ECEM 713 Assignments
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Filling Terrorism Gaps: Veos, Evaluating Databases, and Applying Risk Terrain Modeling to Terrorism RH Hagan
PNNL-25727 Filling Terrorism Gaps: VEOs, Evaluating Databases, and Applying Risk Terrain Modeling to Terrorism RH Hagan August 2016 PNNL-25727 Filling Terrorism Gaps: VEOs, Evaluating Databases, and Applying Risk Terrain Modeling to Terrorism RH Hagan August 2016 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 PNNL-25727 Abstract This paper aims to address three issues: the lack of literature differentiating terrorism and violent extremist organizations (VEOs), terrorism incident databases, and the applicability of Risk Terrain Modeling (RTM) to terrorism. Current open source literature and publicly available government sources do not differentiate between terrorism and VEOs; furthermore, they fail to define them. Addressing the lack of a comprehensive comparison of existing terrorism data sources, a matrix comparing a dozen terrorism databases is constructed, providing insight toward the array of data available. RTM, a method for spatial risk analysis at a micro level, has some applicability to terrorism research, particularly for studies looking at risk indicators of terrorism. Leveraging attack data from multiple databases, combined with RTM, offers one avenue for closing existing research gaps in terrorism literature. iii Acknowledgments The author would like to sincerely thank several individuals for their contributions to this research. My mentor, Chrissie Noonan, for her guidance and support throughout this process, Carolyn Cramer for her operational support and insight, Alex Stephan, Lead for the Special Programs and Scientific Studies Team at PNNL, George Muller for his support and direction, Hannah Trump for her substantial help with the appendices, and Dan Fortin, Sam Chatterjee, and Thomas Johansen for the constant discussions. -
Patterns of Terrorism in the United States, 1970-2013
Patterns of Terrorism in the United States, 1970-2013 Final Report to Resilient Systems Division, DHS Science and Technology Directorate October 2014 National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence Based at the University of Maryland 8400 Baltimore Ave, Suite 250 • College Park, MD 20740 • 301.405.6600 www.start.umd.edu National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence About This Report The author of this report is Erin Miller at the University of Maryland. Questions about this report should be directed to Erin Miller at [email protected]. The initial collection of data for the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) data was carried out by the Pinkerton Global Intelligence Services (PGIS) between 1970 and 1997 and was donated to the University of Maryland in 2001. Digitizing and validating the original GTD data from 1970 to 1997 was funded by a grant from the National Institute of Justice in 2004 (PIs Gary LaFree and Laura Dugan; grant number: NIJ2002-DT-CX-0001) and in 2005 as part of the START Center of Excellence by the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate (DHS S&T), Office of University Programs (PI Gary LaFree; grant numbers N00140510629 and 2008-ST-061-ST0004). Data collection for incidents that occurred between January 1998 and March 2008 and updates to the earlier data to make it consistent with new GTD coding criteria were funded by the DHS S&T Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division (HFD) (PIs Gary LaFree and Gary Ackerman; contract number HSHQDC-05-X-00482) and conducted by database staff at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) and the Center for Terrorism and Intelligence Studies (CETIS). -
Playing with Dynamite: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Palestine, 1945-1948
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Spring 2017 Playing with Dynamite: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Palestine, 1945-1948 Jared Paul Rivard University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Rivard, Jared Paul, "Playing with Dynamite: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Palestine, 1945-1948" (2017). Master's Theses and Capstones. 925. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/925 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Playing with Dynamite: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Palestine, 1945-1948 By Jared Rivard BA History, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History May, 2017 This thesis has been examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History by: Kurk Dorsey, Professor of History J. William Harris, Professor of History Jason Sokol, Associate Professor of History On May 9, 2017 Original approval signatures are on file with the University of New Hampshire Graduate School. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS MAPS. ..............................................................................................................….. v ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. ...….. vii INTRODUCTION: THE POWDER KEG IN THE MIDDLE EAST…………… 1 A Crisis of Lasting Importance…………………....................................... 1 Historiography…………………………...…............................................. -
