The Treaty of Nanjing Forced China To
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Jacobs – Soviet Far East Geography 1930S
THE NEW YORK TIMES The Opinion Pages The Opinionator Exclusive Online Commentary from The Times February 21, 2012 Manchurian Trivia By FRANK JACOBS Borderlines explores the global map, one line at a time. Here’s a bit of insight into the mind of a budding map-head. While my grade-school geography teacher attempted to stuff our heads with tables on the average rainfall in the Amazon and graphs on the relevance of the Donbas [1] for the Soviet economy, I kept staring at the page showing East Asia, wondering: Does Russia share a border with North Korea, or does China touch the sea? The map stubbornly refused to yield enough detail for an answer. The line that defined China’s borders with North Korea and Russia was inked too thickly to determine whether there was a Chinese-Russian-North Korean tripoint on land (but very close to shore), or a Chinese (but very narrow) beachfront on the Sea of Japan [2]. Both options seemed bizarre, yet either would have obvious geopolitical implications: in the former case, Russia would have unimpeded traffic with North Korea; in the latter, China would have direct access to a strategic body of water. Did the mapmakers deliberately gloss over the issue, not wanting to be bothered with such trivia [3]? It’s more likely that they too didn’t quite know where to draw the line: the last border disputes in the area, a region with some of the world’s tightest, most heavily policed borders, were settled less than a decade ago. Even then, the border is too intricate to display adequately on a small- scale map [4]; you can see it with a zoomable online map, but you have to get in pretty close to see what the dickens is going on. -
Imperialism and Nationalism As May Fourth Movement Discourses
IMPERIALISM AND NATIONALISM AS MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT DISCOURSES Tiina H. Airaksinen University of Helsinki This article analyses those imperialist and national discourses that the Chinese and the British constructed, particularly during the May Fourth Movement, in China in the 1910s and 1920s. Moreover, the paper explores the form, content, and impact of May Fourth rhetoric on national identity, concentrating on the cultural, historical, and political dimensions of nationalism presented in China. It is clear that the May Fourth protestors, especially urban and educated men, dominated public articulations of national identities. With their control of knowledge production, and in some cases control of state bureaucracies, elite men were able to make demands for the nation, often combining their own group needs with specific definitions of the nation. British discourse that was constructed during the May Fourth Movement responded to a reality that was infinitely adaptable in its function of preserving the basic structures of imperial power. For the British, the May Fourth demonstrators represented a potential change in the level of existing intellectual, political, social, and economic stability, which for decades had guaranteed the British a privileged position in the country. As result, discussions on nationalism and imperialism became a crucial part of the Sino- British May Fourth Movement discourse. INTRODUCTION On May fourth in 1919, around 3,000 university students gathered together at Tiananmen Square in Beijing and started a series of demonstrations that would later be named the May Fourth Movement (Wusi Yundong). The demonstrators distributed flyers declaring that the Chinese could not accept the concession of Chinese territory to Japan, as stipulated at the Versailles Peace Conference held in the spring of 1919. -
Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881
China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 The East India Company’s steamship Nemesis and other British ships engaging Chinese junks in the Second Battle of Chuenpi, 7 January 1841, during the first opium war. (British Library) ABOUT THE ARCHIVE China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 is digitised from the FO 17 series of British Foreign Office Files—Foreign Office: Political and Other Departments: General Correspondence before 1906, China— held at the National Archives, UK, providing a vast and significant primary source for researching every aspect of Chinese-British relations during the nineteenth century, ranging from diplomacy to trade, economics, politics, warfare, emigration, translation and law. This first part includes all content from FO 17 volumes 1–872. Source Library Number of Images The National Archives, UK Approximately 532,000 CONTENT From Lord Amherst’s mission at the start of the nineteenth century, through the trading monopoly of the Canton System, and the Opium Wars of 1839–1842 and 1856–1860, Britain and other foreign powers gradually gained commercial, legal, and territorial rights in China. Imperial China and the West provides correspondence from the Factories of Canton (modern Guangzhou) and from the missionaries and diplomats who entered China in the early nineteenth century, as well as from the envoys and missions sent to China from Britain and the later legation and consulates. The documents comprising this collection include communications to and from the British legation, first at Hong Kong and later at Peking, and British consuls at Shanghai, Amoy (Xiamen), Swatow (Shantou), Hankow (Hankou), Newchwang (Yingkou), Chefoo (Yantai), Formosa (Taiwan), and more. -
