrrr,trl dufe rn(l falion level on grorth ud {ood conversion of Ecolog,v.Ohnpia. SA. .'fiit\\ nl Sal,nosamneri. Rn hardson..1. |irh lli trilson, B. L. l99i). Late froDtier: A histori of Olanogan ol,,g!1l:87-qB. (lount!. Wlshingr.,r (l 80(l1.l,l I r. OkaDoga. (iou,,t\ \!]dosli- R. S. atrd$.1 H(ldr-1980. I'lii,arsol llreruriofi Historical Societ,r. OkaD.gaD. WA. 360 p. t,) lov grr{li,i,,trc!(trcs ol Ur!l srrcams:summlrv. \ --rr.'r.ll. a.. lao.{. l',' ,'"1l',, l ,S.lp,,, 'r,,rir,,rir'; i' Contr.1,1-16-0008-1 l1l . tlS FishS ik1l.Scn. l.ogar. :tr caD .cosr stcmsofLhc t'arilh, Nonhr.st . Environ.. L.l- 13 qr. Assess. llonit. 26:2f9 23,1. Z;,9g. A. W- 19,10.I)r:sl! an{ll.nstli ,)1 |!nrl s o|,, rs ir ul trissm&. R. C. lnd F. J. -swanson. 1990. LdDds.npe Distur fects -r,il loss ni ruroff. Asrir. Ers. 2l(2):59-6:[. bance anrl l,otic Erotones. 1z R. J. Nannan and H. D(r am|s (.,ls.l- l(r,1,,s1 !n(l ['lunug.imcnr ol dqulliri '1cr(.strial I.irno.$. f'arthcnor Press. l.onrlon. Pp. 6;-B9.

Receiued20 Apnl 199:3 Accepteclfor puhlit:tLtion20 ApriL 1994

!-nvironmental History of Rivers. Oregon and Washington 35