“I Am Afraid Americans Cannot Understand” the Congress for Cultural Freedom in France and Italy, 1950–1957
“I Am Afraid Americans Cannot Understand” The Congress for Cultural Freedom in France and Italy, 1950–1957 ✣ Andrea Scionti Culture was a crucial yet elusive battlefield of the Cold War. Both superpowers tried to promote their way of life and values to the world but had to do so care- fully. The means adopted by the United States included not only propaganda and the use of mass media such as cinema and television but also efforts to help shape the world of highbrow culture and the arts. The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), an organization sponsored by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), offered U.S. policymakers and intellectuals the opportunity to provide indirect support for anti-Communist intellectuals without being openly associated with their activities. Although the CCF represented one of the main instruments for the United States to try to win the hearts and minds of postwar Europe, it also created new challenges for U.S. Cold War- riors. By tying themselves to the European intelligentsia, they were forced to mediate between different societies, cultures, and intellectual traditions. This article looks at the contexts of France and Italy to highlight this interplay of competing notions of anti-Communism and cultural freedom and how the local actors involved helped redefine the character and limits of U.S. cultural diplomacy. Although scholars have looked at the CCF and its significance, es- pecially in the Anglo-Saxon world, a focus on French and Italian intellectuals can offer fresh insights into this subject. The Congress for Cultural Freedom was the product of a convergence of interests between the CIA’s recently established Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) and a small number of American and European intellectuals, many of them former Communists, concerned about the perceived success of the Soviet cultural offensive in Western Europe. -
A Theory of Categorical Terrorism
A Theory of Categorical Terrorism Jeff Goodwin, New York University Abstract When revolutionaries or insurgents, broadly defined, indiscriminately attack civilians, they generally attack “complicitous civilians,” i.e., those categories of noncombatants which the revolutionaries see as benefiting from, supporting and/or having a substantial capacity to influence the states that the revolutionaries are attempting to displace or overthrow. Such “categorical” terrorism will be most extensive when revolutionaries view these states (or complicitous civilians themselves) as perpetrators of extensive, indiscriminate violence against the revolutionaries and their constituents. However, if significant numbers of complicitous civilians are seen by rebel groups as potential supporters (or as capable of being influenced by nonviolent appeals or protests), then they will not be indiscriminately attacked. Whether specific categories of civilians will be perceived as potential allies by revolutionaries depends mainly on the prior history of political interaction and cooperation between these civilians and the revolutionaries. Categorical terrorism is most likely where there has been little such interaction or cooperation, resulting in weak political alliances between the revolutionaries and complicitous civilians – for example, where the revolutionaries and complicitous civilians speak different languages, practice different religions, claim the same land, and/or are territorially segregated. The terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, have spurred many social scientists to explore the dynamics of terrorism, most for the first time. Before 9/11, terrorism research was the exclusive preserve, with very few exceptions, of small networks of political scientists and non-academic “security experts,” relatively few of whom were interested in social-science theory. Descriptive case studies abound, replete with ad hoc, case-specific explanations of terrorism. -
An Analysis of the Parallel Frames in the Media Used To
AN ANALYSIS OF THE PARALLEL FRAMES IN THE MEDIA USED TO DESCRIBE COMMUNISM IN THE EARLY COLD WAR AND TERRORISM IN THE POST-9/11 ERA By: SAVANNAH CARTER A THESIS Presented to the Department of Journalism and Communications and the Robert D. Clark Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts June 2015 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professors Suzanne Clark, Jane Cramer, and Gretchen Soderlund for their patience and insights, which aided immensely in allowing me to delve into not just one, but two crucial periods in American history. In addition, I am sincerely grateful to all of the members of the Robert D. Clark Honors College, specifically Thesis Coordinator Miriam Jordan and my past professors for their guidance in the research and thesis development process. Without their help this undertaking would not have been possible. And finally, I would like to acknowledge my amazing family, in particular my parents Larry and Cheryl as well as my sister Victoria Carter for being patient with me this past year. From talking sense into me during countless tearful phone calls, to reading through my hundred page drafts and listening to me rant about even the most mundane aspects of the process, I couldn’t be more grateful for all of their love and support. Truly this thesis is for them. iii Table of Contents Key Terms vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Early Cold War Years I. Post World War II and the Official Start of the Cold War 4 A. Brief Historical Context 4 B. -