History of China and Japan from 1900To 1976 Ad 18Bhi63c
HISTORY OF CHINA AND JAPAN FROM 1900TO 1976 A.D 18BHI63C (UNIT II) V.VIJAYAKUMAR 9025570709 III B A HISTORY - VI SEMESTER Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai (Chinese: 袁世凱; pinyin: Yuán Shìkǎi; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty, becoming the Emperor of the Empire of China (1915–1916). He tried to save the dynasty with a number of modernization projects including bureaucratic, fiscal, judicial, educational, and other reforms, despite playing a key part in the failure of the Hundred Days' Reform. He established the first modern army and a more efficient provincial government in North China in the last years of the Qing dynasty before the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor, the last monarch of the Qing dynasty, in 1912. Through negotiation, he became the first President of the Republic of China in 1912.[1] This army and bureaucratic control were the foundation of his autocratic. He was frustrated in a short-lived attempt to restore hereditary monarchy in China, with himself as the Hongxian Emperor (Chinese: 洪憲皇帝). His death shortly after his abdication led to the fragmentation of the Chinese political system and the end of the Beiyang government as China's central authority. On 16 September 1859, Yuan was born as Yuan Shikai in the village of Zhangying (張營村), Xiangcheng County, Chenzhou Prefecture, Henan, China. The Yuan clan later moved 16 kilometers southeast of Xiangcheng to a hilly area that was easier to defend against bandits. There the Yuans had built a fortified village, Yuanzhaicun (Chinese: 袁寨村; lit. -
Sino-British Agreement and Nationality: Hong Kong's Future in the Hands of the People's Republic of China
UCLA UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal Title The Sino-British Agreement and Nationality: Hong Kong's Future in the Hands of the People's Republic of China Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9j3546s0 Journal UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 8(1) Author Chua, Christine Publication Date 1990 DOI 10.5070/P881021965 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California THE SINO-BRITISH AGREEMENT AND NATIONALITY: HONG KONG'S FUTURE IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Christine Chua* I. INTRODUCTION On July 1, 1997, the United Kingdom will officially relinquish its sovereignty over Hong Kong' to the People's Republic of China (PRC). The terms for the transfer of governmental control are set forth in the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Govern- ment of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong (hereinafter, "Joint Declaration"), which was signed by rep- resentatives for both governments on December 19, 1984. The terms likewise appear in the Memoranda exchanged by the United 2 Kingdom and PRC governments on the signing date. Set forth in the Joint Declaration is the PRC's intent to estab- lish the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR). 3 Rules for implementing the separate government of the Hong Kong SAR are also enumerated. 4 The creation of the Hong Kong SAR is au- thorized by a provision in the PRC Constitution' originally in- * J.D., 1989, UCLA School of Law; B.A., 1985, Cornell University. -
The Recovery of Hong Kong by the People's Republic of China-A Fifty Year Experiment in Capitalism and Freedom
Day: The Recovery of Hong Kong THE RECOVERY OF HONG KONG BY THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA-A FIFTY YEAR EXPERIMENT IN CAPITALISM AND FREEDOM Christian C. Day* I. INTRODUCTION The People's Republic of China (PRC) has the opportunity to fashion a novel relationship with the capitalistic city-state of Hong Kong. This opportunity has arisen out of the September 26, 1984 Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong.1 This Joint Declaration, issued with three integrated annexes, and an Ex change of Memoranda, comprises the text of the "agreement" be tween the UK and the PRC on the future of the current British Colony.2 The UK-PRC agreement, which was signed in Peking on December 19, 1984,3 is an unprecedented solution to the PRC's * Associate Professor of Law, Syracuse University College of Law; A.B. Cornell University, 1967; J.D. New York University School of Law, 1970. 1. Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong, signed at Peking Dec. 19, 1984, United Kingdom-People's Republic of China, 1984 Gr. Brit. T.S. No. 20, at 11-13 (Cmd. 9352) [hereinafter cited as Joint Declaration]. Ac cording to the Joint Declaration, its effectiveness is subject to "ratification and shall enter into force on the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification, which shall take place in Beijing before 30 June 1985." Id. -
