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Redalyc.SESIÓN: LA GESTIÓN DE LOS SISTEMAS DE VIGILANCIA Fitosanidad ISSN: 1562-3009 [email protected] Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal Cuba SESIÓN: LA GESTIÓN DE LOS SISTEMAS DE VIGILANCIA Fitosanidad, vol. 19, núm. 2, agosto, 2015, pp. 148-158 Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal La Habana, Cuba Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=209149784018 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Fitosanidad 19(2) agosto (2015) VII Seminario Científico Internacional de Sanidad Vegetal SESIÓN: LA GESTIÓN DE LOS SISTEMAS DE VIGILANCIA Ithome lassula Hodges (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigi- Aunque a estas lesiones aún no se les puede conceder importan- dae), una plaga potencial de Leucaena leucocephala cia económica, sí son de interés científico para la entomología agrícola. En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio con el (Lam.) de Wit en Cuba objetivo de reconocer los agentes causales responsables de las Osmel Alonso Amaro,1 Rayner Núñez Ávila,2 Juan Carlos lesiones que se presentan en las raíces tuberosas del boniato. Lezcano Fleires1 y Moraima Suris Campos3 La investigación se realizó en áreas del Instituto de Investiga- 1 Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey ciones de Viandas Tropicales durante el período comprendido 2 Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática entre marzo de 2011 y julio de 2013. En los resultados se 3 Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria, [email protected] reconocieron larvas del orden Coleoptera pertenecientes a los géneros Diaprepes y Phyllophaga, así como «gusanos de alam- Para definir la potencialidad de I. lassula como plaga de la bre» de la familia Elateridae, y se describen los daños que las leucaena, en un año en la Estación Experimental de Pastos y mismas ocasionan. Se recomienda identificar la presencia de Forrajes Indio Hatuey durante la floración plena de la legu- estos organismos plagas en las diferentes provincias del país. minosa, se realizaron cinco muestreos en abril y agosto. Para ello se utilizó el método del sobre, tomándose cinco botones Carbón de la caña de azúcar (Sporisorium scitami- y cinco inflorescencias por planta, con vistas al conteo de neum (Syd.) M. Piepenbr., M. Stoll and Oberw), una huevos, larvas, pupas y adultos del insecto en el laboratorio. enfermedad reemergente en la provincia de Las Tunas De la muestra total de inflorescencias se apartaron al azar 30 Heriberto Domínguez Salazar,1 Mérida L. Rodríguez Regal,2 lesionadas, para cuantificar y describir las lesiones, además Alberto N. González Marrero,2 Maryanis Jiménez Díaz,2 e de precisar el número de cada estado del insecto por flor Irene Pérez Ortiz3 individual y la cantidad lesionadas. Considerando algunos supuestos de las características botánicas de la leguminosa y 1 Filial del Centro Nacional de Capacitación Azucarera de Las Tunas. otros productivos, se estimaron las pérdidas ocasionadas por Carretera Central Km 712½, Arroyo Muerto, Majibacoa, Las Tunas, C.P. 79440 el insecto en las inflorescencias y en la producción de semillas. 2 Se observó la presencia del microlepidóptero desde la fase de Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones de la Caña de Azúcar. Carretera a CAI Martínez Prieto Km 2½, Boyeros, La Habana, C.P. 19390. abotonamiento y en la inflorescencia, resultando la larva el 3 Departamento de Suelo, Delegación Provincial de la Agricultura de estado dañino, pues puede alimentarse de hasta siete flores Las Tunas, Carretera a Puerto Padre Km 3½, Los Pinos, Las Tunas individuales a la vez, y pueden encontrarse 12 por cabezuela. La mayor cantidad de larvas y sus lesiones se observaron en el El estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar la incidencia del pico de floración de abril. Al estimar los daños en las inflores- carbón de la caña de azúcar (Sporisorium scitamineum (Sydow) cencias muestreadas, se obtuvo que se dejarían de sembrar 4 M. Piepenbr., M. Stoll & F. Oberw.) en variedades de la caña de ha de leucaena, y en términos de producción en una hectárea, azúcar (Saccharum spp.) (híbrido), considerada una enferme- podría dañarse el 71 % de la producción semillera, lo que con- dad reemergente y de primer orden en las áreas cañeras de la firma la condición de plaga potencial del insecto en leucaena provincia de Las Tunas, para lo cual se hizo una comparación en Cuba, ya que este porcentaje de afectación justificaría la entre 2004 y 2009. Se empleó la metodología de investigación toma de medidas fitosanitarias. instituida por el Servicio Fitosanitario (SEFIT), que consiste Reconocimiento de organismos plagas presentes en raí- en trazar una diagonal imaginaria en el campo cañero y esta- blecer seis estaciones (puntos) de