Israel's Other Terrorism Challenge
The University of Notre Dame Australia ResearchOnline@ND Arts Book Chapters School of Arts 2010 Israel's other terrorism challenge Sandra M. Nasr University of Notre Dame Australia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/arts_chapters Recommended Citation Nasr, S. (2010). Israel's other terrorism challenge. In R. Jackson, E. Murphy, E & S. Poynting (eds.). Contemporary state terrorism: Theory and practice. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. This Book Chapter is brought to you by the School of Arts at ResearchOnline@ND. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts Book Chapters by an authorized administrator of ResearchOnline@ND. For more information, please contact [email protected]. (In Contemporary State Terrorism: Theory and Practice , Sep. 2009) ‘Israel’s other Terrorism Challenge’ By Sandra Nasr In the West, we hear a lot about terrorism in relation to Israel: Palestinian militants in Gaza using rockets to fire at Israeli towns over the ‘border’; and Palestinian suicide bombers strapping on explosives and detonating their payloads in Israeli cafes, bars, restaurants and buses. These attacks on civilian targets for the purpose of making a political statement are, indeed, examples of terrorism and Israeli civilians are right to demand that their government act decisively to prevent such acts. Yet Israel often responds to these terrorist tactics by adopting its own. When Israel sanctions and employs tactics which are designed to instil fear, humiliate, injure or otherwise cause harm to a civilian population for a political purpose, the state is guilty of state terrorism. Identifying those policies which constitute state terrorism requires an examination of both the intent and effect of actions (and inaction) by the state. -
Walter Laqueur: the Last Days of Europe Study Guide
Scholars Crossing Faculty Publications and Presentations Helms School of Government 2007 Walter Laqueur: The Last Days of Europe Study Guide Steven Alan Samson Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs Part of the Other Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Samson, Steven Alan, "Walter Laqueur: The Last Days of Europe Study Guide" (2007). Faculty Publications and Presentations. 132. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs/132 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Helms School of Government at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WALTER LAQUEUR: THE LAST DAYS OF EUROPE STUDY GUIDE, 2007 Steven Alan Samson INTRODUCTION Study Questions 1. A Very Brief Tour Through the Future of Europe How have the sights, sounds, and smells of London, Paris, and Berlin changed since 1977? How did immigration to those cities differ one hundred years compared with today? What are the typical characteristics of the immigrants of 2006? 2. The Last Days of Old Europe What is “Old Europe?” What is the role of tourism in the European economy? What accounted for the author’s optimism in the 1970s? What were some of the danger signs in the 1970s? What did leading demographers show? What were some of Russia’s problems in the 1980s? How did the new immigrants differ from the guest workers of the 1950s? How did the European vision differ from the American dream? What accounted for the rosy picture painted of Europe by Tony Judt, Mark Leonard, and Charles Kupchan? What was the general consensus of EU’s 2000 meeting in Lisbon? Review danger signs in the 1970s new immigrants resistance to assimilation European vision Tony Judt CHAPTER ONE: EUROPE SHRINKING Study Questions 1. -
Various Definitions of Terrorism
Various Definitions of Terrorism Controversy in Defining Terrorism The difficulty in defining “terrorism” is in agreeing on a basis for determining when the use of violence (directed at whom, by whom, for what ends) is legitimate; therefore, the modern definition of terrorism is inherently controversial. The use of violence for the achievement of political ends is common to state and non-state groups. The majority of definitions in use has been written by agencies directly associated with government, and is systematically biased to exclude governments from the definition. The contemporary label of "terrorist" is highly pejorative-- it denotes a lack of legitimacy and morality. As a practical matter, so-called acts of “terrorism” or terrorism are often a tactic committed by the actors as part of a larger military or geo-political agenda. United Nations The UN General Assembly Resolution 49/60 (adopted on December 9, 1994), titled "Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism," contains a provision describing terrorism: Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them. The UN Member States still have no agreed-upon definition of terrorism, and this fact has been a major obstacle to meaningful international countermeasures. Terminology consensus would be necessary for a single comprehensive convention on terrorism, which some countries favor in place of the present 12 piecemeal conventions and protocols. -