Threading on Thin Ice: Resistance and Conciliation in the Jade Marshal’S Nationalism, 1919-1939
THREADING ON THIN ICE: RESISTANCE AND CONCILIATION IN THE JADE MARSHAL’S NATIONALISM, 1919-1939 Mengchuan Lin A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History (Modern China). Chapel Hill 2013 Approved by: Michael Tsin Miles Fletcher Klaus Larres ©2013 Mengchuan Lin ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract Mengchuan Lin: Threading On Thin Ice: Resistance and Conciliation in the Jade Marshal’s Nationalism, 1919-1939 (Under the direction of Michael Tsin) The 1920s marked a decade in the history of modern China which is typically referred to as the period of warlords. This period was characterised by political chaos, internal division and internecine warfare between various cliques of military strongmen who controlled China’s numerous provinces. These de facto military dictators of China, known as warlords in historical literature, were customarily construed to be avaricious and self-serving despots who ruled their large territories with little regard for the welfare of their subjects or that of the Chinese nation. My thesis aims to revise these previously held assumptions concerning the historical agency of Chinese warlords by investigating the unusual conduct of a particularly influential warlord: Wu Peifu. Wu’s display of deeply seated nationalistic tendencies throughout his political career, I argue, complicates our understanding of the impact that Chinese warlords exerted on the rise of Chinese national -
Changing Faces in the Chinese Communist Revolution
CHANGING FACES IN THE CHINESE COMMUNIST REVOLUTION: PARTY MEMBERS AND ORGANIZATION BUILDING IN TWO JIAODONG COUNTIES 1928-1948. by YANG WU A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) December 2013 © Yang Wu 2013 Abstract The revolution of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from the 1920s to the late 1940s was a defining moment in China’s modern history. It dramatically restructured Chinese society and created an authoritarian state that remains the most important player in shaping the country’s development today. Scholars writing to explain the success of the revolution began with trying to uncover factors outside of the party that helped to bring it to power, but have increasingly emphasized the ability of party organizations and their members to direct society to follow the CCP’s agendas as the decisive factor behind the party’s victory. Despite highlighting the role played by CCP members and the larger party organization in the success of the revolution studies have done little to examine how ordinary individuals got involved in the CCP at different stages and locations. Nor have scholars analyzed in depth the process of how the CCP molded millions of mostly rural people who joined it from the 1920s to the 40s into a disciplined force to seize control of China. Through a study of the CCP’s revolution in two counties of Jiaodong, a region of Shandong province in eastern China during this period my dissertation explores this process by focusing on their local party members. -
The Opium Wars
FEATURE The Opium Wars First Opium War Excepted from Wikipedia he First Opium War (1839– 42), also known as the Opium T War and as the Anglo- Chinese War, was fought between Britain and China over their conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of justice for foreign nationals. In 1839, the In the 17th and 18th centuries the demand rejecting proposals to legalize and tax opium, for Chinese goods (particularly silk, porcelain, and tea) in the European market created a trade abolishing the trade. Lin confiscated around imbalance because the market for Western goods 20,000 chests of opium (approximately 1210 t or in China was virtually non-existent; China was 2.66 million lb) without offering compensation, largely self-sufficient and Europeans were not blockaded trade, and confined foreign merchants allowed access to China’s interior. European to their quarters. The British government, silver flowed into China when the Canton although not officially denying China’s right to System, instituted in the mid-17th century, control imports of the drug, objected to this confined the sea trade to Canton and to the arbitrary seizure and used its naval and gunnery Chinese merchants of Thirteen Hongs. power to inflict quick and decisive defeat. The British East India Company (E.I.C.) In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking—the first had a matching monopoly of British trade. E.I.C. of what the Chinese later called the unequal began to auction opium grown on its plantations treaties—granted an indemnity and in India to independent foreign traders in exchange for silver. -
Nice Day for a Red Wedding?