muestreo, cada una de ellas ces tuberosas de boniato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. compuesta por dos surcos de 10 m de largo (32 m2), en las que María del Carmen Castellón Valdés, Yanisleidy García Her- se cuantificó el total de tallos y plantones, número de tallos nández, Xiomara Rojas Moya y Guillermo Cartalla Migollo enfermos y cantidad de plantones de naturaleza herbácea. Se logró mejorar la composición varietal de la provincia de Las Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales. Apartado 6, Santo Tunas al cierre de 2009 con la introducción de nuevas varie- Domingo, Villa Clara, Cuba, [email protected] dades resistentes, principalmente C86-12, C90-469, C86-456, Las especies de plagas en el boniato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. C86-502 y C90-530, y reducir el área plantada de variedades son diversas y ocasionan daños directos a las raíces tuberosas susceptibles y potencialmente susceptibles al agente etiológico de la enfermedad. Las pérdidas agrícolas producidas por el mediante la alimentación, e indirectamente por la defoliación, -1 lo que en ambos casos reduce el rendimiento en dependencia carbón en 2004 ascendieron a 164 148 740 t x ha de caña, que de la severidad de la infestación. En Cuba, Cylas formicarius con un rendimiento industrial promedio de diez (10) se dejaron de producir 16 414 870 t de azúcar, mientras que en 2009 las F. (Coleoptera: Apoinidae), así como Typophorus nigritus F. -1 (Coleoptera: Chysomelidae) son reconocidos como insectos pérdidas descendieron a 11 132,78 t x ha de caña, y por este de importancia económica al alimentarse las larvas de las concepto no fue posible producir 1 113 280 t de azúcar. raíces tuberosas. A partir de 2011 se han observado lesiones La situación actual de la incidencia de trips como plaga en el boniato, las que se le adjudican fundamentalmente a las reemergente babosas, y a su vez constituyen una vía para que penetren microorganismos que aceleran la descomposición del boniato. Ana Ibis Elizondo y Gloria González 148 Fitosanidad 19(2) agosto (2015) Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal. Calle 110 no. 514 Las enfermedades virales emergentes son aquellas recién e/ 5ta. B y 5ta. F, Gaveta Postal 634, C.P. 11600, Playa, La Habana, descubiertas y que causan serios problemas fitosanitarios, Cuba mientras que las reemergentes son las supuestamente contro- ladas, en franco descenso o prácticamente desaparecidas, que En los últimos años en Cuba la presencia de trips se ha incre- por diversas causas vuelven a constituir una amenaza y que mentado en diversos cultivos. Aunque los daños directos no frecuentemente reaparecen en proporciones epidémicas. Entre han sido tan evidentes, su incidencia constituye un alto riesgo los cultivos principales a nivel mundial, el tomate (Solanum por su capacidad como transmisores de tospovirus, cuyos lycopersicum, Mill) es uno de los que está afectado en diversos síntomas para los agricultores no son conocidos. Por estas países cercanos a Cuba por nuevos virus que han emergido en razones el sistema de vigilancia fitosanitaria se ha intensificado los últimos años, como el virus torrado del tomate (Tomato mediante muestreos a las diferentes unidades de producción torrado virus) (ToTV), virus de la marchitez del tomate (To- de las provincias de La Habana, Artemisa y Mayabeque, mato marchitez virus) (ToMarV), virus del mosaico del pepino conformado por un equipo multidisciplinario. Estos muestreos (Pepino mosaic virus) (PepMV) y el virus del moteado de la se realizaron de forma dirigida con el propósito de conocer la Parietaria (Parietaria mottle virus) (PMoV-T), así como el virus entomofauna de tisanópteros presentes. Como resultado de de la marchitez manchada del tomate (Tomato spotted wilt vi- las investigaciones se detectaron 10 especies registradas en rus) (TSWV), virus de la mancha clorótica del tomate (Tomato cultivos de plantas ornamentales, hortalizas, granos, raíces chlorotic spot virus) (TCSV) y el virus de la mancha anillada y tubérculos. También se capacitaron especialistas, técnicos del maní (Groundnut ringspot virus) (GRSV), especies incluidas y agricultores de la base productiva acerca de los síntomas, en el género Tospovirus, y consideradas como reemergentes daños y métodos de lucha en cada cultivo. e incluidas en el Grupo 1 de la Lista Oficial de Organismos Adaina ipomoeae (Bigot and Etienne) y Ochyrotica Cuarentenados de la República de Cuba. Dada la importancia de contar con un material de consulta relacionado con esta fasciata (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae), temática, se realizaron búsquedas bibliográficas para conocer posibles plagas potenciales del boniato (Ipomoea ba- aspectos básicos de las virosis anteriormente señaladas,
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