Building a Global Terrorism Database
The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Building a Global Terrorism Database Author(s): Gary LaFree ; Laura Dugan ; Heather V. Fogg ; Jeffrey Scott Document No.: 214260 Date Received: May 2006 Award Number: 2002-DT-CX-0001 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. BUILDING A GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE Dr. Gary LaFree Dr. Laura Dugan Heather V. Fogg Jeffrey Scott University of Maryland April 27, 2006 This project was supported by Grant No. 2002-DT-CX-0001 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. TABLE OF CONTENTS Excutive Summary.................................................................................................. 1 Building a Global Terrorism Database ................................................................... 4 The Original PGIS Database.......................................................................... 6 Methods.................................................................................................................. -
Palestine and Transjordan in Transition (1945–47)
Chapter 1 Palestine and Transjordan in Transition (1945–47) 1 Framing the Background 1.1 “Non possumus”? The Alternate Relations between the Holy See and the Zionist Movement (1897–1939) At the turn of the twentieth century, the Holy See’s concern about the situation of Catholics in the eastern Mediterranean was not limited to the rivalry among European powers to achieve greater prominence and recognition in Jerusalem. By the end of the nineteenth century, a new actor had appeared on the scene: the Jewish nationalist movement, Zionism, whose significance seemed to be on the increase all over Europe after it had defined its program and as the num- ber of Jews emigrating to Palestine after the first aliyah (1882–1903) became more consistent.1 The Zionist leaders soon made an attempt at mediation and rapproche- ment with the Holy See.2 Indeed, the Vatican’s backing would have been 1 From the vast bibliography on Zionism, see, in particular, Arturo Marzano, Storia dei sion- ismi: Lo Stato degli ebrei da Herzl a oggi (Rome: Carocci, 2017); Walid Khalidi, From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem until 1948, 3rd ed. (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2005); Alain Dieckhoff, The Invention of a Nation: Zionist Thought and the Making of Modern Israel, trans. Jonathan Derrick (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003); Georges Bensoussan, Une histoire intellectuelle et politique du sionisme, 1860–1840 (Paris: Fayard, 2002); Walter Laqueur, A History of Zionism (New York: Schocken, 1989); Arthur Hertzberg, ed., The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1959). -
Definition of Terrorism by Country in Oecd Countries
DEFINITION OF TERRORISM BY COUNTRY IN OECD COUNTRIES There have been some definitional differences in the use of the terms ‘terrorism’ and ‘act of terrorism’ between OECD countries. It is for this reason that a comparison is necessary to clarify the scope of the operation of the terrorism risk insurance programmes. The OECD International Platform on Terrorism Risk Insurance shares information and identifies good practices for the financial management of terrorism risk, to contribute to fast economic recovery in the event of attacks. This comparative table is regularly updated. It is the product of joint work between national terrorism insurance schemes, the OECD and the World Forum of Catastrophe Programmes. www.oecd.org/daf/fin/insurance/terrorism-risk-insurance.htm DEFINITION OF TERRORISM BY COUNTRY IN OECD COUNTRIES Status of definition of Intention of terrorist act Identification of those Means used Targets/effects terrorism behind the act Contained in s 5 Terrorism Insurance Action done or threat made, with the Not specified An act (or threat of an act), that is not advocacy, An action that causes serious harm to a Act 2003 intention of advancing a political, religious protest, dissent or industrial action, that causes person, serious damage to property, or ideological cause, with the intention of specified damage. causes death or endangers life or creates a Act of terrorism has to be certified by coercing or influencing by intimidation the serious health or safety risk, or seriously the Commonwealth Treasurer, after government of Australia or the Australian interferes with, or disrupts or destroys an consultation with the Commonwealth States or Territories, or a foreign country, or electronic system.