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Subterranean Features in the Hinterlands of Dos Hombres in Northwestern Belize by Kyle Ports, B.A

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Subterranean Features in the Hinterlands of Dos Hombres in Northwestern Belize by Kyle Ports, B.A Sacred Earth: Subterranean Features in the Hinterlands of Dos Hombres in Northwestern Belize By Kyle Ports, B.A. A Thesis In Anthropology Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved Brett Houk, Ph.D. Chair of committee Tramra Walter, Ph.D. Marisol Cortes-Rincon Ph.D. Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School December, 2015 Copyright 2015, Kyle Ports Texas Tech University, Kyle Ports, December 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have to first acknowledge my thesis committee, Dr. Brett Houk, Dr. Tamra Walter and Dr. Marisol Cortes-Rincon, for their outstanding help and assistance while working on my thesis. Dr. Houk has been an influential part of my graduate school education. He pushed me to become a better academic, archaeologist, and professional. I would also like to take this time to thank him for his patience during the writing process. I also want to thank Dr. Walter for her guidance and assistance during the writing process of this thesis. Dr. Marisol Cortes-Rincon forever changed my life by allowing me to become a part of the DH2GC project as a freshmen at Humboldt State University. Her mentorship extended far beyond the scope of the classroom, from teaching the responsibilities of becoming a leader in the classroom and field, imparting a bit of her vast wealth of knowledge. I would also like to acknowledge the PfBAP and the 2012, 2013, 2014 DH2GC crews. Specifically I would like to thank Sarah Boudreaux, Leslie Perkins, Ty Swavely, Dr. Michael Brennen, Jenny Leonard, Allyssa Haggard, and C.L. Kieffer: not only did you make this experience enjoyable, but without your help and assistance this project would have never been completed. I would also like to extend thanks to the Belizean crew members who assisted the DH2GC project for their enthusiasm and work effort. Dr. Rissa Trachman should also be recognized because without her only half of this project would have been complete. During a stressful 2014 field season where heavy ii Texas Tech University, Kyle Ports, December 2015 rain impeded on the progress of this thesis, she graciously allowed me to work with her and her DHAP crew at Grupo Agua Lluvia for the completion of my data collection. I would also like to thank my parents who have supported me and my decision to pursue an academic career in archaeology. They also deserve credit for keeping me sane during the writing process. I would like to thank all of my friends that I have made throughout this entire process, who have supported me and my work. iii Texas Tech University, Kyle Ports, December 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 PfBAP.............................................................................................................................. 3 DH2GC............................................................................................................................ 4 Grupo Agua Lluvia.......................................................................................................... 5 Organization of this Thesis ............................................................................................. 7 II. CAVES IN THE MAYA AREA .................................................................................... 8 The Physiography of the Maya Area............................................................................... 8 Types of Caves .............................................................................................................. 11 Natural Caves ............................................................................................................ 11 Artificial Caves .......................................................................................................... 13 III. MAYA USE OF CAVES............................................................................................ 18 How Anthropologists Study the Cultural Uses of Mesoamerican Caves ...................... 18 Ethnohistoric Interpretations ..................................................................................... 19 Caves in Art ............................................................................................................... 20 Cosmology ................................................................................................................. 22 Ethnographic Cave Use ................................................................................................. 24 History of Cave Archaeology ........................................................................................ 34 Early Period (1840-1914) .......................................................................................... 35 Middle Period (1914-1950) ....................................................................................... 37 Post War Period (1945-1979) .................................................................................... 38 Recent Period (1980-1997) ........................................................................................ 40 IV. REASEEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS ............................................................ 44 Research Design ............................................................................................................ 44 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 44 iv Texas Tech University, Kyle Ports, December 2015 Field Methodology ........................................................................................................ 45 Survey Methods ......................................................................................................... 45 Excavation Methods .................................................................................................. 47 Laboratory Methodology............................................................................................... 49 Lithic Analysis ........................................................................................................... 49 Ceramic Analysis ....................................................................................................... 49 Samples ...................................................................................................................... 50 Faunal Remains ......................................................................................................... 50 Burial excavation and Analysis ................................................................................. 51 V. PROJECT BACKGROUND AND GEOGRAPHY .................................................... 53 Cultural History of PfBAP ............................................................................................ 53 Geology ..................................................................................................................... 57 Ecology of the Project Area....................................................................................... 59 Dos Hombres ................................................................................................................. 62 Group N950 ................................................................................................................... 67 Subterranean Features Found on DH2GC ................................................................. 70 Grupo Agua Lluvia........................................................................................................ 71 VI. RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 76 N950 .............................................................................................................................. 76 Subterranean Features 1 and 2 at N950 ..................................................................... 77 Operation 4 Suboperation H ...................................................................................... 80 Summary and Interpretation .................................................................................. 85 Subterranean Feature 3 .............................................................................................. 87 Operation 4 Suboperation F ....................................................................................... 92 Operation 4 Suboperation M ..................................................................................... 97 Operation 4 Suboperation N .................................................................................... 101 Summary and Interpretations ............................................................................... 105 Subterranean Feature 4 ...........................................................................................
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