Advertising Hotline 400 820 84287 Nice day for a red wedding? 城市漫步上海 英文版 10 月份 国内统一刊号: CN 11-5233/GO China Intercontinental Press PLUS MASK APPEAL OF PHANTOM OF THE OPERA CHEF STILLER HEADS FOR THE MOGANSHAN HILLS + MEET RORY MCILROY, JUSTIN MARSHALL AND MAD, BAD MIKEY TYSON... OCTOBER 2013 More Comfort & More Style q0OF#FESPPN'PVS#FESPPN'MBU ďTRNFUFST "WBJMBCMF q#VJMU*O8BUFS1VSJçDBUJPO4ZTUFNGPS%JSFDU$POTVNQUJPO q#VJMU*O"JS1VSJçFS q#VJMUJOBEBQUFS WW q'SFF.##SPBECBOE"DDFTTX*157 q'VMMZ&RVJQQFEXJUIBMM&MFDUSJDBM"QQMJBODFT q"DDFTTJCMFUP4IPQQJOH.BMMBOE'PPE7FOVF q&BTZ"DDFTTUP.FUSP-JOFT (8621) 64070111 1 Hongqiao Road, Shanghai, 200030 [email protected] / www.grandgateway.com grandgateway66_thats_210X287.indd 1 that’s Shanghai 《城市漫步》上海版 英文月刊 主管单位 : 中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室 Supervised by the State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China 主办单位 : 五洲传播出版社 地址 : 中国北京 海淀区北三环中路 31 号生产力大楼 B 座 7 层 邮编 100088 Published by China Intercontinental Press Address: B-721 Shengchanli Building, No. 31 Beisanhuan Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100088, PRC http://www.cicc.org.cn 社长 President of China Intercontinental Press: 李红杰 Li Hongjie 期刊部负责人 Supervisor of Magazine Department: 邓锦辉 Deng Jinhui 主编 Executive Editor: 袁保安 Yuan Baoan Editor Ned Kelly Deputy Editor Monica Liau Section Editors Marianna Cerini, Lauren Hogan Events Editors Tongfei Zhang, Zoey Zha Web Editor Lauren Hogan Photographer Liva Koziola Cover image by Liva Koziola Contributors Jamie Barys, Eveline Chao, Dr. Eunice Chen, Andrew Chin, Aelred Doyle, Mark Dryer, Abie Epstein, Felix Hamer, RFH, Karoline Kan, Tom Lee, Trevor Marshallsea, Jessica Pu, James Stockdale Copy Editor Aelred Doyle Urbanatomy Media Shanghai (Head office)上 海和舟广告有限公司 上海市澳门路 872 弄 10 号 邮政编码 : 200060 No. -
British Economic Interests and the Decolonization of Hong Kong
James Blair Historical Review Volume 9 Issue 2 Article 3 2019 Setting the Sun on the British Empire: British Economic Interests and the Decolonization of Hong Kong Abby S. Whitlock College of William and Mary, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/jbhr Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Whitlock, Abby S. (2019) "Setting the Sun on the British Empire: British Economic Interests and the Decolonization of Hong Kong," James Blair Historical Review: Vol. 9 : Iss. 2 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/jbhr/vol9/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in James Blair Historical Review by an authorized editor of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Whitlock: British Economic Interests and the Decolonization of Hong Kong Setting the Sun on the British Empire: British Economic Interests and the Decolonization of Hong Kong Abby Whitlock Ruled under the Union Jack from 1841 to 1997, the British acquired Hong Kong during the second wave of European colonialism focused on Asia. Along with countries such as Germany, France, Portugal, and the Netherlands, Britain looked for new areas to provide support for mercantile capitalism and manufacturing developments. Under Britain’s 154 years of rule, the stable nature of British government systems and thorough economic investments caused Hong Kong to become a wealthy international trade center in the twentieth century. Despite these economic investments and interests, the nature of the New Territories Lease under which Britain acquired the totality of Hong Kong, which was to expire in 1997, opened the question of who was to control Hong Kong. -
The Mukden Incident
The mukden incident Berkeley Model United Nations Content Warning: The contents of this topic synopsis and anticipated discussion during committee will contain descriptions of violence, racism, r*pe, and other forms of brutality perpetrated during WWII that may be emotionally challenging to engage with. Welcome Letter Dear Delegates, Welcome to BMUN 69! My name is Isabel Shiao, and I am so excited to be your Mukden Incident head chair, along with Nikhil Pimpalkhare and Ashwat Chidambaram as my vice chairs. I am currently a junior at UC Berkeley studying history with a concentration in the Interwar Era. Outside of BMUN, I’m also involved in a pre-law fraternity and the undergraduate history journal. I love to explore the city and experiment with cooking in my free time, and I spent this summer conducting research on Japanese war crimes during WWII. Nikhil Pimpalkhare is a senior studying Electrical Engineering and Computer. He has spent an entire decade doing Model UN, making him the world’s foremost expert in motioning to close debate. Outside of BMUN, Nikhil enjoys practicing gaveling, wearing suits for fun, and grading position papers. Ashwat Chidambaram is a sophomore who has been involved in MUN throughout his years on the high school circuit. Ashwat is majoring in Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, and joined BMUN to share the same great experience he had in high school Model UN with all of you! Ashwat grew interested in the topic of the Mukden Incident due to his particular interest in historical events surrounding World War 1 and 2. Beyond MUN, Ashwat has a deep passion for aviation, drumming, listening to Logic and Bruno Mars, and playing basketball for fun! I chose the Mukden Incident as our topic in an attempt to illuminate voices that are forgotten massacres, and other atrocities carried out by Imperial Japan were arguably as atrocious as Nazi war crimes.